Of the Proposed Development 14.3 Study Method

Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals, D6n Laoghaire, CO. Dublin Aseptic Production Expansion EIS

ARCHAEOLOGY, ARCHITECTURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

14.1 Introduction This chapter assesses the importance of the receiving archaeological, architectural and cultural heritage environment. It identifies the impact, if any, which the proposed facility will have on this environment, and it proposes measures to ameliorate any perceived impacts. The development will not have a significant impact on the archaeology, architecture or cultural heritage of the area.

14.2 Details ‘of the Proposed Development The proposed development site is located within the townlands of Kill of the Grange and Woodpark. The site tionts onto Pottery Road to the west; and the existing industrial facilities occupy the southern portion of the site. To the north and east are neighbouring fields associated with the nearby National Rehabilitation Hospital. The proposed development includes the construction of an expansion of the existing Pfizer Sterile Products Facility. This comprises three large buildings to the northeast of the present facility and a central utilities building and car park facilities to the northwest of the existing buildings. The remainder of the area is to be landscaped with the circumference of the development defined by a security fence. The site is perched on a low profiled terrace, on the southwest-facing slope of a north-south trending valley. The development footprint will comprise the expansion of the current site into two neighbouring fields and the use of current green areas and car park within the Pfizer complex for redevelopment. These fields consist of open pasture that appears to have gone uncultivated, to the northwest and northeast of the current plant. To the north the proposed development straddles the townlands boundary, evident as an earthen bank and hedgerow, between Woodpark and Kill of the Grange, this boundary continues southwards at which point it forms the eastern extent of the development. Refer to Figure 14.1. No recorded archaeological features have been noted within the boundary of the proposed site. However, the neighbouring Fortown inspection of Kill purposes of only.the Grange exhibits many characteristics of an Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Early Chri&an foundation centring on the ecclesiastical remains of Kill Abbey (DUO23:015/01-11). The influence of this establishment permeates south of the present village in the form of the holy well and bush at Mackintosh Park (c. 160m southwest of proposed development). In this respect the proposed site can be placed within an extensive Early Christian landscape. The extent of the lands owned by the Augustinian Canons of the Priory of the Holy Trinity, in medieval times, highlights the continued interaction between foundation and outlying domains including the proposed site. Indeed the location of the proposed development remained associated with Kill of the Grange well into the nineteenth century until its incorporation into the adjoining demesnes of Belville and Woodpark.

14.3 Study Methodology

14.3.1 Introduction The study is based on an examination of the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP); constraints maps and files of the Archaeological Survey of Ireland (Appendix 14.1); the topographiTa1 files of the National Museum of Ireland (NMI) (Appendix 14.1); historical maps held by the Map Library of Trinity College, Dublin; the publication Excavations (which contains summary accounts of all excavations carried out annually in Ireland) for the period 1969-2000; the D&z Laoghaire-Rathdown Development Plan 1998 and the D3n Laoghaire- Rathdown Development Plan 2004-2010; and a number of other published and unpublished

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documentary sources detailed in the bibliography at the end of this chapter. An inspection of the proposed site was also undertaken on the afternoon of February 1 gtih, 2004.

14.3.2 Desktop Study Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) and Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) The primary sources of information on the field archaeology of the Republic of Ireland are the records of the Archaeological Survey of Ireland, undertaken by the National Monuments Section, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. Between 1984 and 1992 the Sites and Monuments Record, lists of known monuments, were compiled based on documentary and cartographic sources, the records of the National Museum of Ireland (NMI) and Geological Survey of Ireland (GSI) 1:30,000 vertical aerial photographs. The lists record the number of the monument, its location in the national grid and by townland, and its type. Following the passing of the National Monuments (Amendment) Act of 1994 a second list of monuments in the State was compiled. In accordance with the provisions of the Act a Record of Monuments and Places was compiled for each county between 1995 and 1998. Section 12 (3) of the 1994 Act provides a measure of protection for the monuments and places included in these lists. The Record of Monument and Places follows the same format as the Sites and Monuments Record.

Topographical Files of the National Museum of Ireland The topographical files of the National Museum of Ireland (NMI) archive identify recorded stray finds that have been donated to the state in accordance with national monuments legislation (Appendix 14.2). Within the archive, finds are provenanced to townland, and in the majority of cases files include details on the location of and nature of the find, often obtained via correspondence between NM1 staff and finders of archaeological objects. where applicable, files also include early twentieth century reports of excavations undertaken by NM1 archaeologists subsequent to the find.

Excavations Bulletins and Excavations Database For inspection purposes only. Excavations Bulletins Consentare annual of copyright bulletins, owner required now for funded any other use.by the National Monuments Section,

Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, which contains summary accounts of all excavations carried out annually in Ireland. The bulletins range from 1969 to 2000, and can now be accessed on the inter-net at www.excavations.ie. Compiled from the published excavation bulletins, the database contains summary accounts of all excavations carried out from 1985 to 2000. Both the bulletins and database were consulted to establish the results of excavations that may previously have been undertaken at sites or as a consequence of development in the vicinity of the proposed development footprint at Pottery Road.

Cartographic sources Cartographic sources consulted include:

l The Down Survey

l Rocque’s Map 1760

l Taylor’s map 18 16

l Ordnance Survey maps lst, 2”d, and 3*d editions.

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Maps were variously sourced in the map library of Trinity College, Dublin and the Archaeological Survey, The National Monuments Section, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, at 5 1 Saint Stephens Green, Dublin.

14.3.3 Field Inspection A non-invasive walkover field inspection of the site footprint was undertaken by two archaeologists in two phases; the most recent of which was conducted on the 1 9th February 2004. The purpose of field inspection is to assess current land use, local topography and any environmental information, including the nature of field divisions, relevant to the assessment of a proposed development. It is concerned primarily with identifying potential low-visibility archaeological and/or historical features that have not been previously recorded, and which may be subject to direct or indirect impacts as a result of development. The field inspection also seeks to address landscape potential by examining the possibility of interactions between a particular landscape type and past human activity, or between known monuments or sites.

14.4 The Receiving Environment

14.4.1 Architectural Heritage and Background Within the extent of the proposed site on Pottery Road no features of architectural merit have been recorded by the current record of protected structures (RPS) for the area in the D&z Laoghaire-Rathdown Development Plan 2004-2010. The nearest recorded protected structure to the proposed development is that of Somerton house located c.O.25kn-1 to the east of the site. Like the protected structures of Baker’s Cottage, Flowergrove and Kensington, it is situated along Rochestown Avenue, which converges with Pottery Road to the north of the proposed development, at Kill of the Grange.

14.4.2 Archaeological Background Prehistoric Period Perched on the south-western slope of a valley centrally positioned between the Irish Sea and For inspection purposes only. the dramatic backdrop Consentof the of copyrightDublinAVicklow owner required forMountains, any other use. a comprehensive understanding of the site’s archaeological context can only be achieved through an examination of its broader landscape setting. The valley setting of the site, its proximity to Cairn Hill (c 1.5km to the west of proposed site) and other sites would suggest the potential for activity in this area during prehistoric periods. Although evidence for early settlement in the environs of the proposed development area on Pottery Road is scant, it does exist. The earliest archaeological find recorded for the area consists of four worked flints (NM1 Ref. 1958:59-62), which were discovered in the walled garden of a house at Pairc na Coille on Rochestown Avenue, approximately 16Om northeast of the proposed site. All were extensively worked and one in particular was very well polished. Two subsequent fmds of flint (NM1 Refs. 1959: 714-734 and 1960: 69-90) were made, possibly in the same location on Rochestown Avenue. The first find, comprising twenty-one flints of indeterminate function, are recorded as having come from garden topsoil at Kill of the Grange (NM1 Ref. 1959: 714-734); the second (NM1 Ref. 1960: 69-90) comprised twenty-two flint flakes recovered from garden topsoil at Pairc na Coille on Rochestown Avenue. These flints, like those found at Stillorgan Park, indicate prehistoric activity in the environs of the proposed development area. Mesolithic/Neolithic context of Pottery Road Settlement history in wider area extends back to the coastal distribution of Mesolithic sites illustrated by the artefacts uncovered at excavations on Dalkey Island (Liversage, 1968). Evidence for Neolithic activity is represented by several megalithic tombs, in which the cremated remains of the communities’ dead were buried. These Neolithic burial places

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include the portal tombs at Kilternan Domain (DUO26-00 19) and Bremranstown @UO26- 007), which are large dramatic structures commonly known as dolmens. There are also several cairns in the area, such as that at the Fairy Castle on top of Two and Three Rock Mountains, which may cover passage tombs. A megalithic tomb site in Bullock (DU023:Ol S), which was removed at the beginning of the nineteenth century (Ball 1902), and another on Dalkey Island @UO23:029-10) indicates that the region was more widely settled during the Neolithic period with the adoption of a farming economy in Ireland (c.4000-2300BC). A single stone axe found at Monkstown is also likely to date to this period (NM1 ref. 1940:49). A polished stone axe (NM1 Ref. 1984: 19) was found in Kilternan, and another (NM1 Ref. 1979:73), apparently made fi-om a local dolomite, was found at Murphystown. Wedge tombs, such as at Laughanstown (DU026-024), represent the final megalithic phase and date to the beginning of the Bronze Age. . Bronze Age From the early Bronze Age, both the mountains and coast in the wider area were settled, and greater material evidence of Bronze Age date (c-2300-500BC) reveal the popularity of the area at that time. Much of this material evidence is represented by a variety of burial sites including cist burials in Deansgrange (DU023:042 and NM1 ref. 1965: 1 l), Stillorgan Park (DUO23:050), Cabinteely @UO23:036) and a number of burials on Dalkey Island (DUO23:040). Cists are simple pits lined with stone flags that are sometimes accompanied by pottery or other grave goods, Corpses can also be laid in so-called flat cemeteries, which have no above ground expression at all. A flat cemetery (DUO23:012-02 or DU023:049 and NM1 ref. 1955:42,43) was revealed in Stillorgan Grove during the construction of Stillorgan House. Within the broader landscape of the proposed development indications of Bronze Age activity include two socketed bronze axeheads recovered in Stillorgan Park (NM1 ref. 1932) and a gold bracelet @‘MI ref. 1972:172), which was discovered at Newpark Comprehensive School. The large collection of Bronze Age Beaker pottery recovered at Dalkey Island, and the significant metal industry known to have existed there during the Late Bronze Age, are indicative of the level of activity in the region at this time (Stout & Stout 1992). Further afield bronze axes were found at Murphystown, (NM1 Ref. 1974:89), Glenamuck, and a small cast bronze ring (NM1 Ref. 1971: 1050) from Kilgobbin. The artificial assemblage and monumental distribution in conjunction with on going investigations in such places as Kilgobbin are revealing the complexity of Bronze Age Foractivity inspection in purposes this area. only. Although there are no recorded monuments on Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. the proposed site of development, the archeologically record for the surrounding area place it within a diverse and multi-layered landscape. Iron Age Iron Age (c.500BC-AD500) monuments are generally less common to the area, but the site of a promontory fort (DUO23:OlO) at Seapoint was probably occupied during this time, though many were also occupied in the Early Medieval period (e.g. the small fort at Dalkey). Promontory forts are a coastal phenomenon (as their name suggests), and the east coast has few examples compared to the west, perhaps because it is much less indented. Stout & Stout (1992) comment, however, that there is strong reason to believe that the Dublin coastline was well fortified when the first Roman traders appeared at its shores in the first century AD. Hence by the commencement of the historic period the Pottery Road landscape exhibits the gradual incursion of settlement with nodes of activity being established in such places as Deansgrange/Kill of the Grange, StillorganNewpark, and Dalkey. The proximity of the DeansgangeKill of the Grange cluster on the northern high ground of the valley, and the flint scatters, mentioned above, all indicate the potential for prehistoric activity in the environs of the proposed development.

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Early Christian Period In the early medieval period, the area in which the proposed development is situated was part of the territory of the Dal Messin Corb, the first of the Leinster dynasties. The Dal Messin Corb were eventually displaced from the Liffey plain and gradually pushed further into Wicklow under pressure from other dynasties that were themselves being displaced by Scandinavian settlements being established from the ninth century onwards. It is possible that the area later became part of the domain of the Ui Briuin Chualann, who dominated the southern parts of County Dublin and the coastal strip towards Wicklow. There is a wealth of ecclesiastical sites distributed throughout the area, including churches, cross-inscribed crosses, high crosses, holy wells, bullaun stones and ecclesiastical enclosures. These sites point to a considerable local population, living in well-defined villages and hamlets, rather than scattered across the landscape, and also appear to reflect a relatively stable medieval population. Ecclesiastical sites in the area include Kill of the Grange (DU023- 015) Kilgobbin (DU025-016 and DU026-004) Jamestown (DU026-003), Kiltieman (DU026- 020), Car-r&mines (DU026-018) and Laughanstown (DU26-023). Kill of the Grange @UO23:015), like other establishments such as Stillorgan @UO23:011) is currently a civil parish with Early Christian origins which were adopted by the Vikings and later by the Anglo-Norman settlers who favoured the established sites and their existing infrastructure. Recorded archaeological evidence in the environs of the proposed development area on Pottery Road predominantly dates to Early Christian times. The nearest recorded archaeological site, DU023:027/01-02, a holy well site (-01) and a holy bush site (-02), occurs approximately 160m southwest of the development area in Mackintosh Park. Holy wells are a Christian adaptation of a pre-Christian tradition of sacred springs, which, like their pagan predecessors, were often visited at certain times of the year, such as saints’ or other holy days, and often had the reputation for effecting cures. There is also a growing acceptance among historians that holy wells are often indicators of early ecclesiastical sites. There is now no above-ground trace of the holy well and holy bush site in Mackintosh Park, which was located in a green belt area close to a stream prior to its removal. The well’s water sprang from a natural spring and was said to hold curative powers - it is recorded that the well was venerated during the For inspection purposes only. nineteenth century (RMPConsent file), of copyrightand corroborating owner required for thisany other fact, use. the well is indicated, as ‘Toberbawn’ (i.e. the white well, from the Irish tobar, for well, and bawn, for white) on nineteenth and early twentieth century Ordnance Survey (OS) maps (Figures 14.6 and 14.7). The holy bush, or ‘sceach’ (Irish for thorn bush), was located beside the well, and typically, rags were tied to the bush to acknowledge the holy site. A second holy well occurs at the village of Kill of the Grange (DU023:015-03). This well forms part of the ecclesiastical remains (DU023:015/01-11) at Kill Abbey (National Monument), which is situated approximately 950m northwest of the proposed development area. The ecclesiastical site at Kill of the Grange (Plate 6) is recorded as being one of the pre-Norman establishments in the region (Simms, A. and Fagan, P. 1992). It is dedicated to St. Fintan and incorporates the ruins of an Early Christian church, a graveyard, a number of crosses, a cross-inscribed stone, a grave-slab fragment, a bullaun stone, a font and a possible dwelling. The church has many similarities with St. Begnet’s on Dalkey Island (in particular the presence of a square-headed door, and buttresses in the west gable), the chancel may have been added as late as the sixteenth century. The church once housed the sixteenth-century wall tomb of Christopher FitzSimon and the tomb of the O’Bymes of Cabinteely House. The enclosed well at Kill Abbey was located a short distance from the church, and was covered over in the mid 1980s. The font formerly at Kill Abbey has been relocated a short distance away, to the Church of Ireland church on Kill Lane (DU023:016). Further evidence of Early Christian activity, but located slightly further afield, is represented by recent finds made at Cabinteely. Archaeological excavation was undertaken in 1998 on the

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site of a service station at Mount Offaly, Cabinteely, approximately 2km from the proposed development area on Pottery Road. An enclosure c. 70m in diameter encircling a six-phased cemetery was uncovered. The cemetery dated from the fifth century, coinciding with Early Christian conversions in Ireland, and was finally abandoned in the late twelfth century, after the arrival of the Anglo-Normans (Conway 1999; 2000).

14.4.3 Historical Background Environs ofproposed site; Kill of the Grange and Woodpark. The villages of Kill of the Grange and Deans Grange stood in the centre of the property owned by the Augustinian Canons of the Priory of the Holy Trinity (the builders of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin) for much of the medieval period. Within two hundred years of its establishment in 1162 the Priory had acquired substantial land rights throughout Dublin; so much so that the taxation roll of 1302-06 recorded it as one of the wealthiest establishments of the period (Gwymr and Hadcock 1988). The lands of the Priory in the region of the proposed site were considerable, extending from Murphystown, at the foot of Three Rock Mountain, to Killiney, and included the lands of Kill of the Grange and Woodpark townlands. The lands of Kill of the Grange (formerly called Clonkeen, i.e. Cluain Caoin, the beautiful meadow) had been given to the Priory before the English Conquest by Donagh, son of Donald Grossus, and had been brought, in spite of the raids of the Irish tribes, into a high state of cultivation before the fourteenth century. This provided the background for the evolution of this nucleated settlement form Early Christian foundation to manorial village (Simms, A. and Fagan, P. 1992). The Priory’s manor at Clonkeen comprised a house and numerous farm offices, in some cases only fragile structures of mud and wood, necessary for the organisation and cultivation of the large extent of surrounding land, which the canons retained in their own hands as a home farm. There was also a village close by, containing thirty-five houses, known as the “Town of the Grange”, in which their employees lived (Ball 1902; 1995). Unfortunately, no buildings survive from this time, except for the ruins of the medieval church of St. Fintan, mentioned above, and an old house called Kill Abbey. The Prior, like a lay-owner, exercised manorial jurisdiction over the tenants, and a court presided over by the brother who held the office of seneschal, or land agent, was regularly held at Kill of the Grange to redress misdemeanours and nuisances, and to settle disputes of For inspection purposes only. property. Tenants of theConsent Priory, of copyright who owner were required invariably for any other bound use. to render service on the home 1 farm, were financially comfortable. Nine of them resided close to the Priory buildings in the “Town of the Church”, which corresponded with the village of Kill of the Grange (Ball 1902; 1995). The dissolution of the Priory in 1539 produced less change in its estates than that of other religious establishments, as it was immediately reconstituted as the Cathedral establishment of the Church of the Holy Trinity, commonly called Christ Church, the Prior becoming the first Dean, and the canons the first prebendaries of the Cathedral. In the early-eighteenth century the lands of Kill of the Grange passed to the Espinasses, a family of Huguenot origin, whose descendants maintained their interest in property here well into the twentieth century (Pearson, 2002). Pottery Road and proposed site. Pottery Road takes its name from the potteries and brickworks that once were located in its vicinity. Clay suitable for making pottery had been noted here since medieval times, and the making of earthenware is recorded in the accounts of the Priory. The potteries and clay pits are marked on the first edition Ordnance Survey map of this area, which was published in 1843, and brickfields are indicated in Woodpark, on the north side of Rochestown Avenue, and at Sallynoggin. The pottery occupied a corner site between Rochestown Avenue and Pottery Road, approximately 800m northwest of the study area. Refer to Figure 14.7. In the

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late-nineteenth century it was noted for making flowerpots and bricks, some of which bear the stamp ‘Kingstown Pottery’. The business was operated by W. 0. MacCormick. The manufacture of bricks ceased after the 1930s because of the arrival of mass-produced concrete blocks (Pearson 1999). Deeds relating to the property indicate that Field 1 (as indicated in Figure 14.1) formed part of an area of land that was held under a lease dating to September 9’h 1835 between Richard Espinasse of Kill Abbey and Henry Cash of Belville. The land, which also included part of the grounds of Belville to the north and also fields to the south, is described in the lease as follows: ‘All that part of the town and land of the KiIl of the Grange of Clonkeen lying and being within the Manor and Lordship of Deans Grange and then called and known by the name of Belviile containing...... thirty eight acres one rood and seventeen perches statute measure be the same more of less bounded on the north by the lands then in the possession of Joseph Isel Kirk Esquire commonly called The Pottery, on the east by the iands of Belviile and lands then in the possession of Lord Mount Morris, on the south by lands in the possession of Richard Spear Esquire and Patrick Neil1 and on the west by the road leadingfrom the village of Kill to Cabinteely (Pottery Road) ‘. Field 2 (See Figure 14.1) corresponds to the western portion of lands associated with Woodpark House, a property that was established between 18 16 and 1843. The lands of Woodpark were later held pursuant to an Indenture of Fee Farm Grant made the 29’h August 1865. A deed of conveyance also exists dated 1 Oth September 1942 between Ida Elizabeth Flood and Ella Letitia Violet Flood and The Most Reverend John Charles McQuaid with Anne Lane, Helena McCormack, Catherine Collins, Julia Foster and Julia Carroll, these being Sisters of the Order of Charity which retains ownership of the lands neighbouring the proposed development. Field 2 of the proposed development is part of the hospital grounds.

14.4.4 Cartographic Analysis The townland of Kill of the Grange is indicated on the Down Survey map (c. 1656) (Figure 14.3), and its boundary appears similar to that which exists today. The ecclesiastical site of Kill of the Grange is located in the northeast comer of the townland. Woodpark townland was For inspection purposes only. not established by this Consenttime ofand copyright formed owner partrequired of for Rochestown any other use. townland. It is possible that the boundary represented on the Down Survey map may correspond to the existing thicket boundary. Rocque’s map of 1760 (Figure 14.4) is the first map to provide detail of Dublin and its environs. The map indicates that the area of the proposed development site was largely rural and consisted of pasture fields. Pottery Road was laid out by this time and had four structures positioned along its east side, to the north and south of the development site. Rochestown Avenue is also indicated, and Wood Park house, where flint finds appear to have been recorded, is positioned off its north side. The existing stream located to the west of the development site is also depicted by Rocque. On Taylor’s ‘map of the environs of Dublin ’ dating to 18 16 (Figure 14.5) another property also confusingly called Woodpark House is shown for the first time located off the south side of Rochestown Avenue. The topography of the ground between Woodpark House and Pottery Road, which corresponds to the development site, is indicated as sloping down towards the stream to the west. The site is shown as undeveloped and no structures are depicted on it. The first edition Ordnance Survey map dating to 1837-43 (Figure 14.6) provides greater detail and depicts Woodpark House, as a large rectilinear structure with a winding avenue leading from Rochestown Avenue up to the main entrance. A T-shaped structure, presumably outbuildings, is located to the rear of the house. Two formally laid out gardens are positioned adjacent to the southeast side of the house and a gate lodge is located at the entrance to the property. The grounds of the property to the southwest of the house are shown with formally

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laid out field boundaries and corresponds in location to Field 2 of the proposed development. The land corresponding to Fields 1 and 3 is located in Kill of the Grange townland and is still shown as undeveloped at this time. To the south of the proposed site in Johnstown the early stages of the gravel pits are noted. Potteries and clay pits associated with the former Priory are depicted in a corner site between Rochestown Avenue and Pottery Road, approximately 800m northwest of the site. A brickfield is also indicated in Woodpark townland, on the north side of Rochestown Avenue, and at Sallynoggin. The site of the holy well on the east bank of the stream (DU023:027) is marked and named To&&awn. On the revised edition Ordnance Survey map dating to 1869 (not shown) a contour line is shown running northwest to southeast across Field 1, adjacent to Pottery Road. The trees in the grounds of Woodpark are more informally arranged and the T-shaped outbuilding has been has been altered. No other development had occurred by this time. By the time the 1912 Ordnance Survey map was surveyed (Figure 14.7) the gravel pits to the south west of the proposed site had extended northwards into the area currently occupied by the Pfizer plant and Field 3. The pottery site to the north of the site was still in use at this time and a brick works was established immediately south of it on the former lands of Belville House located approximately 400m northwest of the proposed development site.

14.4.5 Townland Names Townland names are an invaluable source of information, not only on the topography, land ownership, and land use within the landscape, but also on its history, archaeological monuments and folklore. Where a monument has been forgotten, or destroyed, a placename may still refer to it, and may indicate the possibility that the remains of certain sites may survive below ground surface. Townland names were written down by the Ordnance Survey surveyors in the 1830s and 184Os, when the entire country was mapped for the first time. The mapmakers, soldiers and antiquarians, who collected the placenames and local history, varied in their interests and abilities. While most placenames were anglicised or translated relatively accurately, some were corrupted virtually beyond recognition. Nonetheless, a variety of place names, whether of Irish, Viking, Anglo-Norman, English or, in vary rare cases, Anglo-Saxon origin, appear throughout Ireland, and the appearance of the different languages is often a good indicator of For inspection purposes only. the cultural heritage and,Consent therefore, of copyright ownerof the required archaeological for any other use. record of the area.

The townlands in this area range from anglicised forms of Irish names, to what appear to be introduced, English-language forms. Kill of the Grange combines both English and Irish words. The word ciZZmakes reference to a church, while ‘grange’ is an English word borrowed by Irish as grainseach,and is a very typical medieval placename usually attached to ecclesiastical land where there may have been some sort of administrative farm. Similarly, Deans Grange refers to the ecclesiastical legacy of the area, with dean being a chief church administrator. Woodpark is anglicised from&Ye na coille, a placename that appears on the 1936-37 revision of the Ordnance Survey six-inch map series at the location of a house known as Woodpark.

14.4.6 Field Inspection The proposed site is located on the southwest facing slope of a valley which offers panoramic views across to Carin Hill and the Dublin/WicMow Mountains. The valley itself has gradually sloping slightly convex sides, which descend into a deep and rounded base. A small stream that springs from Toberbawn, the holy well runs southwards along the valley floor. The opposing sides of the valley seem to converge in the region of Deansgrange and Kill of the Grange to the northwest, while the valley widens in the region of the proposed development. The field inspection of the proposed development area was undertaken in two phases; initially Fields 1 and 2 were inspected by two archaeologists, with Field 3 visited on the 1 gth February

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2004. On both instances conditions were relatively good, and access was possible throughout. Three fields (Field 1, Field 2 and Field 3) located between Pottery Road and Rochestown Avenue occupy the proposed development area (Figure 14.1). Fields 1 and 2 straddle the townland boundary between Woodpark and Kill of the Grange townlands, while Field 3 is located on the Kill of the Grange side. Field 1 is a large open field of short grass situated immediately off the northeast side of Pottery Road (Plate 1, Figure 14.8). A few variations in vegetation cover, discernible as dark patches of grass, are located in the northern area. The field slopes slightly downwards from the northeast corner. Six engineering test pits have recently been dug and refilled within the field and are dotted throughout. A number of borehole core samples have also been recently taken. A large scrub and thicket boundary runs along the east side of the field dividing it from Field 2 (Plate 2, Figure 14.8). This boundary, which represents the townland boundary between Woodpark and Kill of the Grange townlands, demarcates a natural break in the slope of the ground between both fields. It is also characterised by series of breaks along its length that have been utilised for access. The southern boundary of Field 1 forms the boundary with the existing Pfizer complex and is composed of a concrete wall with a metal railing on top. The roadside boundary along the west consists of a metal fence. Field 2 is a slightly undulating field of short grass that slopes slightly from the east (Plate 3, Figure 14.9). A number of refilled test pits are also visible on the ground surface (Plate 4). A ridge is discernible adjacent to a well-trodden path, which runs roughly from east to west through the field. There are excellent unrestricted views from both fields to the west towards the Dublin Mountains and Sugar Loaf Mountain. Field 3 is currently within the Pfizer complex. It is located on the highest point of the site (Plate 5, Figure 14.9). The eastern limits of which are marked by a metal fence behind which is the townland boundary, at this point it is slightly more denuded then in Fields 1 and 2. The field seems to have been quite disturbed with the south portion being dug into with the construction of the present buildings. A car park and large fuel tanks have also been constructed in the centre of the field. Between the car park and the eastern fence a large

amount of rubble has accumulated For inspection possibly purposes only.related to the construction of the car park. Except for a series of sub-rectangularConsent of copyrightdepressions owner required no forfeatures any other wereuse. found in this area.

14.5 Potential Impacts of the Proposed Development While the proposed site did form part of a broader prehistoric landscape, an Early Christian foundation and a later manorial centre, there are no recorded archaeological sites in the area proposed for development, and a recent field inspection revealed nothing of an archaeological nature. No RMP sites or monuments will be impacted by the development. The nearest sites include a holy well (DU023:027/01-02), an ecclesiastical complex @U023:015/01-11) and a cist (DU023:042) positioned approximately 160m, 950m and 600m respectively from the site. Stray finds from the area consisted of two flint scatters in Pairc na Coille approximately 160m northeast of the site. The north eastern section of the study area appears from cartographic evidence to have remained undeveloped from at least 1760 through to the present - it is indicated on Rocque’s 1760 map of the environs of Dublin, and on subsequent historic maps as agricultural land. No structures are depicted on any of these maps. From at least the early-nineteenth century the site formed part of the former grounds of Woodpark House but no structures associated with the house were built within the study area. Any formal landscaping associated with the property is no longer evident. No feature of architectural merit have been recorded within the limits of the proposed site by Dlin Laoghaire-Rathdown Draft Development Plan 2003 (cur-vent record ofpvotected

I C-I2OO~Cl2i~(2)DOCUMENTS~IO~REPORTS~EISUSSUE I~EEISREPORT~ISSUE page 142 Arup Consulting Engineers I Cl?% IO.DOC Issue I 7 May 2004 EPA Export 25-07-2013:17:52:59 For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

EPA Export 25-07-2013:17:52:59 For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

EPA Export 25-07-2013:17:52:59 Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals, Dim Laoghaire, Co. Dublin Aseptic Production Expansion EIS

structures) and as there were no visible trace found in the course of fieldwork, the proposed development will not impact on anything of this nature. Gravel pits (as shown on the 19 12 OS) are located in Field 3, however there is no evidence of this activity on the surface of this field today with the bulk of the pits being occupied by the current Pfizer plant. The presence of such activity in the past points to the high level of disturbance in the area. The study area incorporates part of the townland boundary between Woodpark and Kill of the Grange that separates Field 1 and 3 from Field 2. The boundary has been disturbed to provide access between both fields. The excellent views afforded from the site looking west towards the Dublin Mountains and the location of a stream to the west of the proposed site provide an ideal landscape setting for settlement. Although no RMP has been recorded at the location of the proposed development, the proximity of the flint scatters found at Pairc na Coille (approximately 160m distance) and the nearby burial at Deans Grange (approximately 600m distance) suggest potential prehistoric activity in the area, The continued usages of the surrounding environs in the proceeding medieval period all point to the latent archaeological potential of the Pottery Road/Kill of the Grange landscape.

14.6 Mitigation Measures Archaeological monitoring by a suitable qualified archaeologist is recommended during the site preparation or topsoil-stripping phase of development. Monitoring will ensure that any features of an archaeological or historical nature that may be revealed during the course of development are identified, recorded and fully resolved. Archaeological investigation and recording during the course of monitoring is recommended to ascertain the nature of the remnants of the townland boundary between Kill of the Grange and Woodpark. The developer’s attention is drawn to the relevant sections of national monuments legislation (1930-l 994; Appendix 14.2), which state that in the event of the discovery of archaeological finds or remains, The National Monuments Section, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government and the NM1 should be notified immediately. The developer should

make provision to allow for, Forand inspection fund, purposeswhatever only. archaeological work may be needed on the site prior to, and duringConsent the ofsite’s copyright development. owner required for any other use.

The suggested recommendations in this report are subject to discussion with, and approval from, The National Monuments Section, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government and the planning authority.

14.7 Residual Impacts Although residual impacts are unlikely to arise in respect to the proposed development, potential residual impacts may arise in relation to the possible preservation in situ of any archaeological deposits encountered during pre-construction test-excavation and monitoring.

14.8 References Ball F E (1902, reprinted 1995) A Historv of the County of Dublin, Volume 1 The HPS Library, Dublin Bennett D (199 1) Encvclouaedia of Dublin Gill and Macmillan, Dublin Conway M (1999) ‘Director’s First Findings from Excavations in Cabinteely,’ in Transactions. Volume 1 Margaret Gowen & Co. Ltd

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Conway M (2000) ‘Mount Offaly, Cabinteely’ in Bennett I (ed.) Excavations 1998: Summary l Accounts of Archaeological Excavations in Ireland Wordwell Ltd, Bray Department of Economic Development and Planning, Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council (1998) County Development Plan 1998 Department of Economic Development and Planning, Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council (1998) County Development Plan 2004 - 20 10 Gwynn A and Hadcock R N (1988) Medieval Religious Houses Ireland Irish Academic Press, Dublin Harbison P (1992 edition) Guide to the National and Historic Monuments of Ireland Gill and Macmillan, Dublin National Museum of Ireland Topographical Files Pearson P (1999) Between the Mountains and the Sea: Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County O’Brien Press, Dublin Record of Monuments and Places maps, manual and files a Simms A and Fagan P (1992) ‘Villages in County Dublin: Their Origins and Inheritance’ in F - H A Aalen and K Whelan (eds.) Dublin City and County: from Prehistorv to Present Geography Publications, Dublin Somerville-Large P (1979) Dublin Hamish Hamilton Ltd., London Stout G and Stout M (1992) ‘Patterns in the past: county Dublin 5000BC-1000AD’ in F H A Aalen and K Whelan (eds.) Dublin Citv and Countv: from Prehistorv to Present Geography Publications, Dublin

For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

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