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SYN. FRITILLARIA ROYLEI HOOK.) Kanwaljeet Singh 1,2 , Pankaj Kumar 1,3 , Bushankumar 1, Javaid Fayaz Lone 1,3 , P.R

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SYN. FRITILLARIA ROYLEI HOOK.) Kanwaljeet Singh 1,2 , Pankaj Kumar 1,3 , Bushankumar 1, Javaid Fayaz Lone 1,3 , P.R 1 Plant Archives Vol. 20, Supplement 2, 2020 pp. 1304-1313 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210 MORPHO-ANATOMICAL AND PALYNOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION AND DNA BARCODING OF FRITILLARIA CIRRHOSA D. DON (SYN. FRITILLARIA ROYLEI HOOK.) Kanwaljeet Singh 1,2 , Pankaj Kumar 1,3 , BushanKumar 1, Javaid Fayaz Lone 1,3 , P.R. Sharma 1 and Sumeet Gairola 1,3* 1Plant Science Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu–180 001, J&K, India 2Department of Botany, University of Jammu, J&K, India 3Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]; Abstract Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don belonging to the family Liliaceae and is one of the important bulbous medicinal herbs from the Western Himalayan Region distributed between 2800 and 4000 m asl. It is a perennial herb having an underground bulb which is the main constituents of various Ayurvedic preparations. Due to natural habitat specificity and indiscriminate extraction due to high market demand, this plant is facing a survival threat in the wild. The problem of misidentification, adulteration, and substitution of this plant with other cheaper plants is widespread. The present study was conducted to study morphological, anatomical, and palynological characters of F. cirrhosa and to develop its DNA barcodes for its molecular authentication. The morphological characters of different plant organs such as bulb, root, stem, and leaf were studied. Transverse sections of bulb, root, stem, and leaf were examined in detail. Pollen grains were prolate shaped and monosulcate with the reticulate type of exine sculpturing. Genomic DNAs were extracted from the dried bulbs samples and high–quality marker sequences were obtained for one nuclear viz. ITS and one cytoplasmic molecular markers viz., rbcL of F. cirrhosa . The length of the ITS sequence of the three accessions ranged from 621 to 699 bp, while a sequence length range of 570 to 573bp was recorded for rbcL. The percentage GC content was 65.74, and 42.22 for ITS, and rbcL markers respectively. Keywords : Fritillaria cirrhosa, Morphoanatomy, Palynology, DNA Barcoding, Endangered Introduction treat asthma, bronchitis, and tuberculosis (Ambasta et al., 1986). The indigenous communities of Jammu & Kashmir Fritillaria L. genus belonging to family Liliaceae (J&K) use this plant for the treatment of rheumatism, asthma, comprises of about 170 taxa and is mainly distributed in the tuberculosis, and as a tonic (Srivastava et al., 1986). temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere (Day et al., 2014). Globally, it is represented by seven subgenera, two Fritillaria cirrhosa has been categorized as critically sections, and 165 taxa (Rix, 2001). From China, 24 species of endangered for Uttarakhand (UK) and endangered for J&K this genus are reported, of which 15 are endemic and Himachal Pradesh (HP) states of India by the (Cunningham et al., 2018). In contrast, Turkey has 38 species International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and six subspecies of Fritillaria L., of which 27 species are (Anonymous, 2003). In recent times owing to its high endemic (Teksen and Aytac, 2008). In India, the genus medicinal value, demand for this plant species has increased Fritillaria L. is represented by six species, which grow in the drastically in the Indian market, which has led to the massive Western Himalayan region between an altitude of 2400 and extraction of this species from the forests of Western 4000 m asl (Anonymous, 1956). Traditionally, many species Himalaya. Indiscriminate extraction of this species from the of Fritillaria (such as F. cirrhosa , F. thunbergii, and F. wild has posed a severe threat to its survival in the wild. verticillata ) are used to treat cough and related ailments (Da- During field and market surveys, authors of the present Cheng et al., 2013). In the traditional Chinese system of article have reported that the average price of bulbs of this medicine, the Fritillaria species are used as medicine and are plant in the black market is in the range of Rs. 15,000 to Rs. known as Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (BFC) (Wang et al., 20,000 (~US $ 210 to 280) per kg. The problem of 2017). Alkaloids are believed to be primary active misidentification, adulteration, and substitution of this plant constituents of BFC (Li et al., 2013, Wang et al., 2014), with other cheaper plants is widespread. In the Ayurvedic which are known to exhibit notable expectorant, antitussive, Pharmacopeia of India, “ Kakoli ” is recognized as a Sanskrit anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, and antitumor activities language name of F. cirrhosa (APC, 2006), which is the (Wang et al., 2011, 2012, Kang et al., 2004, Wang et al., same as a trading name of another plant species i.e ., Roscoea 2015). purpurea Sm. Due to which both of these species are sold in Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don (Syn. Fritillaria roylei a market under the same trade name as “ Kakoli, ” increasing the chances of intermixing or the wrong usage. Also, bulbs of Hook.), one of the most important medicinal plant species of this genera, is distributed between an altitudinal range of few other unknown wild species are sold as F. cirrhosa in the 2800 and 4000 m asl in the Western Himalayan region of market. Many times, forest officials and other law enforcing authorities confiscate dry plant material of this and other India (Singh and Rawat, 2011; Chauhan et al., 2011; Kala, plants being smuggled out of the region illegally. However, 2005; Dad and Reshi, 2015). It is a perennial herb having an due to a lack of standard reference monograph, it gets underground bulb, which are the main constituents of various complicated to identify the dry material of F. cirrhosa. The Ayurvedic preparations such as Astavarga , Chyavanprash , safe usage of any herbal medicine is a critical affair (Yoo et Mahatraiphala Ghritham , Jeevanthyadi Ghrutham , and al., 2005; Chrubasik et al., 2005) and the establishment of the Danwantharam Thailam (Anonymous 1956, Kaul, 2010). In botanical identity of the plant before usage is a must. Ayurveda, the dried bulb of F. cirrhosa D. Don is used to Kanwaljeet Singh et al . 1305 Many studies on the morphological, anatomical, and using Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System (Promega, palynological characteristics of different species of genus USA) and sequenced bidirectionally by Sanger sequencing. Fritillaria have been conducted by various researchers Chromatograms of all the DNA marker sequences were (Pehlivan and Ozler, 2002; Ozler and Pehlivan, 2007; Alan, analyzed by making use of Geospiza’s Finch TV Version 2008; Advay and Sharifi-Tehrani, 2016; Schulze, 1980; 1.4.0. All the nine newly generated sequences are under the Kosenko 1991a,b, 1992, 1999; Ozler and Pehlivan, 2007; process of submission to the NCBI database. The sequences Teksen and Aytac, 2004, 2008), but only a few studies have were aligned by ClustalW initially and then manually reported morphology, cytology, and distribution of Fritillaria modified. Intra and interspecific genetic distances among the cirrhosa (Koul and Wafai, 1980; Bisht et al., 2016). sequences were calculated by Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) Therefore, keeping in view the facts described above, the using MEGA 7 (Kumar et al., 2016). For phylogenetic present study was conducted to standardize morphological, analysis and resolution of species, the primary sequences macroscopic, microscopic, and palynological characters of F. were complemented by the available sequences from the cirrhosa . Also, sequences of one nuclear viz. ITS and one NCBI database retrieved for the Fritillaria species reported cytoplasmic molecular markers viz., rbcL, of F. cirrhosa earlier from India (Table 5). The sequences were chosen were also generated for future reference. based on their length and availability of voucher specimens Material and Methods in the database. Fifteen and twenty three sequences were analyzed for rbcL and ITS region. Standard phylogenetic Three accessions of F. cirrhosa D.Don were collected approach viz., Maximum likelihood (ML) method based on from three different localities of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), Tamura 3-parameter model was employed for phylogenetic a Union territory of India during 2018-2019 (Fig. 1 and Table analysis (Tamura, 1992) using MEGA v.7 (Kumar et al., 1). Morphological data of the plant and associated locational details like longitude, latitude, and altitude were recorded in 2016). A bootstrap of 1000 replicates was used for branch the field itself. The collected specimens were brought to the support. The gaps and the missing data were removed from internationally recognized Janaki Ammal Herbarium (RRLH) the sequences. The generated phylogenetic tree results are at CSIR-IIIM, Jammu. Herbarium sheets were prepared shown in the Fig. 5 and 6. All the six newly generated sequences are under the process of submission in the NCBI following standard taxonomic procedures (Rao and Sharma 1990), and duly identified herbarium specimens were GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov). submitted to the internationally recognized Janaki Ammal Results Herbarium (RRLH) at CSIR-IIIM, Jammu, India (Table 1). Reported morphological characteristics of F. cirrhosa For anatomical studies, fresh specimens were collected from are given in Table 2 and shown in Fig. 2, whereas anatomical the field and stored in the FAA for 24 h and then transferred features of F. cirrhosa are presented in Table 3 and Fig. 3. to 70% alcohol. The freehand sections of different plant parts Palynological characters of the studied samples of F. were cut and stained with safranin, fast green, and fixed with cirrhosa D.Don in comparison to some earlier reported F. Canada balsam. For pollen analysis, fully bloomed flowers species are given in Table 4. Polar and equatorial views of were used. The pollen grains were acetolyzed, using pollen grains of F. cirrhosa in LM, and Polar and equatorial Erdtman’s acetolysis method (Erdtman, 1960) with views of pollen grains of F. cirrhosa in SEM showing exine modifications.
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