Käytettävyyden Merkitys Ohjelmiston Valinnassa

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Käytettävyyden Merkitys Ohjelmiston Valinnassa Liisa Kuparinen KÄYTETTÄVYYDEN MERKITYS OHJELMISTON VALINNASSA Tietojärjestelmätieteen pro gradu –tutkielma 5.5.2008 Jyväskylän yliopisto Tietojenkäsittelytieteiden laitos Jyväskylä TIIVISTELMÄ Kuparinen, Liisa Viivi Marjukka Käytettävyyden merkitys ohjelmiston valinnassa / Liisa Kuparinen Jyväskylä: Jyväskylän yliopisto, 2008. 143 s. Tietojärjestelmätieteen pro gradu –tutkielma Tutkielmassa käsitellään käytettävyyden merkitystä ohjelmiston valintatilan- teessa. Aihetta lähestytään kyselytutkimuksen keinoin sukututkimusohjelmien kautta, koska niiden kohdalla ohjelmien koekäyttö ennen varsinaista käyttöön- ottoa on tavallista. Tällöin voidaan käytettävyydestä saada todenmukainen kä- sitys jo valintatilanteessa, toisin kuin useimpien muiden tuotteiden kohdalla, jolloin koekäyttömahdollisuudet ovat parhaimmillaankin rajoitetut. Se, että aiheen käsittely keskittyy tilanteeseen sukututkimusohjelmien kohdalla, rajoittaa tulosten yleistettävyyttä muihin ohjelmiin etenkin silloin, kun niihin ei liity koekäyttöä. Tutkielman pohjalta voidaan todeta käytettävyydellä olevan merkitystä suku- tutkimusohjelmien, sekä todennäköisesti myös muiden, etenkin tyypillisesti koekäytettävien ohjelmien valintaan. Koekäyttötilanteissa koettu ohjelmien hy- vä käytettävyys korreloi vahvasti myönteisen käyttöönottopäätöksen kanssa. Koekäyttötilanteessa koettu käytettävyys myös säilyi ohjelmien varsinaiseen käyttötilanteeseen. Edelleen voidaan todeta helppokäyttöisyydellä olevan suu- rempi merkitys sukututkimusohjelmien valinnassa kuin muun tekniikan koh- dalla. Käytettävyydeltään hyväksi arvioidun ohjelman kohdalla saatetaan tehdä kielteinen käyttöönottopäätös kuitenkin silloin, jos jokin muu käytön kannalta kriittinen tekijä, kuten hinta tai tekninen käyttöympäristö, ei miellytä käyttäjää. AVAINSANAT: ohjelmiston valinta, tuotteen valinta, ostopäätös, käytettävyy- den merkitys, käytettävyys, sukututkimus, sukututkimusohjelma ESIPUHE Valitsin pro gradu – työni aiheen muun muassa yrittäjätaustani ja toisaalta mui- den IT-yritysten kanssa käymieni keskustelujen innoittamana. Omassa yrityk- sessäni en ole aktiivisesti käytettävyysosaamista pyrkinyt myymään, mutta nä- en siinä mahdollisuuksia, tai ainakin perusteita mahdollisuuksille tulevaisuu- dessa. Edelleen markkinoilla on liian paljon ohjelmia, joiden heikosta käytettä- vyydestä aiheutuu käytössä mittavia ongelmia ja siksi käytettävyyteen olisi syytä kiinnittää huomiota jo ohjelmistojen valintatilanteissa. Tutkielmani lähtö- kohta ei siis ollut aivan neutraali, vaan toivoin saavuttavani tuloksen, että käy- tettävyydellä on merkitystä jo valintatilanteessa. Jos tällainen tutkimustulos oli- si saatettavissa myös ohjelmistovalmistajien tietoon, voitaisiin odottaa ohjelmi- en käytettävyyteen panostettavan suunnitteluvaiheessa nykyistä enemmän ja käytönaikaisten käytettävyysongelmien vähenevän. Jos taas tutkielman tulok- sena olisikin tieto siitä, ettei käytettävyyttä oteta valintatilanteessa huomioon, se kertoisi tosiksi ja perustelisi ne itse käytettävyysalan töitä hakiessani yrityk- siltä kuulemani surulliset seuraukset käsittävät vastaukset, joiden mukaan ”käytettävyys on kyllä tärkeä juttu, mutta eivät asiakkaat halua siitä maksaa, joten ei siihen tarvita osaajiakaan”. Se, että tutkielmani lähestyy aihetta sukututkimusohjelmien valinnasta käsin – vaikka en itse alan harrastaja olekaan – johtuu siitä, että avattuani ensimmäistä kertaa sukututkimusohjelman tuntui käyttöliittymä varsin hankalakäyttöiseltä ja normeista poikkeavalta. Aiheeseen vastaamisen kannalta sukututkimusoh- jelmat taas tarjosivat sen useista muista tuotteista ja ohjelmista poikkeavan edun, että niissä ohjelmien koekäyttö ennen varsinaista käyttöönottopäätöstä tai ostoa on hyvin tavallista. Tällöin käytettävyydestä on saatavissa kokemus- peräistä, todellista tietoa valinnan tueksi – toisin kuin silloin, kun valinta joudu- taan tekemään ilman käyttökokemuksia ja käytettävyyden arvioitavuus on ky- seenalainen. Myös niissä tilanteissa on kuitenkin asiallista pohtia käytettävyy- den merkitystä valinnassa. SISÄLLYSLUETTELO TIIVISTELMÄ........................................................................................................................ 2 ESIPUHE................................................................................................................................. 3 SISÄLLYSLUETTELO .......................................................................................................... 4 1 JOHDANTO ................................................................................................................. 8 2 KÄYTETTÄVYYS ...................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Käytettävyyden määritelmiä............................................................................. 14 2.2 Käytettävyys subjektiivisena ilmiönä.............................................................. 15 2.3 Käytettävyyden osa-alueita............................................................................... 16 2.4 Esteettömyys ....................................................................................................... 29 2.5 Käytettävyyden merkitys .................................................................................. 30 2.5.1 Tehokkuus.................................................................................................. 30 2.5.2 Virhetilanteet ja niiden seuraukset......................................................... 31 2.5.3 Kustannukset ............................................................................................. 32 2.5.4 Käyttäjän minäpystyvyys ........................................................................ 33 2.5.5 Frustraatiot, stressi ja uupumus.............................................................. 33 2.6 Käytettävyyden arviointi................................................................................... 34 2.7 Miksi käytettävyys jätetään huomiotta? ......................................................... 36 3 SUKUTUTKIMUS JA SUKUTUTKIJAT................................................................. 40 3.1 Sukututkimus...................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Sukututkimuksen lähteet................................................................................... 41 3.3 Sukututkijat ......................................................................................................... 42 3.4 Ikääntyneiden kokemat ongelmat tekniikan käytössä.................................. 43 3.4.1 Palveluiden saavutettavuus..................................................................... 43 3.4.2 Tottumattomuus uusien teknologioiden käyttöön .............................. 44 3.4.3 Fysiologiset ongelmat............................................................................... 46 3.4.4 Teknofobia.................................................................................................. 48 3.5 Muutosvastarinta ja Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) ....................... 50 4 SUKUTUTKIMUSOHJELMAT................................................................................ 52 4.1 Sukututkimusohjelmien toiminnot .................................................................. 52 4.2 Markkinoilla olevat sukututkimusohjelmat ................................................... 52 4.3 Sukututkimusohjelmien tekniikasta ................................................................ 55 4.4 Sukututkimusohjelmien käyttöliittymistä ...................................................... 55 5 SUKUTUTKIJOIDEN KESKUUDESSA TOTEUTETTU KYSELY...................... 57 5.1 Metodin valinta................................................................................................... 57 5.2 Kyselytutkimuksen vahvuuksia ja heikkouksia ............................................ 59 5.3 Kyselyn toteutus ................................................................................................. 62 5.4 Kyselyn sisältö..................................................................................................... 64 5.5 Aineiston käsittely.............................................................................................. 66 5.6 Taustatietoja vastaajista ..................................................................................... 68 5.6.1 Sukututkimuksen harrastaminen ........................................................... 68 5.6.2 Demografiset tekijät.................................................................................. 69 5.6.3 Tietokoneen käyttötaidot ja -määrä........................................................ 70 6 KÄYTTÄJÄKOKEMUKSET SUKUTUTKIMUSOHJELMISTA.......................... 73 6.1 Käytetyt sukututkimusohjelmat....................................................................... 73 6.2 Tyytyväisyys sukututkimusohjelmiin............................................................. 76 6.3 Sukututkimusohjelmien käytettävyysongelmia ............................................ 78 6.3.1 Raporttien tulostaminen, tallennus ja varmuuskopiointi ................... 80 6.3.2 Ohjelman virheet ja oudot virheilmoitukset ......................................... 81 6.3.3 Tietojen siirtäminen ohjelmien välillä.................................................... 82 6.3.4 Käyttöliittymän sekavuus, vieras kieli ja terminologia ....................... 83 6.3.5 Käyttötuki ja -opasteet.............................................................................. 84 6.3.6 Syy käyttäjässä
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