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Vjekoslav Cigrovski, Mislav Škovran, Hua Fang, Mario Kasović1, Lovro Štefan, Branimir Tomislav Rupčić, Damir Knjaz Štimec (Original scientific paper) (Original scientific paper) DIFFERENCES IN THE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL THE 4-KM FIELD-BASED TEST IS ACTIVITY DURING THE LOCKDOWN DUE TO THE 9 CORRELATED TO SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL 76 COVID–19 PANDEMIC IN YOUNG ADULTS PARAMETERS OF ELITE CYCLISTS

Gabriele Russo, Sofia Marini, Alice Masini, Laura Mir Hamid Salehian, FatemehSadat Hosseini, Dallolio & Andrea Ceciliani Mohammad Taghi Aghdasi, Behzad Yasrebi (Original scientific paper) (Original scientific paper) PHYSICAL FITNESS AND BODY WEIGHT IN INCREASING THE EXTERNAL FOCUS OF PRE-ADOLESCENT SCHOOL CHILDREN: THE 16 ATTENTION ENHANCES THE CENTRE OF 81 EUROFIT MOTOR FITNESS TEST EXPLORED ON MASS DISPLACEMENT IN BASKETBALL 11-12-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN FREE SHOT

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Peter Kačúr, Terézia Slančová Serdar Uslu, Ifet Mahmutović, Indira (Original scientific paper) Mahmutović, Amra Tuzović THE INFLUENCE OF THE MASTERY APPROACH (Original scientific paper) TO COACHING ON COACHES’ VERBAL FEEDBACK 31 TRANSFORMATION LEVELS OF BASIC AND PATTERNS SITUATIONAL MOTOR SKILLS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TRAINING OPERATORS 102 Nashwan A. Nashwan, Ayat J. Nashwan, IN 14-16-YEAR-OLD MALE VOLLEYBALL Tim P. Stechler PLAYERS (Original scientific paper) THE ROLE OF EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES IN Mo'een Ahmad Oudat IMPROVING THE SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL (Original scientific paper) ASPECTS OF SYRIAN REFUGEE CHILDREN IN 40 SPORTS CULTURE AMONG THE STUDENTS 112 JORDAN FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF SUPERVISORS OF THE HASHEMITE UNIVERSITY FOR EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES IN IRBID SCHOOLS Nyak Amir, Iskandar Hasanuddin, Friesca Erwan, Mohd Hasnun Arief Hassan, Saifuddin Mario Kasović, Bruno Škrinjarić, Lovro Štefan (Original scientific paper) (Original scientific paper) THE ANALYSIS OF THE APPROACH RUN, MACRO AND MESO INDICATORS OF SUCCESS 49 TAKE-OFF AND FLIGHT ANGLES IN LONG 125 PERTAINING TO EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN ELITE JUMP TRIATHLON Igor Radošević, Ana Gavrilović, Ivana Parčina, Serdar Uslu, Ifet Mahmutović, Indira Mahmutović, Damir Ahmić Amra Tuzović (Original scientific paper) (Original scientific paper) COACHING MANAGEMENT IN THE SPORTS THE EFFECTS OF APPLYING THE TRADITIONAL INDUSTRY 134 MODEL AND VOLLEYBALL TRAINING DRILLS 57 WITH THE USE OF BASIC GAMES IN Ago Omerbašić, Merjema Ibranović, Merjem 10-11-YEAR-OLD FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS Omerbašić, Nihad Selimović (Original scientific paper) Caly Setiawan, Muhammad Hamid Anwar, Herka ATTRACTIVENESS AND ITS MEASURE: Maya Jatmika ASSESSING THE GOLDEN PROPORTIONS OF 142 (Original scientific paper) THE FACE IN THE STUDENT POPULATION DISRUPTED HABITUS: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF THE SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE AMONG IMMIGRANT YOUNG PEOPLE 63 COUNTRIES

Jelena Ivanović, Aco Gajević, Ivana Parčina Dejan Milenković, Nataša Nikić (Original scientific paper) (Original scientific paper) NORMATIVE DATA ON HEIGHT, WEIGHT AND BODY THE LEVEL OF FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES 151 MASS INDEX AMONG BELGRADE PRE-SCHOOL 71 AND ISOMETRIC MUSCLE POTENTIAL IN CHILDREN WOMEN WITH REGARD TO THE TYPE OF RECREATIONAL EXERCISE SPORT Science INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY

Differences in the level of physical activity during the lockdown due to the COVID–19 pandemic in young adults

Vjekoslav Cigrovski¹, Mislav Škovran¹, Hua Fang², Tomislav Rupčić¹, Damir Knjaz¹

1. Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Croatia 2. Beijing Sport University, China

ABSTRACT ,

The main goal of this research was to determine the difference in the level of physical activity (PA) during the lockdown due to the COVID–19 pandemic, compared to the usual level of PA, in young adults - Kinesiology students. We included 222 participants from UNIZG and BSU. The total level of PA was assessed by an IPAQ SF questionnaire. The data, which were collected and processed by IPAQ SF, were reported as comparisons of median values and interquartile ranges. The analysis of IPAQ SF completed during the COVID–19 lockdown and the special government rules shows that UNIZG students' TOTAL PA MET-minutes/week median was 4259.00, while the TOTAL PA MET-minutes/week median for BSU students was 1805.00. After the lockdown, UNIZG students' TOTAL PA MET-minutes/week median was 5850.00, while the TOTAL PA MET-minutes/week median for BSU students was 2880.00. Our results show a remarkably higher level of PA after the lockdown than during the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic in both groups. Additionally, certain differences between the groups were noticed. More specifically, the results present higher values of PA for UNIZG students in comparison to BSU students, regardless of the time during or after the lockdown. This study observed the level of PA in Kinesiology students, who are presumably a more active population compared to the general population. The results suggest a much lower level of PA during the lockdown due to the COVID–19 pandemic, and we assume the drop in the PA level in the general population to be even greater. Although the short- and long-term effects of lockdown weren't observed and require special attention, we believe there is an urgent need to create and implement exercise-based programmes on a national basis all around the world in order to increase the level of PA after lockdown for the general population.

Keywords: physical inactivity, isolation, quarantine, exercise, wellbeing

These measures have, however, had an impact on the INTRODUCTION general health of the population because of both exercise restrictions and effects on diet. Exercise restrictions he novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19) have been the consequence of closed gyms and sports has swept across the world, causing a centres, restrictions on walking distance, a lack of space Tglobal pandemic (Zhang, 2020). The current and infrastructure for home-based physical exercise, COVID-19 pandemic has led governments to and a lack of technical knowledge of the population on impose strict confinement rules on their citizens. appropriate training routines (Martinez – Ferran, 2020).

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Before the pandemic, insufficient physical activity was assessed the level of physical activities during the already described as a global public health problem. time after the governments eased the restrictions Recent studies indicate that a reduced level of PA could and people were able to continue with their usual have a serious negative impact on healthy individuals lifestyle and activities. The specific types of activity (Bhatia, 2020; Chen, 2020; Dixit, 2020; Kyu, 2016). Many that were assessed by IPAQ SF are walking, authors point to physical inactivity as an important risk moderate–intensity activities and vigorous–intensity factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, activities. type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity (González, 2017; Longo – Mbenza, 2009; Mattioli, 2020; Sullivan, 2005). IPAQ SF analysis Physical inactivity may also be associated with the development of mental disorders such as depression The questionnaire was processed following the and anxiety (Chen, 2020; Strohle, 2008; Zhang, 2020). procedure of “Guidelines for data processing Achieving minimum physical activity levels (i.e., 150 and analysis of the International Physical Activity minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity or 75 Questionnaire (IPAQ)”. The selected MET values minutes of intensive physical activity, per week, or a were derived from the work undertaken during combination of both) and reducing sedentary behaviour the IPAQ Reliability Study conducted in 2000-2001. in times of social isolation have become a challenge and, Using the Ainsworth et al. Compendium (Med Sci at the same time, a necessity for everyone (Peçanha, Sports Med 2000), an average MET score was 2019). All of the above indicates the importance of derived for each type of activity. For example, all maintaining regular physical exercise and opens a big types of walking were included and an average MET field in research to determine whether the level of PA value for walking was created. The same procedure has been changed drastically during the COVID–19 was undertaken for moderate-intensity activities pandemic. Presumably, Sport Science or Kinesiology and vigorous-intensity activities. The following students are more likely to maintain a regular level of PA values continue to be used for the analysis of IPAQ compared to the general population. Therefore, the aim data: Walking = 3.3 METs, Moderate PA = 4.0 METs of this research was to determine the difference in the and Vigorous PA = 8.0 METs. Using these values, PA during the lockdown due to the COVID–19 pandemic, four continuous scores are defined: compared to the usual level of PA, in young adults - - Walking MET-minutes/week = 3.3 * walking Kinesiology students. minutes * walking days - Moderate MET-minutes/week = 4.0 * moderate- intensity activity minutes * moderate days - Vigorous MET-minutes/week = 8.0 * vigorous- METHODS intensity activity minutes * vigorous-intensity days - Total physical activity MET-minutes/week = sum of Participants Walking + Moderate + Vigorous MET-minutes/week scores. For the purpose of this research we recruited a total of 238 Kinesiology students from the Beijing Sports Analysis University (BSU), China and the Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb (UNIZG), Croatia. For the final The age, gender and body mass were analysed analysis, a total of 222 participants, who completed the by descriptive statistics and the data were questionnaire correctly, were included; 102 were from presented as mean ± standard deviation (MEAN UNIZG (36 female and 66 male), with the average age ± SD). The categorised score of IPAQ SF (low, of 23.03 ± 1.39 years, and 120 students were from BSU moderate and high category), body weight change (67 female and 53 male), with the average age of 22.30 ± during the COVID–19 pandemic and subjective 2.72 years. The average weight of students from UNIZG experience of the restrictive rules were analysed was 73.27 ± 11.42 kg and the average weight of students by frequency tables. The data, which were collected from BSU was 63.23 ± 13.45 kg. and processed by IPAQ SF, were reported as comparisons of median values and interquartile Variables ranges. The participants were asked to complete three parts of the questionnaire in their native language. The first part was a basic questionnaire and included questions about results the participants’ age, gender, body mass and subjective According to the answers gathered by the basic experience of the restrictive rules in their country during questionnaire, 56.86% of UNIZG students reported the COVID–19 pandemic. The second part was an IPAQ no change in body weight, 25.45% reported weight short-form questionnaire (IPAQ SF) which the students loss during the lockdown and 17.65% of students completed during the COVID–19 pandemic and imposition gained weight. 12.75% of participants gained 1–3kg of strict rules limiting their usual habits. The third part and 4.9% gained more than 3kg. At the same time, of the questionnaire was also an IPAQ SF and this part 43.33% of BSU students reported no change in

10 SPORT Science INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY

body weight, 16.67% reported lower body weight than The data presented in Table 1 shows the median usual and 40% of BSU students gained weight, out values and interquartile range (25th – 75th quartile) of which 25% gained 1–3kg, while 15% gained more for the time during the lockdown due to the COVID–19 than 3kg during the COVID–19 lockdown. Furthermore, pandemic. The analysis of IPAQ SF questionnaire the participants were asked about their personal during the COVID–19 lockdown and the special experience of the governments' restrictive rules during government rules suggest a surprisingly big the lockdown in their countries. In Croatia, 32.36% of difference in the total level of PA between the two them reported their experience of restrictive rules as observed groups. More specifically, UNIZG students' 'very strict' during the lockdown. At the same time, TOTAL PA MET-minutes/week median was 4259.00, 56.84% of Chinese participants perceived lockdown while the TOTAL PA MET-minutes/week median for rules in their country as ‘very strict’. BSU students was 1805.00.

Table 1: Total level of PA for UNIZG and BSU students during the lockdown due to the COVID–19 pandemic

During the lockdown UNIZG BSU

Median values (25th – 75th percentile)

MET/min vigorous 1920.00 (960.00 – 3840.00) 480.00 (0.00 – 2160.00)

MET/min moderate 1200.00 (600.00 – 1920.00) 360.00 (0.00 – 900.00) During the lockdown UNIZG BSU

MedianMET/min values walking (25th – 75th 767.25 (462.00 – 2079.00) 363.00 (132.00 – 990.00) percentile) Total level of PA 4259.00 (2730.00 – 7812.00) 1805.00 (648.50 – 3961.00) MET/min vigorous 1920.00 (960.00 – 3840.00) 480.00 (0.00 – 2160.00)

*PA – physical activity Unsurprisingly,MET/min the medianmoderate values of the reported1200.00 PA (600.00 after the – lockdown1920.00) were much 360.00higher for(0.00 both – 900.00)groups (Table 2). At thatAfter time, thethere lockdown were no more strict rules which limitedUNIZG the possibilities of maintaining aBSU regular level of exercising, so those findings were in line with the expectations. However, the differences in the level of PA between the groupsMET/min were similar walking to the results during767.25 the lockdown (462.00 due – 2079.00) to the COVID–19 pandemic.363.00 (132.00 The group – 990.00) of UNIZG students’Median median values value (25 ofth the – 75 totalth level of PA was 5850.00 MET-minutes/week, while at the same time, BSU students reportedpercentile) a much lower value of the total level of PA, 2880.00 MET-min/week. The reported data suggest a much lowerTotal participation level of PAin physical exercise4259.00 when it(2730.00 comes to – 7812.00)Chinese students. 1805.00 (648.50 – 3961.00) MET/min vigorous 2520.00 (1440.00 – 4800.00) 1020.00 (200.00 – 2880.00) Table 2: Total level of PA for UNIZG and BSU students during the lockdown due to the COVID–19 pandemic MET/min moderate 1320.00 (600.00 – 2520.00) 560.00 (0.00 – 1200.00) After the lockdown UNIZG BSU

MedianMET/min values walking (25th – 75th 1014.75 (594.00 – 2310.00) 693.00 (297.00 – 1386.00) percentile)

Total level of PA 5850.00 (3213.00 – 9268.00) 2880.00 (1478.00 – 4875.75) MET/min vigorous 2520.00 (1440.00 – 4800.00) 1020.00 (200.00 – 2880.00)

MET/min moderate 1320.00 (600.00 – 2520.00) 560.00 (0.00 – 1200.00)

MET/min walking 1014.75 (594.00 – 2310.00) 693.00 (297.00 – 1386.00) 11 Total level of PA 5850.00 (3213.00 – 9268.00) 2880.00 (1478.00 – 4875.75)

During the lockdown UNIZG BSU

Median values (25th – 75th percentile)

MET/min vigorous 1920.00 (960.00 – 3840.00) 480.00 (0.00 – 2160.00)

MET/min moderate 1200.00 (600.00 – 1920.00) 360.00 (0.00 – 900.00)

MET/min walking 767.25 (462.00 – 2079.00) 363.00 (132.00 – 990.00)

Total level of PA 4259.00 (2730.00 – 7812.00) 1805.00 (648.50 – 3961.00)

After the lockdown UNIZG BSU

Median values (25th – 75th percentile)

SPORT ScienceMET/min vigorous 2520.00 (1440.00 INTERNATIONAL – 4800.00) SCIENTIFIC1020.00 JOURNAL (200.00 –OF 2880.00) KINESIOLOGY

MET/min moderate 1320.00 (600.00 – 2520.00) 560.00 (0.00 – 1200.00)

MET/min walking 1014.75 (594.00 – 2310.00) 693.00 (297.00 – 1386.00)

Total level of PA 5850.00 (3213.00 – 9268.00) 2880.00 (1478.00 – 4875.75)

*PA – physical activity The results in Tables 1 and 2 show remarkable differences in the level of PA for both groups, when comparing the time during and after the lockdown. As expected, both groups reported higher values of PA after the lockdown. However, UNIZG students’ values of the total level of PA were much higher regardless of the time during or after the lockdown due to the COVID–19 pandemic.

compared to the general population. Currently, DISCUSSION non-pharmacological public health measures such as isolation, social distancing, and quarantine are This study investigated the level of PA during the the only effective way to respond to the COVID-19 lockdown caused by the COVID–19 pandemic in outbreak (Nussbaumer-Streit, 2020). However, comparison to the level of PA after the lockdown when many authors are expressing their concerns about people continued with their usual lifestyle and everyday the negative effects of isolation or quarantine on routine. The results suggest that lockdown due to the health and wellbeing (Lesser, 2020; Narrici, 2020; COVID–19 pandemic affected the level of PA in both Matiioli, 2020). More specifically, inactivity, induced groups (BSU and UNIZG), as the reported levels of by bed rest, limb casting, and limb suspension TOTAL PA MET-minutes/week and average min of PA/ or by simple sedentariness, causes a rapid loss week were significantly lower during the lockdown. Our of muscle mass, particularly of the antigravity result goes in line with other similar published studies muscles that are constantly used for sustaining (Gallè, 2020; Giustino, 2020; Karuc, 2020; Sekulić, 2020). an upright posture, to perform movement and for However, the results indicate that the global pandemic maintaining balance (Narrici, 2020). Additionally, and restrictive rules affected the two groups differently. numerous studies are emphasising the importance More specifically, 56.84% of BSU students reported of maintaining regular physical exercise during the their experience of restrictive rules as ‘very strict’, COVID–19 pandemic due to its benefits to physical while only 32.36% of UNIZG students felt the same way. and mental health (Dwyer, 2020; Goethals, 2020; Additionally, 40% of BSU students gained at least 1 kg Hall, 2020; Heffernan, 2020; Matias, Nyenhuis, during the lockdown, compared to only 17.65% of UNIZG 2020; Rodriguez, 2020). PA is well established as an students. Finally, by comparing the two groups (UNIZG essential component of healthy living medicine for and BSU), there is a certain difference in the total level the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases of PA in favour of UNIZG students, regardless of the time and for the overall maintenance of physical and during or after the lockdown due to the pandemic. The mental health and wellbeing (Fletcher, 2018; Laddu, results suggest that UNIZG students were more active 2020). Several limitations of this study also need not only during the lockdown, but also after easing off to be acknowledged. Firstly, PA was not measured, the governments’ restrictive rules. Higher values of PA but it was self-reported through a questionnaire, for UNIZG students compared to BSU students could be which typically leads to recall bias. However, the explained as a consequence of stricter restrictive rules IPAQ SF questionnaire used in this study has been and a different lifestyle in China compared to Croatia, previously shown to be a reasonably valid and which could result in less options for the Chinese reliable instrument for assessing PA (Ajman, 2015). participants to maintain their regular level of PA. More Moreover, the nature of this research was unable specifically, China was affected by the pandemic first. In to assess the short- and long-term effects of the some regions, the government announced quarantine drop in PA level during the quarantine, which would and people were unable to exit their homes. In most be important and needs special attention. The cities and regions, the government limited peoples’ main strength of this study is that the participants outdoor activities with only a few hours per day, even were sports university students, presumably a after the lockdown due to COVID–19. In Croatia, the homogenous group, who are more likely to be active restrictive rules were not as strict and people weren’t in comparison to the general population. Therefore, forbidden to spend time outdoors. However, both groups’ if this usually more active population suffers a total level of PA was several times higher than the 600 big drop in the level of PA during the lockdown MET min/week recommended by WHO, regardless caused by the COVID–19 pandemic, the presumed of whether it was related to the period during the drop in the level of PA in the general population lockdown or after easing off the restrictions. Those could be even greater. To conclude, this research findings were expected as participants were Kinesiology determined the differences in the level of PA due to students, who are presumably a more active group the COVID-19 lockdown. Unsurprisingly, the level

12 SPORT Science INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY

of PA was lower for both groups during the lockdown health and wellbeing is well documented and could compared to the time after easing off the restrictions. lead to serious health problems. Therefore, it is UNIZG students had a significantly higher level of important to immediately create and implement PA both during and after the lockdown due to the exercise-based programmes and interventions COVID–19 pandemic. The lower results in the Chinese on the national level all around the world not only group during the lockdown could be explained by the after, but also during the pandemic. Personalised fact that Chinese restrictive rules were stricter than the training according to age, clinical conditions, and rules in Croatia. However, the results suggested similar the level of fitness is paramount; therefore, specific differences in the level of PA after the lockdown due to recommendations to address home-based training the COVID–19 pandemic, in favour of UNIZG students. during this time are highly needed (Dwyer, 2020). In Finally, the global COVID–19 pandemic completely line with the recommendations, it would be important changed our lifestyle. As of today, isolation, quarantine to educate all experts included in the profession of or social distancing are still the most common ways of sport and recreation on the possibilities of home- preventing further infection. However, by fighting one based exercises, so they would be equipped with pandemic with isolation or quarantine, we decreased this special knowledge, and could in turn help in the possibilities of maintaining a sufficient level of PA. maintaining the basic level of PA in the general The negative effects of physical inactivity on human population.

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RAZLIKA U RAZINI TJELESNE AKTIVNOSTI ZA VRIJEME PANDEMIJE UZROKOVANE COVID–19 VIRUSOM KOD MLADIH LJUDI

Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi razliku u razini tjelesne aktivnosti tijekom uvođenja posebnih mjera ograničenja kretanja uzrokovanih pandemijom COVID–19 virusa, u usporedbi s uobičajenom razinom tjelesne aktivnosti, kod studenata kineziologije. Za potrebe istraživanja uključili smo 222 sudionika, studente Kineziološkog fakulteta u Zagrebu (UNIZG) te Fakulteta za sport u Pekingu (BSU). Ukupna razina tjelesne aktivnosti ispitana je kratkom verzijom IPAQ upitnika. Podaci prikupljeni i obrađeni putem upitnika prezentirani su kao usporedbe medijan vrijednosti i interkvartilnog raspona. Analiza upitnika za vrijeme posebnih vladinih pravila koja su ograničila kretanja i korištenja društvenih sadržaja pokazuje da je ukupna razina tjelesne aktivnosti studenata UNIZG-a bila 4259,00 MET-minuta/tjedan, dok je za studente BSU iznosila 1805,00 MET-minuta/tjedan. Nakon olakšanja mjera i povratka standardnim životnim navikama, razina tjelesne aktivnosti za studente UNIZG-a iznosila je 5850,00 MET-minuta/tjedan, dok je razina tjelesne aktivnosti za studente BSU iznosila 2880,00 MET- minuta/tjedan. Rezultati sugeriraju znatno manju razinu tjelesne aktivnosti tijekom trajanja posebnih vladinih mjera ograničenja kretanja u obje skupine. Uz to, uočene su određene razlike između skupina. Preciznije, rezultati prikazuju veće vrijednosti tjelesne aktivnosti za studente UNIZG-a u odnosu na studente BSU-a za vrijeme posebnih vladinih restriktivnih mjera. Identične su razlike primijećene i nakon olakšanja mjera i povratka standardnim životnim navikama. Ovo istraživanje je ispitalo razinu tjelesne aktivnosti kod studenata kineziologije, vjerojatno aktivnije populacije u odnosu na opću populaciju. Rezultati sugeriraju znatno nižu razinu tjelesne aktivnosti tijekom posebnih restriktivnih mjera zbog pandemije COVID-19, a mi pretpostavljamo da je pad razine tjelesne aktivnosti u općoj populaciji mnogo veći. Sukladno rezultatima, vjerujemo da postoji hitna potreba za stvaranjem i provedbom programa tjelesnog vježbanja na nacionalnoj razini u cijelom svijetu kako bi se povećala razina tjelesne aktivnosti opće populacije nakon, ali i tijekom globalne pandemije uzrokovane COVID–19 virusom.

Ključne riječi: tjelesna neaktivnost, izolacija, karantena, tjelesno vježbanje, zdravlje

Correspondence to: : Mislav Škovran, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Croatia E-mail: [email protected]