Wallan East Precinct Structure Plan – Historical Cultural Heritage

WALLAN EAST PRECINCT STRUCTURE PLAN

Sponsored by Victorian Planning Authority 10th March 2021 Prepared by Heritage Advisors Emma McNeil & Andrew Morris

PO Box 776 Beacons!eld, VIC 3807 www.aatardis.com.au HISTORIC CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT HERITAGE CULTURAL HISTORIC

Wallan East Precinct Structure Plan Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Activity Precinct Structure Plan

Assessment Type Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Victorian Planning Authority Sponsor (ABN 58 651 383 439)

Emma McNeil & Andrew Morris Heritage Advisors Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd

Authors Emma McNeil & Andrew Morris

Completed 10th March 2021

The intellectual property within this report and the primary research material therein are the property of Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd and may NOT be used, reproduced or distributed in any way without prior written consent of Archaeology At Tardis.

Ethnographic information that has been provided by Aboriginal people and included in this report is the property of the Aboriginal community to which the informant/s is/are representing at the time the information was given. Such information may NOT be reproduced or distributed in any way without prior written permission from that community.

Any advice and/or opinions offered within this report by Archaeology At Tardis does not constitute legal advice or represent those of any third party.

The report remains the property of the Sponsor. It may NOT be used, reproduced or distributed in any way without the written consent from the Sponsor.

DOCUMENT HISTORY

Version No. Reviewed By Edits Made By Date Edited A A Murphy E McNeil 14.02.2020 Victorian Planning B Authority E McNeil 15.06.2020 Mitchell Shire Council Victorian Planning C Authority E McNeil 18.09.2020 Mitchell Shire Council C A Murphy R Stewart 04.03.2021

DISTRIBUTION OF COPIES

Version No. Distributed To Reason Date Issued A Victorian Planning Authority Draft 18.02.2020 B Victorian Planning Authority Draft 20.08.2020 C Victorian Planning Authority Final 18.09.2020 D Victorian Planning Authority Amended Final 10.03.2021

Authors: Emma McNeil & Andrew Morris Project Archaeologist: Emma McNeil Name of Organisation: Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd Name of Project: Wallan East Precinct Structure Plan Wallan East Precinct Structure Plan Historical Heritage Name of Document: Assessment Ver. D AAT Project Number: 4150.100

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents the results of an investigation into the historical cultural heritage values and statutory obligations of the Wallan East Precinct Structure Plan area (activity area) (Map 1). This Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment (HCHA) has been prepared in order to develop a boarder understanding of the activity area and the historic heritage that is present. If historic heritage is present within the activity area, management strategies have been developed to inform the Sponsor of their statutory obligations should they proceed with the project.

The activity area is bound by Epping-Kilmore Road to the east, Wallan-Whittlesea Road to the south, the Melbourne to Sydney rail line to the west and Kelby lane to the north. The activity area is approximately 44.3 kilometres north of Melbourne (Map 1). The area is bound by agricultural land to the north, east and south. The west is bound by small residential developments and the Hume Freeway. Wallan township is adjacent to the Hume Freeway on the west side.

The activity comprises the subdivision of 140 hectares of land for residential facilities. These residential facilities will be supported by town centres, schools, community centres, parks and the relevant utilities that are needed to support such infrastructure. The subdivision aims to support and complement the existing town of Wallan.

There are no Victorian Heritage Register sites within the activity area, however, there is one Victorian Heritage Inventory site and Mitchell Shire Council Heritage Overlay, the Wallan Station Complex (H7823-0045; HO221) on the western boarder of the activity area. The Wallan Station Complex is protected under Section 123(1)(a) of the Heritage Act 2017, and Section 22 of the Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme.

A survey of the activity area was undertaken on Wednesday 4th December 2019 and Thursday 3rd September 2020 as part of this assessment. A vehicular survey was conducted on the 4th of December 2019, with areas of known or identified historic significance pedestrian surveyed. A further pedestrian survey of areas of historic potential and significance was conducted on the 3rd of September 2020. Due to the size of the activity area, the entire area was not pedestrian surveyed, instead, areas of known or identified historic significance or potential were targeted, with the understanding that further historic assessment will be done within the activity area prior to development.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION – DESKTOP ASSESSMENT (SECTION 2)

The desktop assessment identified that the activity area had the potential for surface and subsurface archaeological features and occupation deposits associated with residential, agricultural and pastoral activities in Wallan from the 1850’s. The area surrounding the Wallan Station Complex could yield further information regarding the early construction of the Melbourne to Sydney railway. The site represents one of the earliest phases of railway constructions in Victoria.

FIELDWORK – HISTORIC SITE SURVEY (SECTION 4)

The field surveys conducted on the 4th of December 2019 and the 3rd of September 2020, did not identify any areas of historic potential or significance within the Wallan East activity area that had not previously been identified. Previously identified areas were pedestrian surveyed and no surface structures, deposits or features were identified.

iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION (SECTION 6)

The Wallan Station Complex lies on the western border of the activity area (Map 1). The complex includes the station, platform, tracks and related infrastructure, dated to the 1870's. Future works at the site are unlikely to harm the station complex itself; however, if the eastern side of the station complex (which extends into the western boarder of the activity area) is to be impacted by the development, then the appropriate consents (Section 7) will need to be obtained from Heritage Victoria. Due to the maintenance undertaken at the site and the frequent use of a service road running along the eastern side of the station complex, the immediate surrounding area (<50m) is considered unlikely to contain historic cultural material.

The stained-glass window at the Wallan Wallan St. Mark's Anglican Church was destroyed during a 1960 fire. The church was located on the eastern side of the Wallan Station Complex and within the activity area. However, the church is not listed on any historical database, and the window has been destroyed. This site is not considered to have an associated historic archaeological deposit.

The areas of potential identified on the 1913 survey map were investigated for evidence of extant historical features or deposits and none were identified. No other areas of historic potential or significance were identified within the Wallan East activity area during the field surveys. The locations of previously identified areas of potential, historic archaeological sites and areas identified during the survey are presented in Map 4.

Dry stone walls are likely to occur within the activity area due to the area’s continuous occupation since the early 19th century. There are no recorded dry stone walls within the activity area, and none were identified during the survey assessment of the area; however, it is possible that they may be present along major or minor roads surrounding the activity area or traversing the area.

LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS (SECTION 7)

The legislative requirements on the local government, state government and commonwealth government are presented in Section 7.

MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS (SECTION 8)

Recommendation 1 The Wallan Station Complex (H7823-0045 & HO221) (Map 4)

The Wallan Station Complex (H7823-0045 &HO221) has been assessed as having moderate scientific significance, local historic value and moderate archaeological potential (Table 6). It is unlikely that the activity will affect the station complex; however, if works are to impact part of the Wallan Station Complex, identified in Map 4, the following must be done:

1A If the site is to be harmed or impacted by future works, A Consent to Uncover and Expose under Section 124(1)(a) of the Heritage Act 2017 must be obtained from the Executive Director, Heritage Victoria prior to any works being conducted that affect the site. The Consent to Uncover and Expose only allows for the uncovering of

iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY subsurface historic material. Excavation must cease upon the identification of historic archaeology.

1B If archaeological deposits are identified during the monitoring of the removal of topsoil, then a Consent to Excavate will be required, and may include extended excavation across the site extent. This will require cessation of works until a Consent to Excavate has been issued by Heritage Victoria.

1C The results of the Consent to Excavate will be used by Heritage Victoria to evaluate any future Consent to Damage and Disturb applications relating to the place. The Consent to Damage and Disturb will be required to allow site disturbance and development to proceed. In some cases, a Consent to Damage and Disturb will include a condition requiring an historic archaeologist to monitor ground disturbance works in case unexpected archaeological remains are exposed.

1D Compliance with the Heritage Act 2017 does not finish when site excavation is complete. Conditions on Consents under the Heritage Act 2017 usually require archaeology consultants to analyse all artefacts identified during the fieldwork and prepare a detailed technical report usually within 12 months. In some cases, it will be necessary for significant excavated artefacts to be conserved, to prevent their deterioration, packaged to Heritage Victoria requirements, and sent to Heritage Victoria for long-term storage. AAT can provide advice on this compliance if required.

The Wallan Station Complex (H7823-0045 & HO221 [Railway Station Complex]) is protected under Section 22.02 of the Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme and cannot be impacted without permission and the appropriate permit from the Mitchell Shire Council. Consultation with the Council is required in regard to any proposed works within or immediately surrounding the site.

Recommendation 2 Further Monitoring (Map 4)

The activity area for the Wallan East PSP has the potential to uncover historic deposits or features in a subsurface context at the identified areas of potential historic sensitivity shown in Map 4. In these instances, it would be appropriate that a qualified archaeologist monitors the initial ground disturbance works associated with the development in these areas.

The role of monitoring would be to detect the presence of any significant deposit or historic materials, and if found, devise appropriate management recommendations. If an intact deposit is identified, it would require controlled excavation following the submission of a site card to Heritage Victoria and obtaining a Consent to Uncover and Expose from the Executive Director of Heritage Victoria. An appropriately qualified heritage advisor or archaeologist can submit a site card to Heritage Victoria on behalf of a landowner or Sponsor and assist with the application of a Consent to Uncover and Expose.

Recommendation 3 Dry Stone Walls

v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY qualified historic archaeologist must be engaged to undertake a Dry Stone Wall Management Plan which will investigate the dry stone wall and provide the following information, outlined in the ‘Decision guideline’ under Section 52.33 prior to the application of a Permit.

Decision guidelines

Before deciding on an application, in addition to the decision guidelines I Clause 65, the responsible authority must consider, as appropriate:

• The significance of the post box or dry stone wall. • Any applicable heritage study, statement of significance and conservation policy. • Whether the proposal will adversely affect the significance of the post box or dry stone wall. • Whether the proposal will adversely affect the significance, character or appearance of the area.

Dry stone walls may occur throughout the activity area, along roads (formal or informal), within proximity to known historic or archaeological sites (such as the Inverlochy Castel Hotel) or within open areas. The Mitchell Shire Council should be notified of the identification of any dry stone walls within the activity area during further assessment.

Recommendation 4 Protection of Heritage within the Activity Area

Heritage places and sites can be significant on a local and state level and often provide valuable insight into the early non-Indigenous settlement of a region. Heritage places within the Wallan East activity area should (where possible) be retained and managed according to the Heritage Act 2017, the Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme and the Planning and Environment Act 1987 . The Mitchell Shire Council has a significant role in protecting local heritage places of value to the Wallan area and the protection of these places may extend beyond retention. Prior to any works being undertaken within the Wallan East activity area, a detailed pedestrian survey should occur once the ground surface visibility is improved. If previously un-identified historic deposits, feature or remains are identified, the Mitchell Shire Council should be notified immediately upon discovery and works should cease until an appropriately qualified archaeologist or heritage advisor has been contacted to assess the finds.

If a historic archaeological site is uncovered during the course of the activity, under Section 87 of the Heritage Act 2017, it is an offence to knowingly damage, disturb or excavate a registered place or object without obtaining the appropriate consent from the Executive Director of Heritage Victoria. An appropriately qualified heritage advisor or archaeologist can assist with this process.

vi CONTENTS PAGE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii

PART 1 – ASSESSMENT

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Principle Reason for the Work 1 1.2 Sponsor 1 1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study 1 1.4 Location of the Activity Area 1 1.5 Local Municipality 1 1.6 Description of the Activity Area 1 1.7 Heritage Advisor 2 1.8 Owners and Occupiers 2 1.9 Individuals and Organisations Consulted During the Study 2 1.10 Project Description 2 1.11 Date of Survey 2

2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION - DESKTOP ASSESSMENT 5

2.1 Historical Background 5 2.2 Schedule of Ownership of the Activity Area Following European 25 Occupation 2.3 Archaeological Background 25 2.3.1 Previous Historic Archaeological Studies 25 2.4 Consultation with Kilmore Historic Society and Mitchell Shire Council 33 Heritage Advisor 2.5 Heritage Register, Inventory and Mitchell Shire Council Overlay Sites 33 Relevant to the Study Area 2.5.1 Victorian Heritage Register Sites 34 2.5.2 Heritage Inventory Sites 35 2.5.3 Mitchell Shire Council Heritage Overlay Sites 36 2.6 Summary of Other Database Searches 38

3 SITE PREDICTION MODEL 39

4 HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE ACTIVITY AREA 42

4.1 Aims 42 4.2 Survey 42 4.3 Survey Attendants 42 4.4 Methodology 42 4.5 Survey Visibility 42 4.6 Results 42

5 CULTURAL HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE 52

6 INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION 53

7 LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS 54

vii CONTENTS PAGE 8 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 57

REFERENCES 60

APPENDICES 1 Summary CV’s 65 2 Victorian Heritage Database Site Forms 69 3 Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme – Railway Station Complex 74 4 Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme Section 22.02 76 5 Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme Section 52.33 81 6 Historian’s Report 83

TABLES (IN TEXT)

1 Historic Archaeological Reports Relevant to the Activity Area 26 2 Heritage Register Sites Nearest to the Activity Area 34 3 Heritage Victoria Inventory Sites located within the Activity Area 35 4 Heritage Victoria Inventory Sites located within 5 Kilometres of the Activity 35 Area 5 Heritage Overlay Sites located within the Activity Area 36 6 Heritage Overlay Sites located within 5 kilometres of the Activity Area 36 7 Summary of Database Searches 38 8 Summary of Significance & Archaeological Potential 52

FIGURES (IN TEXT)

1 Approximate Path of the 1824-1825 Hume and Hovell Expedition, 1825 5 2 Detail View of a Map of Kalkallo and Merriang, c.1840 7 3 Detail View of a Darraweit Guim, Merriang and Toorourrong Parishes, 1948 9 4 Plan of County of Dalhousie, 1866 10 5 Plan of County of Bourke, 1866 11 6 Detail View of a Map of Bourke County, 1866 12 7 Plan of the Parish of Wallan Wallan, c.1902 13 8 Detail View of a Map of the Wallan and Donnybrook Districts, c.1913 14 9 Detail View of a Plan of Part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan, c.1890 16 10 Detail View of a Plan of Part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan c.1889 18 11 Detail View of Three Plans of the Configuration of Facilities at the Wallan 19 Railway Station Complex, 1908, 1913 and 1916 12 Detail View of a Plan of the Configuration of Facilities at the Wallan Railway 20 Station Complex, 1962 and 2000. 13 Detail View of Subdivision Plan 99336 Approved in 1973 and Sold in 1974 21 14 Detail View of a Plan of the Balance of Lands from Subdivision 99336 sold to 21 Pedro Textiles Industries Pty Ltd in 1974 15 Detail View of an Aerial Photograph of the Activity Area, 1986. 22 16 Detail View of a Plan Comprised of Two Sheets of Subdivision Plan 432563 23 17 Detail View of an Aerial Photograph Showing the Activity Area and the 24 Development of Subdivision Plan 432563, c.2005

viii CONTENTS PAGE MAPS (IN TEXT)

1 Activity Area Location 3 2 Extent of Activity Area 4 3 Heritage Sites Within the Activity Area 40 4 Areas of Historic Potential Identified from 1913 Survey Map and Victorian 41 Heritage Database

PHOTOS (IN TEXT)

1 Wallan Station Building. Facing north-east. Chimney visible on the southern 43 wall of the Wallan station building 2 Chimney on the southern wall of Wallan station building. Facing north-east 43 3 Chimney on the southern wall of Wallan station building. Range pole 44 demonstrating height. Facing north 4 Chimney present on the northern wall of Wallan station complex. Facing 44 south 5 Station platform of the Wallan station building. Facing south 44 6 Water tank present on the western side of the Wallan station complex. 45 Potential historic value. Outside of the Wallan East activity area. Facing west 7 Detail view of the water tank on the western side of the Wallan station 45 building. Facing west 8 Detail view of the Wallan station water tank. The writing on the side states: 46 “RESTORED BY STEAMRAIL”. Facing north-west 9 Electricity pole located to the west of the Wallan station building, behind the 46 Wallan station water tank. Potential historic value, outside of the Wallan East activity area. Facing north 10 Detail view of the electricity pole on the western side of the Wallan station 46 building. Facing north 11 Activity area facing south from Kelby Lane. Farmland used for agricultural 47 and pastoral activities. Dwellings visible. No visible historic material 12 Location of Wallan Wallan St. Mark's Anglican Church facing north-west from 47 Wallan-Whittlesea Road. Long grass covering area 13 Location of building identified during a 1913 survey of Wallan. Long grass 48 covering area and a modern shed and fencing 14 Location of building identified during a 1913 survey of Wallan. Long grass 48 covering area and a modern fencing 15 Location of building identified during a 1913 survey of Wallan there are young 49 exotic trees still located on site 16 Location of the road bridge identified during a 1913 survey of Wallan. A 49 modern gravel road is in its place 17 Location of the building identified during a 1913 survey of Wallan. No historic 50 remains are visible 18 Activity area facing west from Wallan-Whittlesea Road. Farmland used for 50 agricultural and pastoral activities. No visible historic material 19 Activity area facing north from Wallan-Whittlesea Road. Farmland used for 50 agricultural and pastoral activities. No visible historic material 20 Activity area facing west from Wallan-Whittlesea Road. Farmland used for 51 agricultural and pastoral activities. No visible historic material

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd would like to thank VPA for their assistance in the preparation of this Historical Heritage Assessment.

Mat Garner – Victorian Planning Authority David Portelli – Victorian Planning Authority Donna Ferne – Sustaining Traces Joanne Guard – Mitchell Shire Council Celeste Jordan – Mitchell Shire Council Barbara Wilson – Kilmore Historical Society

ABBREVIATIONS

AAT Archaeology at Tardis ABN Australian Business Number ACHRIS Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Register and Information Services AHC Australian Heritage Council AHD Australian Heritage Database CBD Central Business District CHL Commonwealth Heritage List HCHA Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment n.d. No Date NHL Natural Heritage List PSP Precinct Structure Plan r regulation RNE Register of the National Estate The Secretary Department of Premier and Cabinet The Sponsor Victorian Planning Authority the Regulations Heritage Regulations 2017 VPA Victorian Planning Authority VHR Victorian Heritage Register WHL World Heritage List

© Copyright – This report is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd Project No 4150.100.

x Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Principle Reason for the Work

This Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment (HCHA) was prepared for the purpose of identifying, assessing and making recommendations for any historic places, if present, within the proposed Wallan East Precinct Structure Plan area (hereafter referred to as the activity area), in compliance with the Heritage Act 2017 and the Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme (Map 1).

1.2 Sponsor

The Victorian Planning Authority (VPA) (ABN 58 651 383 439) is the Sponsor of this HCHA.

1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study

This study aims to identify and assess historic cultural heritage within the activity area in compliance with the Heritage Act 2017 and the Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme. This was achieved by conducting background research into the area, supplemented by a separate ground and vehicular survey.

1.4 Location of the Activity Area

The activity area covers a total 140 hectares and is bound by Epping-Kilmore Road to the east, Wallan-Whittlesea Road to the south, the Melbourne to Sydney rail line to the west and Kelby lane to the north. The activity area is approximately 44.3 kilometres north of Melbourne central business district (CBD) (Map 1). The area is bound by agricultural land to the north, east and south. The west is bound by a small residential development and the Hume Freeway. The Wallan township is adjacent to the Hume Freeway on the west side of the activity area.

1.5 Local Municipality

The relevant local municipality for the activity area is the Mitchell Shire Council.

1.6 Description of the Activity Area

The activity area largely comprises grassed plains with an above sea level height of 300 meters. The activity area includes a former swamp, identified on a 1913 survey map of the area, that has since been drained (Figure 8). Merri Creek runs through the western side of the activity area, adjacent to the Wallan Station Complex. Merri Creek was realigned for construction of the North Eastern Railway. There is scrub located along the banks of Merri Creek, and there does not appear to be any remnant native vegetation. Due to the use of the area for farming and agricultural purposes there are surface runoff drains located across the activity area. Modern dwellings and associated outbuildings, such as sheds and driveways are scattered across the activity area, mainly located towards the centre of the activity area away from Wallan-Whittlesea Road and along Kelby Lane. The activity area is characterised by a very flat landscape (Photos 13-15).

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 1 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 1.7 Heritage Advisor

The heritage advisors for this project are project archaeologist Emma McNeil (Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd) and executive archaeologist Andrew Morris (Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd).

1.8 Owners and Occupiers

The land is managed by the Sponsor but is currently under individual ownership.

1.9 Individuals and Organisations Consulted During the Study

The following individuals and organisations were consulted during this assessment:

• National Trust Register • Australian Heritage Database • State Library of Victoria • National Library of Australia • Heritage Victoria Inventory • Victorian Heritage Register / Database • Victorian War Heritage Inventory • Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme Overlays • Mitchell Shire Council Heritage Advisor • Kilmore Historic Society • National Heritage List • Commonwealth Heritage List • Register of the National Estate • World Heritage List • Private Landowners

1.10 Project Description

The activity comprises the subdivision of 140 hectares of land for residential facilities. These residential facilities will be supported by town centres, schools, community centres, parks and the relevant utilities that are needed to support such infostructure. The subdivision aims to support and complement the existing town of Wallan.

1.11 Date of Survey

A vehicular survey of the activity area was undertaken on Wednesday 4th December 2019 by Emma McNeil (AAT) and Andrew Morris (AAT). A second targeted pedestrian survey was conducted on the 3rd September 2020 by Noah Tyler (AAT) to revisit sites of historic potential or significance identified on Map 4.

2 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors

Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION – DESKTOP ASSESSMENT

This report would like to acknowledge that the Wurundjeri Woi Wurrung Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Corporation are the recognised Traditional Custodians of the land which is discussed within this report. The clans responsible for the Wallan area were the Gunung willam balug and the Wurundjeri willam (Clark 1990, 384).

The following background information has been summarised from a historical report commissioned by Archaeology At Tardis. Professional historian Donna Fearne of Sustaining Traces supplied the following report. The full historical report is presented as Appendix 6.

2.1 Historic Background

After British colonisation, the first exploration of the activity area was the 1824 - 1825 expedition of Hamilton Hume and William Hovell, who journeyed near to and possibly over the activity area, which lies west of Mt Disappointment at the tail of the Great Dividing Range (Figure 1).

N Expedition Heading North Expedition Heading South Activity Area Mount Disappointment Port Phillip Bay

Figure 1 Approximate Path of the 1824-1825 Hume and Hovell Expedition, 1825. (Hume H, Hamilton, Brisbane, Thomas, Gellibrand, J.T., Hovell, W.H., Pettingell, Joseph & Historical Society of Victoria, 1921, 'Mr Hume's sketch of a tour performed by W.H. Hovell and himself from Lake George to Port Phillip, Bass's Straits at their own expense in the years 1824 and 1825 through the request of Sir Thos. Brisbane’, National Library of Australia).

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 5 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Travelling south to Port Phillip, the expedition is thought to have passed through the general area of present-day Wandong, Kilmore Junction and Wallan. It is likely the Hume and Hovell expedition party passed near to and possibly crossed the activity area on their journey south to Port Phillip (Figure 1).

Pastoral Occupation of the Activity Area

The activity area is located at the northern extremity of Herne's (Hearne's) Swamp north east of Green Hill, bounded by the foothills of the adjacent ranges and lying between the Plenty River and Merri Creek. This area was first occupied by pastoral leaseholders from as early as 1836.

Lands around the activity area were taken over as sheep and cattle runs and exchanged, swapped and transferred between pastoralists so quickly that the exact extent and location of some runs are difficult to ascertain. An account contemporary to the fast-moving pastoral tide around the activity area describes a journey around the district as passing:

"…through a good deal of poor county between the Macedon Ranges and the good country about the higher parts of the Saltwater River and the Deep Creek…" (Russell in Brown P L (ed), 1935, 'Narrative of George Russell of Golf Hill', London in Payne 1981, p.5).

Mercer's Vale

The activity area may have been located on a pastoral run called Mercer's Vale. No plan appears to survive outlining the exact location of Mercer's Vale, the name of which may relate to a piece of land allocated to Major George Mercer on the original Port Phillip Association survey of the District (Craigieburn Historical Interest Group Inc.,n.d., 'Olrig Homestead'; Fawkner J, 1862, p.49 in The La Trobe Journal, No. 3, April 1969). Billis and Kenyon identify several pastoralists simultaneously occupying Mercer's Vale, suggesting that it was a locality rather than a specific run which appears to have evolved into the towns of Beveridge and Merriang and Olrig Station (Billis and Kenyon 1932, pgs.15 -16, 54, 57, 94, 118, 216 234).

The earliest occupant of Mercer's Vale appears to have been Archibald Thom at Beveridge's Flat Mercer's Vale in 1837 (Billis and Kenyon 1932, p.129). At the time of Thom's Mercer's Flat occupation, and since 1836, James Malcolm is believed to have been occupying a single run named Yuroke, Deep Creek and Merriang on which the activity area may have been located (Payne 1981, p.7). An1840 map identifies Malcolm's Station west of Merriang and Thom's Station west of Beveridge, but the extent of the associated runs is not clear (Figure 2). It is possible that the Yuroke, Deep Creek and Merriang runs were the names of three runs operating under one license within the Mercer's Vale area or three independent runs.

6 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 2 Detail View of a Map of Kalkallo and Merriang, c.1840 (PROV VPRS8168/P5/Sydney Y6). Map shows approximate locations only.

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 7 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment In 1838 Malcolm is believed to have extended his Yuroke, Deep Creek and Merriang Run as far north as Big Hill, later known as Pretty Sally (Payne 1981, p.7). The boundary of this run may have been near a northern outstation described as 'Malcolm's Outstation', identified between Mount Disappointment and Kilmore on an 1866 Bourke County map (Figure 6). If his run had not done so already, Malcolm's pastoral lease extended across the activity area from this point. Although no plan appears to survive describing the early pastoral occupation of the activity area, plans of the surrounding runs of Dean, Strangeways and Belle Vue identify Malcolm as the occupier of land adjacent to those runs where the activity area is located (PROV VPRS8168/P2/7511; VPRS8168/P2/9085; VPRS8168/P2/9195) (Figure 3).

The pastoral occupation of Mercer's Vale appears to have either concluded by 1853 or been recorded under a different name. Until this time Billis and Kenyon identify license holders in Mercer's Vale as:

• Archibald Thom, 1837, Beveridge's Flat Mercer's Vale • Charles Grey George, 1840-1841, Mercer's Vale Port Phillip District • James Malcolm, 1840-1853, Olrig Mercer's Vale • Andrew Beveridge, 1840-1848, (including operating an Inn) Beveridge Mercer's Vale • David Power, 1845, Mercer's Vale • Robert Scholes, 1846, Mercer's Vale • Robert Scholes and Farmer, 1847-1850, Mercer's Vale • Peter Foreman, 1848-1851, Merriang Mercer's Vale

8 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 3 Detail View of Daraweit Guim, Merriang and Toorourrong Parishes, 1948 (PROV VPRS8168/P2/1643 FEATR6871; TOOROURRONG MERRIANG DARAWEIT GUIM- SHOWING DRAINAGE; MERRIANG SPRING PLAINS TOOROURRONG). Map shows approximate locations only.

An 1853 survey plan of part of the Wallan Wallan parish indicates that although Portion 41 (the activity area) of the Parish of Wallan Wallan had been surveyed, it had not been taken up and may still have formed part of a pastoral lease (Figure 12 in Appendix 6).

County of Dalhousie/County of Bourke

When first alienated from the Crown, Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan was described as part of the County of Dalhousie and continued to be described as such until 1888 (AP24655). However, an 1866 Plan of the County of Dalhousie illustrates that Portion 41 was not located in the County of Dalhousie (Figure 4); instead, an 1866 Plan of the County of Bourke locates Portion 41 within the Bourke County boundaries (Figure 5), it appears that an error was made when originally describing the land.

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 9 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Approximate Location of Activity Area

Figure 4 Plan of County of Dalhousie, 1866. (Windsor, 1866, Dalhousie, Surveyor Generals Office Melbourne, National Library Australia, MAP RaA 16 Plate 5)

10 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Approximate Location of Activity Area

Figure 5 Plan of County of Bourke, 1866. (Bibbs 1866, County of Bourke, Victorian Surveyor General's Office, State Library Victoria, MAPS; 820A 1866 BAILLIERE)

Freehold Occupation of the Activity Area

Portion 41 of the Parish of Wallan Wallan was first alienated from the Crown on the 19th of June 1857 when it was sold to the partnership of Thomas Mitchell and Hope Charles Bonneau "…under the Regulations of the first day of March One thousand eight hundred and forty three..." (PROV VPRS460/P/2449 Grant by Purchase). The property comprised 412 acres and was originally proclaimed as available for sale as lot 7 of 14 of 'good grazing land' on the 27th of August 1855 (The Argus, 31 August 1855, p.3; PROV VPRS460/P/2449 Grant by Purchase).

Portion 41 appears to have been an investment for Mitchell and Bonneau who leased the property to farmer Michael McCarthy. Portion 41 was transferred to Edward Grange on the 19th of April 1858, and ten days later he leased the property to Vere Murray of Melbourne for five years. After the sale of Portion 41 Murray leased part of Portion 76 parish of Wallan until around 1875 when he appears to have moved to Yarck where he purchased and farmed land at Wattle Grove until his death on the 12th of July 1879 (Alexandra Times, 15 November 1873, p.2; Alexandra and Yea Standard, Gobur, Thornton and Acheron Express, 19 July 1879, p.3; PROV VPRS28/P2/131 23/799). Murray transferred his lease to Surveyor John Reilly of Essendon less than a year into his tenure. Still, he appeared to have continued to occupy the property only surrendering his five year lease in August of 1862 at the request of Edward Grange who sold the land to William Escreet In October of that year for a little

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 11 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment over 100 pounds less than he had paid in 1858. At the time Grange sold the property it was promoted to "…farmers, dairymen, cattle dealers, capitalists and others… (as)…a first-class investment." (The Argus, 26 September 1862, p.2). At the time he purchased Portion 41, William Escreet was trading as a hay and corn dealer in North Melbourne. Escreet retained the property for 23 years until 1885 during which time he conveyed a little over 14 acres of land to the Board of Land and Works to establish a railway reserve in 1871 and again in 1872 (Book 212 Number 269; Book 347 Number 429, Book 223 Number 548).

Guthrie’s Rands Run & Malcom’s Outstation Budd’s Station Activity Area

Figure 6 Detail View of a Map of Bourke County, 1866 (Bibbs, 1866, County of Bourke, Victorian Surveyor General's Office, State Library Victoria, MAPS; 820A 1866 BAILLIERE). Map depicts approximate locations only.

The County of Bourke

Although not officially proclaimed until 1852, the County of Bourke (Figure 5) operated as a reputed county and the land area was marked on maps and used in official proclamations from the time it was first marked out in 1837. The county was named in honour of Governor Bourke, who held this office from 1831 to 1837 and who was both significant in influencing the means and rate of development in the Port Philip District, and for his involvement in emancipation of convicts and helped bring forward the ending of penal transportation to Australia (City of Melbourne website 1997, p.9).

Bourke County is divided into 59 Parishes some of which cross over adjacent County boundaries. The activity area is located in the Parish of Wallan Wallan (Figure 2).

12 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Parish of Wallan Wallan

Activity Area

Figure 7 Plan of the Parish of Wallan Wallan, c.1902. (McGauran T, 1902, 'Wallan Wallan, County of Bourke, Department of Crown Lands and Survey, MAPS;820BJE 1837-WALLAN WALLAN 1902, State Library Victoria).

The Parish and town of Wallan Wallan were named after the pastoral station of that name held by John Boyd from 1839; however, the pastoral station was not located within the parish boundary (Victorian Places 2015, Wallan). The township and area around Wallan are located outside the area of the original run on land believed to have formed part of Budd's Strangeways (Strangways) Run. Budd's Run was bordered by the 'Bellevue' held principally by Broadhurst and Tootal and Malcolm's Run, the name of which is unclear. Malcolm's Run was located south and east of Strangeways and the township of Wallan. The activity area appears to have been primarily located on Malcolm's Run. The Parish of Wallan Wallan was surveyed before 1853 when the first sales of freehold land at Wallan were held (Victorian Places 2015, Wallan).

Lightwood Flat Farm

By 1877 Escreet had expanded his farming to include 216 acres at nearby Bylands which he held under lease (The Age, 19 June 1874, p.2; Kilmore Free Press, 29 March 1877, p.2). In 1885 Escreet moved to Lima near Ballina and leased Portion 41 with the option to purchase to William Arthur Lee, a livery stable keeper of Capel Street Hotham who exercised his option to purchase the farm the following year (PROV VPRS460/P/2449 AP24655). Lee may have worked with or been an employee of Escreet who had owned the Escreet Stables at Capel Street, Hotham, North Melbourne in the 1850s, and offered it for lease as a seven

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 13 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment roomed house and stables able to hold 55 horses (The Argus, 5 May 1863, p.1). When inviting offers to purchase his part of Portion 41 in 1884, Escreet described the property as;

"Lightwood Flat farm, 395 acres good grazing land, about 40 acres broken, fenced into 10 paddocks, well-watered and grassed, now used as a dairy farm. Improvements comprise useful ten-roomed dwelling, outhouses & …the railway runs through the property, and the Wallan station is close to the homestead, giving quick facility to send produce to Melbourne. Farmers, graziers, dairymen and others are invited to inspect a property that commends itself as a sound and improving investment" (Leader, 6 December 1884, p.3).

Boundary of Portion 41, Parish of Wallan Potential Structures Activity Area

Figure 8 Detail View of a Map of the Wallan and Donnybrook Districts, c.1913 (PROV VPRS8168/P2/2968 M/DEF127).

Before his final purchase payments to Escreet, Lee sought to sell Portion 41 under the Transfer of Land Statute Act. Having secured a buyer in George Le Fevre, a doctor with rooms in Collins Street Melbourne, and in fulfilment of a condition of the purchase agreement, Lee applied to bring his part of Portion 41 under the Transfer of Land Statute Act which was completed by May of 1889 (PROV VPRS460/P/2449 AP24655).

William Arthur Lee had both purchased and sold his land in the last months in a period of "…rapid, uncontrolled and ultimately disastrous…real estate inflation and speculation known to contemporaries and later historians as the 'land boom" (Davison in eMelbourne, 2008, 'Land Boom'). Graeme Davison describes how; "…as the land boom reached its peak, speculation on property and land became a mania…Lured by free railway passes, eager speculators rode out to new estates on the suburban frontier, where they joined the

14 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment crowds of other eager speculators consuming the vendors' free chicken and champagne before bidding got underway…" (Davison in eMelbourne, 2008, 'Land Boom').

During the months that Lee's part of Portion 41 was being brought under the Transfer of Land Statute Act, Lee or George Le Fevre, applied to subdivide and develop part of Portion 41 as a new estate. Advertisements likely related to the property appeared in March of 1889 describing an "…Immense land sale of business and villa allotments, adjoining Wallan Railway Station, the Junction of Main Lines of Railway… In the City of Wallan… (characterised by) …large allotments, wide streets, (and) water laid on" (Kilmore Free Press, 7 March 1889, p.3). Both the Kilmore and city papers describe a large American brick factory as being under construction at or near Wallan and part of the impetus for the subdivision (The Age, 6 March 1889, p.2; Kilmore Free Press, 7 March 1889, p.3).

By May of 1889 Lee was granted title to his part of Portion 41 with the caveat only of the existence of a prior contract of sale with George Le Fevre (Volume 2142 Folio 322). Neither the sale to Le Fevre nor any other sales of the land took place until October of 1889 when Lee reached a new purchase deal with investors Robert Hans Lemon an importer of Prells Buildings Queen Street Melbourne and Robert Afflick Robertson, a sawmill proprietor of Wandong.

First Residential Subdivision (Plan 2709)

Endeavouring to capitalise on the 1880s Victorian land boom, Robert Hans Lemon and Robert Affleck Robertson, along with two additional partners John Stoup Chambers and Benjamin Goldsmith, began selling parcels of a partial subdivision of Portion 41 from April of 1890 (Volume 2222 Folio 311) (Figure 9).

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 15 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 9 Detail View of a Plan of Part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan, c.1890. The approximate and general extent of the subdivided area is outlined and shaded with dotted blue lines and the remainder of Portion 41 held by the partnership of Lemon, Robertson, Chambers and Goldsmith is shaded pink. (Volume 2222 Folio 311).

Due to the failing Victorian economy during the 1880's, only five buyers invested in one or more of the 341 subdivided allotments offered for sale in 1890: George Thompson, Eliza Thompson, Hugh Brown, Henry Hanley and John Briggs. Three buyers invested in the property speculation in 1891, two purchasers being the wife and sister in law of Robert Affleck Robertson and the third Contractor John Booth (Volume 2222 Folio 311; Supreme Court of Victoria 1988, pgs.577-583).

In April of 1892 Benjamin Goldsmith, at that time secretary to an insurance agency, was placed under liquidation through the insolvency court at which time J.S. Chambers, R.A Robertson and R.H. Lemon were listed as secured debtors for L1090 (The Argus, 29 April 1892, p.5). John Stoup Chambers recovered Goldsmith's share of the subdivided estate and some of his share of Portion 41, outside the activity area was sold to local widow Ellen Wyatt on the 1st of December 1893 (Volume 2509 Folio 650).

Following Goldsmith's insolvency, Robert Affleck Robertson conveyed his share of the original property to John Stoup Chambers on the 2nd of February 1893 (Volume 2467 Folio 287); leaving John Stoup Chambers and Robert Hans Lemon as the surviving partners in the property venture until Lemon transferred his share to Chambers on the 15th of September 1903 (Volume 2222 Folio 311). In 1904 Chambers discharged the mortgage and sold his entire Portion 41 holdings, excluding those portions already sold as part of Subdivision 2709, to Henry Barber Junior, a grazier of Woodstock Road Wallan on the 20th of September 1904 (Volume 2222 Folio 311; Volume 2955 Folio 976).

16 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment The North Eastern Railway

The Construction of the North Eastern Railway Line from Melbourne to Wodonga was being discussed within the government during the late 1860s, and to this end, surveys were conducted along the proposed line during 1869. Tenders were let to construct the line in 1870 and works were completed as far as Wodonga on the 21st of November 1873 (Australian Railway Historical Society Victorian Division Inc. 2018, Victorian Railway History 1839-1899).

A survey plan of the proposed North Eastern Railway route illustrates no buildings on Portion 41 but does identify huts on the adjacent Portion 40 suggesting, but not confirming, that no structures were erected on Portion 41 at the time of the survey in 1869/1870. Identified on the c.1869/1870 railway survey is a constructed diversion of Merri Creek away from the path of the railway line within Portion 41.

Following a trial run of the partially constructed North Eastern rail line on the 11th of April 1872, regular train services were initiated to Wallan and began on the 18th of April 1872. The Wallan Railway Station was opened on the same day that rail services began and were one of only three operational intermediate stations opened on the north eastern line (Payne 1981, p.123). Originally a crossing and watering station, "…staff and ticket working were introduced (at Wallan) in 1873…" and the line was duplicated in 1886 (Waugh 2002, p.1).

Growth at the Wallan Railway Station peaked with the construction of the gravitation yard and by the 1960s, automation, the withdrawal of steam and changes in technology and station requirements, led to the removal of part of the gravitation sidings and the engine depot (Figures 11 and 12). Between 1947 and 1962 a standard gauge line for freight was constructed incorporating loops to bypass stations at Donnybrook, Wallan and Broadford which enabled smoother and faster passage for freight trains. The late twentieth century saw elements of the Wallan Railway Station complex removed until it reached its present state (Figure 12).

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 17 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 10 Detail View of a Plan of Part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan c.1889. The approximate extent of the original railway reserve lands from 1871 and 1872 are coloured white and the approximate extent of lands purchased by the Railways Commissioners in 1907, 1909 and 1912 are outlined with yellow, red and blue lines respectively. (Volume 2222 Folio 311; Volume 2467 Folio 287; Book 212 Number 269, Book 347 Number 429, Book 223 Number 548, Volume 2260 Folio 968, Volume 3236 Folio 116; Volume 3350 Folio 927; Volume 3643 Folio 580; Volume 2260 Folio 969; Volume 2358 Folio 566).

18 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 11 Detail View of Three Plans of the Configuration of Facilities at the Wallan Railway Station Complex, 1908, 1913 and 1916. The red circle on the 1916 map highlights the entry point for the gravitational sidings. (Waugh 2002, pgs. 2-3).

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 19 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 12 Detail View of a Plan of the Configuration of Facilities at the Wallan Railway Station Complex, 1962 and 2000. (Waugh 2002, pgs. 6-10).

Barber's Paddock

In 1913 from the 25th of February to the 8th of March a military encampment was held at Barber's paddock adjacent to and east of, the Wallan railway station and near 'The Gap' on the Whittlesea Road. Over a mile of water pipes were laid, possibly through the activity area, to enable the provision of water to the soldiers from the main of the Kilmore Water Works Trust, which supplied the railway station at that time. The camp hosted 1200 - 2000 men from the 5th Light Horse Brigade, 28th Army Service Corps and 28th Army Medical Corps (The Age, 4 December 1912, p.12; The Age, 12 December 1912, p.11; The Bendigo Independent, 13 December 1912, p.1).

Second Residential Subdivision

Since the abandonment of the ambitious 1889 subdivision of part of the activity area and excepting the disposal of four relatively small parcels of land from the site in the years following, the activity area appears to have been continually used for grazing and the accommodation of three modest lease based households until another subdivision was attempted in 1974 (Volume 9015 Folio 619).

20 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Anthony Barber's 1974 subdivision of part of the activity area corresponded with the rise of Wallan as an attractive dormitory suburb and created five lots out of the land not already subdivided according to plan 2709. Allotment 1 of Barber's subdivision as well as several small parcels located at corners of the subdivision (Figures 13 & 14) were sold on the 9th of January 1974 to Pedro Textiles Industries Pty Ltd who went on to purchase the remaining lots on the 3rd of April the same year (Volume 9015 Folios 696, 697, 698, 699 and 700; Volume 9031 Folio 306) (Figures 13 & 14).

Figure 13 Detail View of Subdivision Plan 99336 Approved in 1973 and Sold in 1974. The left-hand image illustrates the division of part of Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan into five lots. The approximate extent of the activity area is highlighted with solid red lines in the right-hand image and on the same plan the approximate extent of the area subdivided in 1889 according to subdivision plan 2709, is highlighted and shaded with red dotted lines. (Landata, LP099336).

Figure 14 Detail View of a Plan of the Balance of Lands from Subdivision 99336 sold to Pedro Textiles Industries Pty Ltd in 1974. The right-hand image illustrates the location of those lands in relation to the rest of the subdivision and highlighted with blue arrows. (Volume 9031 Folio 306; Landata LP099336).

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 21 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Pedro Textiles Industries Pty Ltd

Pedro Textiles Industries Pty Ltd (PTI Pty Ltd) was registered on the 9th of March 1966 and became incorporated under the 1961 Companies Act as a proprietary company on the 7th of February 1985. PTI Pty Ltd was located at 315 Wallan-Whittlesea Road, which is situated on part of the activity area (Cohen P, 1998, in AP79008, schedule).

Before incorporation, PTI Pty Ltd sold the five allotments of subdivision 99336 between 1978 and 1982. The allotments were transferred in four parcels of 16.19 hectares, and one parcel of 15.83 hectares and the improvements erected across the subdivision are evident on a 1986 aerial photograph of the site (Figure 15). Further sales from subdivision 2709 were attempted in 1988 however when Pedro Farming Community Co. attempted to transfer the certificates of titles registered and issued for the subdivided lots, permission to proceed was subject to the discretion of the Kilmore Shire Council, as the access roads within subdivision 2709 had been closed. By 1988 the 1889 subdivision "…roads (were) no longer available as a means of access to the majority of the allotments on LP2709…" and the Kilmore Shire Council does not appear to have granted permission to re-open those roads in order to transfer the land.

Figure 15 Detail View of an Aerial Photograph of the Activity Area, 1986. (Western Port Foreshores, 1986, Project 1716, Run 12, Frame 29, Film 4005)

22 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment On the 25th of September 1998, the PTI Pty Ltd sold all of their Portion 41 holdings to Wallan East Farming Pty Ltd (WEF Pty Ltd) (Volume 5481 Folio 027 and Folio 026; Volume 9031 Folio 306). WEF Pty Ltd applied to subdivide the area (Plan 432563) of the original subdivision 2709. In April of 2000, nine lots were created from the failed subdivision plan 2709 and a parcel reserved from the sale on the Wallan Whittlesea Road (Figure 16).

Figure 16 Detail View of a Plan Comprised of Two Sheets of Subdivision Plan 432563. A compilation, approximate locations only and not to scale, c.2000. (Landata, subdivision plan PS432563T).

Five years after subdivision plan 432563 was approved an aerial photograph taken on the 22nd of May clearly illustrates the new division of land. In the 2005 image, eight of the nine allotments from plan 432563 appear to have been built on (Figure 17).

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 23 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Figure 17 Detail View of an Aerial Photograph Showing the Activity Area and the Development of Subdivision Plan 432563, c.2005. The approximate location of the subdivision boundaries is highlighted in green (Google Earth Pro, 22 May 2005).

24 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 2.2 Schedule of ownership of the Activity Area

A detailed schedule of land ownership is presented in the historic report provided by Donna Ferne (Appendix 6).

2.3 Archaeological Background

2.3.1 Previous Historic Archaeological Studies

Regional and localised archaeological investigations help establish the general character of historical sites within the region and help determine the potential for future historic sites to be identified. The following historic reports include those that are directly relevant to the activity area, and those directly associated with the immediate surrounding areas.

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 25 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Table 1 Historic Archaeological Reports Relevant to the Activity Area

Report Year & Name of Report Description and Results Number Author(s) Location 1029 2000 An Archaeological The activity area for • Brief archaeological survey of Cleve Hill, Whittlesea – Wallan Road, Jenny Tulloch Survey of a this report lies to the Wallan; Proposed Vodafone north-east of the • For proposed Vodafone facility; Facility at Cleve Hill, Wallan East precinct • Historical heritage is present around Kilmore; Wallan, (Victoria Site on the Wallan- • No historical archaeological surveys conducted in the area at the time of 3634) Whittlesea Road. the report; • Closest historical sites are Broadford WW2 No.4 Internment Camp (H7923-0013), recorded in 1996 by P. Watt and Walnaring (former Quinn's cottage), located on Merriang Road, Wallan East. The cottage was built around 1855-1856. Some of the original features still exist today; • There were no constraints on the construction of the building in regard to historic cultural heritage.

1483 2002 An Archaeological The activity area for • Reclaimed water pipeline; Joanne Bell Survey of a this report is located • No non-Aboriginal historic sites were located during this assessment; Wastewater south-west of the • Early pastoral and squatting runs were subdivided a number of times Management Wallan East precinct at during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries into smaller Facility, Wallan the junction of the parcels of land; Northern Highway and • There could be relic vegetation, drystone walling or post-and-rail the Hume Highway. fencing, or the remains of buildings or sheds.

1803 2003 Wallan-Kilmore The pipeline runs • No reports had been previously done in the area; Anna Light Pipeline along South Mountain • Broadford Internment Camp No. 4 was the closest site to the activity Road and Main area – remain includes a concrete slab, a water storage tank, ablution Mountain Road, north block remains, a rubbish pit, a brick septic tank and a demolished of Yabamac – Located building site; north-east of the • The site was determined to be deteriorated and recorded as Wallan East precinct disturbed/damaged at the time of the 1996 report by Rhodes and Barnard 1996;

26 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

• No historical sites were recorded within the study area during the field survey. 1960 2003 An Archaeological The school site has • Wallan has potential for historic sites as it was situated on the main John Hyett and Survey of the Duke street to the Melbourne to Sydney road until the construction of the Hume Freeway; Claire Nicholls Bentinck Street south, Watson Street • No historic sites were located during the assessment; School Site, Wallan to the north, Windham • The closest historic site is the Inverlochy Castle Hotel (H7823-0043) and Street to the east and its associated buildings, which dates from 1855; High Street to the • Heavy grass cover made it difficult to identify historic sites; west. Located south- • Several possible low mounds were located within the surrounding areas west of the Wallan of the school and the Police Station; they could indicate the sites of East precinct, previous buildings; • Six basalt blocks forming three sides of a rectangle were located along the fence line of the south side of the activity area; • A small dam, several previous drainages lies, a semicircular area, and three rocks across the opening of a gateway between two paddocks – none of these sites were significant enough to register; • It was determined due to the relatively early settlement of Wallan, its known historical occupation and the presence of former buildings relating to Parkers Hotel and Boarding House, more historical research should be conducted in the area; • Subsurface testing was recommended in the area of any located historic building to determine its significance.

2254 2005 Northern Highway, The study area is • Only one historic site was located within the activity area; Andrea Wallan – Desktop bound by Old Sydney • During the assessment it was identified that a brick hut (possibly a Murphy and Cultural Heritage Road to the west, shepherd's hut) existed in the central region of the study area and that Lucy Amorosi Assessment Rowes Lane and the structural remains of this hut may remain today; Taylors Lane to the • All historic sites in the area were determined to likely be attributed with north, the Northern the rural, pastoral and agricultural history of the area; Highway to the east • The likely historic material located in the area include houses, farm and Hartfield Road to buildings, bottle dumps and fencing or drystone walls, post and rail or the South. The study windbreaks; area • The remains of the bluestone smokehouse in the Inverlochy Castle Hotel incorporates/abuts a complex are thought to be associated with the early period of section of the ownership, dating back to 1855 Inverlochy Hotel, - Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 27 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Located south-west of • Given the history of the area and the relative low level of development, the Wallan East it was determined that historic archaeological sites may be present in precinct. the area; • Areas surrounding the Inverlochy Castle remains were determined to be highly likely of locating further historic archaeology.

2329 2005 An Archaeological The study area for this • The land was originally a reserve, and was kept as such until the mid- Claire Nicholls Investigation: report is located twentieth century; and Matt Proposed Wallan directly west of the • It is likely that the modifications of the land during the 1980's (drainage Chamberlain Police Site, corner Wallan East precinct lines, levelling and pedestrian paths) have reduced the likelihood of Watson and on the corner of identifying historic archaeology; Windham Streets, Watson and Windham • Visibility during the survey was very poor and no historic sites were Wallan Street. located at the time; • It was determined due to the low probability of historic sites remaining in the area; no further historic investigation need to be conducted.

2389 2005 An Archaeological The study area for this • The subject land was identified as most likely being a part of the Matt Investigation: report is located Inverlochy Castle Hotel grounds, but was most likely used for Chamberlain Proposed Kalinju south-west of the agricultural or pastoral purposes; Park Estate, Northern Wallan East precinct. • No historic sites were present in the area at the time the study was Highway, Wallan Taylors Creek runs undertaken; through this area. • It was determined that the likelihood of historic heritage being present in the area was very low; • If historic sites are to be found in the study area, the sites will most likely consist of small-scale rural ruins and artefact scatters; • The survey was constrained by very poor ground surface visibility; • No historic archaeology was located; • It was determined that no further historic investigation of the area was required.

2477 2005 An Archaeological The study area for this • No historic sites were identified in the area during the background Claire Nicholls Investigation: report is located to the research; Proposed north-west of the • Due to the past use of the land for agricultural and pastoral uses, it is Subdivision, Wallan – Wallan East precinct, unlikely that the area has any historic archaeology remaining in the area; along Darraweit Road.

28 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Darraweit Road, • No historic sites were located during the ground survey of the study Wallan area; • It was determined that no further investigation of historic archaeology was needed after the survey.

2606 2006 A Cultural Heritage The study area runs • Three previously recorded historic sites were located within the study Vincent Clark, Study of the Northern along the Northern area – H7823-0045 (Inverlochy Castle Hotel), D7823-0044 (Kilmore Wendy Dolling Highway between Highway, from the Creek Bridge) and D7823-0046 (Pretty Sally Culverts); and Elizabeth the Hume Highway junction with the Hume • The 'D' listing means that these sites were not protected by the Blamey South of Wallan and Highway to Kilmore Heritage Act 1995; Kilmore township – Located • Five places within the Mitchell Shire Heritage Overlay were within the west of the Wallan study area, HO20 (Former Primary School No. 1005), HO69 (Former East precinct. Albion Mill), HO210 (WW1 Memorial and avenue of Honour, including 48 Dutch Elms), HO211 (Free Library) and HO212 (Former Methodist Church [1865]); • Four new historical sites were located during the survey of the Highway, the details of these sites were sent to Heritage Victoria to be included in the Victorian Heritage Inventory; • These sites were: • H7823-0059 (Quillinan House Site) – The site includes a timber house and outbuildings that are in a ruinous condition. The structures were not able to be fully documented due to the unstable nature of the buildings. The house seems to comprise six main rooms, with brick fireplaces and chimneys. The house was constructed on stone and brick foundations. The area comprises two wells, of which only one is well preserved. Behind the house, a ruined bluestone and brick fireplace structure is located, which could have been the kitchen. Behind the 'kitchen' is a well-preserved rectangular brick structure containing a large fireplace and oven built into the wall. • H7823-0060 (Former Bylands Post Office) – The structure consists of a single room brick structure. Lean-to timber additions have been made to the north side (now covered by galvanised iron). The building is well-preserved. • D7823-0061 (Union Lane Quarry) – The site comprises three adjacent areas of quarrying, located on the top and sides of a low Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 29 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

basalt rise. Two of the quarries measure approximately 8-10 meters in depth and 20-30 meters in extent. The bluestone within these quarries seems to be of good quality for building. The third quarry is or irregular size and is used for a rubbish disposal. • D7823-0062 (Northern Highway, Bylands Quarry) – The site comprises two small bluestone quarries. The northern most quarry measures about 25 x 20 meters and is 5-8 meters deep, it is used as a rubbish dump. The other irregular quarry is shallower and measures approximately 26-17 meters and is about 4 meters in depth. Both cut into what was most likely exposed basalt outcrops. • H7823-0063 (Site of the former Union Hotel, Bylands) – The site is located on private property in a paddocked area. There is little visible trace of the former hotel, apart from a shallow depression, which may mark the location of the former cellar. The site may have archaeological potential, although most of the site appears to have been destroyed. • H7823-0064 (Site of the former Big Hill Hotel) – The site comprises at least one structure and several exotic trees. Small broken fragments of brick and bluestone were found surrounded by exotic trees in an elevated area. The elevated area could represent the location of the original hotel. The area has been disturbed by the dumping of road material. The hotel rests on the location of the previous illegal grog shanty run by Sally Smith, whose name contributed to the naming on nearby Pretty Sally Hill • Several historic features were also recorded during this assessment, but did not meet the requirement to be included in the Victorian Heritage Register, these features included stone field walls, small quarries, historic artefact scatters not associated with any structure and a historic scarred tree; • The Inverlochy Castle Hotel was determined to have extensive and well- preserved ruins. As such, the site should be extensively recorded before any damage is done to the site, along with the preparation of a detailed site plan and photographic record, historical research into the document history of the site, archaeological investigation, recording, cataloguing and preserving artefacts that are recovered. It was deemed appropriate to provide information to the public regarding this site.

30 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

• Similar recommendations were made for the remaining historic sites if the sites are to be disturbed by the upgrade of the Highway; • For all sites listed as 'D', although having no legislative requirements, it was recommended that the sites be well documented if they are to be harmed by the upgrade works; • If the sites were to be damaged during the upgrade work, the relevant permits (consent to destroy) would need to be provided by Heritage Victoria.

2922 2007 Wallan Railway The historic • The area had not previously been subject to archaeological Andrea station assessment was assessment; Murphy and conducted on the • There was one previously registered Heritage Victoria Inventory site Tom Rymer Wallan station within the study area, the Wallan Station Complex (H7823-0045) and complex, part of which one Heritage Overlay, the Railway Station Complex (HO221); lies within the activity • The study area was deemed unlikely to contain further historic area for the Wallan archaeology not connected to the Wallan Station Complex; East precinct. • A single green glass bottle was discovered north of Wallan-Whittlesea Road; it could not be attributed to any historic feature, site or place; • If the buildings are to be removed or any work consisting of the disturbance of any subfloor deposits, then a qualified cultural heritage advisor should be present at the time of excavation; • The station complex was deemed to be of fair or good condition, with minimal archaeological material present. The site represents a common historic occurrence; • The overall scientific significance of the site was deemed to be low- moderate; • The station complex was assessed as having high local cultural heritage significance.

3251 2008 Wallan Land The study area for this • There were no previously recorded historic sites located within the study Andrea Development, Wallan report is located to the area; Murphy and west of the Wallan • One site of potential historic cultural heritage value was identified during Andrew Morris East precinct. the site visit. The site comprised a farmhouse, shed and associated structures;

Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 31 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

• It was recommended that further investigation was needed of the farmhouse and associated buildings before work was to commence in the area.

3954 2011 Springridge Estate, The study area for this • There were no previously recorded historic sites located within the study Andrea 625 Northern report was located area at the commencement of the report; Murphy, Dale Highway, Wallan north-west of the • It was identified that the area most likely held historic archaeological Owen and Wallan East precinct, remains from William Hartley Budd's station, which was located in the Louise Blake area from around the 1850's; • Ground surface visibility within the area was limited (less than 5%); • The survey relocated Budd's Station (H7823-0079) in ruins within the activity area; • Additional quarries were identified during the ground survey, along with a scatter of fragmented portable historic artefacts; • Both the quarries and the artefact scatter were added to Budd's Station complex on the Heritage Victoria Inventory (H7823-0079); • The station complex was assessed as having high historical value, moderate scientific value and high social value.

32 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 2.4 Consultation with Kilmore Historic Society and Mitchell Shire Council Heritage Advisor

The Kilmore Historic Society was contacted on the 15th of November 2019 onwards to discuss areas of potential historic interest in the Wallan area. Unfortunately, the society did not have any further information to add to this report. The society could not identify any area of historic potential within the activity area that were not already on the Victorian Heritage Register or Database.

The heritage advisor for the Mitchell Shire Council was contacted on the 13th of November 2019 onwards to advise on any areas of historic potential with the Wallan East activity area. The heritage advisor was not able to advise on any further areas of historic potential or significance within the Wallan area and was only able to provide a previous historical report from Ecology & Heritage Partners. This report did not identify any areas that were not already on the Victorian Heritage Register or Database.

2.5 Heritage Register, Inventory and Mitchell Shire Council Overlay Sites Relevant to the Study Area

There are no Heritage Register sites within the boundary of the activity area; however, there is one registered Heritage Inventory Site and Mitchell Shire Council Heritage Overlay on the western boundary of the activity area of Wallan East, the Wallan Station Complex (H7823- 0045; HO221[Railway Station Complex]) (Appendix 2 & 3).

To get a broader understanding of unidentified heritage that could be located within the activity area, all Heritage Victoria Register, Inventory and Overlay sites within a five kilometre radius have been included within this heritage study. There are no Victorian Heritage Register sites within the five kilometre geographic region; therefore, the only the closest registered sites have been discussed within this report.

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 33 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 2.5.1 Victorian Heritage Register Sites

The following significance assessment of St Michael's Catholic Church, Wandong was summarised from the Victorian Heritage Database. The site is located approximately 5.8 kilometres north of the activity area. There are no Victorian Heritage Register sites within Wallan.

Table 2 Heritage Register Sites Nearest to the Activity Area

Place Name Location to Place Type / Significance /Registration Activity Area Contents Number St Michael's Catholic Church, Wandong (1891) is significant in Victoria as a rare, experimental and Small highly intact example of the use of a rectangular, new and innovative construction H0293 gable roofed product, terra cotta lumber, in the late St Michael's Approximately church nineteenth century economic boom Catholic 5.8 Kilometres constructed of period. The building clearly Church, north of the terra cotta demonstrates the unusual external use Wandong activity area. lumber and a of this product. The terra cotta lumber row of cypress industry in Victoria played a role in trees along the transforming Melbourne into a centre northern for high-rise construction in the 1880s boundary and 1890s and St Michael's Catholic Church, Wandong has a clear association with the development of the manufacturing and building industry in Victoria at this time.

34 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 2.5.2 Heritage Inventory Sites

Table 3 Heritage Victoria Inventory Sites located within the Activity Area

Place Name and Location to Activity Area Place Type / Contents Significance Registration Number H7823-0045 Located within the activity area on the Railway Station – Station, platform, tracks and Moderate scientific value Wallan Station Complex west boundary related infrastructure, dated to the 1870's to the present

Table 4 Heritage Victoria Inventory Sites located within 5 Kilometres of the Activity Area

Place Name and Location to Activity Area Place Type / Contents Significance Registration Number

H7823-0045 Located approximately 2.9 kilometres Commercial- Ruins of the hotel, shed and Moderate to High scientific and Inverlochy Castle Hotel to the south-west of the activity area timber stock run dated to 1855 local significance

H7823-0083 Located approximately 5 kilometres to Transport – Road N/A Cobb and Co Changing the south east of the activity area Station

H7823-0079 Located directly to the north of the Domestic – station and outbuildings, three Historic and Local Significance Budd's Station Complex activity area – approx. 1.4 kilometres small and one large bluestone quarry, historic fragmented portable artefact scatter, pine plantings and a section of cobbled driveway H7923-0075 Located north-east of the activity area Farming and Grazing N/A Heather Farm Site – approx. 6.5 kilometres

H7923-0074 Located approximately 4.7 kilometres Residential buildings (private) N/A Former Outbuildings to the north of the activity area and House Site H7923-0013 Located approximately 4.7 kilometres Military N/A Broadford No. 4 to the north east of the activity area Internment Camp

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 35 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 2.5.3 Mitchell Shire Council Heritage Overlay Sites

Table 5 Heritage Overlay Sites located within the Activity Area

Place Name and Location to Activity Area Place Type / Contents Significance Registration Number HO221 Located on the western border of the Railway Station Complex Historical value Railway Station activity area Complex

Table 6 Heritage Overlay Sites located within the Activity Area

Place Name and Location to Activity Area Place Type / Contents Significance Registration Number HO337 Located approx. 4.8 kilometres to the No. 4 Camp Office (former) – 25 Range N/A north of the activity area Avenue HO335 Located approx. 4.4 kilometres to the Victorian Railways Stationmaster's House – N/A north of the activity area 212 Rail Street HO334 Located approx. 4.1 kilometres to the Smalley House (former) – part 37-57 N/A north of the activity area Glenburnie Avenue

HO336 Located approx. 3.95 kilometres to the House – 159-161 Rail Street N/A north of the activity area

HO292 Located approx. 1.5 kilometres to the Religious and community based Historic and local value Wallan Cemetery west of the activity area HO212 Located approx. 2.5 kilometres to the Church Building Not Assessed Former Methodist west of the activity area Church (1865)

HO210 Located approx. 2.5 kilometres to the WW1 Memorial and Avenue of Honour Regional, Horticultural and Historic WW1 Memorial and west of the activity area including 48 purple-leaved Dutch Elms value Avenue of Honour

36 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

HO342 Located approx. 2.5 kilometres to the Original brick façade elevation with shop Historic and Local value The Former Store west of the activity area windows, door frame and highlight sash and Post Office and rendered brick north and south walls

HO211 Located approx. 2.5 kilometres to the Library Building, The Mechanics Institute Not Assessed Free Library west of the activity area Hall, War Memorial, Wallan Library Honour Roll (WW1), Wallan Mechanics Hall Honour Roll (WW1 & WW2) and Wallan War Memorial Obelisk HO289 Located approx. 2.5 kilometres to the N/A N/A Uniting (Former) west of the activity area Presbyterian) Church

HO220 Located approx. 2.2 kilometres south of Domestic – House and surrounding land N/A 'Walnarring' Farm the activity area Complex Buildings including Former Quinn's Cottage HO3 Located to the south-west of the activity Monument N/A Hume and Hovell area – approx. 5 kilometres Monument

HO2 Located south of the activity area Rural - House N/A Camoola 2025 Merriang Road, Beveridge – approx. 4.2 kilometres

HO151 Located approximately 5.2 kilometres Library and former Army huts – 53 Tallarook N/A from the activity area – to the south-east Street

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 37 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 2.6 Summary of Other Database Searches

The Victorian War Heritage Inventory, The Australian Heritage Database, Register of National Estate, National Heritage List, Commonwealth Heritage List, National Trust Register and the World Heritage List were also searched during this report. Only two sites were uncovered during this process, of which, only one is within the activity area. The Stained-glass window at the Wallan Wallan St. Mark's Anglican Church was commissioned 'in memory of the fallen in the Great War 1914-918'. The church operated from 1870 until it was destroyed by fire in 1960. The subject or text of the window is unknown.

Table 7 Summary of Database Searches

Register and Site Site Name Site Type Location Number Victorian War Heritage Stained Glass Within Wallan East Inventory Window at Wallan Monuments and precinct – on eastern ID: 196956 Wallan St. Mark's Memorials boundary of the Anglican Church Wallan Station Complex. Australian Heritage Database & Register Quinn's Cottage – Residential Buildings Approximately 6.7 of the National Estate Walnarring Merriang (Private) kilometres south-east ID: 15485 Road

38 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 3 SITE PREDICTION MODEL

The desktop evidence has identified that the activity area has potential for surface and subsurface archaeological features and occupation deposits associated with residential, agricultural and pastoral activities in Wallan from the 1850s at the sites located on the 1913 Survey of the activity area (Figure 8, Map 4). The area surrounding the Wallan Station Complex (<50m) may yield further information regarding the early construction of the Melbourne to Sydney railway. The site represents one of the earliest phases of railway constructions in Victoria. Further archaeological investigation should be conducted into the surrounding area before any works are permitted that may harm or impact the site. Areas of historic potential identified in Map 4 from the historic background have a low historic potential due to the past and current use of the land for agricultural and pastoral activities. If historic archaeology is located in the area, it is likely to be in a poor state of preservation. Areas of interest that should be explored further before development plans are constructed include: • The site of the Wallan Station Complex; • The site of the Wallan Wallan St Mark's Anglican Church; • Areas identified on Map 4; • Major and minor roads for drystone walls.

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 39

Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 4 HISTORIC SURVEY OF ACTIVITY AREA

4.1 Aims

The ground surface surveys aimed to detect the presence of obtrusive historic heritage, inspect previously recorded heritage sites and to identify areas that may have historic archaeological potential.

4.2 Survey

Ground surveys were conducted on the 4th December 2019 and the 3rd September 2020. This first vehicular survey was undertaken to assess previously registered sites on the Victorian Heritage Database and to identify areas of potential that that may need further assessment. A second survey was conducted on the 3rd September 2020 to revisit areas of historic potential identified on a 1913 survey map (Figure 8).

4.3 Survey Attendants

The initial survey was conducted by Emma McNeil (Project Archaeologist, AAT) and Andrew Morris (Executive Archaeologist, AAT) on the 4th December 2019. The second site visit, conducted on the 3rd September 2020, was undertaken by Noah Tyler (Project Archaeologist, AAT).

4.4 Methodology

Areas of potential were identified during the desktop assessment and land access to these areas was organised prior to a site visit. Areas were assessed and photographed where known historic potential was present, along with areas identified during the survey. Due to the size of the activity area, and the fact that most of the land within the activity area is privately owned and houses livestock, a survey of 100% of the activity area was not undertaken. Instead a targeted survey, focusing on areas of known historic significance or potential and areas identified during the desktop assessment as areas of interest was undertaken. A vehicular survey was conducted on all available roads, stopping periodically to assess areas of interest, followed by a detailed pedestrian survey of areas of potential.

4.5 Survey Visibility

The entire activity area was affected by poor ground surface visibility (<5%). The activity area is currently pastoral and/or agricultural land or rural housing lots, with dense, long grass present across most of the area. Poor ground surface visibility may have prevented the identification of historic artefact deposits or features but did not prevent the identification of obtrusive historic remains. Recommendations have been made in response to the poor ground surface visibility (Section 8). Modern dwellings, rural shed, roads, driveways and fencing are also present within the activity area.

4.6 Results

There were no new areas of historic potential or significance identified within the Wallan East activity area. The Wallan Station Complex was assessed, and the accompanying water tank and electricity poles are also of historic interest; however, they are located on the western side of the station complex and are therefore not within the activity area. These features have

42 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment been included within this report to give a broader understanding of the importance of the Wallan Station Complex, and the potential of the eastern extent of this site, which is located within the activity area. Areas of historic potential identified in Map 4 were investigated and photographed and no historic remains or deposits were identified at these sites.

Wallan Station Complex (H7923-0045 & HO221)

The Wallan Station Complex is located on the western border and outside of the Wallan East activity area. The building is a small timber construction with a large brick chimney on its southern wall. The Wallan Station complex has been included within this report as the registered site extent continues into the activity area for Wallan East PSP on the western border.

Photo 1

Wallan Station Building.

Facing north-east.

Chimney visible on the southern wall of the Wallan station building.

Photo 2

Chimney on the southern wall of Wallan station building.

Facing north-east.

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 43 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Photo 3

Chimney on the southern wall of Wallan station building. Range pole demonstrating height.

Facing north.

Photo 4

Chimney present on the northern wall of Wallan station complex.

Facing south.

Photo 5

Station platform of the Wallan station building.

Facing south.

44 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Water Tank and Electricity Poles Located at the Wallan Station Complex

Photo 6

Water tank present on the western side of the Wallan station complex.

Potential historic value. Outside of the Wallan East activity area.

Facing west.

Photo 7

Detail view of the water tank on the western side of the Wallan station building.

Facing west.

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 45 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Photo 8

Detail view of the Wallan station water tank. The writing on the side states:

"RESTORED BY STEAMRAIL"

Facing north-west.

Photo 9

Electricity pole located to the west of the Wallan station building, behind the Wallan station water tank.

Potential historic value, outside of the Wallan East activity area.

Facing north.

Photo 10

Detail view of the electricity pole on the western side of the Wallan station building.

Facing north.

46 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment The Stained-Glass Window at the Wallan Wallan St. Mark's Anglican Church (ID# 196956) The site is covered with blackberries and grass. There were no features or structures identified, and no historic material culture visible at, or surrounding the site.

Photo 11

Location of Wallan Wallan St. Mark's Anglican Church facing north-west from Wallan-Whittlesea Road.

Long grass covering activity area visible.

Photo 12

Location of Wallan Wallan St. Mark's Anglican Church facing north-west from Wallan-Whittlesea Road.

Long grass covering area.

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 47 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Site One : Potential Building – Photo 13 The site was identified as a building (unspecified) during a 1913 survey of the Wallan area (Figure 8). The site contains a modern shed and assorted refuse. There were no historic features or structures identified at the site, and no historic material culture was present.

Photo 13

Location of building identified during a 1913 survey of Wallan.

Long grass covering area and a modern shed and fencing.

Site Two: Potential Building and Associated Trees – Photo 14 and Photo 15 The site was identified as a building (unspecified) and associated trees during a 1913 survey of the Wallan area (Figure 8). There were no historic features or structures identified at the site, and no historic material culture was present.

Photo 14

Location of building identified during a 1913 survey of Wallan.

Long grass covering area and a modern fencing.

48 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Photo 15

Location of building identified during a 1913 survey of Wallan there are young exotic trees still located on site.

Site Three: Road Bridge – Photo 16 The site was identified as a road bridge during a 1913 survey of the Wallan area (Figure 8). There were no historic features or structures identified at the site, and no historic material culture was present. No evidence of a road bridge was visible.

Photo 16

Location of the road bridge identified during a 1913 survey of Wallan.

A modern gravel road is in its place.

Site Four: Building – Photo 17 The site was identified as a building (unspecified) during a 1913 survey of the Wallan area (Figure 8). There were no historic features or structures identified at the site, and no historic material culture was present. The landscape has been modified by grading or cutting and gravel is present at the site.

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 49 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Photo 17

Location of the building identified during a 1913 survey of Wallan.

No historic remains are visible.

Wallan East Activity Area

Photo 18

Activity area facing south from Kelby Lane.

Farmland used for agricultural and pastoral activities. Dwellings visible.

No visible historic material.

Photo 19

Activity area facing north from Wallan-Whittlesea Road.

Farmland used for agricultural and pastoral activities.

No visible historic material.

50 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Photo 20

Activity area facing west from Wallan-Whittlesea Road.

Farmland used for agricultural and pastoral activities.

No visible historic material.

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 51 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 5 CULTURAL HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE

The assessment of historic heritage significance is based on the Burra Charter values. These values are defined as the 'aesthetic, historic, scientific or social values for past, present or future generations' (Australian ICOMOS 1999, 12). The significance assessments below (Table 8) are based on the information gathered during this HCHA. The significance of any place may alter if additional information subsequently becomes available.

Table 8 Summary of Significance & Archaeological Potential

Place How is it significant? Why is it significant? What is significant? The site is significant The building is The Wallan Station because it represents significant, along with Complex is significant an early phase of rural the platform and Wallan Station Complex because it remains in rail development signal box. The two H7823-0045 good condition within Victoria. remaining rows of today. power poles, and 24 temporary homes. The stain glass The stained-glass The stained-glass window was window within the Stained Glass Window at window was significant as it church was Wallan Wallan St. Mark's commissioned 'in represented the early significant; however, Anglican Church memory of the fallen development and the church burnt ID: 196956 in the Great War growth of religion in down in 1960, and the 1914-1918'. rural Victoria. window was destroyed at the time.

52 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 6 INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION

The Wallan Station Complex lies on the western border of the activity area (Map 1). The station complex includes the station, platform, tracks and related infrastructure, dated to the 1870s. Future works at the site are unlikely to harm the station complex itself; however, if the eastern side of the station complex (which extends into the western boarder of the activity area) is to be impacted by the development, then the appropriate consents will need to be obtained from Heritage Victoria (Section 7). Due to the maintenance undertaken at the site and the frequent use of a service road running along the eastern side of the station complex, the immediate surrounding area (<50m) is considered unlikely to contain historic cultural material.

The areas of potential identified on the 1913 survey map were investigated for evidence of extant historical features or deposits and none were identified. No other areas of historic potential or significance were identified within the Wallan East activity area. The locations of previously identified areas of potential, historic archaeological sites and areas identified during the survey are presented in Map 4.

Dry stone walls are likely to occur within the activity area due to the area’s continuous occupation since the early 19th century. There are no recorded dry stone walls within the activity area, and none were identified during the survey assessment of the area; however, it is likely that they may be present along major or minor roads surrounding the activity area or traversing through the centre.

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 53 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 7 LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS

Local Government

All Victorian municipalities are subject to land use planning controls governed by the Planning and Environment Act 1987, which is administered by State and Local Government authorities. These planning controls include historic places which may be listed on the local planning scheme Heritage Overlay. Heritage Overlays include places of local significance and places included in the Victorian Heritage Register. The Heritage Overlay aims to assist in protecting the heritage of municipalities. Municipal Councils are responsible for issuing planning permits for the development of heritage places under the Planning and Environment Act 1987.

The Mitchell Shire Council has a policy framework that requires planning to take into consideration heritage sites and to protect places and sites with significant cultural heritage value. These strategies provide for the conservation and enhancement of places which are of aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, architectural, cultural, scientific or social significance or otherwise of special cultural values. These criteria respond to those defined in The Burra Charter (Australia ICOMOS 1999), an internationally recognised and adopted a charter for the identification and assessment of cultural heritage sites.

State Government

Non-Aboriginal archaeological sites in Victoria are protected by the Heritage Act 2017. The following is a summary of the latest statutory obligations regarding non-Aboriginal historic archaeological sites:

• All historical archaeological sites in Victoria (not included on the Heritage Register) are protected under Section 123 of the Heritage Act 2017. Under this section it is an offence to excavate, damage or disturb relics and sites whether they are included on the Heritage Inventory or not, unless a consent has been issued under Section 124; • Under Section 87-89 of the Heritage Act 2017 it is an offence to damage, disturb, excavate or alter a registered place or object, unless a consent is granted under Section 124; • Under Section 127 of the Heritage Act 2017 any person discovering or uncovering an archaeological relic is required to report the discovery to the Executive Director of the Heritage Council;

Section 23 of the Heritage Regulations 2017 prescribes the following fees for application for consents to undertake works or activities in relation to archaeological sites or archaeological artefacts. Subject to regulation 26, for the purposes of Section 124(2)(b) of the Heritage Act 2017, the prescribed fees are as follows—

54 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Consent Applications Fee units* Fees One domestic dwelling or extension to one dwelling Consent to uncover and expose 20 $296.20 Consent to excavate 30 $444.30 Consent to damage or disturb 50 $740.50 All other purposes Consent to uncover and expose 50 $740.50 Consent to excavate 72.4 $1,072.20 Consent to damage or disturb under 50% of the site 200 $2962.00 Consent to damage or disturb 50% or more of the site 400 $5,924.00 Other consents • to possess, or dispose of archaeological artefacts; • to undertake geotechnical or soil testing, trenching or boring in order to install, maintain or upgrade service utilities; $1,072.20 • a test archaeological excavation as part of a cultural 72.4 heritage management plan; or • for all other purposes for which a consent is required in relation to an archaeological artefact, archaeological site or a site recorded in the Heritage Inventory. * As of 1 July 2020, a fee unit is $14.81

In addition, Heritage Victoria requires that funds be made available by developers to ensure the responsible management of all significant artefacts that are recovered during an excavation. As a condition on any consent or permit, there will be a requirement that a specified sum of money is submitted to Heritage Victoria prior to the commencement of works. The funds will be used to ensure the cataloguing and conservation of any significant artefacts that are recovered. Any unexpended funds will be returned to the client, minus a 15% levy that is used for the management of all excavation projects in Victoria.

All archaeological sites in Victoria are protected by the Heritage Act 2017. All known archaeological sites are listed in the Heritage Inventory. Regardless of whether they are listed in the Inventory or not, no one can knowingly excavate or disturb an archaeological site without the consent of the Executive Director.

Archaeological sites are protected in two ways. Sites, which were considered to be of significance to the State, are recommended to be placed on the Victorian Heritage Register (VHR). The VHR exists to protect and conserve places and objects. All other archaeological sites are protected through the requirement to gain consent from the Executive Director to disturb, destroy, or excavate an archaeological site.

The Victorian Heritage Register enables Heritage Victoria to preserve and conserve archaeological sites which are of significance to the State of Victoria while the Heritage Inventory enables Heritage Victoria to record and monitor sites which are not considered to be of State significance or where the significance is unknown. Heritage Victoria also registers sites under a 'D' listing, which accommodates sites of very low archaeological value though they may have local historic value. 'D' listed sites are typically those that have little structural or artefactual features such as earthen formations (i.e. dams, railway formations). Sites registered under this system do not require consent prior to any proposed

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 55 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment development, but apart from this are managed in the same way as Heritage Inventory sites. 'D' Listed sites, therefore, may be subject to a variety of conditions prior to impact, such as detailed recorded, additional historic research and archaeological monitoring.

The two levels of protection enable two different principles in issuing consents and permits to be followed. The guiding principle for places on the Register is to protect and conserve as much of the fabric of the place and the relics/artefacts as is possible. While for places listed in the Heritage Inventory recording, excavating and monitoring are the usual methods of assessing and managing the heritage values of a site.

Consultation with Heritage Victoria, Department of Environment, Land, Water & Planning, should occur at least four months prior to lodgement of a permit application to disturb or destroy a historic archaeological site. In the event of a site or relic being uncovered or discovered during works, any works that would damage the relic object or place should cease and either the consulting archaeologist or Heritage Victoria be notified.

Australian Government

Nationally significant heritage places are primarily registered and protected under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, which is administered by the Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Other Australian Government Acts dealing with historic heritage include the Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976, Protection of Movable Cultural Heritage Act 1986 and the Australian Heritage Council Act 2003. The Australian Heritage Council (AHC) is the principal adviser to the Australian Government on heritage matters and assesses nominated places and recommends to the Minister whether or not a nominated place is appropriate for listing on the Australian Heritage Database (AHD). The Minister rejects or approves the nominated place. The AHD comprises heritage places from the World Heritage List (WHL), Commonwealth Heritage List (CHL), the Natural Heritage List (NHL) and the Register of the National Estate (RNE).

Local Heritage Overlays

Protection of heritage at a local government level require permits that must be sought prior to works occurring at or impacting a place. The Mitchell Shire Planning Scheme Heritage Overlay states that its purpose is to implement the Municipal Planning Strategy and the Planning Policy Framework. This is to conserve and enhance heritage places of natural or cultural significance and to conserve and enhance those elements which contribute to the significance of heritage places. The Mitchell Shire Heritage Overlay aims to ensure that development does not adversely affect the significance of heritage places and to conserve specified heritage places by allowing a use that would otherwise be prohibited if this will demonstrably assist with the conservation of the significance of the heritage place. The requirements of this overlay apply to heritage places specified in the schedule to this overlay. A heritage place includes both the listed heritage item and its associated land. Heritage places may be shown on the planning scheme map. Currently, the Wallan Station Complex (Railway Station Complex) is included in the local heritage overlay for the Mitchell Shire Council.

56 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment 8 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendation 1 The Wallan Station Complex (H7823-0045 & HO221, Map 4)

The Wallan Station Complex (H7823-0045 &HO221) has been assessed as having moderate scientific significance, local historic value and moderate archaeological potential (Table 8). It is unlikely that the activity will affect the station complex; however, if works are to impact part of the Wallan Station Complex, identified in Map 4, the following must be done:

Recommendation 2 Further Monitoring (Map 4)

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 57 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment The role of monitoring would be to detect the presence of any significant deposit or historic materials, and if found, devise appropriate management recommendations. If an intact deposit is identified, it would require controlled excavation following the submission of a site card to Heritage Victoria and obtaining a Consent to Uncover and Expose from the Executive Director of Heritage Victoria. An appropriately qualified heritage advisor or archaeologist can submit a site card to Heritage Victoria on behalf of a landowner or Sponsor and assist with the application of a Consent to Uncover and Expose.

Recommendation 3 Dry Stone Walls

Dry stone walls are protected under the Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme (Section 52.33). A Permit is required from the Mitchell Shire Council to demolish, remove or alter a dry stone wall constructed before 1940. Due to the prolonged occupation of the Wallan area it is likely that dry stone walls identified within the activity area will pre-date 1940, as such, a qualified historic archaeologist must be engaged to undertake a Dry Stone Wall Management Plan which will investigate the dry stone wall and provide the following information, outlined in the ‘Decision guideline’ under Section 52.33 prior to the application of a Permit.

Decision guidelines

Before deciding on an application, in addition to the decision guidelines I Clause 65, the responsible authority must consider, as appropriate:

Recommendation 4 Protection of Heritage within the Activity Area

58 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment If a historic archaeological site is uncovered during the course of the activity, under Section 87 of the Heritage Act 2017, it is an offence to knowingly damage, disturb or excavate a registered place or object without obtaining the appropriate consent from the Executive Director of Heritage Victoria. An appropriately qualified heritage advisor or archaeologist can assist with this process.

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Hume, Hamilton. 1921 Mr Hume’s sketch of a tour performed by W.H. Hovell and himself & Brisbane, from lake George to Port Phillip, Bass’s Straits at their own expense Thomas & in the years 1824 and 1825 through the request of Sir Thos. Brisbane’ Gellibrand, J.T. & Hovell, W.H. & Pettingell, Joseph & Historical Society of Victoria

Hyett, J & 2003 An Archaeological Aurvey of the Bentinck Street School Site, Wallan. Nicholls, C Prepared by Terra Culture Pty Ltd for Golder Associates. Report No. 1960.

Kilmore Free 1877 29 March 1877, accessed 10 November 2019, www.trove.nla.gov.au Press 1889 7 March 1889, accessed 10 November 2019, www.trove.nla.gov.au

Landata 1973 LP099336, accessed 15 November 2019, https://www.landata.vic.gov.au

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2000 PS432563T, accessed 20 November 2019, https://www.landata.vic.gov.au

Land Titles As Book 212 Number 269, General Law Library, Laverton. Cited

As Book 223 Number 548, General Law Library, Laverton. Cited As Book 347 Number 429, General Law Library, Laverton. Cited

As Book 463 Number 277, General Law Library, Laverton. Cited

Leader 1884 6 December 1884, accessed 10 November 2019, www.trove.nla.gov.au

Light, A 2003 Wallan – Kilmore Pipeline: Archaeological Assessment. Report prepared by Andrew Long and Associates Pty Ltd for Sinclair Knight Merz. Report No. 1803.

McGauran T 1902 ‘Wallan Wallan, County of Bourke, Department of Crown lands and Survey, MAPS;820BJE 1837-WALLAN WALLAN 1902, State Library Victoria, accessed 20 November 2019, http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10382/156220

Murphy, A & 2005 Northern Highway, Wallan – Desktop Cultural Heritage Assessment. Amorosi L Report prepared by Tardis Enterprises Pty Ltd for Brett Lane & Associates Pty Ltd. Report No. 2254.

Murphy, A & 2008 Wallan Land Development, Wallan. Report prepared by Tardis Morris, A Enterprises Pty Ltd for Peyton Waite Pty Ltd. Report No. 3251.

2013 Victorian Northern Interconnect Gas Pipeline (Wollert to Wandong Gas Pipeline) Cultural Heritage management Plan. Report prepared by Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd for APA GasNet Australia (Operations) Pty Ltd. ACHRIS No. 12259.

Murphy, A; 2011 Springridge Estate, 625 Northern Highway, Wallan. Report prepared Owen, D & by Tardis Enterprises Pty Ltd for Watsons Pty Ltd. Report No. 3954. Blake, L

Murphy, A & 2007 The historic assessment was conducted on the Wallan station Rymer, T complex, part of which lies within the activity area for the Wallan East precinct. Report prepared by Tardis Enterprises Pty Ltd for Parsons Brinckerhoff Australia Pty Ltd. Report No. 2922.

Nicholls, C 2005 An Archaeological Investigation: Proposed Subdivision, Wallan – Darraweit Road, Wallan. Report prepared by Terra Culture Pty Ltd for Millar and Merrigan Pty Ltd. Report No. 2477.

Nicholls, C & 2005 An Archaeological Investigation: Proposed Wallan Police Site, corner Chamberlain, M Watson and Windham Streets, Wallan. Report prepared by Terra Culture Pty Ltd for Department of Treasury and Finance. Report No. 2329.

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 63 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Payne J W 1981 ‘Pretty Sally’s hill: a history of Wallan, Wandong & Bylands’, Lowden Publishing, Kilmore Victoria

Public Record 1840 VPRS8168/P5/Sydney Y6: KALKALLO/MERRIANG, accessed 18 Office Victoria November 2019, https://www.prov.vic.gov.au

1882 VPRS8168/P2/7511 RUN1181, accessed 14 November 2019, https://www.prov.vic.gov.au

1848 VPRS8168/P2/9085 RUN470; BELLE VUE; BYLANDS, accessed 18 November 2019, https://www.prov.vic.gov.au

1848 VPRS8168/P2/9195 RUN578; THE DEAN; DEAN, accessed 14 November 2019, https://www.prov.vic.gov.au

1913 VPRS8168/P2/2968 M/DEF127; WALLAN AND DONNYBROOK DISTRICTS; MONASH JOHN L; BYLANDS KALKALLO LINTON MERRIANG TOOROURRONG WALLAN WALLAN YAN YEAR, accessed 14 November 2019, https://www.prov.vic.gov.au

1948 VPRS8168/P2/1643 FEATR6871; TOOROURRONG MERRIANG DARAWEIT GUIM- SHOWING DRAINAGE; MERRIANG SPRING PLAINS TOOROURRONG, accessed 14 November 2019, https://www.prov.vic.gov.au

NA VPRS460/P/2449 Grant by Purchase No 96 Page 16, accessed 18 November 2019, https://www.prov.vic.gov.au

NA VPRS460/P/2449 24655 Application for Certificates of Title, accessed 20 November 2019, https://www.prov.vic.gov.au

Supreme Court 1988 Supreme Court of Victoria, ‘Pedro Farming Community Co. Pty Ltd v of Victoria Registrar of titles’, O’Bryan, King and Vincent JJ.

Tulloch, J 2000 An Archaeological Assessment of a Proposed Vodafone Facility (Site 3634) at Cleve Hill, Wallan, Victoria. Prepared by Biosis Research Pty Lt for Contour Consultant. Report No. 1029.

Victorian Places 2015 ‘Wallan’, Monash University and the University of Queensland, accessed 20 November 2019, https://www.victorianplaces.com.au/wallan

Waugh A 2002 ‘Wallan’ in Victorian Signalling Histories No.43, Version 1.0, accessed 18 November 2019, http://www.vrhistory.com/Locations/Wallan.pdf

Windsor 1866 Dalhousie, Surveyor Generals Office Melbourne, National Library Australia, MAP RaA 16 Plate 5, accessed 22 November 2019,

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Appendix 1 - Summary CV’s

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Appendix 2 – Victorian Heritage Database Site Forms

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Appendix 3 – Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme – Railway Station Complex

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Appendix 4 – Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme Section 22.02

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Appendix 5 – Mitchell Shire Council Planning Scheme Section 52.33

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Appendix 6 – Historian’s Report

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 83 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment Historical Report Wallan East PSP TPN 4150.100

Detail of an aerial image of part of the land around Wallan. The approximate extent of the activity area is outlined with a green dotted line. (Department of Primary Industries, 2008, in Tardis Archaeology Pty Ltd, Map 3, ‘Extent of Activity Area’)

Prepared by Donna Fearne at Sustaining Traces For Tardis Archaeology Pty Ltd November 2019 84 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment INTRODUCTION

This report investigates the post European arrival land use history of the activity area described as Wallan East PSP being part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan, County of Bourke.

Sources consulted for this report have been created by the systems and practices of the post European occupation of Australia. As a result, local Indigenous peoples may appear to be absent from the activity area and surrounding lands once European occupation was established. This report acknowledges that although largely absent from the consulted resources, the Wurundjeri tribe or clan of the Woi Wurrung language group or Nation (Figure 1) and other Indigenous peoples were and may still be living on or near the activity area and nearby lands for an indeterminate period of time contemporary to European occupation.

This report is limited by time constraints and the availability of some records.

Institutions and resources consulted in preparing this report include the Public Record Office Victoria (PROV), State Library of Victoria (SLV), the Trove website of the National Library of Australia (NLA), The Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning – Land and Survey Spatial Information website (LASSI), Victorian Heritage Database (VHD), Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB) and Victoria Government Gazette (VGG)

Figure 1 Plan showing some clans and language groups/tribes that make up the Indigenous Kulin Nation, 2010. The approximate boundary of the Woiwurrong language group or tribe is outlined with red lines and the approximate and general location of the area around Wallan Wallan including the activity area is highlighted with a blue circle and arrow. The approximate location of the junction of the Yarra Yarra and Maribyrnong Rivers at Melbourne is highlighted with a yellow circle. (Presland G, 2010 in History of Wurundjeri Walk, n.d., ‘Kulin Nation’).

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 85 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment TABLE OF CONTENTS

• EARLY EUROPEAN OCCUPATION OF THE PORT PHILLIP DISTRICT

• PASTORAL OCCUPATION OF THE ACTIVITY AREA

• Mercer’s Vale

• EUROPEAN OCCUPATION OF WALLAN WALLAN

• County of Dalhousie and County of Bourke

• parish of Wallan Wallan

• Municipal History

• FREEHOLD OCCUPATION OF THE ACTIVITY AREA

• Lightwood Flat Farm

• First Residential Subdivision

• North Eastern Railway

• Barber’s Paddock

• Second Residential Subdivision

• Pedro Textiles Industries Pty Ltd

• TABLE OF FREEHOLD OWNERSHIP OF THE ACTIVITY AREA

• BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Images and Original Documents

• Publications including websites

86 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment EARLY EUROPEAN OCCUPATION OF THE PORT PHILLIP DISTRICT

Britain formally claimed possession of the Port Phillip district of New South Wales following the arrival of Ltnt. John Murray in Port Phillip Bay on 14 February 1802. (SLV website, 2018 Victoria's Early History 1803-1851) Two official settlements were established in the newly claimed district then swiftly abandoned; one at Sullivan Bay near Sorrento from 1803 and a second at Corinella in Western Port Bay from 1826. (SLV website, 2018 Victoria's Early History 1803-1851)

The pace at which the initial European occupation of the Port Philip District grew was slow. Pastoralists wanting to take advantage of the high demand for meat in the colonies but experiencing a shortage of available suitable pasture, particularly in Van Diemans Land, (SLV website ERGO, 2019, Early exploration of Port Phillip) were frustrated by the lack of Government urgency to open up the Port Phillip District for selection. In contrast to the unfavourable reports of Flinders (1802) and Grimes (1803) of the suitability of the Port Phillip District for European Occupation, explorers Hume & Hovell in 1824 and Charles Sturt in 1830 reported that the Port Philip District was overflowing with suitable available grazing land. (Maloney, 2007, Shire of Melton Heritage Study Stage Two, 2006: Environmental History, pp. 3-4)

The 1824 - 1825 expedition of Hume and Hovell journeyed near to and possibly over the activity area which lies west of Mt Disappointment at the tail of the Great Dividing Range. (Figure 2) The expedition diary entry dated the 9th of December 1824 recording the Hume and Hovell exploration party as “…ascending a mountain which from the repulse they subsequently experienced, they afterwards named Mount Disappointment…” at ten they arrive at the top and crossing their track of yesterday commence descending its western aspect.” (Hume and Hovell diary, 1824, in Payne, 1981, p.3)

As Hume and Hovell’s party retreated from the impenetrable bush on Mount Disappointment they are believed to have followed the banks of a creek through present day Broadford to the vicinity of what became the main Melbourne to Sydney Road. Travelling south to Port Phillip, the expedition is thought to have passed through the general area of present day Wandong, Kilmore Junction and the Wallan Railway Station (near to which they crossed the Merri Creek) before forging south through Beveridge and the lands near Bulla and Sydenham towards Port Phillip. (Figure 3) As the Wallan Railway Station was erected on land surveyed as part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan from which the activity area is also derived, it is likely the Hume and Hovell expedition party passed near to and possibly crossed the activity area on their journey south to Port Phillip.

Hume and Hovell’s reports of plentiful quality grazing pastures in the vicinity of Port Phillip including ‘…extensive and undulating downs of alternate wood and plain called by the natives Iramoo…’ (Hume and Hovell diary, 1824, in Payne, 1981, p.3), and accounts of the European settlement established at Portland Bay by Edward Henty in 1834 encouraged pastoral eyes to look to the Port Phillip District when resources were strained in Tasmania and New South Wales.

By 1835 several entrepreneurs had taken the law into their own hands and made plans to set forth and claim the pastoral utopia that seemed to wait for their occupation just a short voyage away. (SLV website, 2018 Victoria's Early History 1803-1851; Agricultural and Commercial Advertiser, 26 February 1836, p.63)

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Figure 2 Detail of a sketch of approximate path of the 1824-1825 sketch of the Hume and Hovell expedition party, 1825. The sketch has been rotated to position north at the top of the image. The approximate path of the expedition heading south to Port Phillip is highlighted with a red line and the approximate path of the expedition heading north returning to Sydney is highlighted with a blue line. The approximate location of Mount Disappointment is highlighted with a red arrow and the approximate location of Port Phillip Bay is highlighted with a blue arrow. The approximate and general location of lands around the activity area is highlighted with a black circle. (Hume, Hamilton. & Brisbane, Thomas & Gellibrand, J.T. & Hovell, W.H. & Pettingell, Joseph & Historical Society of Victoria, 1921, ‘Mr Hume’s sketch of a tour performed by W.H. Hovell and himself from lake George to Port Phillip, Bass’s Straits at their own expense in the years 1824 and 1825 through the request of Sir Thos. Brisbane, National Library of Australia).

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Figure 3 Detail of a twentieth century rendering of the approximate and estimated path of the 1824-1825 expedition of Hume and Hovell from Sydney to Port Phillip. The approximate path followed by the expedition party is highlighted with yellow directional arrows. A blue dot and blue arrow highlight the approximate location of Wallan and a red dot and red arrow highlight the approximate location of the Wallan Railway Station. A white dot highlights the approximate location of Kilmore, a purple dot the approximate location of Broadford and a green dot the approximate location of Yea. The approximate and general location of Mount Disappointment is highlighted with a red circle. (Hansford H & Buston W J, est.1924, ‘Map showing track of Hume and Hovell across Victoria: November and December 1824 and January 1925’, Green H J for Department of Crown Lands and Survey Victoria, State Library of Victoria, MAPS; 820.5 AT 1824-1825).

Two of these enterprising Vandemonians, John Batman and John Fawkner and their teams, were almost simultaneous in their arrival at, and determination to occupy the land around Port Philip. (SLV website, 2018 Victoria's Early History 1803-1851) Endeavouring to legitimise claims to ownership of the land by a group of Tasmanian investors later known as the Port Philip Association (PPA), Batman reportedly negotiated a treaty with Port Philip Aborigines on the 6th of June 1835. (SLV website, 2018 Victoria's Early History 1803-1851) Following their expedition, Port Phillip Association member John Helder Wedge prepared a plan of subdivision of the claimed lands with portions allocated to Port Phillip Association investors including Major George Mercer for whom Mercer’s Vale pastoral run may have been named. (Figure 4)

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Figure 4 Detail of a plan of the Port Phillip District subdivision by John Helder Wedge on behalf of the Port Phillip Association, 1835. The approximate and general area reserved for ‘a township and other purposes’ (Wedge J H, est. 1835, ‘Map of Port Phillip from the survey of Mr Wedge and others’) is highlighted with a blue line and the approximate boundary of Lot 2 allocated to Mr Mercer is outlined with red lines. (Wedge J H, 1835, ‘Plan of the Port Phillip District, 1835’, State Library of Victoria, MS; SAFE1).

In the same year of its creation, Government officials deemed Batman’s treaty with the Indigenous inhabitants of the Port Phillip District invalid, both as the Port Phillip Association investors were claiming property on behalf of themselves rather than the crown, and because the treaty inherently acknowledged the prior occupation and attendant rights of the Indigenous inhabitants of the District, a claim unrecognised by the British Government. On the 26th of August 1835 in response to news of the PPA land claim, Governor Bourke of NSW issued a proclamation "...stating that treaties with Aborigines for the possession of land would be dealt with as if the Aborigines were trespassers on Crown Lands." (City of Melbourne, 1997, p.9)

Despite the Government declaring that Batman's treaty with Indigenous people was invalid and that occupation of the Port Phillip district by anyone, without permission from the Crown, was therefore illegal, keen settlers continued to arrive at Port Philip intent on taking up land. (SLV website, 2018 Victoria's Early History 1803-1851; The Cornwall Chronicle, 19 March 1836, p.2)

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The 'illegal' occupation of Port Phillip increased following the publication of favourable descriptions of the District as 'Australia Felix' by Major Thomas Mitchell, Surveyor General of New South Wales following an 1836-37 expedition. Consequently, the trickle of settlers into Port Phillip became a flood, and the rush of land seekers forced Governor Bourke to officially allow the European occupation of the Port Phillip District by squatters from 1837. (SLV website, 2018 Victoria's Early History 1803-1851)

In 1837 Melbourne was officially established and squatters, undeterred by the £10 minimum licence fee imposed by Governor Bourke, claimed pastoral stations with such rapidity that by 1840 "most of the places and foothill country was occupied" by European settlers. (Moulds and Hutton, 1994, p.5)

The establishment of pastoral runs across Victoria was one element of the frontier wars between European pastoralists and Indigenous peoples in Australia. The activity area is part of lands occupied by people of the Wurundjeri Willam clan (Figure 1) of the Woi Wurrung Language Group which forms part of the Kulin Nation. Country occupied by the Wurundjeri Willam at the time of European pastoral expansion extended from the northern bank of the Yarra at Yarra Bend to the Merri Creek. (Merri Creek Management Committee, 2018, Wurundjeri-willam: Aboriginal Heritage of Merri Creek)

The activity lies close to the boundary between the Woi wurrung language group and the Taungwurrung language group which appears to be generally defined by the neighbouring Great Dividing ranges. (Figure 5)

There appear to be few records specifically related to the Indigenous occupation of the Wallan Wallan parish including the activity area and a limited desktop search has found no references to accounts of conflict or massacres of Indigenous or foreign peoples on or near the activity area and no known sites of Aboriginal significance appear to be recorded on the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register. (Wallan 3756, 2014, p.2) The apparent absence of accounts of the Indigenous occupation of the activity area and encounters between Indigenous and invading peoples on or near the activity area does not mean such action, in these locations, did not take place.

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Figure 5 Detail of a map showing the approximate areas occupied by some Indigenous people of Victoria, 1878. The names of the identified Nations of Taoungurong and Wawurrong are underlined with red lines, the approximate location of the Merri Merri River is highlighted with a blue line, the approximate location of the City of Melbourne is highlighted with a light blue square and the approximate location of the surveyed town of Wallan Wallan is highlighted with a yellow square. The approximate location of Mount Disappointment is highlighted with a light blue circle and the approximate and general including and around the activity area is highlighted with a red circle and arrow. (Brough Smyth R, est.1878, ‘Map showing approximately some of the areas occupied by the Aboriginal tribes of Victoria’, State Library of Victoria, MAPS; 820 EDC (1878)).

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In 2014 there were 84 registered Aboriginal sites of chiefly artefact scatters and isolated artefacts within an eight kilometres radius of the Wallan Structure Plan (WSP) study area and 15 sites in the WSP itself. (Figure 6) The study attributes the small number of identified Indigenous sites around Wallan to the restriction of investigations to areas of Cultural Heritage Sensitivity, they being within 200 metres of the unmodified Merri Creek. (Wallan 3756, 2014, p.2) The activity area is unlikely therefore to have been subject to any investigations of evidence for the Aboriginal occupation of the site however the proximity of the land to Herne’s swamp as well as early mapping describing the area as swamp recommends the site as an area where Aboriginal archaeological material in the form of stone artefact scatters and isolated artefacts may “…be present in both surface and subsurface contexts…” regardless of disturbances that may have occurred on the site. (Wallan 3756, 2014, p.2)

Figure 6 has bee redacted as it contained sensitive information pertaining to Aboriginal cultural heriatge.

Figure 6 Detail of a map of the area around Wallan c.2014. The approximate boundary of the Wallan Structure Plan is outlined with red lines and the approximate boundary of the activity area is outlined with yellow dotted lines. No previously identified sites of Aboriginal archaeological evidence are identified within the extent of the activity area. (Ecology and Heritage Partners in Wallan 3756, May 2014, p.3).

PASTORAL OCCUPATION OF THE ACTIVITY AREA

Located at the northern extremity of Herne’s (Hearne’s) Swamp north east of Green Hill and bounded by the foothills of the adjacent ranges and lying between the Plenty River and the vicinity of the head of the Merri Creek, the activity area was first occupied by Europeans by pastoral leasehold from as early as 1836.

Lands around the activity area were taken over as sheep and cattle runs and exchanged, swapped and transferred between pastoralists so quickly that the exact extent and location of some runs is difficult to ascertain. An account contemporary to the fast-moving pastoral tide around the activity area describes a journey around the district as passing;

“…through a good deal of poor county between the Macedon Ranges and the good country about the higher parts of the Saltwater River and the Deep Creek…On the following day we rode over a wooded country, well grassed, about the district of Kilmore, at that time quite unoccupied by anyone. In the evening we got to a station occupied by a Mr George Brodie on the Deep Creek (at Konagaderra, west of Mickleham) where we remained for the night…On the third day we rode over an open tract of country to the eastwards of Mr Brodie’s place, it was at that time called Mercer’s Vale (later Beveridge)…” (Russell in Brown P L (ed), 1935, ‘Narrative of George Russell of Golf Hill’, London, in Payne, 1981, p.5)

Mercer’s Vale

No plan appears to survive outlining the exact location of Mercer’s Vale the name of which may relate to a piece of land allocated to Major George Mercer on the original Port Phillip Association survey of the District. (Craigieburn Historical Interest Group Inc.,n.d., ‘Olrig Homestead’; Fawkner J, 1862, p.49 in The La Trobe Journal, No. 3, April 1969) (Figure 4) Billis & Kenyon identify several pastoralists simultaneously occupying Mercer’s Vale suggesting also that it was a locality rather than a specific

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 93 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment run which appears to have evolved into the towns of Beveridge and Merriang and Olrig Station. (Billis and Kenyon, 1932, pp. 94, 234, 15, 16, 54, 57, 118 and 216)

The earliest occupant of Mercer’s Vale appears to have been Archibald Thom at Beveridge’s Flat Mercer’s Vale in 1837. (Billis and Kenyon, 1932, p.129) At the time of Thom’s Mercer’s Flat occupation, and since 1836, James Malcolm is believed to have been occupying a single run named Yuroke, Deep Creek and Merriang on which the activity area may have been located. (Payne, 1981, p.7) A circa 1840 map identifies Malcom’s Station west of Merriang and Thom’s Station west of Beveridge but the extent of the associated runs is not clear. (Figure 7) It is possible that the Yuroke, Deep Creek and Merriang run were the names of three runs operating under one license within the Mercer’s Vale area or three independent runs.

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Figure 7 Detail of a map of Kalkallo and Merriang, c.1840. The approximate path of the Merri Creek is highlighted with a blue line. The approximate path of the Sydney Road is highlighted with a red dotted line and the approximate locations of sites marked as Thom’s Station and Malcolm’s Station are highlighted with blue and red arrows respectively. Two huts along the Merri Creek attached to sheep stations are highlighted with pink and black arrows. (PROV VPRS8168/P5/Sydney Y6).

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In 1838 Malcolm is believed to have extended his Yuroke, Deep Creek and Merriang Run as far north as Big Hill, later known as Pretty Sally, (Payne, 1981, p.7) the boundary of which may have been near a northern outstation described as ‘Malcolm’s Outstation’ on an undated map of The Great Dividing Range between Mount Disappointment and Kilmore and an 1866 Bourke County map. (Figures 8 and 18) If his run had not done so already Malcolm’s pastoral lease extended across the activity area from this point, as did the run of Beveridge who also had an outstation near Broadhurst’s Belle Vue Run. Although no plan appears to survive describing the early pastoral occupation of the activity area, plans of the surrounding runs of Dean, Strangeways and Belle Vue identify Malcolm as the occupier of land adjacent to those runs where the activity area is located. (PROV VPRS8168/P2/7511; VPRS8168/P2/9085; VPRS8168/P2/9195) Figure 9 illustrates the extent of land between the two locations identified as Malcolm’s Station and Malcolm’s Outstation/Rands Water Hole

The pastoral occupation of Mercer’s Vale appears to have either concluded by 1853 or been recorded by different names. Until this time Billis and Kenyon identify license holders in Mercer’s Vale as;

Archibald Thom 1837 Beveridge’s Flat Mercer’s Vale Charles Grey George 1840-1841 Mercer’s Vale Port Phillip District James Malcolm 1840-1853 Olrig Mercer’s Vale Andrew Beveridge 1840-1848 (including operating an Inn) Beveridge Mercer’s Vale David Power 1845 Mercer’s Vale Robert Scholes 1846 Mercer’s Vale Robert Scholes and Farmer 1847-1850 Mercer’s Vale Peter Foreman 1848-1851 Merriang Mercer’s Vale

Figure 8 Detail of a map of the Great Dividing Range between Mount Disappointment and Kilmore, n.d. The approximate path of the main road to Sydney through Kilmore is highlighted with a light blue line, the approximate path of a road to Ferguson’s Inn and the Goulburn River is highlighted with a black line and the approximate line of a track from Melbourne and a connecting track also from the south is highlighted with a purple line. The approximate and general location of Green Hill is highlighted with a yellow dotted circle and the approximate and general location of Broadhurst’s Belle Vue Station and Beveridge’s nearby outstation is outlined with solid yellow lines. The approximate and general location of a ‘Rand’s Water Hole’ is highlighted with a blue circle, a nearby hut to the water hole with a blue dotted circle and the label Malcolm’s Outstation with a blue line. The approximate and general location of Budd’s Station is outlined with a pink line and the site of a splitters hut with a purple arrow. (PROV VPRS8168/P2/2687 LODDON11; MT DISAPPOINTMENT; BYLANDS WALLAN WALLAN).

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Figure 8 See Notation on previous page.

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Figure 9 Detail of a plan of the Daraweit Guim, Merriang and Toorourrong parishes, n.d. The approximate and general location of Malcolm’s Station, believed to be Olrig Mercer’s Vale, is highlighted with a pink dot and arrow and the approximate and general location of Malcolm’s outstation is highlighted with a yellow dot and arrow. The approximate and general location of Thom’s 1837 Mercer’s Vale Station is highlighted with a blue arrow. The approximate location of the towns of Beveridge and Wallan Wallan are outlined with pink and light blue lines respectively. The approximate and general location of Budd’s Station and pre-emptive right is outlined with a dark blue line and the approximate location of Guthrie’s ‘Rands Run’ Pre- emptive Right is outlined with a yellow line. The approximate path of the Merri Merri Creek with a blue dotted line and the approximate path of the main Sydney to Melbourne Road at the time the map was created. The approximate boundary of the Merriang and Wallan Wallan Parishes are outlined with black and red dotted lines respectively and the approximate boundary of Portion 41 from which the activity area is derived is highlighted with red lines. (PROV VPRS8168/P2/1643 FEATR6871; TOOROURRONG MERRIANG DARAWEIT GUIM- SHOWING DRAINAGE; MERRIANG SPRING PLAINS TOOROURRONG).

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The activity area straddles the ‘settled area’ boundary used to determine the duration and cost of a pastoral lease in the Port Phillip District. (Figure 10) Leases within the settled area were confined to a term of 1 year enabling the Government to regulate the release of property for freehold sale and to manipulate the concentration and distribution of the growing Port Phillip population. An 1867 plan of the Dean pastoral run which may have crossed the settled area boundary illustrates that the run had reduced considerably in size and lands once comprising the eastern and southern part of the run and located adjacent to the northern end of Malcolm’s run, had already been ‘taken ‘for common’. (PROV VPRS8168/P2/8652)

Lands outside the settled area boundary were held by maximum 7 year pastoral leases restricting the availability of those lands for sale and development and for a time rendering Wallan Wallan as one of the last urbanised areas along the main Melbourne to Sydney Road. Leases of lands in the unsettled district was for a maximum of 14 years. (Research Data Australia website n.d., PROV Pastoral Run Registers)

Payne, Billis and Kenyon indicate that Malcolm relinquished his Yuroke, Deep Creek and Merriang pastoral run in 1844 and leased the property to Robert Rand before taking the run back over again as ‘Rands Run’ between 1848 and 1854. At the time Malcolm took back over Rands Run (also known as The Big Hill), it was described as;

“…6000 acres…(with an)…estimated grazing capability – 4000 sheep…Bounded on the south and east by purchased land, on the west by a line of marked trees on the top of the range of hills and on the north by marked trees and on a portion of the east by a cart track.” (The Argus, 16 March 1849, p.1) The land was bordered to the East by William Budd’s Strangeways run and the north west boundary about Beveridge’s run known as ‘The Dean’. (The Argus, 16 March 1849, p.1)

In February of 1850, whilst holding the Rands Run lease, James Malcolm acquired the pre-emptive right to lease 4 lots of 640 acres west of Merriang and 6 lots of 640 acres north of Merriang. (The Argus, 2 February 1850, p.4) These pre-emptive rights appear to relate to the properties Olrig and Mercer’s Vale which Malcolm retained until early in the twentieth century. (The Age, 13 April 1905, p.2)

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Figure 10 Detail of an undated map showing pastoral runs in the Western Port District, n.d. The approximate location of the settled area boundary is highlighted with a black dotted line and the approximate and general vicinity of the activity area is highlighted with a yellow circle. The approximate location of Budd’s and Broadhurst’s Home Stations are outlined with red and blue lines respectively and the approximate boundaries of the pastoral runs of Dean Station, Bellevue, Wallan Wallan and Chintin are outlined (except where bordering another station) with black, light blue, green and purple lines respectively. (PROV VPRS8168/P2/8971 RUNS361).

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James Malcolm was a native of Caithness and is believed to have arrived in Van Diemans Land ‘with 50shillings in his pocket’ about 1829 and was one of the first Europeans to cross to the Port Phillip District in 1835 with Gardiner, Buckley, Gellibrand, Leake and Robertson. (The Melbourne Daily News, 27 March 1851, p.4; Craigieburn Historical Interest Group Inc.,n.d., ‘Olrig Homestead’) By 1851, described as shrewd and original and “…in hardihood and sagacity…the ‘beau ideal’ of an emigrant and colonist”, Malcolm was reputed to have become “…the largest individual sheep farmer in the colony being the owner of 30000 sheep and land sufficient, reckoning as he does, a sheep to an acre to feed 60,000. He is now worth L3000 a year.” (The Melbourne Daily News, 27 March 1851, p.4)

During a trip to Scotland in 1851 Malcolm was married and returned to Australia in 1852 accompanied by his new wife with whom he had a daughter and son in Sydney in 1852 and 1853 respectively. (Craigieburn Historical Interest Group Inc.,n.d., ‘Olrig Homestead’) By the end of October 1853 both of James Malcolm’s children and his wife had died and around November of 1854 Malcolm left for Britain and never returned to Australia. (Craigieburn Historical Interest Group Inc.,n.d., ‘Olrig Homestead’) Once back in Britain, Malcolm remarried and had two sons before dying in 1878 from which time his remaining Australian properties were managed in trust for his children until they reached 21 years of age. (Craigieburn Historical Interest Group Inc.,n.d., ‘Olrig Homestead’)

Before Malcolm departed Australia permanently, Hugh Miller Guthrie took over Rands Run from around 1854/1855 and had acquired a pre-emptive right of the same name, north of the activity area by 1857. (Payne, 1981, p.114; Billis & Kenyon, 1932, pp. 94 and 240) (Figure 11)

An 1853 survey plan of part of Wallan Wallan parish indicates that although Portion 41 of the Parish of Wallan Wallan had been surveyed and identified at this time, it had not been taken up and may still have formed part of a pastoral lease. Of note is a dray track that passed through Portion 41 identified as a path to the Plenty River. The Plenty River track which appears to be the origin of at least part of two road reserves later declared on the activity area, is truncated but appears to be travelling parallel to the northern boundary of Portion 41 suggesting that part of this early track may be encompassed by the activity area. (Figures 12 and 13)

By 1855 the survey of Portion 41 and adjacent lots near the Plenty River had been completed. The survey described the Plenty River dray track as a path from Kilmore to Melbourne following the line of the Plenty River and stretching across north west from the river to form the northern boundary of several surveyed allotments before passing through the north east and north west corners of Portion 41. (Figure 13)

Following Guthrie’s purchase of the Rands Run pre-emptive right it is likely Rand’s Run was reduced although no plan appears to survive of the run to enable its boundaries to be clearly identified. A nearby lot noted as suitable land for a ‘potential run’ on an 1857 annotated 1855 survey may represent part of a reduced Rand’s Run holding, the lease for which was cancelled in 1861. (Billis & Kenyon, 1932, p.240) (Figure 13)

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Figure 11 Detail of a plan of a geological survey undertaken in 1857, published in 1862. The approximate path of the Merri Creek at its head is outlined by a blue line, the approximate and general extent of Green Hill is outlined with yellow lines and the approximate boundary of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan is outlined with red lines. The approximate boundary of Budd’s Station is outlined with blue lines and of Budd’s Pre-emptive right with pink lines. The approximate boundary of Guthrie’s pre- emptive right is outlined with white lines and the site of a hut and shed within this area is highlighted with a black and red arrow respectively. Two red dotted lines indicate the public road reserves which pass through Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan. (Selwyn A R C, Taylor N T, 1862, ‘Parts of parishes of Wallan Wallan, Merriang, Darraweit Guim and Bylands’, State Library of Victoria, MAPS; 820 CAQ 1860-No.3 NW).

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Figure 12 Detail of a map of small sections in the Parish of Wallan Wallan dated the 23rd September 1853. The approximate course of the main road from Melbourne to Sydney is highlighted with a white dotted line, the approximate location of Green Hill is outlined with a yellow line and the approximate course of unlabelled watercourses known as the head of the Merri Creek (Figure 11) near to the activity area are highlighted with blue lines. The approximate location of a dray track following close to the line of the main road from Melbourne to Sydney passing through Budd’s pre- emptive right is highlighted with a black dotted line and the approximate location of a dray track passing from the vicinity of the Melbourne to Sydney Road across Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan towards the Plenty River is highlighted with a red dotted line. A notation on the map describing part of land described as Portion 41 as being ‘timbered chiefly with gum’ is highlighted with a red arrow. (PROV VPRS8168/P5/FEAT376A: WALLAN WALLAN).

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Figure 13 Detail of a Survey Plan of Part of the Parish of Wallan Wallan, c.1855. The approximate location of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan is outlined with a red line and the approximate location of two surveyed public road reserves through the property which appear to be part of a track labelled on this plan as a track from Kilmore to Melbourne are highlighted with red dotted lines. The approximate location of a splitters track branching off from the Melbourne to Kilmore track and adjoining the Plenty River is highlighted with a black dotted line and the approximate path of the Plenty River is highlighted with a light blue line. The approximate location of the water courses at the head of the Merri Creek are highlighted with blue lines, part of dray tracks crossing the swamp towards the Melbourne to Sydney Road are highlighted with black lines and the approximate and general location of Herne’s Swamp is indicated with bright green lines. The approximate location of a ‘proposed run’ is outlined with pink lines on the original plan. (PROV VPRS8168/P5/RUN1260: WALLAN WALLAN).

EUROPEAN OCCUPATION OF WALLAN WALLAN

County of Dalhousie/County of Bourke

When first alienated from the crown, Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan of which the activity area is a part, was described as being in the County of Dalhousie and continued to be described as such until 1888. (AP24655) As an 1866 Plan of the County of Dalhousie appears to illustrate that Portion 41 was not located in the County of Dalhousie (Figure 14) and an 1866 Plan of the County of Bourke locates Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan within the County boundaries, it appears that an error was made when originally describing the land.

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Figure 14 Plan of County of Dalhousie, 1866. The approximate and general location of the activity area is highlighted with a red dot outside the Dalhousie County boundary. (Windsor, 1866, Dalhousie, Surveyor Generals Office Melbourne, National Library Australia, MAP RaA 16 Plate 5).

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Figure 15 Plan of County of Bourke, 1866. The approximate and general location of the activity area is highlighted with red inside the Bourke County Boundary. (Bibbs, 1866, County of Bourke, Victorian Surveyor General’s Office, State Library Victoria, MAPS; 820A 1866 BAILLIERE).

The County of Bourke.

In 1837, not long after Batman relocated to Port Phillip, Governor Bourke visited the district and ‘laid down’ the counties of William, Melbourne and Bourke and the townships of Melbourne and Geelong (The Sydney Monitor, 10 April 1837, p.2) describing the country around Port Phillip at the time as;

“…harbouring a population of ‘…above 500 souls, whilst more than 100,000 sheep may be found on its ample pastures…” (Victorian Government Gazette, 7 June 1837,No. 279, p.423)

The Charter for the Port Phillip District Council of Bourke was defined and proclaimed at the same time as the District of Grant Council on the 17th of August 1843 (Victorian Government Gazette, 5 September 1843, No.74, pp. 1146 and 1147) and the Counties of Bourke, Evelyn and Mornington were defined and proclaimed on the 15th of November 1852. (Victorian Government Gazette, 17 November 1852, No. 46, pp. 1327 and 1328)

Although not officially proclaimed until 1852, the County of Bourke (Figure 15) operated as a 'reputed' County and the land area was marked on maps and used in official proclamations from the time it was first marked out in 1837. The county was named in honour of Governor Bourke who held this office from 1831 to 1837 (Wikipedia 2018, County of Bourke) and who was both significant in influencing the means and rate of development in the Port Philip District and for his unequivocal repudiation of the existence of any rights, or occupation resulting in rights, of the Indigenous peoples of the Port Phillip District. (City of Melbourne website 1997, p.9) As defined in 1852, Bourke County is;

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"...bounded on the south-west and west by the Werribee River to its source in the great Dividing Range; on the north by the Great Dividing Range, from the source of the Werribee to that of the Plenty River; on the east by the Plenty River, from its source to its confluence with the Yarra Yarra River, thence by the Yarra Yarra River upwards, to the confluence of the Deep Creek, thence by the Deep Creek upwards, to the point where the main stream commences to run in a north-west direction; thence by a line south two miles fifty-eight chains, from the aforesaid bend to the Dandenong Creek, thence by that Creek downwards, to the Carrum Swamp; on the south by the Carrum Swamp and mordiallve(sic) Creek to its embouchure at the Long Beach below Ben-ben-gin, and on the remainder of the south by the shore of Port Phillip Bay to the mount of the Werribee River aforesaid..." (Victorian Government Gazette 46, 17 November 1852, p. 1328)

Bourke County is divided into 59 Parishes some of which cross over adjacent County boundaries and the activity area is located in the Parish of Wallan Wallan. (Figure 7)

Parish of Wallan Wallan

Figure 16 Plan of the parish of Wallan Wallan, c.1902. The approximate location of the activity area is outlined with red lines. (McGauran T, 1902, ‘Wallan Wallan, County of Bourke, Department of Crown lands and Survey, MAPS;820BJE 1837-WALLAN WALLAN 1902, State Library Victoria)

The Parish and town of Wallan Wallan were named after the pastoral station of that name held by John Boyd from 1839 however the pastoral station was not located within the parish boundary. (Victorian Places, 2015, Wallan) The township and area around Wallan is located outside the area of the original run on land believed to have formed part of Budd’s Strangeways/Strangways Run. Budd’s Run was bordered by the ‘Bellevue’ held principally by Broadhurst and Tootal and Malcolm’s Run the name of which is unclear. Malcolm’s Run was located south and east of Strangways the township of Wallan. The activity area appears to have been primarily located on Malcom’s Run. (Figure 17) The parish of Wallan Wallan was surveyed before 1853 when the first sales of freehold land at Wallan were held. (Victorian Places, 2015, Wallan)

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Figure 17 Detail of a plan of Budd’s Strangways/Strangeways Run c.1882. The approximate and general location of the boundary of the Strangeways Run is highlighted with a black dotted line and the approximate and general location of the pre-emptive right and homestead block of the Strangeways Run is outlined with a red line. The approximate location of part of allotments adjoining the southern boundary between the parishes of Wallan Wallan and Merriang are highlighted with blue lines. Blue arrows indicate the general area of lands occupied by Broadhurst and Tootal and red arrows indicate the general area of lands occupied by James Malcolm. (PROV VPRS8168/P5/RUN 1181: STRANGEWAYS).

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Even as European cartographic devices were being overlaid across the Port Phillip landscape, local and visiting Indigenous peoples continued to move about and camp where they needed throughout the District including; “…South Melbourne by the Yarra Falls, Botanical Gardens, Eastern Hill, Richmond paddocks near the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Abbotsford, South Yarra, Toorak, Bulleen Swamp, Merri Creek, Moonee Ponds, North Melbourne and Port Melbourne.” (Fels, 2011, p.27)

Municipal history

Wallan Wallan was first defined and proclaimed as part of the Donnybrook, Wallan Wallan and Bylands Road District in June of 1863 (Victorian Government Gazette, no.66, 26 June 1863, p.1418) but the area was redefined and renamed as the Donnybrook and Wallan Wallan Road District in August of the same year. (Victorian Government Gazette, no.84,19 August 1863, p.1822) The redefined area excluded lands which became part of the Bylands and Glenburnie Road District. (PROV VPRS8332/Rate Books)

The Donnybrook and Wallan Wallan Road District was proclaimed part of the Shire of Merriang in November of 1871 (Victorian Government Gazette No.70, 3 November 1871, p.1914) and Wallan Wallan remained part of this Shire after the boundaries were redefined in 1897 but was annexed to the Broadmeadows Shire in 1915. (Victorian Government Gazette no.115, 15 September 1915, p.3344; Victorian Government Gazette No.62, 31 May 1897, p.2097) Having initially existed as a riding of the Merriang Shire, Wallan Wallan became part of the Merriang Riding of the Broadmeadows Shire in 1915 and in 1955, along with nearby Beveridge, was absorbed into the Kilmore Shire. (Research Data Australia, n.d., ‘Merriang (Shire 1871-1915’ Public Record Office); Victorian Government Gazette no.115, 15 September 1915, p.3345; Victorian Places, 2015, Kilmore)

Wallan remained part of the Merriang municipality until it was amalgamated with the Shire of Pyalong, most of the Shires of McIvor and Broadford and most of the Rural City of Seymour to form the Shire of Mitchell on the 18th of November 1994. (Victorian Places, 2015, Kilmore)

Located on the busy Sydney Road Wallan was a well-known rural village north of Melbourne that was primarily engaged in grazing and quarrying until the second half of the twentieth century. (Victorian Places, 2015, Wallan) When the Hume Freeway bypassed the Wallan township in 1959 the attraction of the area as a dormitory suburb may have been enhanced as by 1978 81% of the employed population of Wallan commuted to Melbourne for work. (Victorian Places, 2015, Wallan) By 2001 regular residential growth at Wallan had seen its population grow to close to five times it’s 1981 level and by 2006 it had reached 5410 residents. (Victorian Places, 2015, Wallan)

Changes in the development of Wallan directly affected the activity area which is nearly adjacent to the Hume Freeway and the North Eastern Railway the land for which line and Railway Station was carved from the original Portion 41.

FREEHOLD OCCUPATION OF THE ACTIVITY AREA

Portion 41 of the Parish of Wallan Wallan of which the activity area is a part was first alienated from the Crown on the 19th of June 1857 when it was sold to the partnership of Thomas Mitchell and Hope Charles Bonneau “…under the Regulations of the first day of March One thousand eight hundred and forty three...” (PROV VPRS460/P/2449 Grant by Purchase) The property was comprised of 412 acres and was originally proclaimed as available for sale as lot 7 of 14 lots of ‘good grazing land’ on the 27th of August 1855. (The Argus, 31 August 1855, p.3; PROV VPRS460/P/2449 Grant by Purchase) When Mitchell and Bonneau purchased the land 2 years later it was still sold at the original reserve of L1 per acre and was described as;

“Portion 41 and bounded on the north by a road one chain wide bearing east eighty chains on the east by a line bearing south fifty two chains thirteen links on the south by a road one chain wide bearing west eighty chains and on the west by a road one chain wide bearing north fifty two chains

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 109 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment thirteen links reserving for the use of the public two roads of one chain in width passing through the north east and north west corners of this portion.” (PROV VPRS460/P/2449 Grant by Purchase)

Mitchell and Bonneau imported goods and operated a store at King Street Melbourne from at least May of 1850 (The Argus, 6 May 1850, p.3) and were occupying a large brick store at the rear of the Royal Hotel at Lambeth Place Melbourne by 1853. (The Argus, 2 April 1853, p.3) In 1853 they offered their 15 Elizabeth Street south premises, close to the Flinders Street junction, for sale or rent. (The Argus, 27 June 1853, p.8; The Argus, 18 August 1853, p.8) but were still occupying the property in 1855 by which time they were also acting as agents. (The Age, 3 November 1855, p.1) In February of 1857 the partnership opened a branch of their wholesale ironmongers at the Large Hall ‘Golden Fleece Hotel’ township at Ballarat, purchased Farley’s local oil merchants and in June of the same year purchased Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan. (The Star, 9 February 1857, p.1; The Argus, 4 March 1858, p.2, The Star, 6 April 1857, p.3) Mitchell and Bonneau’s Ballarat business was managed by William Eyre until March of 1858 and then by Frederick Harcourt who purchased the business from the partnership after the expiration of their lease in September of 1859. (The Star, 14 September 1859, p.3, The Argus, 4 March 1858, p.2, The Star, 31 December 1859, p.1) Mitchell and Bonneau announced their intention to return to Europe early in 1869 at which time they were selling a store occupied by Chalk and Co., their own premises in Elizabeth Street, Flinders Lane and Flinders Court as well as their stock. (The Argus, 9 January 1869, p.2)

Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan appears to have been an investment for Mitchell and Bonneau who leased the property to farmer Michael McCarthy. McCarthy died on the 11th of March 1858 at which time the property was described as being located in the County of Dalhousie and comprising;

“…by admeasurement 412 acres be the same more or less…reserving for the use of the public two roads of one chain in width passing through the north-east and north-west corners of this portion…” and included “…a two roomed house upon the land, surrounded by a garden fenced and poled, well stocked with fruit trees.” (The Age, 1 April 1858, p.7) McCarthy had made his will the day before he died being “weak in health and considering the uncertainty of human life” (PROV VPRS28/P0/22 2/455; PROV VPRS7591/P1/6 2/455) and assigned David and William Johnson of Richland Farm Upper Plenty to manage his estate and serve as guardians for his children still in their minority. (PROV VPRS28/P0/22 2/455) McCarthy instructed his executors to bury him in a decent, Christian manner but as cheaply as possible and divide his estate as;

To his wife Elizabeth McCarthy, sons Francis (19yrs), William (17yrs), John (14yrs) and daughter Elizabeth (11yrs) a 1/5th each share of his estate and 10 shillings to his eldest son Thomas for whom he had already made provision. (PROV VPRS7591/P1/6 2/455)

Although McCarthy expressed a wish that his four children, Francis, William, John and Elizabeth should occupy the property after it had been valued and a 1/5th share paid to his wife. (PROV VPRS7591/P1/6 2/455) Mitchell and Bonneau auctioned the land on the 6th of April 1858 at the new rooms of Symons and Perry in Collins Street Melbourne. (The Age, 1 April 1858, p.7)

Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan was transferred to Edward Grange on the 19th of April 1858 and ten days later he leased the property to Vere Murray of Melbourne for 5 years. Murray transferred his lease to Surveyor John Reilly of Essendon less than a year into his tenure but appears to have continued to occupy the property only surrendering his 5 year lease in August of 1862 at the request of Edward Grange who sold the land to William Escreet In October of that year for a little over one hundred pounds less than he had paid in 1858. At the time Grange sold the property it was promoted to “…farmers, dairymen, cattle dealers, capitalists and others… (as)…a first class investment.” (The Argus, 26 September 1862, p.2) and described as;

“…that well known farm lately in the occupation of Mr Vere Murray containing 412 acres of really profitable land…admirably situated at the junction of the Upper and Lower Plenty roads at Wallan

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Wallan and…on the direct line of road to the Murray, the Ovens and northern districts…distant from Melbourne 237 miles, from Kilmore nine and one mile from the Sydney road….it possesses…an abundant supply of water all the year round…” (The Argus, 26 September 1862, p.2)

Bordering the property which was adjacent to Edward Findlay’s Gap Inn “…on one side…(was)…1200 acres of commonage and on another…an almost unlimited run…” and improvements on the land included 30 acres securely fenced with post and rail….,(a)…substantial wooden house, together with stockyard (and) outbuildings…(and)…a garden, well stocked with fruit trees.” (The Argus, 26 September 1862, p.2)

An 1866 survey plan of Bourke County suggests that the ‘almost unlimited run’ described in 1862 was the remains of Guthrie’s Rand’s Run the pre-emptive right for which adjoined Portion 41 of the parish of Wallan Wallan and the commonage referred to may, at this time, have been unsold lands south or east of Portion 41. (Figure 18)

Figure 18 Detail of a map of Bourke county, 1866. The approximate and general location of the County Bourke Boundary and mountain range is highlighted with a blue line and the approximate and general location of the settled district boundary is highlighted with a red line. The approximate location of Budd’s home station paddock is outlined with purple lines and Budd’s pre-emptive right with yellow lines. The area of Malcolm’s Out Station later described as Guthrie’s pre-emptive right is outlined with black lines and the approximate and general location of Rand’s Water Hole and Big Hill (later Pretty Sally) with green and blue dots respectively. The approximate extent of the activity area within Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan is outlined with white lines. (Bibbs, 1866, County of Bourke, Victorian Surveyor General’s Office, State Library Victoria, MAPS; 820A 1866 BAILLIERE).

It is not clear whether John Reilly, solicitor of Essendon, to whom Murray had transferred all or part of his lease in 1859 occupied Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan in person or absentia and whether that tenure was in conjunction with or independent of Vere Murray.

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After the sale of Portion 41 Murray leased part of Portion 76 parish of Wallan until around 1875 when he appears to have moved to Yarck where he purchased and farmed land at Wattle Grove until his death on the 12th of July 1879. (Alexandra Times, 15 November 1873, p.2; Alexandra and Yea Standard, Gobur, Thornton and Acheron Express, 19 July 1879, p.3; PROV VPRS28/P2/131 23/799) His wife Sarah following him, also at Wattle Grove, on the 19th of December 1885. (Alexandra and Yea Standard, Gobur, Thornton and Acheron Express, 25 December 1885, p.2)

At the time he purchased Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan, William Escreet was trading as a hay and corn dealer in North Melbourne. Escreet retained the property for 23 years until 1885 during which time he conveyed a little over 14 acres of land to the Board of Land and Works to establish a railway reserve in 1871 and again in 1872 (Book 212 Number 269; Book 347 Number 429, Book 223 Number 548)

In 1872 Escreet offered his part of Portion 41 for public auction at which time it was described as a;

“…splendid property, consisting of 400 acres, 30 of which are on the western side of the North Eastern Railway and the remaining 370 on the eastern side, with the Wallan Wallan station in the centre…The land is of excellent quality, well grassed and timbered and admirably suited either for dairy or farming purposes. Forty acres are now cleared and cultivated…The improvements consist of a six-roomed wood house with servant’s hut, stables, cowhouses, pigsties, blacksmith’s shop, & c…The land on both sides coming up to the railway station…” (The Argus, 18 March 1872, p.2)

The advertisement particularly sought the attention of speculators “laying out a township” and was offered as one lot but did not sell. (The Argus, 18 March 1872, p.2) In October of 1873 a small portion being a little over an acre was sold out of the whole to John Lindsay (Book 233 No. 806) (Figure 20) who retained the land for almost a decade before selling it to harrow maker John Booth on the 1st of September 1883. (Book 311 No 446)

Lindsay’s one acre purchase may have been the site of Escreet’s 6 roomed wood house as a 1906 account of the acre Lindsay purchased describes it as including a 6 roomed weatherboard dwelling house being let at 5 shillings per week. (PROV VPRS28/P2/769)

Lightwood Flat Farm

Escreet’s wife Helen died on the 16th of June 1874 and by 1877 Escreet had expanded his farming to include 216 acres at nearby Bylands which he held under lease. (The Age, 19 June 1874, p.2; Kilmore Free Press, 29 March 1877, p.2) In 1885 Escreet moved to Lima near Ballina and leased the Portion 41 farm, with option to purchase, to William Arthur Lee a livery stable keeper of Capel Street Hotham who exercised his option to purchase the farm the following year. (PROV VPRS460/P/2449 AP24655) Lee may have worked with or been an employee of Escreet who had owned the Escreet Stables at Capel Street Hotham, North Melbourne in the 1850s and offered it for lease in 1863 as a seven roomed house and stables able to hold 55 horse. (The Argus, 5 May 1863, p.1) When inviting offers to purchase his part of Portion 41 in 1884, Escreet described the property as;

“Lightwood Flat farm, 395 acres good grazing land, about 40 acres broken, fenced into 10 paddocks, well-watered and grassed, now used as a dairy farm. Improvements comprise useful ten-roomed dwelling, outhouses & c…The railway runs through the property and the Wallan station is close to the homestead, giving quick facility to send produce to Melbourne. Farmers, graziers, dairymen and others are invited to inspect a property that commends itself as a sound and improving investment.” (Leader, 6 December 1884, p.3)

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Figure 19 Detail of a map of the Wallan and Donnybrook Districts, c.1913. The approximate boundary of Portion 41 parish of Wallan is outlined with yellow dotted lines and the approximate and general boundary of the activity area is outlined with black dotted lines. The approximate location of the Wallan Station is highlighted with a green circle, the location of nearby road bridges with black circles and two bridges that are situated on or adjacent to the activity area boundary with red circles. The approximate location of a hotel is underlined with a blue line and the approximate location of buildings outside of Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan with black arrows. Pink arrows highlight buildings adjacent to the Wallan Station likely to include the Lightwood Flat farm homestead and outbuildings and a red and blue arrow highlight the approximate location of buildings that appear to have been located on the activity area. (PROV VPRS8168/P2/2968 M/DEF127).

The 10-room dwelling Escreet was occupying in 1884 may have incorporated the 6 room wooden house he held in 1872 or may have been an entirely new build. Both homes are described as being near to the Railway Station and the larger homestead may have been one of several buildings shown congregating around the Wallan Station on a 1913 survey map of the area. (Figure 19) Two buildings marked on the 1913 Wallan survey may be related to the homes occupied on the property by McCarthy or Murray or be entirely unrelated as there is no evidence available to ascertain where on Portion 41 McCarthy or Murray had their respective (or possibly the same) dwellings. (Figure 19)

Lee began to dispose of his interest in part of Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan in June of 1888 in advance of his final purchase payments to Escreet. Having secured a buyer in George Le Fevre a doctor with rooms at Collins Street Melbourne, and in fulfilment of a condition of the purchase agreement, Lee applied to bring his part of Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan under the Transfer of Land Statute Act which was completed by May of 1889. (PROV VPRS460/P/2449 AP24655)

William Arthur Lee had both purchased and sold his land in the last months of a period of “…rapid, uncontrolled and ultimately disastrous…real estate inflation and speculation known to contemporaries and later historians as the ‘land boom’.” (Davison in eMelbourne, 2008, ‘Land

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Boom’) Graeme Davison describes how; “…as the land boom reached its peak, speculation on property and land became a mania…Lured by free railway passes, eager speculators rode out to new estates on the suburban frontier, where they joined the crowds of other eager speculators consuming the vendors’ free chicken and champagne before bidding got under way…” (Davison in eMelbourne, 2008, ‘Land Boom’)

During the months that Lee’s part of Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan was being brought under the Transfer of Land Statute Act, Lee or George Le Fevre, may have applied to subdivide and develop part of Portion 41 as a new estate. Advertisements likely related to the property appeared in March of 1889 describing an “…Immense land sale of business and villa allotments, adjoining Wallan Railway Station, the Junction of Main Lines of Railway… In the City of Wallan… (characterised by)…large allotments, wide streets, (and) water laid on.” (Kilmore Free Press, 7 March 1889, p.3) Both the Kilmore and city papers describe a large American brick factory as being under construction at or near Wallan and part of the impetus for the subdivision. (The Age, 6 March 1889, p.2; Kilmore Free Press, 7 March 1889, p.3)

As the Wallan Station is location on Portion 41 and there is limited other adjoining land that could be described as being a source of an ‘immense’ land sale it is probable but not certain that this land toted as becoming a “… Centre for Factories and Industries of Various Kinds…” is referring to the activity area. (The Age, 6 March 1889, p.2)

By May of 1889 Lee was granted title to his part of Portion 41 with the caveat only of the existence of a prior contract of sale with George Le Fevre. (Volume 2142 Folio 322) Neither the sale to Le Fevre nor any other sales of the land took place until October of 1889 when Lee reached a new purchase deal with investors Robert Hans Lemon an importer of Prells Buildings Queen Street Melbourne and Robert Afflick Robertson a sawmill proprietor of Wandong. A subdivision plan for the property, number 2709, is believed to have been lodged with the Titles Office around the same time on the 9th of October 1889 (Supreme Court of Victoria, 1988, p.579) (Volume 2142 Folio 322) although the title document related to the sale makes no mention of an existing subdivision of the land. Lee retained a little over 20 acres of the property which does not comprise any part of the activity area and on which a dwelling appears to have been located. (Volume 2203 Folio 527) (Figure 20)

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Figure 20 Detail of a plan of parts of Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan, 1889. The part of portion 41 conveyed to William Arthur Lee and outside of the activity area is outlined with blue lines and the three parts of Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan owned by Lemon, Roberts, Chambers and Goldsmith are outlined with red lines. A part of Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan sold to Lindsay is highlighted with a purple arrow, lands transferred to and used by the North Eastern Railway are highlighted with a black arrow and two roads following roughly the route of a dray track between Kilmore and Melbourne prior to 1853 are highlighted with a yellow area. (Volume 2142 Folio 322).

First Residential Subdivision

Endeavouring to capitalise on the 1880s Victorian land boom, Lemon and Robertson, and two additional partners John Stoup Chambers and Benjamin Goldsmith, began selling parcels of a partial subdivision of Portion 41 from April of 1890. (Volume 2222 Folio 311) (Figures 21 and 22)

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Figure 21 Detail of a plan of part of Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan, c.1890. The approximate and general extent of the subdivided area is outlined and shaded with dotted blue lines and the remainder of Portion 41 held by the partnership of Lemon, Robertson, Chambers and Goldsmith is shaded pink. (Volume 2222 Folio 311).

Chambers and Goldsmith become equal quarter owners in part of Portion 41 on the 6th of December 1889 at the onset of the failing Victorian economy that followed the 1880s property boom. (Volume 2142 Folio 322) As the Victorian property market collapsed in the late nineteenth century, Victoria speedily declined into a ‘catastrophic depression’ which saw the temporary closure and/or failure of some banks and by 1893 Dingle suggests that “…probably more than a third of Melbourne’s breadwinners were without work...private charities…were soon overwhelmed by the magnitude of the disasters. Families without wages found difficulty paying rent or making mortgage repayments…(and)…building societies and banks became unwilling landlords on a massive scale as they repossessed houses from defaulters, with one in 10 of Melbourne’s houses falling into their hands…” (Dingle in eMelbourne, 2008, ‘Depressions’)

Within the growing climate of financial distress only 5 buyers invested in one or more of the 341 subdivided allotments offered for sale in 1890, they being George Thompson, Eliza Thompson, Hugh Brown, Henry Hanley and John Briggs. Three buyers invested in the property speculation in 1891, two purchasers being the wife and sister in law of Robert Affleck Robertson and the third Contractor John Booth. (Volume 2222 Folio 311; Supreme Court of Victoria, 1988, pp.577-583)

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Figure 22 Detail of a plan of Subdivision 2709, est. 1890-1893. The approximate extent of land sold in 1890 to Eliza Thompson, George Edward Thompson, Hugh Brown, Henry Hanley and John Briggs is outlined and shaded with red, blue, yellow, pink and light blue lines respectively. The approximate extent of land sold in 1891 to Mary Robertson, Helen Robertson and John Booth is outlined and shaded with black, green and purple lines respectively. The approximate extent of land sold out of Portion 41 to John Lindsay before subdivision 2709 is shaded white and the approximate extent of land later sold to Ellen Wyatt is outlined with a white dotted line. The uncoloured area on the plan indicates the extent of lands held for the Wallan Wallan Railway Station at this time. (Volume 2467 Folio 287).

In April of 1892 Benjamin Goldsmith, at that time secretary to an insurance agency, was placed under liquidation through the insolvency court at which time J.S. Chambers, R.A Robertson and R.H. Lemon were listed as secured debtors for L1090. (The Argus, 29 April 1892, p.5) Goldsmith’s share of the subdivided estate was recovered by John Stoup Chambers and some of his part of Portion 41 land, outside the activity area, was sold to local widow Ellen Wyatt on the 1st of December 1893. (Volume 2509 Folio 650)

Following Goldsmith’s insolvency Robert Affleck Robertson conveyed his share of the original property to John Stoup Chambers on the 2nd of February 1893 (Volume 2467 Folio 287) leaving John Stoup Chambers and Robert Hans Lemon as the surviving partners in the property venture until Lemon transferred his share to Chambers on the 15th of September 1903. (Volume 2222 Folio 311)

During the late 1880s Robert Hans Lemon had traded in partnership with William M Walker as ‘Walker, Lemon and Co’, general importers and merchants, in Sydney NSW until the firm’s dissolution on the 1st of January 1886 and at 12 Lonsdale Street Melbourne until its dissolution in 1887. (NSW Government Gazette, 9 April 1886, No. 212 p.2620; The Argus, 3 October 1887, p.3) Although Lemon does not appear to have been insolvent during the late nineteenth century

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 117 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment depression and retained his property at Wallan, his wife Emily Maude Lemon was declared insolvent in 1892 due “depreciation in the value of freehold property and losses on shares” (The Argus, 6 April 1892, p.5) In 1905 Lemon was secretary of the Liquor Trades Defence Union and Hotel Property Owners’ Association (The Ballarat Star, 16 November 1905, p.4) and he died at South Lodge Brighton Beach on the 21st of April 1916. (The Argus, 21 April 1916 p. 58)

Chambers was an ironmonger of Collins Street Melbourne and a month into his ownership of the approximately 346 acre property from which the activity area is derived he entered into a mortgage against the land. In 1904 Chambers discharged the mortgage and sold his entire Portion 41 holding, excluding those portions already sold as part of Subdivision 2709, to Henry Barber Junior, a grazier of Woodstock Road Wallan on the 20th of September 1904 . (Volume 2222 Folio 311; Volume 2955 Folio 976)

At the time of his purchase of part of Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan Henry Barber was the owner and grazier of land in the adjacent parish of Bylands purchased for him by this Father Henry Barber Senior between 1883 and 1887. (PROV VPRS7591/P2/246) Henry Barber Senior had been occupying land in the Wallan and Plenty River area since he arrived in Port Phillip from Northumberland in 1844 and remained in the district until his death in 1895 leaving a widow, daughter and three sons. Members of the Barber family continued to reside at Wallan and Henry Barber Junior served as a councillor for the Bylands and Glenburnie Riding of the Kilmore Shire Council from 1888 until 1891. Barber also served terms as a manager of the United Wallan Wallan Town and Farmer’s Common. (Kilmore Free Press, 20 August 1891, p.2; Kilmore Free Press, 3 April 1890, p.2; Kilmore Free Press, 10 March 1892, p.2) By 1908 Henry Barber Jnr. was serving as a councillor on the Merriang Shire Council, was re-elected in 1909 and was voted President of the Shire Council in 1910. (Kilmore Free Press, 2 September 1909, p.3; Kilmore Free Press, 1 September 1910, p.2)

Barber’s purchased of part of Portion 41 appears to have been on behalf of his three siblings and his mother Frances Barber who owned a one fifth share of the property which was described around the time of her death in July of 1906 as being;

“...enclosed with post and wire and post and rail fences (and) used for grazing purposes…:”

The equal partnership between the Barber family in relation to their part of Portion 41 extended to the associated equipment needed to run the farm and each held a one fifth share in the crops, livestock, farming implements, carriages, tools, harness and saddlery related to the property. (PROV VPRS28/P2/769)

At the time of Frances Barber’s probate the five Barber family members are recorded as owning the approximately one acre of Portion 41 land sold to John Lindsay in 1873 on which was “…erected a 6 roomed weatherboard dwelling house let at 5/- a week…” (PROV VPRS28/P2/769) but the Barber part of Portion 41 appears to have remained otherwise unoccupied. Henry Barber Junior, on behalf of his remaining family, had acquired Lindsay’s acre of Portion 41 from John Booth via The Metropolitan Permanent Building and Investment Society (MPBIS) after the MPBIS had foreclosed on the two mortgages Booth had taken against the property in the midst of the late nineteenth century depression. (Book 382 No. 702; Book 382 No. 701)

In 1906 the Barber family part of Portion 41 was primarily a grazing concern, supporting only 30 acres of oats and stocking 8 horses, 886 sheep, 33 heifers, 12 cows, 1 bull, 7 young stock and 5 calves. (PROV VPRS28/P2/769)

On the 27th of May 1916 Henry Barber junior died aged 52 by this time a councillor in the recently merged Broadmeadows Shire. His obituary described him in relation to his municipal duties as always taking “…a keen and intelligent interest, gaining the highest respect of his colleagues and the warmest appreciation and confidence of the public at large…” and as personally standing

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“…high among men for probity and honour…his name (being) synonymous for true straightforwardness and integrity.” (Kilmore Free Press, 1 June 1916, p.2)

Between Frances Barber’s death in 1906 and her eldest son’s death 10 years later Henry Barber junior had relocated two houses, being his personal property, on to Portion 41 which were then leased along with 2 small paddocks on the property and the proceeds divided between the four siblings. (PROV VPRS28/P3/641) It is unclear where the houses were situated on the Barber family’s part of Portion 41 and they may be one or both of the two buildings identified on a 1913 survey plan of the area. (Figure 19)

Although subject to at least two leases, the bulk of the Barber family’s part of Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan was used as a source of grazing across the early twentieth century. The farm appears to have passed seemingly unchanged from one sibling to the other as each died until the last surviving Barber sibling, Anthony George, donated 15 acres, 3 roods and 16 perches of the land, which makes up no part of the activity area, to the Church of England in 1931 for the purpose of building a brick church. (Volume 5708 Folio 551; Payne, 1981, p.22) (Figure 23)

Following the death of Anthony George Barber on the 17th of June 1930 the Barber part of Portion 41 passed to the executors of the estate who managed the property as it stood before disposing of part of the lands, which make up no part of the activity area, to David Felix McCarthy in 1950 (Figure 23) and transferring the remainder of the property, which comprises the entire activity area, in 1951 to Anthony John Barber, formerly of Wingfield at Warrnambool but by then of Bowsden at Wallan East. (Volume 7467 Folio 133)

Figure 23 Detail of a plan of part of Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan, c.1889. The approximate are of land donated by Anthony George Barber to the Church of England in 1931 is outlined with red lines and the approximate area of land sold to Wallan Wallan farmer David Felix McCarthy in 1950 is outlined with blue lines. (Volume 2222 Folio 311; Volume 7467 Folio 113; Volume 5708 Folio 551).

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Around the time that the activity area was transferred to Anthony John Barber the houses described on the 1913 military survey appear to have been removed and are not visible on a 1950s aerial photograph of the site. Some remnant deliberate plantings of introduced species are visible however near a house site on the Wallan Whittlesea Road which corresponds with an Allotment purchased by John Booth from the 1889 subdivision of Portion 41. No house however is marked at this location on the 1913 survey. (Landata, Kinglake, 1950, Project 829/7, Run WTIE, Frame 123, Film 835) (Figures 19, 20 and 24) Despite more than 50 years since the 1889 subdivision of part of Portion 41 the lines of roads created in subdivision 2709 are still visible in a 1950 aerial photograph of the activity area. (Figures 24 and 25) Also visible in a 1950s aerial photograph are mature introduced tree plantings along the Wallan - Whittlesea Road identified as being of heritage value to Wallan in a 2013 Mitchell Shire Heritage Citation Report. (Alberto, Beaton and Szydik of Ecology and Heritage Partners, March 2014, p.13)

Figure 24 Details of an aerial photograph over the activity area, 1950. The lines of the 1889/1890 subdivision are still visible across the activity area and are highlighted with red lines on at Figure 24. (Map sheet photography Kinglake, 1950, Project 829/7, Run WTIE, Frame 123, Film 835)

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Figure 25 Details of an aerial photograph over the activity area, 1950. The lines of the 1889/1890 subdivision are still visible across the activity area and are highlighted with red lines. (Map sheet photography Kinglake, 1950, Project 829/7, Run WTIE, Frame 123, Film 835)

The North Eastern Railway

The Construction of the North Eastern Railway Line from Melbourne to Wodonga was being discussed within government during the late 1860s and to this end, surveys were conducted along the proposed line during 1869. (Figure 26) Tenders were let to construct the line in 1870 and works were completed as far as Wodonga on the 21st of November 1873. (Australian Railway Historical Society Victorian Division Inc., 2018, Victorian Railway History 1839-1899)

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Figure 26 Detail of a survey plan of part 5 of the North Eastern Railway, c.1869/1870. The area shaded in pink illustrates the approximate extent of the railway reserve as it passes through Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan. The approximate boundary of Portion 41 is highlighted with a black line and the road reserves derived from past dray tracks are highlighted with black dotted lines as they pass through the property. The approximate line of the Wallan-Whittlesea Road is highlighted with a yellow dotted line and the approximate line of a road from Melbourne with a green dotted line. The approximate path of the Merri Creek leading to an area of swamp north of Portion 41 is highlighted with a blue dotted line and a constructed creek deviation through Portion 41 is highlighted with a solid blue line. The intended location of the Wallan Wallan railway station is marked in pencil and highlighted with a blue arrow and an area south of Portion 41 identified as a site of ‘huts’ is highlighted with a red arrow. (PROV VPRS5751/P1/9)

A survey plan of the proposed North Eastern Railway route illustrates no buildings on Portion 41 but does identify huts on the adjacent Portion 40 suggesting, but not confirming, that no structures were erected on Portion 41 at the time of survey in 1869/1870. Identified on the c.1869/1870 railway survey is a constructed diversion of Merri Creek away from the path of the railway line within Portion 41. (Figure 26) The creek diversion now passes through Lot 1 of Subdivision plans 99336 and 432563. (Figure 36)

Following a trial run of the partially constructed North Eastern rail line on the 11th of April 1872 regular train services were initiated to Wallan and began on the 18th of April 1872. The Wallan Railway Station was opened on the same day that rail services began and was one of only three operational intermediate stations opened on the north eastern line in the first instance. (Payne, 1981, p.123) Originally a crossing and watering station, “…staff and ticket working were introduced (at Wallan) in 1873…” and the line was duplicated in 1886. (Waugh, 2001, p.1)

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Wallan became a junction station from around 1888 requiring additional infrastructure to be established in the railway reserve and the purchase of additional parcels of land including a small portion from Barber in 1907. In order to construct gravitation sidings at Wallan, in 1912 The Victorian Railways Commissioners purchased parts of subdivision 2709 of Portion 41 from Barber including the acre sold to Lindsay by Escreet in 1872. (Book 463 No 277) (Figure 27) The extent of the Wallan works led to the Victorian Government at the time being described as; “…spending a large sum of money in extending and improving the Wallan Railway station and forming a large gravitation yard at Wallan for the making up of trains to run through to Melbourne…”. (Kilmore Free Press, 12 December 1912, p.3)

Growth at the Wallan Railway Station peaked with the construction of the gravitation yard and by the 1960s, automation, the withdrawal of steam and changes in technology and station requirements led to the removal of part of the gravitation sidings and the engine depot. (Figures 28 and 29) Between 1947 and 1962 a standard gauge line for freight was constructed incorporating loops to bypass stations at Donnybrook, Wallan and Broadford which enabled smoother and faster passage for freight trains but the late twentieth century saw elements of the Wallan Railway Station complex removed until it reached its present state. (Figure 29)

The Wallan railway station complex including the station building, platform, signal box and structural remains, is listed on the Victorian Heritage Inventory for the Shire of Mitchell (HO221) and assessed to have archaeological value based on a series of rail archive plans. (Victorian Heritage Database, 2005)

Figure 27 Detail of a plan of part of Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan c.1889. The approximate extent of the original railway reserve lands from 1871 and 1872 are coloured white and the approximate extent of lands purchased by the Railways Commissioners in 1907, 1909 and 1912 are outlined with yellow, red and blue lines respectively. (Volume 2222 Folio 311; Volume 2467 Folio 287; Book 212 Number 269, Book 347 Number 429, Book 223 Number 548, Volume 2260 Folio 968, Volume 3236 Folio 116; Volume 3350 Folio 927; Volume 3643 Folio 580; Volume 2260 Folio 969; Volume 2358 Folio 566).

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Figure 28 Detail of three plans of the configuration of facilities at the Wallan Railway Station Complex, 1908, 1913 and 1916. The red circle on the 1916 map highlights the entry point for the gravitational sidings. (Waugh, 2002, pp 2-3).

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Figure 29 Detail of a plan of the configuration of facilities at the Wallan Railway Station Complex, 1962 and 2000. (Waugh, 2002, pp 6-10).

Barber’s Paddock

In 1913 from the 25th of February to the 8th of March a military encampment was held at Barber’s paddock adjacent to, and east of, the Wallan railway station and near ‘The Gap’ on the Whittlesea Road. Over a mile of water pipes were laid, possibly through the activity area, to enable the provision of water to the soldiers from the main of the Kilmore Water Works Trust which supplied the railway station at that time. The camp hosted 1200 - 2000 men from the 5th Light Horse Brigade, 28th Army Service Corps and 28th Army Medical Corps. (The Age, 4 December 1912, p.12; The Age, 12 December 1912, p.11; The Bendigo Independent, 13 December 1912, p.1)

The Barber brother’s ‘railway paddock’ was also taken advantage of by the Oaklands Hounds whose huntsmen visited Wallan and Beveridge in 1929 and made the first pause of their hunt in the Barber’s paddock before crossing the railway line and heading towards Inverlochy and the second halt. (Kilmore Free Press, 1 August 1929, p.3).

Second Residential Subdivision

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Anthony Barber’s 1974 subdivision of part of the activity area corresponded with the rise of Wallan as an attractive dormitory suburb and created five lots out of the land not already subdivided according to plan 2709. Allotment 1 of Barber’s subdivision as well as several small parcels located at corners of the subdivision (Figures 30 and 31) were sold on the 9th of January 1974 to Pedro Textiles Industries Pty Ltd who went on to purchase lots 2, 3, 4 and 5 on the 3rd of April the same year. (Volume 9015 Folios 696, 697, 698, 699 and 700; Volume 9031 Folio 306) (Figures 30 and 31)

Figure 30 Detail of subdivision plan 99336 approved in 1973 and sold in 1974. The left-hand image illustrates the division of part of Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan into 5 lots. The approximate extent of the activity area is highlighted with solid red lines in the right-hand image and on the same plan the approximate extent of the area subdivided in 1889 according to subdivision plan 2709, is highlighted and shaded with red dotted lines. (Landata, LP099336).

Figure 31 Detail of a plan of the balance of lands from subdivision 99336 sold to Pedro Textiles Industries Pty Ltd in 1974. The right-hand image illustrates the location of those lands in relation to the rest of the subdivision and highlighted with blue arrows. (Volume 9031 Folio 306; Landata LP099336).

Pedro Textiles Industries Pty Ltd

Pedro Textiles Industries Pty Ltd (PTI Pty Ltd) was registered on the 9th of March 1966 and became incorporated under the 1961 Companies Act as a proprietary company on the 7th of February 1985. At the time of incorporation the name of PTI Pty Ltd was changed to Pedro Farming Community Co. Pty Ltd (PFCC Pty Ltd) (National Companies and Securities Commission Registered No: C 65436- S in AP79008) PFCC was located at 315 Wallan-Whittlesea Road which is situated on part of the

126 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment activity area and it is unclear who the registered owner or owners of the company were. (Cohen P, 1998, in AP79008, schedule)

Before incorporation PTI Pty Ltd sold the five allotments of subdivision 99336 between 1978 and 1982. The allotments were transferred in 4 parcels of 16.19 hectares and 1 parcel of 15.83 hectares and the improvements erected across the subdivision are evident on a 1986 aerial photograph of the site. (Figure 32) Further sales from subdivision 2709 were attempted in 1988 however when Pedro Farming Community Co. attempted to have transfer and certificates of titles registered and issued for the subdivided lots permission to proceed was subject to the discretion of the Kilmore Shire Council as the access roads within subdivision 2709 had been closed. By 1988 the 1889 subdivision “…roads (were) no longer available as a means of access to the majority of the allotments on LP2709…” and the Kilmore Shire Council does not appear to have granted permission to re-open those roads in order transfer the land.

Figure 32 Detail of an aerial photograph of the activity area, 1986. The approximate and general extent of the activity area is outlined with a red line and the approximate and general boundaries of the 1974 subdivision 99336 are outlined with blue lines. The approximate location of the boundary of Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan is highlighted with a black dotted line and the approximate path of the Hume Highway, North Eastern Railway and the Kilmore Road are highlighted with yellow, pink and green dotted lines respectively. The path of the Merri Creek through Portion 41 is highlighted with a light blue dotted line. (Western Port Foreshores, 1986, Project 1716, Run 12, Frame 29, Film 4005).

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Figure 33 Detail of an aerial photograph of the activity area, 1950. The approximate and general extent of the activity area is outlined with a red line. The approximate location of the boundary of Portion 41 parish of Wallan Wallan is highlighted with a black dotted line and the approximate path of the North Eastern Railway and the Kilmore Road are highlighted with pink and green dotted lines respectively. The path of the Merri Creek through Portion 41 is highlighted with a light blue dotted line. Blue arrows on the photograph indicate what appear to be water storage features that appear to be visible on a 1986 aerial photograph and the red arrows identify what appear to be remnant tree plantings also visible on a 1986 aerial photograph. One read arrow adjacent to the blue cross hairs on the photograph indicates the site of an unknown structure in 1986 which is a site where animal tracks meet in the 1950 photograph. (Map sheet photography Kinglake, 1950, Project 829/7, Run WTIE, Frame 123, Film 835).

Within Lot 1 of subdivision 99336, what appears to be a horse training track has been constructed around a house site highlighted by a blue circle at Figure 32 and likely built on the property after it was sold on the 15th of May 1979. (Figure 32) Also on this Lot at Figure 32 a blue arrow identifies a water feature which may have been visible as a dry dam on a 1950 aerial photograph, a red arrow identifies the site of an unknown structure which appears to be located where stock tracks converge on the 1950 photograph and a yellow arrow identifies a track on Portion 41 that was also not visible in 1950. (Figures 32 and 33)

A comparison of a 1986 and 1950 aerial photograph of the activity area highlights that Lot 2 did not have any buildings erected on the property by 1986 but still contained a water feature, highlighted with a blue arrow, that was on the site in 1950. (Figures 32 and 33) Similarly Lot 3 of the 1974 subdivision includes a water feature highlighted with a blue arrow at Figure 32 and the possible site

128 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment of tree planting highlighted with a red arrow and seemingly visible on a 1950 aerial photograph. (Figures 32 and 33)

Red arrows on Lots 4 and 5 at Figure 32 indicate the location of possible remnant plantings still evident in 1986, a blue arrow on Lot 4 identifies a dam also visible on a 1950 aerial photograph and a blue circle on Lot 5 highlights a building likely constructed after that Lot was sold on the 23rd of March 1978. (Figures 32 and 33)

Two light blue lines at Figure 32 highlight the location of introduced plantings also visible on the 1950 aerial photograph (Figure 33) and potentially part of the Wallan-Whittlesea Road historic trees (Hermes 110885). (Alberto, Beaton and Szydik of Ecology and Heritage Partners, March 2014, p.13)

The part of Portion 41 on which subdivision 2709 was located was described in 1988 as “…an area of approximately 48 hectares…undeveloped, pastured and with little or no tree cover…” (Supreme Court of Victoria, 1988, pp.577-583) as can be seen from the 1986 aerial photograph of the site. (Figure 32)

On the 25th of September 1998 the PTI Pty Ltd sold all of their Portion 41 holdings to Wallan East Farming Pty Ltd (WEF Pty Ltd). (Volume 5481 Folio 027 and Folio 026; Volume 9031 Folio 306) which applied to subdivide the area (Plan 432563) of the original subdivision 2709. In April of 2000 9 lots were created from the failed subdivision plan 2709 and a parcel reserved from the sale on the Wallan Whittlesea Road.(Figure 34) Seven years after subdivision plan 432563 was approved PFCC Pty Ltd was deregistered from the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) and WEF Pty Ltd had been deregistered by November of 2008. (2007, ASIC Gazette, 14 November 2008, No ASIC 91/08)

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Figure 34 Detail of a plan comprised of two sheets of subdivision plan 432563. As the plan is a compilation it is an approximate only and not accurately to scale, c.2000. The plan indicates the approximate location of lots 1 to 7 of the subdivision, a small part of lot 7 being reserved from the subdivision and the creation of Hart Court. (Landata, subdivision plan PS432563T).

Five years after subdivision plan 432563 was approved an aerial photograph taken on the 22nd of May clearly illustrates the new division of land. In the 2005 image, 8 of the 9 allotments from plan 432563 appear to have been built on and features also visible in a 1950 aerial photograph of the site are highlighted with coloured circles. (Figure 35) Figure 36 illustrates the location of features still visible from 1950 and 1986 aerial photographs of the site and the approximate location of the original path of the Merri Creek through Portion 41. (Figure 36)

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Figure 35 Detail of an aerial photograph showing the activity area and the development of subdivision plan 432563, c.2005. The approximate location of the subdivision boundaries is highlighted with white dotted lines and the approximate location of a current built feature on Lot 1 of the subdivision is highlighted with a black circle. A red circle identifies the approximate and general site of a built feature apparently held by John Booth out of the subdivision of part of Portion 41 in 1889. Remnants of the occupation of this area are visible on a 1950 aerial photograph of the site. (Figure 24) (Google Earth Pro, 22 May 2005)

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Figure 36 Detail of an aerial photograph showing the activity area, 2019. Features that also appear to be visible on a 1950 and 1986 map are highlighted with coloured circles. A green, pink, white and orange circle indicate the locations of what appear to water storage features and the light blue and red circles indicate the location of what may be remnant plantings . The approximate and general extent of land between where the Merri Creek has been re-aligned and its original course are highlighted with white lines and the approximate and general location of what appear to be remnant introduced plantings on the Wallan-Whittlesea Road and evident on an 1850 aerial photograph are highlighted with a yellow square. (Figure 34) (Google Maps, 2019)

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TABLE OF FREEHOLD OWNERSHIP OF THE ACTIVITY AREA Rows coloured blue indicate land that does not form part of the activity area Rows coloured red indicate land that became part of the North Eastern Railway reserve

As Part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Dalhousie

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 19 June 1855 (or Crown Thomas Mitchell and Grant by Purchase L412 AP 24655 57 check) Hope Charles Banneau, Grant by Purchase of Wallan Wallan Number 96 Page 16 19 April 1858 Thomas Mitchell and Edward Grange, Conveyance L618 AP 24655, Hope Charles Gentleman of Number 111 Book 62 Banneau, Merchants Melbourne of Melbourne 24 April 1858 Edward Grange Vere Murray, Gentleman 5 year LEASE at L60 per annum with AP 24655 of Melbourne an option to purchase the property at Number 371 Book 62 the conclusion of the lease at the rate of L2 per acre 20 January 1859 Vere Murray (lease) John Reilly, Surveyor of Transfer of lease upon existing terms AP24655 Essendon for L30 Number 928 Book 73 27 August 1862 Vere Murray, Edward Grange Surrender of Lease at the request of AP 24655 Gentleman of Wallan Edward Grange, 10 shillings paid to Wallan Murray 15 October 1862 Edward Grange William Escreet, Hay Conveyance L515 AP 24655 Esquire of Melbourne and Corn Dealer of Number 205 North Melbourne Book 122 13 July 1871 William Escreet Board of Land and Part of Portion 41 being 11 acres 3 AP 24655 Works roods and 36 ½ perches for L150 Number 269 Book 212 Number 429 Book 347

18 September William Escreet Board of Land and Part of Portion 41 being 2 acres 3 AP 24655 1872 Works roods and 39 ¼ perches for L18 Number 548 Book 223 10 October 1873 William Escreet John Lindsay Part of Portion 41 being 1 acre 2 AP 24655 roods, “All that piece or parcel of land Number 806 Book 233 situate in the parish of Wallan Wallan Number 429 Book 347 County of Dalhousie now called

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County of Bourke and Colony aforesaid…” (Number 806 Book 233) for L45 16 January 1885 William Escreet of William Arthur Lee, of Land size is now 395 acres 2 roods AP 24655 Wallan Wallan, Capel Street Hotham and four and ¼ perches and still Number 74 Book 321 farmer Near Melbourne, Livery described as County of Dalhousie Number 429 Book 347 Stable keeper being part of Portion 41 3 year LEASE at L70 per annum With option to purchase the property at any time for L1483 4 shillings and 6 pence. Provided 3 months’ notice of the Leases intention is given and within one week pay L494 8 shillings 2 pence being 1/3 of the purchase money. Pay all rent then accrued adjusted to that date then pay the balance of the purchase money by two promissory notes in equal amounts in one and two years with interim interest thereon at L5 per centum per annum 17 December William Escreet of William Arthur Lee of Conveyance according to the option AP 24655 1886 Lima near Benalla Wallan Wallan, farmer within the lease with payments altered Number 642 Book 335 (formerly of Wallan and grazer to be L741/12/3 in cash initially and Wallan), farmer balance of L741/12/3 in three years with interim interest at L5 per centum per annum, paid with promissory note payable in 3 years. William Escreet to prepare a title in return for the promissory note. 26 June 1888 Charles Thomas George Le Fevre, L5933 AP 24655 Hough of Melbourne Doctor of Collins Street Payment to be Conditions of Sale as agent for William Melbourne L50 cash deposit 14 June 1888, Arthur Lee L1433/5/- initially, 12 month promissory note L1557/8/-, 18 month

134 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

promissory note 1594/9/6 and 24 month promissory note 1631/11/- Can complete sale at any time, if default pay unpaid portion interest at L8 per centum per annum Vendor permitted under the contract to remain at the property for 6 calendar months from the 20 July 1888 at rent of L177/10/- . Vendor not to damage property, cut down any trees and to apply to bring the land under the transfer of land statute. 30 July 1888 William Arthur Lee, farmer and grazier, applied to bring the land under the operation of the Transfer of Land Statute (PROV VPRS460/P/2449 AP 24655) Following survey land described as 396acres 3 rood and 12 perches Part of Crown Portion 41 Lee was granted title to the property on the (30th May 1889 (Volume 2142/Folio 322) Sale from William Arthur Lee to George Le Fevre does not appear to have taken place 17 October 1889 William Arthur Lee Robert Hans Lemon of Volume 2142 Folio 322 Prells Buildings Queen Street Melbourne, Importer and Robert Afflick Robertson of Wandong Sawmill Proprietor 17 October 1889 Robert Hans Lemon William Arthur Lee Portion of property comprising 20 Volume 2203 Folio 527 of Prells Buildings acres 3 roods and 27 4/10 perches Queen Street Melbourne, Importer and Robert Afflick Robertson of Wandong Sawmill Proprietor 6 December 1889 Robert Hans Lemon Robert Hans Lemon, Balance of property being 375 acres Volume 2142 Folio 322 and Robert Afflick Robert Afflick 3 roods and 24 6/10 perches, Part of Robertson Robertson, John Stoup Crown Portion 41

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Chambers, Benjamin Goldsmith Robert Hans Lemon, Robert Afflick Robertson, John Stoup Chambers, Benjamin Goldsmith divide property according to plan of subdivision 2709 of Part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke

Part of Subdivision 2709 of Part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 25 April 1890 Robert Hans Lemon, George Edward Transfer of part and creation of Volume 2260 Folio 968 Robert Afflick Thompson, Sawmill easement Being lots one and two of Robertson, John proprietor Block V on plan V1 of subdivision Stoup Chambers, Number 2709 being part of Crown Benjamin Goldsmith Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over Bridge, Chambers, Lemon Station and Goldsmith Streets, Merri Avenue East, Merri Avenue West and The Broadway 25 April 1890 Robert Hans Lemon, Eliza Thompson of Transfer of part and creation of Volume 2260 Folio 969 Robert Afflick Wandong Married easement. Robertson, John Woman Stoup Chambers, Benjamin Goldsmith 25 April 1890 Robert Hans Lemon, Hugh McDonald Brown Transfer of part and creation of Volume 2260 Folio 970 Robert Afflick easement Being Lot 6 of Section V Robertson, John on plan of subdivision Number 2709 Stoup Chambers, being part of Crown Portion 41 and a Benjamin Goldsmith right of carriage way over Bridge, Chambers, Lemon Station and Goldsmith Streets, Merri Avenue East, Merri Avenue West and The Broadway 18 July 1890 Robert Hans Lemon, Henry Hanley, carpenter Transfer of part and creation of Volume 2280 Folio 965 Robert Afflick of Wandong easement Being Lot 8 of Block C on Robertson, John plan of subdivision Number 2709 Stoup Chambers, being part of Crown Portion 41 and a Benjamin Goldsmith right of carriage way over Bridge,

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Chambers, Lemon Station and Goldsmith Streets, Merri Avenue East, Merri Avenue West and The Broadway 18 July 1890 Robert Hans Lemon, John Briggs blacksmith Transfer of part and creation of Volume 2280 Folio 966 Robert Afflick of Yarragon easement being lot 3 of Section D on Robertson, John plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Stoup Chambers, Crown Portion 41 and a right of Benjamin Goldsmith carriage way over Bridge, Chambers, Lemon Station and Goldsmith Streets, Merri Avenue East, Merri Avenue West and The Broadway 2 June 1891 Robert Hans Lemon, Mary Robertson wife of Transfer of part and creation of Volume 2358 Folio 566 Robert Afflick Robert Afflick easement being 4 acres 1 rood and Robertson, John Robertson, timber 16 5/10 perch’s lots 10, 11, 22 and 23 Stoup Chambers, merchant of Wandong of Block B lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Benjamin Goldsmith Block C and lots 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Block V2 on plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over all the roads coloured brown on the said plan of subdivision 2 June 1891 Robert Hans Lemon, Helen Eliza Robertson Transfer of part and creation of Volume 2358 Folio 567 Robert Afflick wife of William Afflick easement being 2 acres 3 roods and Robertson, John Robertson of Napier 29 perches being Lots 11, 12, 13 and Stoup Chambers, Street Essendon 14 Block C, Lots 1, 2, 3 and 4 Block E Benjamin Goldsmith machinery merchant and lots 11, 12, 13 and 14 Block K on plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over all the roads coloured brown on the said plan of subdivision 16 June 1891 Robert Hans Lemon, John Booth, contractor Being one acre ten 6/10 perch’s lots 7 Volume 2363 Folio 464 Robert Afflick of Wallan Wallan and 8 Block D on plan of subdivision Robertson, John 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over all the

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 137 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Stoup Chambers, roads coloured brown on the said Benjamin Goldsmith plan of subdivision 11 August 1892 Benjamin Goldsmith John Stoup Chambers Transfer of one fourth part of the Volume 2222 Folio 311 balance of the holding and Volume 2442 Folio 299 1 December 1893 John Stoup Ellen Wyatt widow of Transfer of part of the one fourth Volume 2509 Folio 650 Chambers Wallan Wallan holding formerly held by Benjamin Goldsmith being Lot 3 Block W of plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 together with a right of carriage way over Bridge Street coloured brown on the said L.P 31 July 1902 John Stoup Chambers Title for land in three equal undivided Volume 2885 Folio 995 fourth parts of 364 acres and 3 roods being parts of Crown Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke 15 September 364 acres and 3 John Stoup Chambers Title for whole of balance of property Volume 2955 Folio 976 1903 roods being parts of ironmonger of 223 being 364 acres and 3 roods being Volume 2222 Folio 311 Crown Portion 41 Collins Street Melbourne parts of Crown Portion 41 Parish of Parish of Wallan Wallan Wallan County of Bourke Wallan County of Bourke 20 September John Stoup Henry Barber, grazier of 364 acres 3 roods being parts of Volume 2955 Folio 976 1904 Chambers Woodstock Road Wallan Crown Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan Wallan County of Bourke 4 November 1907 Henry Barber Victorian Railways Transfer as to part and creation of Volume 3236 Folio 116 Commissioners easement being 2 acres 1 rood and 19 perches of part of 364 acres and 3 roods being parts of Crown Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke 6 July 1909 Henry Barber Sinclair Goodall Coghill Transfer as to part of 364 acres and 3 Volume 3350 Folio 927 roods being parts of Crown Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke

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19 September Henry Barber Victorian Railways Transfer as to part of 364 acres and 3 Volume 3643 Folio 580 1912 Commissioners roods being parts of Crown Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke

Henry Barber died on the 29th of May 1916. Probate granted to Herbert Lyster Barber and Anthony George Barber graziers of Wallan Wallan and Anna Mary Barber spinster on the 20th of July 1917 (Volume 2955 Folio 976) Anna Mary Barber died on the 29th of April 1927 at Bowsden Wallan (The Argus, 30 April 1927, p.17) 17th August 1928 Herbert Lyster Barber Transfer of 364 acres and 3 roods Volume 2955 Folio 976 and Anthony George being parts of Crown Portion 41 Barber as surviving Parish of Wallan Wallan County of proprietors Bourke Herbert Lyster (Lister) Barber died 26th of August 1929 probate granted to Anthony George Barber of “Bowsden” Wallan East Farmer 17th June 1930 (Volume 5481 Folio 021) 17 August 1930 Estate of Herbert Anthony George Barber Surviving proprietor Volume 5481 Folio 021 Lyster Barber and of Bowsden Wallan East Anthony George Barber 7 January 1931 Anthony George The Church of England 15 acres 3 roods 16 perches Volume 5708 Folio 551 Barber Trusts Corporation for the Diocese of Melbourne Anthony George Barber died on the 28th of August 1938 probate granted to Frederick Arthur Moule and William Henry Moule solicitors of Melbourne and George Barber, grazier of “Wingfield” Warrnambool (Volume 5481 Folio 021) 27 September William Henry Moule David Felix McCarthy Transfer as to part Volume 7467 Folio 113 1950 and George Barber 13 July 1951 William Henry Moule Anthony John Barber Transfer of balance of holding Volume 7640 Folio 133 and George Barber grazier of “Bowsden” Wallan East 24 June 1963 Anthony John Barber Country Roads Board Part of holding Volume 8450 Folio 619 Anthony John Barber subdivided the balance of the holding into 5 allotments according to subdivision plan 99336 on the 3rd of April 1974 (Volume 9015 Folio 619) 9 January 1974 Anthony John Pedro Textiles Industries Part of Holding being Lot 1 on plan of Volume 9015 Folio 696 Barber, grazier of 4 Pty Ltd subdivision 99336 being part of Newtown Road Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan Macleod County of Bourke

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 139 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

3 April 1974 Anthony John Barber Pedro Textiles Industries Part of Holding being Lot 2 on plan of Volume 9015 Folio 697 Pty Ltd subdivision 99336 being part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke 3 April 1974 Anthony John Barber Pedro Textiles Industries Part of Holding being Lot 3 on plan of Volume 9015 Folio 698 Pty Ltd subdivision 99336 being part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke 3 April 1974 Anthony John Barber Pedro Textiles Industries Part of Holding being Lot 4 on plan of Volume 9015 Folio 699 Pty Ltd subdivision 99336 being part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke 3 April 1974 Anthony John Barber Pedro Textiles Industries Part of Holding being Lot 5 on plan of Volume 9015 Folio 700 Pty Ltd subdivision 99336 being part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke 9 January 1974 Anthony John Barber Pedro Textiles Industries Transfer of balance of holding Volume 9031 Folio 306 Pty Ltd

Part of Portion 41 known later as 275 Wallan Whittlesea Road

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 1 September 1883 John Lindsay John Booth Described as; “all that piece of land in Number 446 Book 311 the parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke and Colony of Victoria part of Portion 41 commencing at a point on the southern boundary line of the said portion at a point six chains twenty eight links and a half east from the south west corner thereof and bounded on the south by a Government Road bearing further east three chains on the east by a line

140 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

at right angles to the last line bearing north five chains on the north by a line at right angles to the last line bearing west three chains and on the west by a line at right angles to the last line bearing south five chains to the commencing point. L100 John Booth took out two mortgages (Book 382 Number 701) with the Metropolitan Permanent Building and Investment Society for principal of L123 12s 5p plus interest for the first mortgage and L601 11p for the second (Book 382 Number 702) 31 December The Metropolitan Henry Barber Henry Booth for L80 Book 441 Number 605 1907 Permanent Building AP79008 Investment Society 19 September Henry Barber The Victorian Railways Part of Portion 41 L420 Book 463 Number 277 1912 Commissioner

Lots 3 and 4 of Subdivision 2709 Being Part of Crown Portion 41, Parish of Wallan Wallan, County of Bourke

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 23 May 1892 Eliza Thompson George Richardson of Being lots 3 and 4 of Section V on Volume 2260 Folio 969 Boho, farmer plan of subdivision number 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over Bridge, Chambers, Lemon Station and Goldsmith Streets, Merri Avenue East, Merri Avenue West and The Broadway. (also purchased the adjacent Lots 1 and 2 of Block V of subdivision 2709) 24 November George Richardson Henry Barber grazier of Being lots 3 and 4 of Section V on Volume 2260 Folio 969 1899 Wallan Wallan plan of subdivision number 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over Bridge, Chambers, Lemon Station and Goldsmith Streets, Merri Avenue East,

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Merri Avenue West and The Broadway. (also purchased the adjacent Lots 1 and 2 of Block V of subdivision 2709) 19 September Henry Barber The Victorian Railways Being part of Lot 3 of Section V on Volume 2260 Folio 969 and 1912 Commissioners plan of subdivision number 2709 Volume 3643 Folio 580 being part of Crown Portion 41.

(also purchased the adjacent Lots 1 and 2 of Block V of subdivision 2709) Henry Barber died on the 29th of May 1916. Probate granted to Herbert Lyster Barber and Anthony George Barber graziers of Wallan Wallan and Anna Mary Barber spinster on the 20th of July 1917 (Volume 2260 Folio 969) Anna Mary Barber died 29 April 1927 (PROV VPRS28/P3/1791) 17 August 1928 Herbert Lyster Barber, Being part of Lot 3 and Lot 4 of Block Volume 3643 Folio 580 and Anthony George Barber, V on plan of subdivision number 2709 Volume 5481 Folio 027 joint proprietors being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over Bridge, Chambers, Lemon Station and Goldsmith Streets, Merri Avenue East, Merri Avenue West and The Broadway. Herbert Lyster (Lister) Barber died 26th of August 1929 probate granted to Anthony George Barber of “Bowsden” Wallan East Farmer 17th June 1930 (Volume 5481 Folio 027) 17th August 1930 Estate of Herbert Anthony George Barber Surviving proprietor Volume 5481 Folio 027 Lyster Barber and of Bowsden Wallan East Anthony George Barber Anthony George Barber died on the 28th of August 1938 probate granted to Frederick Arthur Moule and William Henry Moule solicitors of Melbourne and George Barber, grazier of “Wingfield” Warrnambool (Volume 5481 Folio 027) Frederick Arthur Moule died 6 January 1945 (PROV VPRS28/P3/4199) 13 July 1951 William Henry Moule Surviving proprietors Volume 5481 Folio 027 and George Barber 13 July 1951 William Henry Moule George Barber By Transfer Volume 5481 Folio 027 and George Barber 9 January 1974 George Barber Pedro Textile Industries Volume 5481 Folio 027 Pty Ltd of 208 Little

142 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Lonsdale Street Melbourne 12 December Pedro Textile Transfer of Part of holding being Lot 4 Volume 5481 Folio 027 and 1979 Industries Pty Ltd of Block V on subdivision plan 2709 Volume 9374 Folio 319 8 April 1992 Pedro Textiles Annunziata Amalfi and Caveat against property withdrawn 2 Volume 9374 Folio 319 Fortunato Amalfi February 1996 – likely following legal action in relation to a property transfer not permitted by the Shire Council 25 September Pedro Textile Wallan East Farming Pty Transfer of the balance of the Holding Volume 5481 Folio 027 1998 Industries Pty Ltd Ltd being part of Lot 3 and Lot 4 of Block V on plan of subdivision number 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over Bridge, Chambers, Lemon Station and Goldsmith Streets, Merri Avenue East, Merri Avenue West and The Broadway.

Lot 6 Section V of Subdivision 2709 Being Part of Crown Portion 41, Parish of Wallan Wallan, County of Bourke

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 25 April 1912 Hugh McDonald Henry Barber, grazier Transfer of part and creation of Volume 2260 Folio 970 Brown Woodstock Road Wallan easement Being Lot 6 of Section V on Wallan plan of subdivision Number 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over Bridge, Chambers, Lemon Station and Goldsmith Streets, Merri Avenue East, Merri Avenue West and The Broadway 29 September Henry Barber Victorian Railways Being Part of Lot 6 of Section V on plan Volume 3643 Folio 580 1912 Commissioners of subdivision Number 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over Bridge, Chambers, Lemon Station and Goldsmith Streets, Merri Avenue East, Merri Avenue West and The Broadway

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 143 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

Henry Barber died on the 29th of May 1916. Probate granted to Herbert Lyster Barber and Anthony George Barber graziers of Wallan Wallan and Anna Mary Barber spinster on the 20th of July 1917 (Volume 2260 Folio 970) Anna Mary Barber died 29 April 1927 (PROV VPRS28/P3/1791) 17 August 1928 Herbert Lyster Barber, Being Part of Lot 6 of Section V on plan Volume 3643 Folio 580 and Anthony George Barber, of subdivision Number 2709 being part Volume 5481 Folio 026 surviving joint of Crown Portion 41 and a right of proprietors carriage way over Bridge, Chambers, Lemon Station and Goldsmith Streets, Merri Avenue East, Merri Avenue West and The Broadway Herbert Lyster (Lister) Barber died 26th of August 1929 probate granted to Anthony George Barber of “Bowsden” Wallan East Farmer 17th June 1930 (Volume 5481 Folio 026) 17th August 1930 Estate of Herbert Anthony George Barber Surviving proprietor Volume 5481 Folio 026 Lyster Barber and Anthony George Barber Anthony George Barber died on the 28th of August 1938 probate granted to Frederick Arthur Moule and William Henry Moule solicitors of Melbourne and George Barber, grazier of “Wingfield” Warrnambool (Volume 5481 Folio 027) Frederick Arthur Moule died 6 January 1945 (PROV VPRS28/P3/4199) 13 July 1951 William Henry Moule Surviving proprietors Volume 5481 Folio 026 and George Barber 13 July 1951 William Henry Moule George Barber By Transfer Volume 5481 Folio 026 and George Barber 9 January 1974 George Barber Pedro Textile Industries Volume 5481 Folio 026 Pty Ltd of 208 Little Lonsdale Street Melbourne 25 September Pedro Textile Wallan East Farming Pty Volume 5481 Folio 026 1998 Industries Pty Ltd Ltd

Lot 8 of Block C of Subdivision 2709 Being Part of Crown Portion 41, Parish of Wallan Wallan, County of Bourke

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document Title of Henry Hanley, carpenter of Wandong lapsed (Volume 2280 Folio 965)

144 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

3 September 1972 By order of the Anthony John Barber, Being Lot 8 of Block C on plan of Volume 8898 Folio 344 Registrar of Titles grazier of 4 Newtown subdivision Number 2709 being part of Road Macleod Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over Bridge, Chambers, Lemon Station and Goldsmith Streets, Merri Avenue East, Merri Avenue West and The Broadway 9 January 1974 George Barber Pedro Textile Industries Volume 8898 Folio 344 Pty Ltd of 208 Little Lonsdale Street Melbourne 12 December Pedro Textile Being part of holding Volume 8898 Folio 344 and 1979 Industries Pty Ltd Volume 9374 Folio 321 25 September Pedro Textile Wallan East Farming Pty Transfer of Balance of Holding being Lot Volume 8898 Folio 344 1998 Industries Pty Ltd Ltd of 61 Sixth Avenue 8 of Block C on plan of subdivision Eden Park Number 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over Bridge, Chambers, Lemon Station and Goldsmith Streets, Merri Avenue East, Merri Avenue West and The Broadway Part of Lot 8 of Block C of Subdivision 2709 Being Part of Crown Portion 41, Parish of Wallan Wallan, County of Bourke

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 25 May 1987 Pedro Textile Kenneth David Hart of Volume 9374 Folio 321 Industries Pty Ltd 449 Sixth Avenue Eden Park 13 October 1998 Kenneth David Hart of Wallan East Farming Pty Volume 9374 Folio 321 449 Sixth Avenue Ltd of 61 Sixth Avenue Eden Park Eden Park

Lot 3 of Section D on plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41, Parish of Wallan Wallan, County of Bourke

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document Title of John Briggs Blacksmith of Yarragon lapsed (Volume 2280 Folio 966)

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Lots 10, 11, 22 and 23 of Block B lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Block C and lots 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Block V2 on plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41, Parish of Wallan Wallan, County of Bourke

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 25 April 1912 Mary Robertson Henry Barber, grazier of Being 4 acres 1 rood and 16 5/10 perch’s Volume 2358 Folio 566 Woodstock Road lots 10, 11, 22 and 23 of Block B lots 1, 2, 3, Wandong 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Block C and lots 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Block V2 on plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over all the roads coloured brown on the said plan of subdivision

146 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

18 September Henry Barber The Victorian Railways Being Part of 4 acres 1 rood and 16 5/10 Volume 2358 Folio 566 1912 Commissioners perch’s lots 10, 11, 22 and 23 of Block B and Volume 3643 Folio lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Block C and lots 580 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Block V2 on plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over all the roads coloured brown on the said plan of subdivision Henry Barber died on the 29th of May 1916. Probate granted to Herbert Lyster Barber and Anthony George Barber graziers of Wallan Wallan and Anna Mary Barber spinster on the 20th of July 1917 (Volume 2260 Folio 970) Anna Mary Barber died (PROV VPRS28/P3/1791) 17 August 1928 Herbert Lyster Barber, Being Part of 4 acres 1 rood and 16 5/10 Volume 2358 Folio 566 Anthony George Barber, perch’s lots 10, 11, 22 and 23 of Block B and Volume 5481 Folio surviving joint proprietors lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Block C and lots 025 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Block V2 on plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over all the roads coloured brown on the said plan of subdivision Herbert Lyster (Lister) Barber died 26th of August 1929 probate granted to Anthony George Barber of “Bowsden” Wallan East Farmer 17th June 1930 (Volume 5481 Folio 025) 17th August 1930 Estate of Herbert Anthony George Barber Surviving proprietor Volume 5481 Folio 025 Lyster Barber and Anthony George Barber Anthony George Barber died on the 28th of August 1938 probate granted to Frederick Arthur Moule and William Henry Moule solicitors of Melbourne and George Barber, grazier of “Wingfield” Warrnambool (Volume 5481 Folio 025) Frederick Arthur Moule died 6 January 1945 (PROV VPRS28/P3/4199) 13 July 1951 William Henry Moule and Surviving proprietors Volume 5481 Folio 025 George Barber 13 July 1951 William Henry George Barber By Transfer Volume 5481 Folio 025 Moule and George Barber 9 January 1974 George Barber Pedro Textile Industries Pty Volume 5481 Folio 025 Ltd of 208 Little Lonsdale Street Melbourne

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12 December Pedro Textile Creation of separate title being Lot 7 Block Volume 5481 Folio 025 1979 Industries Pty Ltd V2 of subdivision 2709 and Volume 9374 Folio 318 25 September Pedro Textile Wallan East Farming Pty Being Part of 4 acres 1 rood and 16 5/10 Volume 5481 Folio 025 1998 Industries Pty Ltd Ltd perch’s lots 10, 11, 22 and 23 of Block B lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Block C and lots 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Block V2 on plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over all the roads coloured brown on the said plan of subdivision

Lots 11, 12, 13 and 14 Block C, Lots 1, 2, 3 and 4 Block E and lots 11, 12, 13 and 14 Block K on plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41, Parish of Wallan Wallan, County of Bourke

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 21 October 1911 Helen Eliza Henry Barber, grazier of Transfer of part and creation of easement Volume 2358 Folio 567 Robertson Wandong being 2 acres 3 roods and 29 perches being Lots 11, 12, 13 and 14 Block C, Lots 1, 2, 3 and 4 Block E and lots 11, 12, 13 and 14 Block K on plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over all the roads coloured brown on the said plan of subdivision

Henry Barber died on the 29th of May 1916. Probate granted to Herbert Lyster Barber and Anthony George Barber graziers of Wallan Wallan and Anna Mary Barber spinster on the 20th of July 1917 (Volume 2358 Folio 567) Anna Mary Barber died 29 April 1927 (PROV VPRS28/P3/1791) 17 August 1928 Herbert Lyster Barber, Being Part of 4 acres 1 rood and 16 5/10 Volume 2358 Folio Anthony George Barber, perch’s lots 10, 11, 22 and 23 of Block B 567and Volume 5481 surviving joint lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Block C and lots Folio 024 proprietors 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Block V2 on plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over

148 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

all the roads coloured brown on the said plan of subdivision

Herbert Lyster (Lister) Barber died 26th of August 1929 probate granted to Anthony George Barber of “Bowsden” Wallan East Farmer 17th June 1930 (Volume 5481 Folio 024) 17th August 1930 Estate of Herbert Anthony George Barber Surviving proprietor Volume 5481 Folio 024 Lyster Barber and Anthony George Barber Anthony George Barber died on the 28th of August 1938 probate granted to Frederick Arthur Moule and William Henry Moule solicitors of Melbourne and George Barber, grazier of “Wingfield” Warrnambool (Volume 5481 Folio 024) Frederick Arthur Moule died 6 January 1945 (PROV VPRS28/P3/4199) 13 July 1951 William Henry Moule Surviving proprietors Volume 5481 Folio 024 and George Barber 13 July 1951 William Henry Moule Anthony John Barber of By Transfer Volume 5481 Folio 024 and George Barber “Bowsden” Wallan East grazier 9 January 1974 Anthony John Barber Pedro Textile Industries Volume 5481 Folio 024 Pty Ltd of 208 Little Lonsdale Street Melbourne 12 December Pedro Textile Creation of separate title being Lot 11 Block Volume 5481 Folio 024 1979 Industries Pty Ltd C on plan of subdivision 2709 and Volume 9374 Folio 317 6 August 1980 Pedro Textile Creation of Separate Titles, notation on title Volume 5481 Folio 024 Industries Pty Ltd ‘Consent of Council required for any and Volume 9409 Folios transfer 30/12/1982’ 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, Being Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 of Block E, Lots 11, 168, 169, 170 and 171 12, 13 and 14 of Block K all on subdivision 2709

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25 September Pedro Textile Wallan East Farming Pty Transfer of balance of holding being part of Volume 5481 Folio 024 1998 Industries Pty Ltd Ltd 2 acres 3 roods and 29 perches being Lots 11, 12, 13 and 14 Block C, Lots 1, 2, 3 and 4 Block E and lots 11, 12, 13 and 14 Block K on plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over all the roads coloured brown on the said plan of subdivision

Lots 7 and 8 Block D on plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41, Parish of Wallan Wallan, County of Bourke

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document John Booth took out a mortgage with the Metropolitan Bank of Melbourne on the 23rd of December 1893. The loan was foreclosed by the Bank by 1898. (Volume 2363 Folio 464) 15 September The Metropolitan Bank Michael John Long, Being part of Lots 7 and 8 Block D on Volume 2363 Folio 464 and 1898 of Melbourne railway employee of plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Volume 2699 Folio 687 Beveridge Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over all the roads coloured brown on the said plan of subdivision

7 December 1907 Michael John Long Charles Cleve grazier of Volume 2699 Folio 687 Wallan Wallan Charles Cleve died on the 25th of October 1926, probate granted to Frederick William Cleve and Charles Cleve both farmers of Wallan Wallan (Volume 2699 Folio 687) 5 April 1932 Frederick William Anthony George Barber Being part of Lots 7 and 8 Block D on Volume 5481 Folio 024 Cleve and Charles plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Cleve Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over all the roads coloured brown on the said plan of subdivision Anthony George Barber died on the 28th of August 1938 probate granted to Frederick Arthur Moule and William Henry Moule solicitors of Melbourne and George Barber, grazier of “Wingfield” Warrnambool (Volume 5481 Folio 024)

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Frederick Arthur Moule died 6 January 1945 (PROV VPRS28/P3/4199) 13 July 1951 William Henry Moule and Surviving proprietors Volume 2699 Folio 687 George Barber 13 July 1951 William Henry Moule Anthony John Barber of By Transfer Volume 2699 Folio 687 and George Barber “Bowsden” Wallan East grazier 9 January 1974 Anthony John Barber Pedro Textile Industries Volume 2699 Folio 687 Pty Ltd of 208 Little Lonsdale Street Melbourne 12 December 1979 Pedro Textile Creation of new title being Lot 8 Block D Volume 2699 Folio 687 and Industries Pty Ltd on plan of subdivision 2709 Volume 9374 Folio 316

25 September Pedro Textile Wallan East Farming Pty Volume 9374 Folio 316 1998 Industries Pty Ltd Ltd

Part of Lots 7 and 8 Block D on plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41, Parish of Wallan Wallan, County of Bourke

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 7 January 1908 The Metropolitan Bank Henry Barber, Being the remaining part of Lot 7 on Volume 2363 Folio 464 of Melbourne plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Volume 3247 Folio 218 Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over all the roads coloured brown on the said plan of subdivision

19 September Henry Barber The Victorian Railways Being part of part of Lot 7 on plan of Volume 3247 Folio 218 1912 Commissioners subdivision 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over all the roads coloured brown on the said plan of subdivision

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17 August 1928 Herbert Lyster Barber, Being part of part of Lot 7 on plan of Volume 3247 Folio 218 Anthony George Barber, subdivision 2709 being part of Crown surviving joint proprietors Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over all the roads coloured brown on the said plan of subdivision

Herbert Lyster (Lister) Barber died 26th of August 1929 probate granted to Anthony George Barber of “Bowsden” Wallan East Farmer 17th June 1930 (Volume 5481 Folio 023) 17th August 1930 Estate of Herbert Anthony George Barber Surviving proprietor Volume 5481 Folio 023 Lyster Barber and Anthony George Barber Anthony George Barber died on the 28th of August 1938 probate granted to Frederick Arthur Moule and William Henry Moule solicitors of Melbourne and George Barber, grazier of “Wingfield” Warrnambool (Volume 5481 Folio 023) Frederick Arthur Moule died 6 January 1945 (PROV VPRS28/P3/4199) 13 July 1951 William Henry Moule and Surviving proprietors Volume 5481 Folio 023 George Barber 13 July 1951 William Henry Moule Anthony John Barber of By Transfer Volume 5481 Folio 023 and George Barber “Bowsden” Wallan East grazier 9 January 1974 Anthony John Barber Pedro Textile Industries Volume 5481 Folio 023 Pty Ltd of 208 Little Lonsdale St. Melbourne 12 December 1979 Pedro Textile Creation of Separate Title for Lot 8 Volume 5481 Folio 023 and Industries Pty Ltd Block 8 of subdivision plan 2709 Volume 9374 Folio 316

6 August 1980 Pedro Textile Creation of Separate Titles, notation on Volume 5481 Folio 024 and Industries Pty Ltd title ‘Consent of Council required for Volume 9409 Folios 163, any transfer 30/12/1982’ 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, Being Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 of Block E, Lots 169, 170 and 171 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Block K all on subdivision 2709

152 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

25 September Pedro Textile Wallan East Farming Pty Transfer of balance of holding being Volume 5481 Folio 024 1998 Industries Pty Ltd Ltd part of 2 acres 3 roods and 29 perches being Lots 11, 12, 13 and 14 Block C, Lots 1, 2, 3 and 4 Block E and lots 11, 12, 13 and 14 Block K on plan of subdivision 2709 being part of Crown Portion 41 and a right of carriage way over all the roads coloured brown on the said plan of subdivision

Lot 1 on plan of subdivision 99336 being part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 15 May 1979 Pedro Textile Mario Palermo Builder Lot 1 on plan of subdivision 99336 Volume 9015 Folio 696 Industries Pty Ltd of and Carmela Palermo being part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan 208 Little Lonsdale Married Woman of 24 Wallan County of Bourke Street Melbourne Sheahans Road Bulleen 26 January 1984 Mario Palermo and Anthony Sultana and Lot 1 on plan of subdivision 99336 Volume 9015 Folio 696 Carmela Palermo Mary Sultana of 153 being part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Jukes Road Fawkner Wallan County of Bourke 16 August 1999 Anthony Sultana and Rodney Eustace De Vos Lot 1 on plan of subdivision 99336 Volume 9015 Folio 696 Mary Sultana of 55 North Station Road being part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan Wallan County of Bourke

Lot 2 on plan of subdivision 99336 being part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 29 October 1982 Pedro Textile Antonio Falleti farmer and Lot 2 on plan of subdivision 99336 Volume 9015 Folio 697 Industries Pty Ltd of Lucia Falleti housewife of being part of Portion 41 Parish of 208 Little Lonsdale Wiseman Road Silvan Wallan Wallan County of Bourke Street Melbourne

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 153 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

29 October 1982 Antonio Falleti and Giuseppe Cianciarulo bread Lot 2 on plan of subdivision 99336 Volume 9015 Folio 697 Lucia Falleti salesman and Rose being part of Portion 41 Parish of Cianciarulo married woman Wallan Wallan County of Bourke of 4 St. Vigeons Road Reservoir 27 June 1988 Giuseppe Cianciarulo Bruce Edwin Chamberlain Lot 2 on plan of subdivision 99336 Volume 9015 Folio 697 and Rose Cianciarulo and Paulette Michelle being part of Portion 41 Parish of Chamberlain of 12 Reeve Wallan Wallan County of Bourke Court Cheltenham

25 February 1997 Bruce Edwin Richard John Dalton of 25 Lot 2 on plan of subdivision 99336 Volume 9015 Folio 697 Chamberlain and North Station Road Wallan being part of Portion 41 Parish of Paulette Michelle East Wallan Wallan County of Bourke Chamberlain

Lot 3 on plan of subdivision 99336 being part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 22 March 1978 Pedro Textile Gerald Marazita of 41 Turner Lot 3 on plan of subdivision 99336 Volume 9015 Folio 698 Industries Pty Ltd of Street Pascoe Vale being part of Portion 41 Parish of 208 Little Lonsdale Salesman and Adriano Wallan Wallan County of Bourke Street Melbourne Vanzin of 913 Pascoe Vale Road Glenroy Carpenter

5 September 1991 Gerald Marazita and Corelson Pty Ltd of 453 Transfer of part of the holding being Volume 10048 Folio 413 Adriano Vanzin Lygon Street East Brunswick 16.19 hectares being the interest of Adriano Vanzin in Lot 3 on plan of subdivision 99336 being part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke

154 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

10 November 1997 Gerald Marazita Dusmo Installation Pty Ltd Transfer as to balance of Lot 3 on plan Volume 10360 Folio 935 of 4 Belgrove Street Preston of subdivision 99336 being part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke

Part (being 16.19 Ha) of Lot 3 on plan of subdivision 99336 being part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 10 November 1997 Corelson Pty Ltd of Dusmo Installation Pty Being part of Lot 3 on plan of Volume 10360 Folio 935 453 Lygon Street East Ltd of 4 Belgrove Street subdivision 99336 being part of Portion Brunswick Preston 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke

Lot 4 on plan of subdivision 99336 being part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 27 February 1980 Pedro Textile Industries Vasilios Michael and Lot 4 on plan of subdivision 99336 Volume 9015 Folio 699 Pty Ltd of 208 Little Polyvios Michael and being part of Portion 41 Parish of Lonsdale Street Andreas Michael all Wallan Wallan County of Bourke Melbourne builders of f 1464 Sydney Road Campbellfield

18 February 1986 Vasilios Michael and Terrarent Pty Ltd of 88 Lot 4 on plan of subdivision 99336 Volume 9015 Folio 699 Polyvios Michael and Phelan Street Carlton being part of Portion 41 Parish of Andreas Michael all Wallan Wallan County of Bourke builders of f 1464 Sydney Road Campbellfield

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 155 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

1 December 1998 Terrarent Pty Ltd of 88 Angelo Minos of ¼ share, Lot 4 on plan of subdivision 99336 Volume 9015 Folio 699 Phelan Street Carlton Steven Minos of ¼ share being part of Portion 41 Parish of and Angelo Minos & Wallan Wallan County of Bourke Steven Minos as ½ share jointly, both of 20 Pound Road Warrandyte

Lot 5 on plan of subdivision 99336 being part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Wallan County of Bourke

Date Vendor Purchaser Notes Document 23 March 1978 Pedro Textile Guiseppe Mele butcher Lot 5 on plan of subdivision 99336 Volume 9015 Folio 700 Industries Pty Ltd of ¼ share and Concetta being part of Portion 41 Parish of 208 Little Lonsdale Mele married woman ¼ Wallan Wallan County of Bourke Street Melbourne share and Vincent Mele butcher two ¼ shares all of 1081 Sydney Road North Coburg as tenants in common Guiseppe Mele died on the 1st of February 1993 and probate of his will was granted to Concetta Mele 89 Hillcrest Drive West Meadows (Volume 9015 Folio 700) 26 September 1995 Catherine Ann Ross, Lot 5 on plan of subdivision 99336 being Volume 9015 Folio 700 James Joseph Mele and part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan James David Ross all of Wallan County of Bourke Whittlesea (sic) Road Wallan East

23 September 1999 Catherine Ann Ross, Hayden Kane Langborne Lot 5 on plan of subdivision 99336 being Volume 9015 Folio 700 James Joseph Mele and Catherine Alexandra part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan and James David Ross Mele of 345 Whittlesea Wallan County of Bourke all of Whittlesea (sic) Road Wallan East Road Wallan East

156 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

10 November 1997 Hayden Kane Dusmo Installation Pty Ltd Lot 5 on plan of subdivision 99336 being Volume 10360 Folio 935 Langborne and of 4 Belgrove Street part of Portion 41 Parish of Wallan Catherine Alexandra Preston Wallan County of Bourke Mele of 345 Whittlesea Road Wallan East

Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors 157 Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

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162 Archaeology At Tardis Heritage Advisors Wallan East PSP – Historic Cultural Heritage Assessment

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