E A IMA WE A E I S I U E QUA E Y
.O. x 6 0 W h n t n, .C. 2000 W nt r 82 l. 0, . 4 W t pr t t th M n tr l — th v rd t lt nd n r d A t On November 23rd, Judge Stanley Klavan found Dr Edward Taub, Director of h End n r d Sp A t p f r r n l th the Institute for Behavioral Research (IBR), r. h tr l t t tr n nd pr p rl f nd d b ll guilty on six counts of cruelty to animals. thr h b th f C n r nd n t th pr d n The six counts corresponded with six t l d f r n t r b f r O t b r l l t b monkeys denied veterinary care despite their extreme need for treatment. h rd. h r r th v n th n th n p Montgomery County Prosecutor, Roger p dl n th b n f rd n r ldl f h r t Galvin, documented in detail the condition h r n t l t th A t. of each animal with photographs and x-rays. He pointed out that all the experts The required bill will be drafted by the testified that the missing digits and purulent Senate Environmental Pollution Sub- wounds were portals for the introduction of committee. It has already signalled its infection and that such infection was not unequivocal commitment to the protec- confined to the limbs which had been sub- tion of endangered species. At the ject to surgical deafferentation. Dr Taub's preliminary hearings in December to research involved the study of monkeys take expert opinion before drafting after they had been deprived of sensory begins, the chairman, Senator Chafee nerve conduction in one or two limbs. Constant self-mutilation of these limbs was (R, RI) said: "The concern of this com- a most serious problem (see photographs mittee goes far beyond spectacular in the Winter 1981 AWI Quarterly). Unl th r n f n t r On the final day of the trial, the judge raised the question of lack of sensation in h lt d, h f h t the deafferented limb, and the prosecutor n n n n ll d pp r pointed out that in some of the monkeys b f r t n n. there were missing digits on the "normal" h E n r, r f r limbs also. Mr Galvin described in his sum- f l , C rn ll mation the condition of all the monkeys. Those named by the judge as individual mammals—right down the chain of life counts of cruelty were: Nero, Big Boy, and the whole ecosystem." Paul, Domitian, Titus and Billy. First to testify at the hearings were Nero suffered from osteomyelitis, with a draining lesion on the palm of his hand. representatives of the National Oceanic Paul showed massive scar tissue, with his and Atmospheric Administration, Fish left wrist twice the normal size and the and Wildlife Service and Department of fingers of his left hand reduced to stubs. Justice. They made no immediate The x-rays showed the loss of architecture recommendations but said, rather of the bones—an absence of wrist bones. ominously, that they would be propos- Billy, both of whose arms had been deaf- ing substantial changes later. ferented, showed bandage trauma with A primary question was: Does the Act foul digits dissolving from infection and a as it now stands work? In one important fracture which had not been reduced. The National Institutes of Health, which is respect it seems it does. The environ- A n b b t t t r d holding the monkeys pending a decision mental Defense Fund (EDF) testified on their final disposition, was compelled to that in the eight years of the Act's life, led to a requirement that industry modi- amputate Paul's arm in order to save his well under 2% of "consultations" be- fy its development plans. And most life. tween industry and the guardians of the modifications have been neither time- The NIH report which found the housing Act, the Fish and Wildlife Service, have nt n d n p 2 nt n d n p 8 End n r d A t — nt n d the landmark S b l , pleaded for from the seeds of these wildflowers may a deeper conservation ethic: "A species prove to play an essential role in helping consuming nor expensive. "Not a single is like a magic well; the more you draw us to avoid coronary heart disease and project has been permanently halted" from it, the more there is to to cure such complaints as eczema and said Michael Bean of the EDF. The fur- arthritis that afflict millions of people in h xt r n t n f l ther point was made that such few de- the US." l n r r pl nt n th lays as have occurred have seldom if Now comes the cautionary part. A ever been the sole "fault" of the Endan- n f d d ld listed plant in California is the chemically gered Species Act. Other factors were l f r v r th d n unknown Antioch Dunes evening prim- also involved. nd f d r n d t In p h n th r p t However in the important area of r th d nd h n r listing species recently found to be en- th t pl n nd. xt n t n, h n t b l dangered, the Act's administration has t r v n, r t r n ff th l b n h h M r t n l G rd n t p r h d. ll 40% f ll pr r pt n l Ehrl h, r f r f r tt n n th Un t d St t draw . . . possessing its own biology, p l t n St d , St nf rd nt n th r h f n r mysteries and still untested uses for mankind. Only a tiny fraction of the d nt p nd d r v d rose. But, says Raven, its listing was millions of species, less than 0.01%, fr pl nt . "primarily because it happened to occur have been studied in any detail; most h E n r, r f r in a locality where there were two have not even been given a scientific f l , C rn ll species of endangered butterflies." So name . . ..The loss of genetic and thanks to these two species of butterflies species diversity by the destruction of slowed to a snail's pace. Senator Mitch- a natural drug store of quite unexpected natural habitats is the folly our descen- ell (D, ME), a member of the Subcom- potential richness survives to be ex- dants are least likely to forgive." mittee, commenting on this dismal plored. But how easily it could have record said: "Priorities for listing are The potential value of these been otherwise! academic if there is no listing." unstudied and untapped resources was Protecting endangered species means Another bone of contention is fund- protecting their habitats. Industry and Wh n p t th p t n ing. As part of the overall cutback the the federal agencies are calling for a t l n p rt n f Administration would like to axe the co i ue o age 4 Fish and Wildlife Service's Endangered th ll n f p f Species Program budget—from the $24 pl nt nd n l th t x million requested by the Service down t th n , nd h to $14 million. Congress has proposed n h t d r th t mi io C i ese funding at last year's level of around $20 n f th h ld b n wi a ees million. Senator Chafee, with studied n d t xt n t n? understatement, pointed out that in a Worried by widespread deforestation t r v n, r t r China has launched a nationwide cam- M r t n l G rd n W r t ll t n r nt f paign to reverse the trend. All citizens over lt t n n t the age of 11 are being urged to plant from highlighted by Thomas Eisner, Division three to five trees a year. At present 12.7% nd r t nd n f ll th r nt of Biological Sciences, Cornell: "In our of the country is wooded. The goal is 20%. n d t pr t t v n th own laboratory in the last few years, A former Minister of Forestry, Mr. Luo, t n n p f r f working as a relatively modest group of now an adviser to the government, has l f th t d n t d n 5 to 7 researchers, we have isolated (1) said: "About 600 million C i ese wi e potential heart drugs from fireflies, (2) a able to join the tree-planting drive. This h th r h v r t f b l should mean two to three billion trees l r r th t nt n cockroach repellent from a millipede, (3) a nerve drug from another millipede and added each year." t x t. The newspaper, pl l , asserts (4) shark repellents from a marine l , Und r that although some 250 million acres have mollusk." S r t r f St t f r S r t in theory been reforested in the last 30 Peter Raven, Director of the Missouri A t n , S n nd years, nearly three-quarters of this acreage Botanical Garden, supplemented this hn l . have no new trees. Inferior seedlings and testimony with a cautionary tale from poor management are blamed. total federal budget of $700 billion, the the world of plants. The humble evening During the Cultural Revolution trees money being requested for protecting primrose has suddenly been taken up in wiere felled with no thought of replanting, a big way by giant chemical concerns. It in order to exceed work quotas. And with tomorrow's inheritance and options is peasants still tearing off bark and branches "very modest." has been found to contain gamma- linolenic acid (the only other known for firewood, the land around Peking has bthcome a desert. Dust storms plague the S nt t ntr b t n natural source is human milk), the most city. A most notable contribution to the active of all essential fatty acids in Floods too have been a problem. In hearings was the testimony of certain correcting deficiencies which seem to 1981 they did great damage in Sichuan well-known scientists. Professor E.O. lead to many hard-to-cure diseases. "In and Shaanxi provinces. The cause? Wilson of Harvard University, author of other words," said Raven, "oil derived Careless tree-felling.
2 Sp n t nd h l n p n, USS , I l nd, The Spanish government has decided to IWC as well as the above-mentioned r " bj t" support the moratorium on commercial moratorium vote and the ending of t IWC d n whaling at the next meeting of the Interna- Spanish whaling. The vote on the motion, tional Whaling Commission and to end first taken November 5th, was a tie. On 16 An nd t p r h l n nd Spanish whaling. A news report in El December the motion was approved by 16 b n n th f th ld 18 December 1981 states in part: The votes to 10. At the time of the debate, the (n n xpl v h rp n r Commission of Agriculture of the National Minister for Agriculture was Lamo de th t h f n t l t Assembly approved yesterday, with the Spinosa who is now Spokesman for the r t n f th Int rn sole opposition of the Union of Central Parliamentary Group of the Union of Cen- t n l Wh l n C n n Democrats, a motion that the delegation of tral Democrats. This democratic decision to r ht n, En l nd. b th the Spanish administration before the IWC protect whales represents the greatest vic- th d n —th n r will vote in favour of the moratorium on tory since Australia went out of whaling in r v d t b n v r h l n the fishing of whales. With this resolution, 1978. Spain incorporates herself with the conser- It is interesting to note that the Spanish j r t (2 , th th r b n vationist block at the IWC, and abandons Parliamentary motion on whale protection n — r b n h ll n d. the sector headed by Japan and the USSR states that Japan is Spain's exclusive buyer Japan has filed an objection to the which until now has impeded, with only a of whale products and that Spain joined new embargo on sperm whaling in the third of their votes, an end to the commer- the IWC after Japan passed a law prohibit- western North Pacific (elsewhere cial capture of the whales." ing importation of whale products from sperm whales were already protected) The decision was a result of a motion countries that were not members of the even before a further meeting of the formalized by the Spanish Parliament on IWC. Japan was compelled to pass this law IWC on this issue in March. Japan has 21 July 1981 consisting of five points because of the international outcry against also objected, along with the Soviet including the absorption of whaling pirate whalers. Union, Norway and Iceland, to the cold industry workers into fishing activities, Thus, the pirate whaler "Sierra," whose harpoon ban on the grounds that a refusal of the government to permit an in- misdeeds brought about IWC action crease in the whaling fleet, and inclusion of against commerce by IWC members with humane alternative may not have been assistance from associations for the defense nonmember countries, led to this major developed in time for the 1982/83 of nature in the Spanish Delegation to the reversal of policy. season. And if not, so these nations are saying, the small minke whale must con- tinue to die a slow, agonizing death. Japan is potentially vulnerable to the Pelly Amendment and to the Packwood-Magnuson Amendment. Taken together, these Acts of Con- gress declare that any nation contra- vening the regulations of the IWC may be forbidden the U.S. market for its fish products and shall have its fishing allocation within the U.S. 200-mile zone cut by at least 50% and perhaps 100%. Five Congressmen have already taken up this point with Secretary of State, Alexander Haig. In a letter dated 3 December they say: "We urge you to advise Japan of the preponderant concern with which Congress views their actions and to make it clear that these objections (to IWC decisions) will have a bearing on King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofia accept John Perry's sculptured fisheries allocations as is clearly per- fin whale from A WI president. mitted by the so-called 'basket clause' of Section 201(e) of the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Manage- W ldl f tr d Env r n nt l h rt ment Act." Included in the latest IUCN r ff Short of shirts? Well, no matter even if your ll t n is a very thorough 13-page report wardrobe is stuffed with them, there's by Tim Inskipp on the Indian Trade in Rep- always room for another one. Especially in S v th Wh l S t h rt tile Skins. Other subjects covered are the a good cause. Environmental shirts, to Keep warm this winter in AWI Save the Japanese Trade in Himalayan Musk and your own design or from present stock, Whales hooded sweatshirts. Available in the Coral Trade in the Philippines. Write come pretty and pretty inexpensive from: three sizes: medium, large and extra large to: Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219c Share the Earth, Jim Morris, P.O. Box and three colors: navy blue, gunmetal grey Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, England. 2308, Boulder, Colorado 80306. and red; $15 each.
3 513 End n r d A t— nt n d b t xp rt Lacey Act given
" a a ce a oac " i esig a i g f rb dd n more bite ese a i a s is may sou e ec y e Ame ica o ca as wo oug ou wo co g essio a sessio s se si e u i us y a age cies a e a o e ou i i s ig o i e O co se a io is s a e a o s i e e aski g a i ou u cases e Ac 15 ecem e e U S is ic o Co- acey Ac o e o e a io s o es s ou e o e si e o e e e o e um ia cou e ie e go e me s (19 wi i e o ec io aws i a y ey Ou io ogica ig o a ce is e y g ea so mo io a u e o e ai i ium e i es a e ee ou e a f nd r f W ldl f , s a i g a e e e wi e ma y ou u cases o e e a ies s e e u go e me (U S CI ES Scie i ic e s uc u e o e Ac was c ose y "W a is e a i a o a g i y ea ?" Au o i y was i eac o CI ES • i o owe y e a e s o e 197 Co - e mi i g e e o o 9 o - A p nf l f r n l e io o I e a io a a e i E - ca e s e u i g u e e Cou a ge e S ecies o Wi au a a o a pr v d r t r pp rt n o A ea s ecisio o e e ious (CI ES e acey Ac makes i i ega o t f r nt f dv n u y a s o i i e s a e o o eig comme ce th n th nt r rf f o ca s a e ow o A e i II o a y wi i e a is ake ossesse p t r. CI ES is mea s a e o s a e oug o so i io a io o e aws o e mi e o y w e e e cou y o Ed rd O. W l n, r f r e s a es o o o e cou ies o igi e e mi es om scie i ic a a U e e ew ame me s sig e i o f S n , rv rd a a e "wi o e e ime a o aw as o em e o e e s ace ossi e e su i a o e s ecies " e o y c a ges wi ma imum i es o aske Se a o C a ee e o ica y "We e Cou o A ea s a u e $ a ai se e ces o u o i e a e ea om e e s w o a e s i a a a i o- e ime i i g e- yea s Co ic io o mis emea o a o 1 a 1 a 1 o is y e o qui es "(1 a e ia e es ima e o e c a ges ca ow mea a $1 i e a ques io " um e o o ca s a ( i o ma- o e yea i ai e ew egis a io com- io co ce i g e um e o a ima s i es a simi a measu e o ec i g is e b t thr t o e ki e i e a icu a seaso " ack ass Ac o 19 a e e s i s Seco o y o e co o e sy a ou A ese a a we e ess a a e- co e age o e i s ime o co a a o c i ica a i a is a e a i g o a si g e qua e ce ai a s s ecies— e o ca Wi mos s o e U e e e e Int rn t n l ca s o A e i I o CI ES a so A t n f h nd W ldl f A n o o ge a ea e a wi e age a e u C n rv t n In t t t o s o e ca s co i ui g u a a e f A r e eques e e A t ll tr n Su eme Cou o e iew e eci- e U i e S a es ow o ca ow i - sio e eques was e ie ow a i s a ig y i e ski e c i g as p n e go e me s eques o e Co se a io is s a e come o ega is ic Cou o a e e a o o - e 197 Ma i e Mamma o ec io Ac h Un t d St t h ld ca e o s i e as a so ee u e as o e o e s o ges wea o s i ei pr v d rld l d r h p n ow pr t n r nd r n a mo y a i as eme ge om e eau o i a io ocess wi ou ma o n rv t n th r fl t d weake i g a i some ways s e g e e n th pr t t n f ll f t e ia e o u a io es ima es o o ca s is e e o e goo ews— ou y we come nd n r d p . i e i e e s a es " a a ime w e goo ews is a o come Ed rd O. W l n, r f r I e a ack succee s o o y wi y f S n , rv rd e o ca su e (a ea y i is e i c i A i sig e i o aw y esi e O io I ia a a Iowa u e i e a- eaga i Oc o e e ews e Ac o a muc as $ 5 e s ecies is o A - io a co seque ces cou e g a e u e ee yea s a co ai s ee mai ame me s e i II o CI ES a so may e o a a e i g e e ma y cou ies —I equi s e go e me wi owe s a e a a e e w ic oes o im e i ook o e U S as ei mo e o co - o egu a e e i ci e a ake o is u - su i a se a io ma e s A e ee e Ac a ce o ma i e mamma s u i g o -s o e is e e oug ca o y e e e - wou us weake e a o ose ac i i ies (e g e e gy e e o me mi e y e ia e io ogica a a A seeki g oug e o ec io o e - —I c a i ies e equi eme a e o e o ca ese a a a e o com- a ge e s ecies i o e a s— a - u a i us y use e es ec iques a e e (see o icu a y i i wo cou ies w e e equi me o sa e e i es o o i s Ye as C is i e S e e s oi e ou mos e a ge e s ecies i e —I emo es e e em io g a e o i e es imo y "S a e is a game a es o e i c io wo wi e a e ac- A aska Eskimos om aws go e i g e age cies egge o y a e s a u ce e a i g—as a i a s s i k e o e e }u i g o ma i e mamma s—a i so esc i es ega oce u es o e e o e s a e yi g o i es o e su ge o uma um e s a e ai - oi g a s e o ma i e mamma ma ageme E a ge e S ecies Ac a CI ES o o es s um e e e as e We - om e e e a go e me o e s a e ei igo si g i g ou o s ecia a ack g ou e e ic io s s a e a e wee A e same ime i e wo s o e equi eme o a e e a u ge o ow a e yea e wo may Se a o ackwoo o g- ime ie o ose a mi io s ecies—o o i s ma i e mamma s a s o g su o e o ese s ock W a we o wi i ou e ew measu es " e i ea es i ac • Convention on International Trade in Endangered ow o e s ca e o s em is a - e asic o ec i e i oso y u o w ic Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. a i g i e o es uc io e Ac was ou e "
(5 Miami wildlife dealer. Last winter she was Monitor awards: unsung heroes and heroines also one of a team sent to Alaska to exe- The second annual "Monitor Awards major role in shaping the Service's law en- cute search warrants culminating in many for Outstanding Achievement in forcement division to deal with the growing arrests and the seizure of huge quantities of Wildlife Conservation" were presented sophistication of wildlife crime. One of his walrus ivory. at a reception December 12, in major triumphs in the field was the busting hn Sh rl , Special Agent, U.S. Washington, D.C., to ten dedicated of an international fur-smuggling ring—the Department of Agriculture. He was recently Vesely-Forte case involving over 30 furriers government employees by the heads involved in an 18-month investigation into and nations worldwide. the importation of diseased birds which led of their respective agencies: v d ll, Special Agent, U.S. Fish to the successful prosecution of a major Clark Bavin, Chief, Division of Law Miami wildlife dealer. Enforcement, Department of Interior; and Wildlife Service. A long-term advocate tr tt nn, U.S. Department of Martin White, Director, Office of In- of undercover methods, he has master- minded several operations which have led Agriculture. She was successful in getting a vestigations, U.S. Customs Service; to successful prosecutions, including that of conviction of an unlicensed Pennsylvania and John Ford, Deputy Assistant the major conspirators trading in alligator dog dealer who had been selling to Secretary, Marketing and Transporta- hides, walrus ivory and marine mammal laboratory animal dealers for 10 years. The tion Services, Department of products. sentence included a $500 fine and a cease Agriculture. Sculptor John Perry and desist order until operating conditions Special Agent, U.S. W lt r S r , are improved. donated the handsomely mounted Fish and Wildlife Service. Transferred to sperm whale figures to Monitor, USA, Alaska in June 1980, he posed for many M h l O rd n, Special Agent, the conservation, environmental and months as a buyer of walrus ivory, so infil- U.S. Customs Service. An undercover animal welfare consortium. The trating and finally exposing an entire net- operator, his investigations led in 1980 to honorees and the successful programs work of dealers in marine mammal prod- the seizure of 55 illegally imported for which they were singled out are ucts. They are currently on trial. co i ue o age 11 listed below. M r n M th , Special Agent, ph p n , Deputy Chief of Law U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. She was Enforcement, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- part of an inter-agency team that stopped ice. An agent for 27 years, he has played a the importation of diseased birds to a major Maltreated U.S. Horses Feed Canada's Slaughterhouses The horses all came from Plains, Wisconsin. The report states that for reasons of previous neglect or injury no fewer than 95 of them were unfit to travel and "if detected in the possession of Cana- dians would have been seized or destroyed with a high possibility of prosecution." You can really feel for the tethered hogs Some had grossly overgrown hooves or in close confinement when you read about severely infected legs. And "several were the gay abandon and madcap enthusiasm shipped with their mouths tied shut with of the pigs who love to race at the Farm wire or binder twine." The Canadian Progress Show in Brimfield, Illinois. Thin and weary with grossly over- horses arriving at Barton Feeders during According to the h W ll Str t Journal, grown feet, this mare limps off truck to this period were in notably better shape. o e 2,000 devotees (and bettors) flock to slaughterhouse. Under the Ontario SPCA Act the On- "Heinfold Downs," a specially set up tent, tario Humane Society has issued an order for each of the 25 races. Since 1970 Canada has witnessed a to the importers "not to accept any animal When the gates open, five young pigs booming trade in horsemeat. Both the which has obviously suffered in transit." tear around the track so fast that the entire home market in Ontario and Quebec and The main fault, though, lies with the horse race is over in four or five seconds. It the overseas market in Belgium, France, dealers in the U.S. Horses are being doesn't give you much time to focus your Holland, Germany and Japan have greatly shipped not just to Canada but also to the binoculars. expanded. The U.S. directly feeds this many slaughterhouses in the U.S. which Last year's champion was Belly Bust trade by exporting to Canada some 30,000 have sprung up in order to cash in on the who never lost a race. Her record time of horses every year. European and Japanese craving for 75 feet in 3.51 seconds still stands. The A report from the Ontario Humane horsemeat. (The last decade has seen a winner's trophy is an oreo cookie. Once Society (acting in concert with the Humane 500% increase in the number of horses be- Belly Bust not only outpaced her porcine Society of the United States) documents ing killed every year.) ccimpetitors, but outsmarted some tricky the cruelty involved in the transporting of The condition at the slaughterhouses is "handicappers". The scoundrels dropped these animals. Between 21 May and 30 regulated by the U.S. Department of an oreo in front of her when the starting June last year 281 horses were inspected Agriculture. Not so the transportation of bell rang, hoping to put her off her stride. on arrival at the Baron Feeders plant, animals en route there. Senator Melcher Pausing only long enough to seize the Owen Sound, Ontario—one of many (D, MT) has introduced legislation that cookie in her jaws, she streaked across the slaughterhouses operated by the Univex could cure this situation. His bill, an finish line (at 12 m.p.h.) to grab the win- Company whose headquarters are in amendment of the federal Meat Inspection ner's cookie as well. Two vanilla oreos for Belgium. Act, deserves support. one super champ!
5 imaginative I can pretend to be. With hind- sight, and knowledge of the cruel confine- " US IMAGI E . . . " ment suffered by so many dogs in medical or veterinary schools, I certainly give much The following is a speech given by Dallas Pratt, M o 15 October more thought than I did as a brainwashed when accepting the 1981 Albert Schweitzer Medal from the hands of medical student to the distress of dogs sub- Senator Ma k Hatfield (R,OR), Chairman of the Senate Appropriations ject to repeated experimental or "practice" Committee, whose distinguished career makes his deep concern about surgery. I have a desire to make others animals and the way in which they are treated especially significant. The think about it too, and that's why in my first book I noted that my alma mater, Colum- medal is awarded a ua y by the AWI o a Outstanding Contribution bia, reported the use in one year (1973) of to Animal Welfare. no less than 1660 dogs in the William Autumn in the Hudson Highlands, pense of animals, and he didn't scruple to Black Research Laboratory. where I do my writing, is heralded by the inject the victims of sleeping sickness with My accepting drugs in a surgical crisis honking of geese flying south. Just the chemicals which would kill the invading without scrupling to think at the time of the other day I saw several of their great "V's" trypanosomes. In a crisis situation, a choice probable cost to experimental animals has floating overhead. The fall has also brought had to be made, and the "will-to-live" of indeed, following Dr. Ulrich's blunt warn- the red leaves, the red hunters, and into the parasites had to be sacrificed in favor of ing, made me humble, in fact "damn my house, in defiance of screens, a horde the "will-to-live" of the patient. But a very careful", in preaching animal rights, of ravenous flies. I have to swat them. So significant insight is expressed by especially to others who many have expe- the hunters, whose activities I detest, are Schweitzer when he adds that it was not rienced similar life-threatening situations. hunting deer in the woods, but I am hunt- But reflection has helped me to see that ing flies in the house. "A th n n b n f l successfully weathering such a crisis may Roger Ulrich is a research psychologist p l n t v t v r ll t tempt one, as Andrew Linzey wrote, to imagine a "continuous crisis situation in who a few years ago repudiated and ex- l v th r v r n f r l f which we have constantly to choose in pressed regret for the painful experiments th t h v t h n. x on monkeys for which he was well-known. favor of our own species." Reinforced by p r n th t th r l f h propaganda from the research establish- When I wrote to him about it, he replied: n." "Do you take or prescribe drugs? If you do, ment, the continuous crisis theory has be damn careful what you say about spawned much old-fashioned animal ex- without concern that he looked at the perimentation and retarded the develop- anyone else harming animals because the trypanosomes through the microscope and moment you engage in either of these two ment and substitution of non-sentient thought about his decision to end their technology. behaviors you become part of the problem striving for existence. of animal painful experimentation." I have Let's leave that for the moment and go Note this emphasis on th n n about back to the flies—which are still buzzing in- to admit that at about the time Dr. Ulrich what you are doing, especially when a will- was abandoning his painful experiments I to-live, even an apparently insignificant was undergoing surgery without question- W t ll h v 60 t 00 ll n one, is at stake. "Thinking" is a theme n l nd r xp r nt n ing the possible use of animals in the testing which Schweitzer emphasizes (and perhaps th Un t d St t . I th n f of drugs, surgical techniques and radiation the word "imagination" is closer to his real from which I benefited, and without which meaning) as much as he does the better th 60 ll n n l . A I might not be here today receiving the known precept of "reverence for life." He d, l t h p l f l n Schweitzer Award. deplores a tendency in his contemporaries v r . h n I th n f But ht I to be here, a beneficiary, in a to give up thinking for themselves and in- 80 ll n. I f l j t th . surgical crisis, of animal experimentation; a stead to rely on truths spoon-fed by 00 ll n. h . r t, confessed swatter of flies; a doctor who, in authority and propaganda. He calls it "a nd ll th t h n " t r pr r b declaration of spiritual bankruptcy." But n r n b r r n the man who has truly "become a thinking dr ? If d , b d n r v lv d, 20 ll n n l , being feels a compulsion to give to every r r l , b n n f l h t b t n n will-to-live the same reverence for life that l . t t d ff r nt h n th l h r n n l b he gives to his own. He experiences that n t n f n th t th nt n n other life as his own." . th r f th t b h v r The experience of identifying with the n nd v d l n l l n b p rt f th pr bl ." will-to-live of an other, and that other an th t p n n th l b r t r . animal, was expressed with great imagina- medical school, studied wound-healing in tion and charm, four centuries ago, by the side my head. I cannot exactly reverence dogs? How about "reverence for life," or French essayist Montaigne. "When I play them, but I stand in awe of their will-to-live, the "ethical man" who, according to with my cat," he wrote, "who knows much as Robert Frost did in a confrontation Schweitzer, "shatters no ice crystal that whether I do not make her more sport than with an almost microscopic insect, a mite sparkles in the sun, tears no leaf from the she makes me? We mutually divert one which crawled so purposefully to and fro tree, breaks off no flower, and is careful not another with our monkey tricks: if I have or) his manuscript that he was moved to to crush any insect as he walks"? 1 my hour to begin or to refuse, she also has address it in verse: Well, I doubt if Schweitzer the hers." 3 . This wisest Frenchman of the " . . . With inclination it could call its own philosopher expected fallible humans to be Renaissance becomes so vehement about It paused as with suspicion of my pen, quite as perfect as this quotation suggests. the moral superiority of many animals over And then came racing wildly on again . . Reverence for life is set before us as an humans that . even in our time of animal Plainly with an intelligence I dealt . . . " ideal, but as a practical man and physician rights and liberation he would rank as a This is just an excerpt, but in his octogenar- the good Doctor used drugs which he must radical. ian years I heard the poet read the whole have known had been produced at the ex- At this stage in my life I don't know how poem, titled "A Considerable Speck",5.
experiments with one or more one imagine anything lonelier than an alternative methods which spare animal abandoned in such pain? And yet, the animals by substituting although pain is an exclusively individual sophisticated technology, cell or and virtually incommunicable experience, organ culture, human material paradoxically it is the one thing which all (as from operating room or sentient animals, including the human autopsy), epidemiological animal, have in common. So the famous analysis and the like. question which Jeremy Bentham asked An important parenthesis about animals, which was not, Can they here, however, is that there reason? nor Can they talk? but Can they should be more standardization suffer? must be answered "Yes—just as we of these in vitro tests, the do." development of which has been Which leads to the second question: S n t r tf ld pr nt th S h tz r M d l very haphazard. The effect of how much should they be asked to suffer? t r. ll r tt. known cancer-causing substan- This might be answered, as it was many dardized against "reference" years ago by C.W. Hume, in this way: If with great sensitivity and humor. cell cultures, so that these and similar tests animals are to be experimented on by man, In spite of the ability of philosophers and would be reproducible anywhere. In Brit- then they should not be forced to accept poets to imagine the feelings of insects, it ain, the organization FRAME has a com- suffering greater than man himself would might be better to concentrate on animals mittee of leading toxicologists which hopes accept. with whom we can identify more easily. I to start a research program of this kind, us- A corollary follows: If some experiments freely admit that one of the take-off places ing five coordinated laboratories. Several cannot be performed at all without in my own developing concern for animals years ago Professor Nardone at Catholic unrelieved pain and distress, then the was when the circumstances of my life first humanitarian position is that these should made it possible for me to acquire a dog, a If xp r nt nn t b be abandoned. If this last suggestion were Scotty named Maud who was born in my acted on, it would eliminate a lot of scien- house in 1966 and still lives there today, p rf r d t ll th t nr tific trash—like "learned helplessness" and teaching me now about old age as she did l v d p n nd d tr , th n "pits of despair" experiments—and be a about infancy, adolescence, maternity and th h n t r n p t n challenge to human ingenuity to find the much else (including driving a car th t th h ld b b nd n d. necessary alternatives. smoothly, without abrupt stops which can h ld l n t l t f A final question. Can we ever extricate tumble a dozing Scotty onto the floor!). nt f tr h—l "l rn d ourselves from the moral dilemma of not And if, like Montaigne and his cat, I could h lpl n " nd "p t f wanting to cause distress to animals, and glimpse the world through her innocent d p r" xp r nt — nd b yet often being forced by the necessities of eyes, I imagine it would seem a lovely our lives into benefiting from their sacrifice? place filled with very kind people. h ll n t h n n n t t f nd th n r lt rn t v . I think we are powerless to reject the Another milestone in my progress knowledge which the past relentlessly through a "humane education" was in thrusts upon us, including those 1973 when a colleague and I found an University in Washington suggested a pro- discoveries which have come by a long, untended. dying little brown dog—a gram for the United States; I hope it is dark and ghastly route. But perhaps it is female—with a gaping undressed throat being or will be implemented. possible to atone, at least in part, for that wound in a laboratory at New York Univer- Unfortunately, the replacement of murky past, if with will and imagination we sity Medical Center. I have described in my animals in experimental work, including mould the future, and put to work the book how we telephoned the surgeon who the development and testing of chemical technology which can replace the myriad had operated on the dog. He said that his substances, is likely to be a slow process, in of suffering rats, mice, guinea pigs, experiment on the heart vessels had not spite of the concern of poets, philosophers, monkeys, cats—and little brown dogs. been successful, and the dog should just be lawyers and humanitarians, the declara- Just imagine .. . "allowed to die." When nobody would tions of animal rights, the legislative efforts help us at the hospital—it was Friday night, here and abroad, and the funds contrib- the beginning of the weekend, and the at- uted for the development of alternatives. f r n tendants had vanished—we smuggled the We still have between 60 and 100 million dog out of the building and took her to the animals under experiment in the United 1. Joy, Charles (ed.) Albert Schweitzer— Animal Medical Center. There she was States. an Anthology, Black, London, 1952. gently eased out of a world which, in con- I think of those 60 million animals. A page 265. trast to Maud's, must have seemed both sad, almost hopeless feeling comes over 2. Schweitzer, Albert. Out of My Life ugly and unkind. We had stolen hospital me. Then I think of 80 million. I feel just and Thought. Holt, New York, 1949. "property" and disrupted a scientific ex- the same. 100 million. The same. Try it, page 158. periment; nevertheless I learned a lot that and you will see that when enormous night about callous institutional attitudes numbers are involved, 20 million animals 3. Hazlitt, W. Carew (Ed.) The Essays of and something about myself. I think what more or less become meaningless—just Michel de Montaigne. George Bell, we did was wrong in principle, but right for cold statistics. But it's different when the London, 1893. Vol. 2, page 134. that dog, at that time, in that place. imagination focuses on that one individual 4. Linzey, Andrew. Animal Rights. SCM The telling of this pathetic tale is not typi- animal alone with its pain in the laboratory. Press, London, 1976. page 54. cal of the way experiments are described in I am still haunted by the image of that badly my books. Most of them are told matter-of- wounded little brown dog which we found 5. 'Lathem, E.D. (Ed.) The Poetry of factly in the investigators' own words; the on a Friday evening at NYU Medical 'Robert Frost. Holt, New York, 1969. reader's imagination must supply the rest. Center, and which was to be "allowed to 6. Pratt, Dallas. Alternatives to Pain in In Alternatives to Pain in Experiments on die" at some unspecified and unattended Experiments on Animals. Argus Animals, 6 I have tried to match each of the moment during the long weekend. Can Archives, New York, 1980.
7 M n r l— nt n d of the monkeys at IBR inadequate and Ed t r l fr S nt t, l. , . 282, b r 8 "grossly unsanitary" was not included as evidence in the trial because it was written subsequent to the seizure of the monkeys h n pt bl d f n l r r h by Montgomery Police September 11th. In a two-page article by Constance Edward Taub, a behavioural psychologist, has been found guilty of providing inadequate veterinary care for his research subjects, monkeys of various species Holden, S n magazine pointed to key (see page 672). Taub raised the spectre of academic freedom in his defence, saying issues: that "what is on trial is the future of research in America". This simply will not do. "The monkey trial has already earned a Academic freedom does not encompass the freedom to neglect animals. prominent place in the history of the Researchers like Taub may have reasons for doing what they do to animals. Some animal welfare movement and drawn sup- of those reasons may even be justified. But there can be no justification for the ill port from animal lovers across the country. treatment and neglect suffered by Taub's monkeys. The affair has set at least two precedents: it The growing public awareness of, and interest in, the use of animals in is believed to be the first time that local law laboratories raises many thorny issues. One is the question of scientific expertise enforcement officials have seized animals and judgement. Taub, who, like his assistant, enjoys no formal training in from a research laboratory, and it is the first veterinary science as such, denigrated his accusers as unable to understand the true time the National Institutes of Health (NIH) state of his monkeys. The same can be said of many who support the anti- has suspended a grant because of ques- vivisectionists, but it doesn't take a degree in veterinary medicine to recognise truly tions relating to the treatment of ex- awful conditions—a point made at Taub's trial. There can surely be no positive perimental animals... reason to keep monkeys, or any other animal, in conditions like those Taub im- "Central to the defense's case was the posed; and those who use animals have a duty to ensure that their subjects enjoy argument that people who have not work- the best possible conditions. Only when that is so will scientists be able to debate the ed with deafferented monkeys—including necessity of animal research with an honest heart. the veterinarians who testified for the pros- ecution—are not qualified to assess their problems. Monkeys are messy creatures, the defense added, and can mess up their written totally exempts the design of ex- one night and the monkeys shuffled around quarters and dirty their bandages within periments from its minimum standards. to allow live steam to be sprayed upon the moments after they have been cleaned. No action on the IBR case has been taken wire cage floors. The result of this poorly Shown photographs of the lesions on the by the US Department of Agriculture which planned maneuver was a fight between two monkeys' arms, the defense expressed the administers the Animal Welfare Act. When monkeys which left the defeated Charlie belief that IBR operated within respectable defense attorney Edward Brenner sought to with wounds that required stitching. The limits. Two experts from the University of exonerate his client on the theory that he surgery had not been used for two years and Pennsylvania found it difficult to defend the had corrected all the deficiencies noted by no veterinarian was available. It is reported, dirty cages and piles of feces shown in the USDA inspector Dr Arthur Perry, Judge however, that Charlie was sedated and photographs. Klavan dismissed this move with little ado, sewn up by John Kunz, Dr Taub's assistant "But another Pennsylvania expert, neu- remarking, "I was not impressed with Dr and co-defendant. The following morning roscientist Michael Goldberger, who work- Perry . . . I thought he was even embar- Dr James Stunkard, a veterinarian formerly ed with Taub on his last grant application, rassed." employed by IBR and authorized by Judge was unperturbed by conditions in the As we go to press, the fate of the Cahoon in the custody trial to treat the laboratory, which he said should be judged monkeys has not yet been decided. After monkeys, decided to sedate Charlie again in by whether the animals are healthy. 'I saw their seizure by Montgomery County Police, order to improve on Mr Kunz's repair of the nothing I wouldn't expect to see if I went under the direction of Sergeant Richard wounds. Shortly after he had recovered around the country looking at primate col- Swain, they were housed in the half- from the second intervention, Charlie onies,' he said. Psychologist Solomon basement of a private home which had been reportedly collapsed and then died. Steiner from the City University of New prepared for proper primate housing under Following this debacle, Judge Cahoon York, who is on the board of directors of the direction of primatologist Dr Geza directed the National Institutes of Health to IBR, was also satisfied. He last visited the Teleki. Dr Taub went to court seeking the house and care for the monkeys pending laboratory on 5 June and said he saw only return of the monkeys and when it ap- the outcome of the criminal trial. Animal `very good specimens of deafferented peared they would go back to IBR, uniden- welfare groups have joined together to offer monkeys."' tified animal activists carried them off. life-time maintenance of the remaining 16 Taub, too, takes the position that his Sergeant Swain succeeded in obtaining their monkeys at a haven for primates in south animals received as good care as those in return five days later, and Judge David L. Texas should Judge Klavan decide to rule other laboratories. He told S n , "I Cahoon ruled that they must go back to against their return to Dr Taub. suspect that there is almost no primate or IBR. animal facility in this country that you could Prudence might have dictated that during not go through and find five violations." At the monkeys' absence, their cages be given the trial, he singled out Walter Reed Army the thorough cleaning that their condition Medical Center for keeping monkeys in cried out for. But other matters apparently A d v monkey chairs for long periods, a practice occupied the minds of IBR officials, so it was The October 1981 issue of he said he has never used because of its not till after the monkeys' return that IBR Glamour magazine put the following cruelty. Regulations under the Animal decided to steam clean the cages. There is question to its readers: Should we Welfare Act prohibit use of monkey chairs as no drain in the animal room floor. The continue to conduct tests on animals permanent housing; however, any scientist cages were bound together by the system to aid in the development of safe can keep a monkey in a chair for its entire used for delivering water to them. Cleaning cosmetics? 84% said No. lifetime if he designates this as part of the ex- was thus no easy matter and steam cleaning perimental protocol because the Act as now doubly difficult. However, it was undertaken
unwanted. Anthony Dayan of the Wellcome Research Laboratory in " t l x t n England neatly summed up the matter: "The precision aimed at should be f n l " related to real needs. Large numbers of animals are generally not called In th pl nd d S d h t f Upp l n nt p l t , for—it simply gives needless super- n d fr n r nd f r, bl d f r t d n S p verification to three or four decimal t b r t v th t n t r b d f t x t t t , n n th points." For most new chemicals all that is L13 0 , th r h n v r. h pr n n d t bl t d nd required is the degree of toxicity—very pr r b d r r t t t d n t z . toxic, fairly toxic, mildly toxic—and this h t t " " ll n f n l r rld d . can be found using far fewer animals l t r n d nd t nd p n n pl n n l than at present. Andrew Rowan of the pl . Y t th tr n th n th t t d LD,,, t nd nd n d Institute for the Study of Animal Prob- b nt t nd n l p n r l f r br n n nt lems, Washington DC, said that LID sos pr t t n t n t h t n d th nd ff r n t th r on only 6-10 animals give results with- r t r . in 25% of those obtained by the Wh th n d t l n r n? t b f t v d f nd r ( t standard test which uses 60 animals or h n n nd ll t fr nd d l t b t b t more. Here is a huge potential saving! h d d r nd b th ll f r t n t h n . Q t n: A third line of attack was on the idea Wh t nt t f n h l dd d t dr , f d, t , that the only thing that needs to be known about a new compound is the p ll t nt r p t d n ll , nh l r th r t lethal dosage. It is not the only thing b rd th t l n v r? An r: n 0 n r t r and very often it is not even the most r r bb t r d r v n n b th r lt n n important thing. r nd f r ll f r th h pp n f t d nd d b r r t nd l r . t th t x l t ( nd th h ld n th t th Possible alternatives? t n ft n th r n t n nd th n r r ft n One way and another the experts r n t , nd th t, ll n ll, th n r nd f r r ll gave the LD 5 test a rare hammering. t n n l . In Upp l th p r d d th r v d n . h But what to put in its place? Could n b ll d n r b t r f f rthr ht computer modelling and tissue cul- tt . ture—the non-animal alternatives on The attack was on a broad front. identical. But far from it! Differences which so many hopes are pinned— Some concentrated their fire on the ranged from 150% to over 700%. now take over? near uselessness of LD 5 findings as Perhaps differences between labs Computer modelling has the tre- predictors of toxicity in man. A lethal are the consequence of human error mendous advantage of being cheap dose for a rat may (after due allow- and are therefore curable. Perhaps dif- once developed, yet it is greatly under- ance for differences in body weight) ferences within species are experi- used. Svante Wold of Umea University, have no effect on people. Conversely, mentally controllable. Perhaps. But Sweden, said that while making a com- and rather more worryingly, a harm- nothing can be done to erase dif- pound costs $2000, computing its effect less dose for a rat may be lethal for us. ferences between species. Which costs just $50. Based on the principle
A-rat- is not ,a person. means a o i g ca e done to that like substances react similarly and Indeed a rat is not even another rat. make the standard LE31 5 test of real that similar changes in structure produce Differences in age, sex, strain and value to human beings. Unless, of similar changes in reactivity, computer other variables make for surprisingly course, they themselves are the modelling can be applied in a limited large LD 5 variations. (In a sense, then, testees. (This is not a course of action way to biological activities. But there are rats, though not people, are like peo- which normally commends itself to many mathematical hazards. ple. For they too are individually prudent researchers, however dedi- Tissue culture (a term which in- different.) cated. But there are exceptions—see cludes cell culture and organ culture) To make confusion worse it seems box!) would seem to be more promising. It is that even where all known variables regarded as having an "exciting are eliminated (including easily Obscene wastage future"— given the funding (for a start, overlooked ones like room tempera- wty not a slice of the tens of millions a ture and whether the animals are A second main line of attack was on year which the US spends on primate housed singly or in groups), different the obscene wastage of animals re- research, suggested Andrew Rowan). labs will produce wildly different quired by L.D 5 protocols. The justifica- But here too there are snags. figures. In a tightly controlled experi- tion is that more animals means Present understanding of the laws of ment 100 labs in 13 countries con- greater precision. But the precision is biochemistry do not permit the major ducted identical LD 5 tests on five chem- likely to be spurious (for reasons al- organs of higher animals to be examined icals. In theory, results should have been ready given) and in any case is usually in vitro. In other words, organic reac-
9 tions can only be fully tested on living bodies. r ph l n t For the time being, then, most "alter- = Lethal Dose 50% = the amount r. h l t natives" will still be using animals. of a toxic substance which will, in a single There is no scientific reason, though, dose, kill half the animals receiving it. p for what Swiss toxicologist, G. Zbin- LD 5 was born in 1927 for the testing of den, has called "the ritual mass execu- Monica Thelestam, of the Karolinska Insti- tion of animals." But this appalling potentially dangerous drugs. For this limited purpose precision is essential—and tute in Stockholm and one of the main slaughter will continue until govern- may require the sacrifice of large numbers organizers of the Uppsala symposium, puts ments can be persuaded to change a post-symposium viewpoint. of animals. Now in middle age LD 5o has their laws. If countries were to alter spread into areas wholly outside its compe- their regulations from a bald demand tence, killing and maiming on a horren- In Sweden animal experiments first came (often without further embellishment) dous scale to no defensible purpose. under sustained attack during the 1970s for standard LD 5 tests to the more The test is now frequently performed with the growth of the animal welfare flexible requirement that "acute toxici- with the kind of compounds (pharmacol- movement. The scientists, compelled at ty tests" be performed, then responsi- ogically inert food additives, for example) last to stand back and really look at what ble scientists would be able to save for which it was not designed and about they were doing, conceded the main thrust animals whilst being encouraged to which it can tell us nothing useful. For of the animal campaigners' case: excessive instance, what is the cumulative effect on extract from their tests more than just numbers of animals were being made to the human body of a daily bombardment suffer—and suffer excessively—often for the lethal dosage. by more and more chemicals? Nobody What are the prospects? Robert no good reason at all. knows. But whatever the answer, it is This new thinking led to new laws Osterberg of the US Food and Drug unlikely to be bad news for morticians. enshrining "the rights of laboratory Administration foresaw a rocky road animals." At the same time the whole issue ahead. "Bureaucrats," he said, "need of animal testing came under scrutiny. In an atom bomb to move them. They 1979 the National Board for Laboratory are large turtles in a very large shell. Animals was created with a budget of one However—one mustard seed can r p d million kronor (around $200,000) to stim- move mountains." ulate the development of alternative methods and to question the rationale for r l traditional animal tests. The most questionable of these tests is M n t 0 h n surely the LD 5 . It uses huge numbers of In ll d l n nd r l t n f r animals and a great many scientists con- t t t x l l t d t t b sider it valueless. We therefore decided to When testing Chlorfenuinphos (a new t t d p f ll th t th n pt make the LID 5 , our first target. Hence the compound for killing ectoparasites on f t t x t t t n ( h r f l symposium. dogs), Vernon Brown of the Shell Toxi- ff t f n l d n t d nt Was it useful? I think so. While it would cology Lab in England found the LD5c, l th th p rf r n f l have been nice to have come up with concrete differences between species to be enor- l t t. recommendations, these were implicit. mous. For rats the LD,,, value was 12 In ll d l n nd r l t n Remember we were all, including the many mg (per kg of ordinary food), for mice f r t x l l t d th l l toxicologists from leading pharmaceutical firms 100-200 mg, while dogs proved inde- LD t t rr d t th l r who attended, in complete agreement that the structible at 12,000 mg. n l , h d , n , test is a bad one and should be replaced. Since vets would be handling the p , t ., t b pr h b t d. The main obstacle, I believe, is the substance it was necessary to know In ll d l n nd r l t n f r regulatory agencies. We must now press them whether man was a rat, a mouse, a dog t x l l t d t t b hard to change their rules so that fewer animals or none of these. Believing he was p nt d t th t th l l 0 are used. We have not yet reached the stage probably more dog than rat, our intre- t t th ll r d nt n l r where we can cease using animals entirely. pid researcher swallowed some of the n b r f n l nl p r Tissue culture can help towards this goal—and dread compound. Unpleasant reactions bl f th r n f r th d r d h h research efforts should be stepped up—but it persuaded him that he had been pr n l rl t t d nd n does not allow for full-bodied organic effects to wrong. Man, or at any rate one man, t f ll j t f d. be studied. was in this instance more rat than dog! In ll d l n nd r l t n f r Of course one simple way of greatly It could be said, though, that millions t x l l t d t t b reducing the number of animals we use is to stop the endless testing and marketing of people unwittingly act like Vernon t t d th t n L13 0 t t h ld b Brown every day. Birgitta Werner of d n th ph r l ll n rt of new but trivial products. Cosmetics, for the Poison Information Center in b t n . instance. We surely now have enough for ou needs. And I speak as a woman! Stockholm produced LID so figures on h r r nt t nd t n We hope to publish the proceedings of nicotine. For dogs the value is 9.2 0 t t n n b rn n l t b mg/kg, for rats 53 mg/kg, for pigeons l n t d fr ll d l n nd the symposium within the next six months. 75 mg/kg. But for man a lethal dose of r l t n . A more long-term aim is a book on various nicotine can apparently be as low as aspects of animal experiments and alterna- 0.9 mg/kg. This huge difference be- r p l f r h n f r l t r tives. In the meantime let us keep up the tween species is not one that favors the r r nt p rt n n t th E , t t. pressure on all fronts. cigarette smoker! G. M nd n nd M. l r v r , Ar h x l ( 8 4 : .
10 Ch rl Status of Animals in the Christian r th W l n z Religion," he sought always to combine Dorothy Dyce Walenczak, formerly ethics and science in his life-long battle for Laboratory Animal Consultant of the animal welfare. Indeed his ideas and Animal Welfare Institute, recently died at carefully reasoned standpoint became the her home in Lexington, Michigan. rock upon which later writers and activists Her intrepid pursuit of justice for animals Charles Hume, have built. The greatest single blessing he sometimes led her into difficult and OBE, MC, BSc, bestowed on animals came from his suc- dangerous situations. Once in the Ten- MIBiol, a giant among cessful fight to outlaw the steel jaw leghold nessee backwoods she went to inspect a leaders of animal pro- trap in Britain (1956). tection who pioneered A Charles Hume Memorial Fund has the extension into academia of the animal been established in order to sponsor an an- welfare movement in England, has died at nual lecture furthering the aims of UFAW the age of 95. In 1939 he founded the and its founder. The lectures will deal with Universities Federation for Animal Welfare man's use and abuse of animals in specific (UFAW). This meant that v r English fields. They will be given by distinguished university now had its group of academics speakers, will be open to the public and will and scientists with a shared concern for the be published. wellbeing of animals. For a great many years The series will begin in 1982. Donations he also served on the International Commit- are requested and should be sent to: tee of AWI. UFAW, 8 Hamilton Close, South Mimms, Author of "Man and Beast" nd " h tt r r, rt , England, '
Monitor rd — nt n d rr Gr v n, Los Angeles City At- torney. He led the undercover investiga- cockatoos (now in Jacksonville Zoo) and in tions which resulted in the seizure of 300 1981 to the conviction of a major Miami ivory carvings, valued at $1 million, at the wildlife dealer. He was also commended Stanley Masry Gallery in Los Angeles. for his undercover work in Chicago that led to the seizure of 782 items of whales' teeth, From the dry summary of achievements walrus ivory and tiger claws. listed above, it might appear that the job of the wildlife law enforcer, while clearly C rl S nd tr , Special Agent, U.S. essential to the success of any conservation r th W l n z b ht th Customs Service. Stationed in San Diego, or animal welfare measure, is nothing very t rv n d fr l b r t r d d l r he has in recent years devoted nearly all his exceptional. If so, appearances deceive. nd pl d h n d h time to tracking down smugglers of wildlife Increasingly, enforcement relies on the (particularly parrots, 80% of which die on undercover agent. And a federal under- major laboratory dog dealer's operation but the journey) entering from Mexico. His cover agent plays a lone and perilous found no one on the ramshackle premises, efforts have brought many arrests and hand. For if his (or her) cover is blown, or only dozens of starving dogs so thirsty they convictions. even if suspicions are aroused, there are fought one another to get to the hose she W ll Gr , Supervisory Customs those in the wildlife underworld who would turned on for them. Mrs. Walenczak went Inspector, Erd n, Customs Inspec- not scruple to see that the agent is rendered back to town and bought big sacks of dog tor, hn M rl , Customs Inspector— permanently incapable of parting them food which she was feeding them when the and others. Prompt action by customs of- from their plunder—in short, is murdered. two dog dealers returned with another ficers at the San Ysidro border station, Today's traffickers in wildlife are not in it truckload of dogs. They forced her to beat California, on 30 November 1980 resulted to make a bit on the side. Their cruel and a temporary retreat, but their cruelty did in the arrest and conviction of seven U.S. disgusting trade is immensely lucrative. not go unpunished. Mrs. Walenczak citizens in_possession_of dogs with appalling The battle to d_ eny them this stolen wealth- presented a well-documented case to the injuries sustained at an organized dog fight is no fringe after. It is the battle to prosecutor; the jury found the dealers guil- in Mexico. Fines ranged from $1000 to safeguard the Earth's living riches—for all ty and the judge fined them and sentenced $3000 and jail sentences from 10 to 30 people for all time. The Monitor awards them to spend a month in jail. days. honored some of the front-line troops. nt n d n p 2
An l W lf r I s i u e
S nt f C tt Int rn t n l C tt Off r nd r t r Aileen Train Marjorie Anchel, Ph.D. T. G. Antikatzides, D.V.M.—Greece Christine Stevens, President David O. Hill Bennett Derby, M.D. Angela King—United Kingdom Cynthia Wilson, Vice President Madeleine Bemelmans F. Barbara Orlans, Ph.D. David Ricardo—Canada John Beary, M.D., Vice President Gerard Bertrand Roger Payne, Ph.D. N. E. Wernberg—Denmark Marjorie Cooke, Secretary Freeborn G. Jewett, Jr. Samuel Peacock, M.D. Godofredo Stutzin— Chile Roger L. Stevens, Treasurer Sue Hunt John Walsh, M.D. Christabel Gough
St ff Felicity Luebke, Administrative Assistant Maria Gulino, Administrative Assistant Patrick Allen, Editorial Consultant Diane Halverson, Research Associate Nell Naughton, Mail Order Secretary
Leon Bernstein, Ph.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Adele Schoepperle, Assistant Treasurer Lynne Hutchisori, Whale Campaign Secretary Consultant in Physiology Fran Lipscomb, Executive Assistant Cynthia Lee Stokes, Publications Secretary W t h "S z r" n C mongrel dog bought from a dog pound for medical research but turned over to f o E rth the Children's Psychiatric Hospital at the David Attenborough's on University of Michigan to see if she could Life Earth is help the disturbed youngsters. She now being shown on U.S. television. Even if you have missed out on the early films proved to be a magnificent friend and (they are showing weekly on PBS, begin- helper, visiting the most critical cases to ning 12 January) in the series, you can still comfort and calm them. She rode the take in most of the 13 hour-long spectacu- elevator to the floor she wanted, simply lars—a captivating journey through time waiting for someone to press the right and the development of Earth's myriad life button. She would then head for the child forms. she knew needed her benign presence. Attenborough is that rare being, a truly The book on which the television knowledgeable enthusiast who can com- drama is based was written after the And the story he has to tell is author read an article in the AWI Infor- municate. nothing less than the most exciting story in mation Report about Skeezer. the world, the story of how we all, animals Now NBC is considering a whole and plants of every kind, have got where series! "Skeezer" is the pilot and if NBC we are. On two consecutive Sundays, March decides it can sustain audience interest is not intended as a conser- 14 and 21, 1982, "Skeezer, a Dog with a the series may replace Disney, which Life on Earth vationist tract. But the theme is one which Mission" will air at 7:00 PM. The two- played for over 20 years on NBC on Sun- hour long show is based on the moving days at 7:00 PM. cannot help highlighting the crucial ques- tion of our era: Where do we go from book by Elizabeth Yates McGreal about a All friends of animals should make a here? Is the life-enhancing process, a pro- point to watch and to write to: cess of ever-increasing diversity and Mr. Brandon Tartikoff, President richness, to continue? Or is it to be put into r th W l n z — nt n d NBC Entertainment sharp and tragic reverse? For the first time Dorothy Dyce Walenczak's remarkable 3000 W. Alameda Ave. in the Earth's history, one species, our powers of observation bordered on a sixth Burbank, CA 91505 own, has the power to decide. sense as in the case of a post-operative dog whose license tag caught her eye during a laboratory inspection. She took the number, checked it out and found the r d l l r b hn Gl b r family who had been hunting for their pet I am aware of no daily newspaper (and written articles. For anyone who wants a for weeks. The Veterans Administration certainly no international one) which broad overview of just what is happening to hospital returned the dog to the tearful presents as much information on animals wild and domestic animals all over the mother and children. as does The Christian Science Monitor. world, the Monitor is invaluable. During the course of her career Mrs. Day in, day out, week in, week out, one A charming note is the frequent use of a Walenczak visited hundreds of laboratory can find articles on animal protection, photograph, tucked somewhere on the animal rooms and suppliers' premises. The animal care, animal personality and animal front page. They are seldom connected photographs she obtained led Henry Luce exploitation. Occasionally, there are with a news story, but are only a light to produce "Concentration Camps for features covering such pressing issues as touch, a pleasant break amid the heaviness Dogs," an 8-page picture story in the use of animals in laboratory research. They of what constitutes front page news today, February 4, 1966 issue of Life magazine. are always typical Monitor articles written even in The Christian Science Monitor. The following year Congress enacted the with balance and objectivity and rigidly rule Three-month or yearly subscriptions can be Federal Laboratory Animal Welfare Act, out sensationalism and sentimentality. ordered by writing to 125 Astor Station, the first time the nation's lawmakers had Blessedly, they are concise with a great Boston, MA 02123. acted on this subject. deal of information packed into short, well-
Animal Welfare Institute o - o i P.O. Box 3650 O ga i a io U.S. Postage Washington, D.C. 20007 PAID ew Yo k Y e mi o 9
E A IMA WE A E I S I U E QUA E Y
.O. x 6 0 W h n t n, .C. 2000 Spr n 82 l. , .
parently accepted as part of "factory" life. This stereotyped behavior, like the f n h f t r frequently documented side-to-side Wh t t l n h f t r ? O ht ll th h f rocking of chimpanzees in cramped t r v n th n t v t f pr t r f v r r cages, is the sickly outlet which intelli- nt n v l v t r n t t r h h n d r d r gent animals are forced into by ex- t r ? t t l t th br r , 82 f r treme confinement. Those who hawk their wares in Hog M n nt n n tt pt t t t tr ht fr th nd tr Farm M n nt are aware of the th. stress placed on the animals. To quote r t, t th rd "f t r ," n p 8 r v h , a full-page ad by the pharmaceutical l t d " n t, rd Un v r t ," t l b t firm, Hoffman-LaRoche, "STRESSES r rd : " l r rd br d, f rr d, nd p from confinement or adverse environ- b rn. Gr t t ph n br d t br d 4 p r mental conditions may increase vita- t p r f t r f ll." W th 8 2 p f r M n min needs in swine." nt d v t d t h n dv , t ld h nt n d n p 6 phr l pt d. Bache's casual referral to gestation sow. "This card moves with her crates, an area so small that the sow through the building complex until her can't even turn around in it, though next litter is weaned. Her card hangs she is forced to remain there for the above her gestation crate and is fas- four months of her gestation, also tened to a wire line by a spring clothes makes plain that this too, unfortunate- pin." (page 62) ly, is accepted. He refers to a producer Sows in gestation crates are subject who writes a 3" x 5" card for each to fits of "bar biting" in which they at- tack the imprisoning bars in front of them. Photographs of sows biting the bars even appear sometimes in Hog Farm Management where they are ap- Close-ups of battery hens f n n f t r Wh t t l n n f t r ? Wh n th h n r f r t p t nt th b tt r n h h th r d t n d t p nd th r t f th r l v , th r ll f th r d, d l n b rd b t b th nd f th r n l r f l f , n f th r h v b n r d d t r ll b th b rd r l l p d n th ll th t th r b th f th r . In d d t n, fr tr t d t p th r t ll t nd n th f r l f p th t th r b b nt r l b r — nd th d p t th f t th t th h v b n "d b d," th t , th pp r nd bl h b n b rnt ff. S t th l lf n th n rr t ll b rr nt b h v r f t r d b th xtr v r r d n pr t h h t nf n d f r r t t l nn b l . At th nd f th r rd l, th l f . (S p 0. rv v n h n r ld f r nn d h n p. nt n d n p 8
(03 wildlife populations are at best "estimates", all hunting quotas are gambles with the life E S A OW O OOM of the species. The data which the whaling industry acclaims for its reliability is based An x ll nt rt l b E j j r n th p n z n Asa i S im u on very simple research started in 1978 Scie ce d n tr t d n nt f t r th d n r f nt n d r l and on earlier whaling statistics. Almost h l n . W th h rt p r n th d tr t n f n b r f nd n r d p fr rh n r t r n t n , r f r j r h d th p r ll l In 80, th l t r f r h h th h l nd p nt d t th h l n nd tr lf d f t n j t f t n . f r r v l bl , p n E j j r r f r f An l h v r t b Un v r t , Ib r , h l r t ,000 t n f p n. Ed t d x rpt fr tr n l t n f h rt l f ll . h l t. In dd t n p n p rt d 2 ,000 t n fr th In my opinion commercial whaling should Warning signs become too strong to ig- be discontinued entirely for some time. nore. Now the ace in the pack is played— S v t Un n, I l nd, Sp n, Many Japanese readers will be outraged by the right to a livelihood. By this stage you r , Ch l , r z l, r nd this statement. But in recent years can be sure that the shadow of doom lies S th K r . h nt r S v t Japanese reaction to the whaling issue, in- dark upon both animal and industry. nd I l nd t h r stead of being one of calm consideration, b ht b p n. A br d n n has taken on a tone of nationalism, fueled r v nt n xt n t n h p rt fr th r ntr by a feeling that Japan has been victimized pr r t n t v l bl . on the world stage._— The arguments put forward are nothing But wh-enlifdustrial activity has finally ceased—killed off by the crash in the nothing can be established from this kind of more than a struggle to defend the whaling imperfect data. Dispute within the Interna- industry, and this has to be recognized animal population—it may be too late. The species may be irreversibly on the way to tional Whaling Commission is inevitable, clearly from the outset. Facing bankruptcy given our scientific immaturity in this field. the industry is fighting to survive, using But we cannot leave it at that. In estab- every possible means. Scientists are mobi- d th v l ff nd lishing models and parameters there is a lized, government organizations are called pl t n pr f t th x basic difference between the side seeking to in to assist, the mass media are used to p n h l n n rn protect a species from extinction and the manipulate public opinion. Behind all this, r d n 6 nd r n r f, side seeking to defend an industry. The though, lies hidden the key to the problem. pp n K d , n b ttl former tries to assure safety by taking a It is provided by nature herself. f r rv v l. minimum number of animals; the latter Industrial activities are extremely impor- pushes for a large enough quota to keep tant and it is quite natural to struggle extinction. And no amount of money or the industry going. Here in a nutshell is the against bankruptcy. However industries history of the IWC. dealing with wildlife require strict self- brainpower will bring back a lifeform that has been lost. Here is the fundamental dif- C r l xt n t n ference between commercial death and the p n, l n t r t f n rv Scientists employed by the whaling in- t n t h h r t h h nt d death of a species. To regard wildlife as a resource that may dustry like to state: "There has been no p t th br n f x be utilized like livestock is permissible. But species of large whale driven to extinction t n t n, h r t d pr r t here too there is a fundamental difference. b nd n th n thr v n nd Livestock are counted individually and we C ntr r t rt n th t h l tr . v r t n l d have wide knowledge of their reproduction t n " nd p n bl p rt f th t nt h l n v nt , r rates, ailments, life histories and so on. th p n d t," nn l p r n t nd nt rn t n l r There can be no danger of extermination. p t n pt n nl tr t n n t h r x t n On the other hand we have no such r 00 r ( nd r 2 lb . th r t ll. precise k ow e ge o mos wildlife. Iron- ically we have had all too many examples by whaling." But what they have been of populations only becoming known when discipline. From olden times innumerable driven to is commercial extinction as the species is on the brink of extinction. species have been driven into or close to distinct from biological extinction. And extinction. Pursue the cause and most of once this occurs, restoration takes at least the time you will find that in the chase for h p n h l n nd tr 20 to 30 years and sometimes (as in the profit, industries have never slackened the d l n p rh p b t ll tr t d case of the California grey whale) 50 to pace of killing. n th t l t n f j . Wh l 100 years. Invariably industries dealing with wildlife n th r d t b 00 r . In Scientists engaged in the study of en- so conduct their business that sooner or th l t th nt r t th dangered species have submitted a new later the rate of profit based on investment rld l r t f h r b . standard to prevent extinctions. They say: exceeds the rate of production of wildlife t tr n t d v l p t r t n Industries based on the slaughter of wild- resources. Characteristically the process life, when confronted by data suggesting d tr th nd th r then continues until the resource is ex- that !the species concerned is facing extinc- hausted. The pattern has been likened (by ttr t n t pr t t tion: should cease all further killing until the Colin Clark) to a fatal disease which takes " h l n t n". facts are clarified—even if the data are frag- the following course: 1) Warning signs that mentary and causality cannot be proved. the animals are becoming fewer are ig- Here is the most important point in the By this criterion a total ban on commercial nored—"We are the ones who know best" whaling debate: cultural arguments and the whaling, as Europe and America advocate, or "We have investigated and found them "rights" of the industry pay no attention to is justified. numerous." 2) Warning signs become extinction of species. . . All In t n b ld t p r t n fr n rt l n stronger; so too does their rejection. 3) Because scientific methods of counting A h Ev n n , M r h 82.
2 & 1 n l v h l U.S. hr t t b t S A EMA E A IWC nd th r h C nt n At th p l M r h t n u ious a o ca s a e s i o ec e y f th Int rn t n l Wh l n rt t ei is i g o e Co e io o I e a- C n, h ld t p n n e a cie a o sc ims awi g o e io a a e i E a ge e S ecies o t n , n t n t n n oo o a s e m w a e is gai i g a ew Wi o a a au a u Age Weekly tt n t n p r h l ease o i e—a a es ec a e o e o o ca ie a e ea i es o i s A i th t p n h l r nt t s e m w a e ee e ki e e o e e a is 19 ea s o y ll. nt f r n t n h goes o wo k o yme i o y ca es ike "Ac i g CI ES ea u es Agai s U S t d th nd f d ll r i o y ee s ike i o y a ooks ike i o y o o ca e is i g nd n r pr nt t v t u i is o i o y; i is a ma -ma e as ic "O Ma c 19 e Ac i g r ht n, En l nd f ll n th wi a u a i i y e e g ea e a i o y Sec e a ia o e Co e io o I e - S nt f C tt t n n So s e m w a es o o ge a e o ie a io a a e i E a ge e S ecies o C br d . f r n b t n o e sc ims aw a is o i e A e a - Wi au a a o a (CI ES o - t v d n ld b h ld n is s i is e wo k oug a mos i is- wa e o e 77 a y a io s e th r p rt f th S nt f i guis a e om e ea i g cos s a ecomme a io o e U i e S a es C tt , p n n xp t dl w o e o ess o e ai s se o a - a e o ca e e is e om A e - br ht th p l n t ou c a s Com a y 1 i ge S ai - i II Accom a yi g e i o ma io l b n th t n d n a e MA 719 owe e was a ecomme a io om n th h ld b p t e Ac i g Sec e a ia a e U S e- p n d nt l th r l r t n ques o e a o e " f th IWC n l . n e U S c aime es i e s o g pl t l b rpr , th C r t h l r e ese a io o e co a y y co se a- n n nt d t th p n io is s a e is i g e o ca wi a e r t. ht d o a e se e ec o e su i a o e h n b r f IWC b r A i a e w a e as ee sig e i e s ecies o o e e ec i e ess o CI ES i ntr pp d t nt n ici i y o e awaiia um ack s mig a- co o i g i e a io a a e i o e ca t n f r l h l n h io ou e O ecem e e ca ai o s ecies (A Felidae a e a ese is e i r n t n r thr rt r e is i g esse Driftwood sai i g om ei e A e i I o II j r t , h l th n b r f Sa iego o o o u u sig e a w a i g e Gam ia a Ma aysia a e o ec e h l v r h h th h ndf l f esse ea 15 W 3 e ca ai o e o e U S o ca ecomme a io ; h l n n t n nt n t h Driftwood, M om is e sai e esse e e o e e o osa mus ow e u o l nt n t d l n . h a a ow- o- i ge ca wa k a a a os a o e A eas a o e a ies r IWC t n ld b mou e a oo a was u mis aka y a mus cas a o e o e o ose ame - p v t l. w a i g s i me wi i ays o o i ica io a wo Please write to President Ronald A e agic w a i g i e o aci ic i s o e o es mus e i a o i e Reagan expressing your appreciation was a e y e IWC i 1979 e ame me is o come i o o ce I e of the forceful letter he wrote last year i a e e e a ea e y quick y a e ei g mai a o ai s w ic is mos ike y e to the International Whaling Commis- sig e a co se a io o ga i a io s i sion and urging him to send a issue wi e co si e e a e mee i g o awaii a e o e e a ewa o i o ma- e a ies i 19 3 message again to the July IWC io o i s w e ea ou s meeting. Ask him, too, to enforce the Pelly and Packwood-Magnuson C t — p n amendments against whaling nations A EW who file objections to IWC decisions. r tr t n l ft d Your letters should be addressed: A OI ME The President es ic io s o e use o oiso s o e The White House e A ima We a e I s i u e is co o o coyo es a o e e a o s o e e a a s ow es e i e y wi e E - Washington, D.C. 20500 ou o a ou ce a Simo i o me a o ec io Age cy w ic a e Muc i u as oi e i s I e a io a o i g o ma ea i gs o e ma e Commi ee A a i e o Ke ya M esi e i o s E ecu i e O e w ic Muc i u is e Assis a a io a as ee i o ce si ce 197 wi mi o O ga i e o e Wi i e C u s o mo i ica io s y esi e s o a CI ES d l n Ke ya A mos so e y oug is wo k Ca e was e oke o 7 a ua y is Gui e i es o e a s o o wi as a a e i g ec u e o u i e si y age yea s ecies—wi a icu a em asis o ose g ou s oug ou e co i e co e e y e Co e io o I e a- Wi i e C u s a e ee es a is e i io a a e i E a ge e S ecies i e o e cou ies a ey a e e - lp f r (CI ES — a e ee u is e e ec e o o i e a e u i g e e gui e i es a y o a wi a ima s a nd n r d t rtl ew yea s is o e as a e o e o a s a co e a o ms o a s o I a ec ee u is e 7 a ua y esi e e i o me a o ec io i a wo ey i c u e 1 se s o i us a e Packer's Ca a o o Cos a ica es a is e Os io a Guidelines wi awi gs s owi g e y e w e e e e y o m o e oi a io is eac i e o i ce o Gua acas e as a o co ai e s a a e i g equi e o i - u geo i g is a c i ica o e I e ace o ec e ee i g g ou o e O i e e e s ecies e ice is $13 om o suc c a e ges Simo Muc i u e- i ey Os io a is e wo s seco mos U i u 3 5 a k A e ue Sou ew mai s quie y o imis ic a o ious y im o a ee i g a ea o is e - Yo k Y 1 1 e ec i e a ge e ma i e u e
3 A isi o Was oe a e ie s b Chr t n St v n
On the third floor of the Psychology years old and uses 260 different signs, Building at Central Washington Univer- is an old friend who learned many of sity the stately Washoe, the first chim- her signs from Professor Fouts when he panzee to learn to communicate by was a student of the Drs. Gardner at American Sign Language, gently rules the University of Nevada where her adopted son Loulis, and the American Sign Language (ASL) was leading artist among the genus Pan, first introduced to a non- Moja, creator of the first representa- human—Washoe. The Time-Life tional drawing made by a chimpanzee. documentary film "The First Signs of Across the hall live Dar and Tatu, well Washoe" tells the story up to 1974. known to TV audiences in the state of Since then Washoe became a mother, but her baby died. Loulis, a three-year-old, one of the infants who W h were subjects in a leukemia experiment tified other drawings she has made as at Yerkes Primate Center in Atlanta, an apple o -e s aw e y I d Pro- Georgia, was brought first to Oklahoma fessor Fouts if I might draw with Moja where Washoe, after some initial and was delighted to find her very in- failures, succeeded in taking him to her terested as I roughly sketched a capacious bosom with a "come hug" banana, a bunch of grapes, and her sign. She has taught him 31 signs in all. face. She eagerly accepted both draw- Moja startled students of the mental ings and the pencil and lay down on capacities of chimpanzees by her draw- the floor immediately to add to what I ing, reproduced in The Sunday Times had done. She worked assiduously un- of London, July 25, 1976, of a bird. til Washoe entered through the Said The Times: overhead passageway that connects Usually, chimpanzee paintings are a the areas they share. Moja promptly series of haphazard squiggles and streaks. M j In April, however, Moja suddenly made a retired with her pencil and paper, and, quite different drawing, a copy of which is when finished, reluctantly gave up the Washington as the bartender and sip- shown here. She was asked to paint some drawing to her student supervisor. It is per of Rainier Beer on the commercial more but replied—in sign—that she was reproduced below. Asked what it was, frequently aired by that company. "finished." She was then given another piece of paper and carried on with squig- she quickly signed back "bird." She had The learned chimps pay their board gles and streaks. It seemed, then, that she transformed my outline of a banana in- in this way as well as through sales of wasn't tired but meant that she had finished their paintings—non-toxic acrylic on a particular effort. The teacher therefore canvas. asked her by signs what it was. Without any Roger Fouts, one of the pioneers of apparent bother or surprise, Moja signalled the answer. 'Bird.' communication with chimpanzees, brought together the five signing Moja enjoys drawing and painting—her chimps at the Ellensberg campus two favorite colors are the violet and purple years ago. Washoe, who is now sixteen tones—and on occasion she has iden-
r to her view of a bird by adding two wings. They are in the same position as in her original bird drawings. Many student volunteers join Pro- fessor and Mrs. Fouts in studying, car- in for, signing and otherwise interact- in with the chimpanzees, and the result is remarkable for its peaceful, friendly atmosphere where mutual respect reigns between Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes and where new in- formation is constantly being garnered The wings with their delicate pointed tips are drawn by Moja. She used my and regularly recorded on video tape. representation of a banana for the body of her conception of a bird in flight. To keep abreast of the activities of
4 (oco the signing chimps, you can subscribe to "Friends of Washoe" and receive the E r p b n l K n r p rt newsletter, generously illustrated with p rt — C n d n t p r tt d photographs of the protagonists. While The contentious federal ruling of 29 April informing and entertaining yourself, pr t bl permitting the import of kangaroo products you'll be helping to make up for the re- In early March the European Parlia- from Australia has been confirmed by the cent loss of the National Science Foun- ment of the Common Market voted Interior Department. Considering the dation grant which formerly covered overwhelmingly, 160 to 10, to ban the cruelty routinely employed in the killing of the cost of care, food, and medical ex- import of seal products. This was a kangaroos (see AWI Quarterly, Summer penses for the chimpanzees. stunning blow to Canada which relies 1981) and considering the scandal involv- Seeing Washoe climb to her plat- on western Europe to take 70% of the ing the substitution of kangaroo meat for form, recline in an attitude reminiscent pelts of harp and hood seals killed in export beef and considering the fact that all huge numbers each spring. three species of Australia's kangaroos are listed as threatened under the Endangered The effect of the EEC ban was felt Species Act and that no imports were almost immediately, even before a allowed between 1974 and 1981—con- single member had implemented it. sidering all these matters, Interior's decision Sealing vessels returning to port in is, to put it mildly, depressing. mid-March were offered 40% less for The Department justifies its ruling by say- their pelts than last year. "Customers ing that the Australians have now devel- are scared because of the vote in the oped a sound "sustained yield program" European Parliament; we're afraid we for kangaroos which exempts them from may lose our shirts," said Mr Bernard the trade prohibition which the US nor- mally applies to threatened species. l Nygarrd whose Carino company buys two-thirds of all pelts in eastern of an ancient Roman at a banquet, Canada. holding a bunch of grapes I brought her Ironically the harp-seal quota this h n t t over her head, and leisurely plucking year is, at 186,000, up 16,000 on last E t rn E r p one after another, it is apparent how year. However weather conditions much these knowledgable primates en- AWI is making friends and (we hope) influ- make it unlikely that this figure will be encing people in east Europe. At a sympo- joy a treat—and if there were any ques- reached. In the prevailing political sium in Zagreb, Yugoslavia, last winter two tion, Washoe resolved it after eating the climate this can hardly hurt the trade AWL publications were on display: The last one by signing a request for more (what's left of it). And it ll help the Bird Business and Comfortable Quarters grapes. seals. for Laboratory Animals. Fouts' studies of the signing chim- panzees are pushing basic psycholo- gical knowledge forward in a way un- S ll b t f l W rn ldl f dreamt of only a short time ago. And From tiny Delaware comes the welcome the subjects enjoy their role. What a ltr n ll news that Senate Bill 133 has been passed contrast with primates and other by the state legislature. The bill empowers An ultrasonic warning device fitted to your animals in psychology laboratories in the courts to decide on ownership rights to car can reduce the risks of your hitting an animals seized because of cruel mistreat- animal while driving. The device Say-a- consists of a pair of 2-inch sound ment or neglect. Under certain circum- Life stances the new law also grants immediate tubes. At over 30 mph air passing through relief for suffering animals. Under the old them emits a high whistle audible to law the animals could go right back to the animals but not to humans. Developed in Austria and tested in Vien- abuser. This is a good, important law. We na and Finland, Sau a Life is marketed in should all be just as grateful as the animals the United States from New York (a state in in Delaware to Mary Watford and her Dela- which more than 20,000 deer are killed by cars every year). For information write to ware Animal League for their effective lob- bying after State Senator Jake Zimmerman Marcia Sales, Inc., PO Box 1226, Cathedral Station, New York, NY 10025. Tatu introduced the bill. Another Austrian device, red reflectors, many other places where electric is gaining increasing acceptance in this shocks are the favored method of country and in Canada. Called the Sware- eliciting information! Mammal Red Data Book flex, it consists of a series of steel posts If you want to encourage research Part I of IUCN's new Mammal Red Data which bounce headlight beams at sharp which is completely humane—research Book has been published. Updated from angles to the highway. Unseen by the which should set the pace for psycholo- 1978 it covers 145 taxa in the Americas, motorist, these flashes apparently alert the Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea. deer that danger is near. Significant reduc- gical research in the United The volume has been compiled by Jane tions in deer/auto collisions have been States—contribute to "Friends of Thornback and Martin Jenkins, and costs noted where the Swareflex is in use. You Washoe," Central Washington Univer- $20 from: Conservation Monitoring can obtain details from the Strieter Cor- sity, Department of Psychology, Centre, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cam- poration, 2100 18th Avenue, Rock Island, Ellensburg, WA. 98926 bridge, England. IL 61201.
5 t r — nt n d fr p periment Station. In a paper entitled "An Economic Evaluation of Total Confinement, Partial Confinement, Among those "adverse environ- . . . Inhaling air with 20 ppm for more and Pasture Swine Production mental conditions" in a hog factory are than 20 minutes is considered danger- Systems," by James B. Kliebenstein varying levels of air pollution from the ous for humans. At this level, pigs ex- and James R. Sleper, Research Bulle- sort that rots heating units and has posed continuously to the air will tin 1034, February, 1980, the follow- driven the magazine's editor to develop fear of light, loss of appetite ing statements appear: "During rela- another form of employment, right up and nervousness. Continuous ex- tively low input costs-output prices the to immediately lethal levels of hydro- posure to higher levels will cause pasture system provided the highest gen sulfide that kill hogs and hog vomiting and diarrhea. Levels of 800 return above all costs per sow." farmers alike. A few quotes from the ppm or above may produce uncon- Each year thousands of family February issue show what's involved. sciousness and death in pigs and farmers are forced off the land by a "Maintenance Tips for Gas Heaters" humans." The article notes that inci- form of competition which deprives (p. 14) gets to the point in its first para- dents similar to Roesler's "are being the animals involved of their most graph: "Heating units installed in con- reported with alarming frequency." basic enjoyments. Indeed, the depri- finement hog buildings are subject to On page 44 a statement entitled vations are so severe in the case of the an extremely undesirable atmosphere "Toxic gases: an occupational hazard" sows as to cause grotesquely abnormal for this type of equipment. The air in- says: "Livestock production practices behavior. It is time for family farmers side a hog house is quite corrosive and during the past 10 years in the US and consumers to join with Fumani- also quite dusty . . . During the coldest have been evolving toward an indus- tarians to prevent still further indus- part of the winter when the heat is trialization of livestock raising. Animals needed the most, the ventilation rates are not machines, and those who want are also lowest. This results in less air to treat them as if they were must be exchange and a greater accumulation prevented from expanding their ill- of dust." founded schemes. How does that corrosion and dust A recent survey by Hog Farm Man- affect mammalian lungs? Here's a agement indicated that 25% of its quote from John Byrnes, "a six-year readers plan new construction this veteran of Hog Farm Management," year. Given the above trends, it is all who is shifting to a different job too likely that most of this construction because, as he put it, "I don't smoke, will be hog factories. The analysis by but I picked up a smoker's hack. The the scientists at the University of hack stayed with me as long as I was Missouri-Columbia seems to have near hog buildings. It is ironic that after fallen on deaf ears. writing about hog respiratory problems Commenting on a number of tables, I ended up with one of my own." A the paper states: "For example, using Gestating Sow encased for 4 months. pity the hogs have no choice about 16 pigs weaned per sow per year and moving out of the dusty, corrosive air. $.44 per pound market hogs, the par- Nor can they leave when the hydro- trial approach. The livestock confine- tial confinement and pasture system ment systems approach has been the gen sulfide levels peak. "Manure Gas provided the highest profit. Alterna- A Clear & Present Danger" (page 39) major technology behind this trend. tively, fewer pigs per sow per year Liquid manure storage is a common begins with these words: "Denny were needed to break-even with these Roesler knew something wasn't quite component of confinement systems two systems." Following further statis- right. The ventilated pit gases from his for swine, beef, dairy and veal opera- tics, the article notes: "The pasture nursery unit carried a foul, offensive tions." Reference is made to an article system requires the lowest level of odor . . . not like hog manure at all. in the Journal of Occupational Medi- feed efficiency to break even." And And from inside he could hear the cine that reports results of investigation later: "The pasture system provided screams of pigs in trouble . . . 'When I of six incidents of exposure to hydro- the highest income above variable looked in, I didn't like what I saw.' gen sulfide from liquid manure that costs per sow for the feeder pig pro- What he saw were dead and dying resulted in eight deaths and three ill- duction phase for all swine prices and baby pigs at the far end of the nursery nesses. "The trend indicates future in- feed cost levels studied." It also pro- . . . 'In about a minute or two I was creased human exposure to liquid vided "the highest return above all feeling myself starting to faint.' " This manure storage." Obviously, this costs per sow for all swine price and was the second time 45 pigs died on trend will affect huge numbers of pigs fed cost levels involved." this farm from the poison gas, and the trapped in their cramped stalls. Again referring to statistics, the article states, "Others have lost a great Is this extreme total confinement so paper notes: ". . . the total confine- deal more." beneficial from the standpoint of eco- ment line had the greatest degree of "According to University of nomics that it is worth running such slope (steepness), thus the highest Nebraska Associate Professor of Live- extraordinary risks? Not according to a risk. To compensate for this risk, total stock Housing, Dr Gerald Bodman, carefully documented study from the confinement provided the highest per hydrogen sulfide levels of 2 to 5 ppm University of Missouri-Columbia Col- are common in hog confinement units lege of Agriculture, Agricultural Ex- co i ue o age
6 W ld nt th W lf r d At the request of the Agricultural Minister f r r n t pr v th lf r f th r n l th t the UK's Farm Animal Welfare Council has r f n n ll h t t d th f nd n f r pr j t t drawn 'up a draft code for the humane rear- th E t f S tl nd C ll f A r lt r , n , n r Ed nb r h. ing of pigs. Main points are: h pr j t t v l t b h v r n r l t n t th p nv r n • A ban on weaning before three weeks nt. It n n r n pl t n nd th d t th t h r d old except in the case of sickly or ex- b r d r tl n lf r . hausted piglets. t S pt b r th r t h z n Pig Farming r p rt d n • The provision of a bedded area (with r lt t d t . h rt l th t f ll b d n th r p rt. adequate space for dunging and exer- "By allowing domesticated pigs to by the pigs spacing themselves out), cise) and a ban on cage rearing which live as their wild ancestors used to, we nesting and dunging areas. causes injuries to the feet and legs and have been able to compare their Sows in the wild choose a nesting triggers behavioral abnormalities. behavior patterns with those known to site that is sheltered by bushes on at • Improved piglet protection in farrowing occur in wild pig populations," says least two sides. Branches to give extra pens, with an escape area at least 30 cm project director Professor Wood- protection are built into the nest which deep where a suitable temperature is maintained for piglet comfort and well- Gush. "It is remarkable that we have is usually 2-3 meters in diameter. Dur- being. found very little difference between ing this period and when having their the two types." pigs the sows also tend to stay apart But what about differences between from the rest of the group. "The same pigs in "the wild" (a large semi-natural thing happens in the new pen layout," t r — enclosure in the College known as Pig says Alex Stolba. "Few contacts take nt n d fr p 6 Park) and pigs in cramped intensive place between the sow and her litter man returns during high price levels. rearing units? One crucial difference and the rest of the group for up to 10 On the other hand, the pasture system here relates to the sow's behavior after days." provided more stable returns, thus a giving birth. In the wild the sow "talks" Once the 10 days are up, though, lesser amount of risk." Following a fur- to her pigs to assemble them at one the sow begins to encourage her pig- ther table, the authors state: "Break- side of her nest. If she wishes to lie lets to mingle with other pigs in the even feed efficiency for the pasture down she moves about one meter group. This socializing is seen as an system was higher than for the other away, taking great pains not to lie on important part of the pigs' behavioral two systems." And again, "Return the piglets. Some overlaying does still development. above all costs was highest for the occur but maternal care sees to it that In the pen solid walls around the pasture system . . ." piglets are rarely crushed. nesting area mimic outdoor nesting The conclusion must be then that Another difference is that the fre- conditions and rubbing posts for large-scale swine producers are gam- quency of suckling is about half that scratching. Deep straw in the nesting blers at heart and hope to make profits seen in more intensive systems. (In area helps to cushion a piglet if it does by volume. The paper states: "Fixed bad weather the piglets burrow into get lain on by the sow. Special levering costs for some swine production sys- the nest wall rather than going to the bars enable the penned sows to mimic tems are high, and to recoup these udder to keep warm.) This means that such "wild" activities as chewing bark costs the system needs to be utilized the sows come on heat earlier than in and pulling branches towards the nest. continuously." Apparently this leads intensive systems where constant Says Dr. Stolba: "Very few frustra- to the excessive pressure on the suckling retards oestrus. tions appear to build up when pigs are animals and the dangerous conditions In the wild the sows lactate up to 90 kept in this way. One can easily walk for workers in the hog factories which days after . farrowing; weaning then through the pen without upsetting the were noted above. occurs in a mutual process between group, even when a boar is present or Ill-conceived tax benefits also tend sow and piglets. "The bonds of kinship the piglets are small." And overall to encourage the construction of these remain within the group, even after space requirements in this "enriched" factories. For example, a total confine- the sow produces her next litter," says system are no greater than the space ment building can be wholly deducted Dr. Alex Stolba, a research fellow needs of an intensive system. as "equipment," but if a farmer uses from Zurich and responsible for the Investigations continue but the an existing building for his swine and day-to-day running of the project. project directors believe that the study provides humanely for them, he will Findings from the Pig Park have may help overcome many of the wel- not be able to deduct as "equipment" been used to construct within the Col- fare worries of intensive rearing. "The the improvements he makes in the lege grounds an "enriched environ- system definitely meets the needs of building. Big city investors, who never ment" pen beneath a south-facing animal welfare," asserts Dr. Stolba. oven see the pigs or the hog factories, roof. There are four separate but inter- Also it has been shown to measure up can, if they are in a high enough tax linked pens for several sows and their in terms of production—a potential bracket, make profits denied to the young. The design has taken into from each sow of 9.5 pigs reared to family farmer. Readers who are inter- account the various behavior patterns baconweight (the fastest in around ested in further details on these finan- seen in the wild, especially the dis- 144 days) and more than 2.3 litters a cial matters can obtain information tances between feeding (in the Park year. from the Center for Rural Affairs, aggression during feeding is eliminated Walthill, Nebraska, 68067.
7 S p rt Eggs a yo e? A ca i iew o The Swiss housewife shopping for eggs has a choice: battery cage or deep litter. Deep- litter eggs are "humane" eggs and carry the a U S egg ac o y nt n d fr p trademark of the Schweizer Tierschutzver- band, the Swiss Animal Protection League. The industry frequently asserts that the hog factory, that he can get larger But the price is a little higher and how can the birds would not produce large returns from the increased volume of Madame (or the shopkeeper) be sure she is numbers of eggs if they were suffering. production no matter how severely his really getting what she is paying for? They assert that egg production has hens are stressed. Science has come up with the answer. risen as a result of the battery system. In Leaflet 2652, the University of An egg laid by a battery hen rolls on wire Again, however, we should turn to California shows a photograph of a netting to the floor. In the process the deli- scientific studies to test the accuracy of debeaked hen, a strange looking cate membrane enveloping the egg is these assertions. creature whose lower beak juts out scarred. Invisible to the naked eye the ring- For example, the University of Cali- twice as far as her upper one. This is like marks show up clearly under ultra- intended to reduce cannibalism. A violet inspection. fornia's Division of Agricultural On the other hand deep-litter eggs, gent- Sciences conducted experiments study by J. Peterson reported in The ly laid into a nest, reveal nothing. But that which show that crowding chickens in Laying Hen and Its Environment nothing is something which a lot of Swiss cages reduces profits. "It is difficult," (1980) showed that in cages housing people are very willing to pay for. they state, "for most poultrymen to six hens, the frequency of cannibalism visualize 3,000 hens making more is approximately double that of cages money than 4,000. Many firmly holding three or four. believe that chickens must be crowded Battery cages with more and more hens forced into them have swept this tr n h ld b f r and other countries. However, it is not b dd n b l t n x pt universal. For example, P. Rannou, winner of a prize from the French nd r v t r n r p rv n organization Oeuvre d'Assistance pour l t r rt h n t l r les Betes d'Abattoirs, reports that his th t r ff r n ld b system, the result of 25 years of d f t r n t d n . research, is highly successful. Both in- om e 19 1 e o o e terior and exterior photographs of his ouse o Commo s Ag icu u e large operation in Quimper are Commi ee shown. As can be seen, the hens are normal hen battery hen able to roost, to go into nest boxes, to feather feather after o improve labor efficiency and reduce scratch in litter with daylight the full confinement costs per layer for housing and equip- length of their buildings, and to forage ment. The point they do not recognize for grain in the straw. The collection of is that higher bird density leads to can- the eggs is automatic, and the eggs are nibalism and other social stresses that very clean because of the special nest depress the rate of laying." These boxes. As may be seen in the photo- authorities state, "It is a well accepted graph, the hens' feathers are in excel- principle that as the number of lent condition, and they are not chickens in a given cage is increased, debeaked. Mr Rannou offers to furnish the mortality rate also increases and to an American firm wishing to follow egg production decreases." this fully tested example, a complete Only quills are left in the tals of Why then, the uninitiated reader study on this totally automated raising these battery hens. The feathers have may ask, would a poultryman crowd of uncaged hens which combines mini- been rubbed off against the cage wires his chickens to the very limit? Because mum use of energy with maximum ef- or pecked off by cage mates. Note he is gambling, like his counterpart in ficiency and security. hens standing on top of one another for lack of space on the cage floor.
Discarded 4 Overall view of the egg factory with an escaped hen—o-
8 Straw yards for veal production h f ll n a xtr t om a l second only to the liquid milk market, ex- t r v n b h l p x n, h n t ceeding butter, cheese, cream and the t d g ou h n o En l h v l processed milks. lv , t th Un v r t d r t n In the continental system calves are housed in individual wooden pens, o An l W lf r p t W measuring 5'6" by 2' with slatted floors. C ll , En l nd, n l l t Typically there will be 30 such crates inside r. one controlled-environment room. The Veal production in the UK is tiny—only calves are fed milk by bucket twice daily some 30,000 calves produced for veal in and do not receive roughage. 1980, against some 7 million on the conti- In the Quantock system calves are nent. The value of UK production was housed in groups, bedded on straw, in £7.5 million ($14 million), compared with natural environment buildings. At the heart £2 billion ($3.7 billion) abroad. Britain of the system lies the calf feeder. This acts employs some 240 people in veal farming like a cafeteria, mixing milk powder and and the ancillary industries. On the conti- water on demand to provide warm fresh nent there are around 60,000 people feed through rubber teats. directly involved in veal production. On Calves are bought when around one the other hand Britain exports some week old and weighing around 90 lbs. We 300,000 calves a year whereas the conti- aim for weight out of 375 lbs and a carcass nent are net importers. There are move- weight of 225 lbs. Milk consumption is 470 ments from France to Italy but no move- lbs of solid feed, and the food conversion rd l t th t tr t l o t ments of live calves out of continental ratio is 1.65 with a production cycle of 105 th t lf nn t v n tr t h t t Europe. days. l h n l n d n. It is clear, therefore, that there is a huge After arrival the calves are rested for vested interest in the veal industry in 8-12 hours. Each calf is then individually progressively increased. Europe with concomitant conservatism brought to the feeder and given a rationed Bedding is a daily task and an onerous and great resistance to change. Veal drink of two litres of warm milk at 8% con- one. On the other hand there are none of should rightly be regarded as a dairy prod- centration. This procedure is repeated the insults normally associated with rearing uct. It is a combination of two dairy bi- twice a day for the following two days, and calves for beef and dairy herds—there is no products—surplus calves from the dairy then the calves are allowed free access to de-horning and no castration. herd and surplus skim milk. In value it rates the feeder. After 10 days the strength is Health inspection with loose-housed calves is at a premium, and we have found it necessary to walk through each batch of calves twice a day and physically inspect each calf. I do not mean to actually lay M d rn r n h hands on it but to make a point of looking. ld n o We find that prominent ear-tagging assists n n . this, as does keeping group sizes small. While the feeder accommodates 40 calves, we like to sub-divide them into two groups of 20. We look specifically for evidence of scour, nasal discharge, empty stomach and general listlessness. We are concerned only with two major disease categories — enteritis and pneumonia. Enteritis, frankly, is not a problem at all, which we ascribe to our pro- phylactic medication on entry, and food quality. Pneumonia on the other hand is quite a major problem from five weeks on- wards. Post mortem examination at the nt n d n p 0
Str rd v l pt th b rd t n ll th v l l l t r t S thf ld Sh nd t n th S pr Ch p n h p. "Wh t p r t l rl pl d ," d rr K ll, M n n r t r f Q n t l, " th t n n f f th tr n t nt rn t n l p t t n f r r , pr v n th t r t h lf r v l f r p r r t th r l f r n pr d t." n n r t, r t h n l tt r, l n n t nd nj n t r l nl ht.
9 7/ l C lv Marguerite Yourcenar "Sp rt " Ch n on animal rights v n What is it like in a veal factory? The best On f th t d t n h d r t r n th rld t d , M r r t Yourcenar answer to this can be found on the indus- h n t h r nt l t n t th Academie Fran9aise h b n d l try's own words taken from h l r, the l d tr b t t h r nd br thr h: th t t r n t f ll spokespiece for the "special-fed veal indus- r n h n t t t n h n v r b f r d tt d n t b r h p. try," a euphemism for intensive livestock Sh n l v n th Un t d St t for th r t r p rt f v r r. h rearing. th r f Memoirs of Hadrian , n th tr t n , t z n f th rld nd f The January-February 1982 issue ad- th rld f l tt r . vises, "Calves with bronchial pneumonia h f ll n tr n l t n f p rt f h r t t nt t th 8 nn l often have a headache so bad that they do t n n r f th Oeuvre d'Assistance aux B'etes d'Abattoirs, th l d n not want to lower their head. In summer, calves bordering on heat stroke will not r n h r n z t n n t reform f t r f r nd l ht r h . lower their heads, but will drink if you lift On nd r h th r th r n t t r lt t n l ." the bucket." This comes from a veterinarian n p nt n n d l r t n Or t l t, th h lt n t employed by one of the big Dutch feed f n l r ht . I ld l th ff r r th n n b companies who manufacture the "milk h d l r t n th j . t v d d: th h v th r r ht replacer" the calves subsist on. lr d I r n r nd th r d n t j t d . Besides their confinement to stalls so h d r n : "It h b n h rt nl v r d t d narrow that they cannot stretch their legs r th n 200 r n th n t n, b t n th pr nt out when they lie down, veal calves are fre- d l r t n f th r ht f n, l t f p n n, t , l , quently chained. In the November- December 1981 issue, h l r shows a nd h t h b n th r lt? l t bv r v . calf with the following caption: "The sporty h b n r r pr v , t b bv r v t new stainless steel neck chain insures that r n l n d t th l r l t rt r v l t n n t n the calf will not be chewing on oxidized d tr t n f h n l v , r r n , nd ff r n nd r lt — iron links that might turn the meat red." dr v n t d r d , v n n t v v th t h v th r ft n Even h l r (September- October t , th v r d f h n t . I b n t rn d n t th h n 1981) recognized that chaining has its t r ht t pr l t n f t r b th h d lr d drawbacks. In a box (page 33) it empha- f r th r ht f n l h n— b n pr t d n n l . t sizes: "NECK CHAINS AND STRAPS b h n n t r h n t r b r, f r n rn d SHOULD NOT BE TORTURE. CHECK h n d— t b n ff t v th h n r ht , th t th r YOUR CALVES!" The l r is equally frank about the th ld d l r t n f th ld b l h ld b f th r strained relations between veal factories r ht f n?" r f r b d n l , f r and veterinarians. In an article by George I th n t r ht. I th n t " ttl r " tr n p rt n th v W. Crossmen III, we read: l r ht t r ff r th tr t f f t th r d th , f nd nt , h h th h h d n t pt d t f Besides waiting too long to call veteri- narians for a really sick calf, vets do not th nt n t b br n, tr n p rt t n f l v t h r look favorably on relations with veal n l ff r th t f d nd ll t ll r nd tr n r r growers because they have long defied th t h t th h v d n n t t r h l t n th r d th . accepted agricultural methods. The r ht. " h h lt n t ll." All f And n h t v r ll r feeding of long hay to livestock, in order r h t r , f h h r p bl , l t r lv t tr t to maintain a proper digestive system pr d, n l n v l t n f h n th r t n f th has been considered a sound practice th nd nt. " h h lt l v f th n l l v th." for years. As long as the veal industry feeds only milk formula, which can ob- Straw Yards nt n d fr p opposed to about 250 for crate-reared (which consumes 10 times as much milk as abattoir indicates that about 30% of the calves. ordinary beef and dairy calves) is simply a calves have pneumonic lesions. There is a straw cost and a feeder cost, means of turning surplus milk into liquid Quantock's first commercial unit near neither of which occurs in crates. But cash. Cambridge has been operating since 1977. because there is no heating, energy costs The Europeans are short of calves, and Every calf dying there has been inspected are lower. Also repair costs are much lower the large traffic of calves from the UK to the at the Cambridge Veterinary Investigation and depreciation is infinitely lower. Overall continent is a source of major concern. It Laboratory, and a very accurate health pic- there is a saving of about £10 ($18) a calf wiDuld be logical to reverse the flow, and ture has been built up. The mortality rate is on the Quantock system. fdr people like me to have my feed require- now down to under 2%. I am quite confident that in Britain no ments manufactured in France and in Turning to the all-important question of more veal crates will be put in, but how return to send them veal produced by the economics the main costs are those of about the future in continental Europe? British farming industry on the straw-yard farming, feed and calf input. Compared The pressure behind the continental veal system. It may, I hope, be a forerunner of with the crate system labour costs are cer- industry lies with those whose main con- what is to come that I recently struck just tainly lower; one full-time man can deal cern is to convert milk powder into meat, such a reciprocal deal with a French organ- with 400 animals on the new system, as which they can liquidate. The veal calf ization.
1 viously cause metabolic upsets down the road, it is understandable that veteri- r d l l r b hn Gl b r narians are not attuned to veal health. At the same time, veal growers have to maintain the realization that when they There is, I hope, nothing in the world by medailles from the Department of purchase auction calves they are playing more universal than love for animals and Agriculture. These awards are similar to the with fire and they can't expect a vet to the desire to protect them from needless Monitor Awards described in our last save every calf treated only a few hours hurt and mindless brutality. A spirited Quarterly and are given to government from death._ defender of animals, Madame Jacqueline employees who have introduced humane The same article refers to "disease ac- Gilardoni, founded Oeuvre d'Assistance treatment and principles into some work cumulated at the auction" and "cases of aux Betes d'Abattoirs to attempt to protect situation. The photographs of the justly shipping fever which are inevitable after animals in slaughter houses from unnec- proud honorees range from beaming trucking, especially at such a young sus- essary pain and suffering and it has grown young and bearded to middle-aged and ceptible age." to cover animals in factory farms. It staid, but all have done something Lest the reader suppose that illness is operates "sous le haut patronage du meritorious for animals. It's fun to read as well as instructive. rare in special-fed veal calves, a look at the Ministere de L'Agriculture." (Why does Madame Gilardoni writes about the found- current issue (March-April 1982) of The everything sound so much better in French?) The O.A.A.B.A. Bulletin #32 is ing of the Society and the events leading Vealer shows the routine medication given the twentieth anniversary issue. VIVE up to it. There is an account of legal action by veal farmers the magazine surveyed: MADAME GILARDONI! It describes the (Gallic, so probably awesome) taken over Bender: We feed calves according to the year. There is a wonderfully dramatic bag schedule the first week. We also use Annual Meeting held on May 24, 1981. a preventive medication program. We During the proceedings an interesting accou o e escue o a a e ei e i idea was propounded by Nobel Laureate the Haute Savoie by a helicopter owner usually vaccinate calves the first week. who volunteered his equipment. Academi- We watch calves real close and try to M. le Professeur A. Kastler. He feels the cian Marguerite Yourcenar (see page 10) prevent problems before they occur. We time has come to work for a law requiring writes movingly about animal rights. And, also implant with Ralgro. all meat and eggs to be labeled to indicate whether they have come to market from everywhere there are photographs reflect- Beitzel: Day 1 we give a round of Veal battery cages and cruelly cramped stalls, or ing the spirit of this strong, active Society. Lac Paste and put calves on Neo Ter from more humane environments. This It would be too much to urge you to powder in mixer or Chloratet depending would allow the consumer, the ultimate learn French in order to read this, but if you on condition of calves, we might use judge, to make an informed choice. M. can rustily squeak through, you'll find a Nitrofurazone for 3 days in mixer. We Kastler said "I think we should be able to lovely, across-the-sea affirmation of the also Ralgro calves at 2-3 weeks. achieve such a law rather soon" followed supranationalism of our common goal. by, according to the Bulletin, "Applaud- Inquiries may be addressed to Yoder: 3 feedings of Nitrofurozone, issements." O.A.A.B.A., Siege Social, Maison des then 3 weeks of Neo Ter Soluble Four pages are devoted to the presenta- V6terinaires, 10 Place L4on-Blum, 75011, powder in the mixer. 2nd day we give tions of Dipl&nes D'Honneur from the Paris, France. 1.B.R.-P1 3 Vaccine also 1st days we O.A.A.B.A. and DiplOrnes accompanied gave 2cc BO-SE. 4th days 2cc P.B.#2. We also use a lot of vitamins in milk. This has worked good for us and we have been using this on recommenda- tion after we had a bad group with differentiate between normal veal and so- I.B.R. I also use Ralgro plus Agri-Serum called "white" veal. "The public demands a S d d pp r n in the milk. calf that is white which is borderline Maziwi Island, off north Tanzania, which Finally, it has long been known that anemic," according to Richard G. Warner, was the main nesting place for sea turtles there is no rational reason for depriving Professor of Animal Nutrition at Cornell along the East African coast, has vanished calves o a normal amount of iron. Studies University. "Since iron is needed by man, beneath the sea, reports the Tanzanian by Dr. Robert Gardner, Professor of e mea is e e a a e u e ea l . wo esea c e s cou i no Animal Sciende, have shown over ten companies feel no pressure to change." trace or it nor of the turtles. years ago that a taste panel was unable to (New York magazine, November 5, 1979)
An l W lf r In t t t
S nt f C tt Int rn t n l C tt Off r nd r t r Gerard Bertrand Marjorie Anchel, Ph.D. T.G. Antikatzides, D.V.M.—Greece Christine Stevens, President Christabel Gough Bennett Derby, M.D. Angela King—United Kingdom Cynthia Wilson, Vice President David 0. Hill F. Barbara Orlans, Ph.D. David Ricardo—Canada Marjorie Cooke, Secretary Sue Hunt Roger Payne, Ph.D. N.E. Wernberg—Denmark Roger L. Stevens, Treasurer' Freeborn G. Jewett, Jr. Samuel Peacock, M.D. Godofredo Stutzin—Chile John Beary, M.D. Aileen Train John Walsh, M.D. Simon Mucheri—Kenya Madeleine Bemelmans Non-Voting
St ff Maria Gulino, Administrative Assistant Felicity Luebke, Administrative Assistant
Patrick Allen, Editorial Consultant Diane Halverson, Research Associate Nell Naughton, Mail Order Secretary
Leon Bernstein, Ph.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Lynne Hutchison, Whale Campaign Secretary Adele Schoepperle, Assistant Treasurer
Consultant in Physiology Fran Lipscomb, Executive Assistant
11 h l p rd d nl t n C ll n ll AWI b r ld b t d nf ll Have you chosen your free AWI book? Here is the current selection list. The African leopard has been down- He concedes, too, that his popula- Whales versus Whalers — a series of ar- listed from endangered to threatened. tion estimates are "heavily dependent ticles, 1971-1982, on the campaign to This change of status means that In- upon subjective data and assump- Save the Whale. Illustrated. terior believes that while the leopard tions". This is commendably honest Facts about Furs — a history of the fur may become endangered in the fore- but does nothing to bolster confidence trade by Greta Nilsson. Capture methods; seeable future, right now it is not. in the estimates he produces. (He also banning of the steel-jaw trap by 48 nations; On paper this is a subtle distinction; insists that any extrapolations to coun- trapping laws in all 50 states. Illustrated. but on the ground it is all-important. tries outside Kenya must be "subjec- The Bird Business, A Study of the Cage For it allows American sport hunters to tive to an extreme".) Bird Trade —a fully documented study by Greta Nilsson, with a foreword by S. Dillon bring home leopard trophies from Before a species may be downlisted, Ripley of The Smithsonian Institution and a Africa. And this despite the fact that the Endangered Species Act stipulates chapter by Tim Inskipp. Illustrated plus 8 the species is in Appendix I of CITES. criteria which must be met—one of pages of color photographs. The decision was prompted by a them being that the species is showing First Aid and Care of Small Animals — report on the status of the leopard in clear signs of recovery. On the best advice on helping wild creatures in trouble Kenya. Compiled by Dr P.H. Hamil- available evidence (including Hamil- by Ernest Walker, former assistant Director ton it was highly critical of a previous ton's) the leopard is still declining in of the National Zoo. Illustrated. "desk investigation" by Randall Eaton most of its range. If you have not yet applied for one of which had "grossly inflated" the The chairman of the Cat Specialist these, write to the Institute identifying your- leopard population of Kenya. Never- Group of IUCN's Species Survival self as a member and specify which title theless Hamilton recommended the Commission, Norman Myers, has also you would like to have shipped to you. step which Interior has taken, arguing strongly opposed the reclassification. that the leopard is now "only" Myers makes three main points: r v l n threatened and that revenues from • The 42 African countries which Off on vacation soon and planning to take sport hunting would improve conser- Fido with you? Good—but what are the vation of the species by tying it to a make up the leopard's range are too large and diverse a region to be regulations on immunization, health cer- cash value. tificates, quarantine and so on? The treated as one. Overwhelmingly conservationists answers are all in a new booklet, Traveling have taken issue with this line of argu- • The proposition that wildlife man- With Your Pet, put out by the ASPCA, ment. In a lengthy and carefully docu- agement in the region will be able to 441 East 92nd St., New York, NY 10028. mented counter-report, f nd r f keep sport hunting firmly within its W ldl f goes along with a great deal of legally laid-down bounds is not what Hamilton says but arrive at a readily supportable. The downlisting of a species ought quite opposite conclusion. Hamilton • The belief that local people will to be a success story—the story of how paints a bleak picture of the leopard's benefit from sport-hunting revenues an animal has come back from the likely future—its dwindling forest habi- and thus be given an incentive to brink. But when a still endangered tat and its vulnerability to traps, snares become conservationists rather than species is downlisted, it then stands in and guns. poachers is largely a myth. even greater danger than before.
Animal Welfare Institute o - o i P.O. Box 3650 O ga i a io Washington, D.C. 20007 U.S. Postage PAID ew Yo k Y e mi o 9
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.O. x 6 0 W h n t n, .C. 2000 S r 82 l , ( COMME CIA W A I G A E IWC Votes 25 to 7 to Stop Killing Whales Within 3 Years At the biggest meeting yet held by the International Whaling Commission, July 19-24 in Brighton, England, the 39 member nations approved a carefully worded resolution of the Seychelles to move all catch limits for the killing of whales for commercial purposes to zero by the 1985-86 season. Seconded by Sweden, St. Lucia, Australia, New Zealand and Oman, the motion, strongly opposed though it was by Japan, Norway, Iceland, Peru, Brazil, the USSR, and Korea, won 25 "yes” votes. Five nations abstained. Representatives of international conservation and humane groups groups attending the meeting greeted throughout the world. The most the unexpectedly large vote with sweeping victory that any group of vociferous enthusiasm. The result of animals has won internationally, it an eleven-year-long campaign that presages further inter-group efforts for began with Congressional resolutions other animals in need of protection ya no resuena nuestro canto en el ma calling for a 10-year moratorium on from cruelty and from the threat of commercial whaling and embraced extinction. i i OS I GUIMOS I confrontations with whalers on the The work for whales is not yet done, Sp n h S v th Wh l p t r f t r high seas, exposés of pirate whaling, a however. The whaling nations fought Guernica. variety of demonstrations and persist- hard for quotas for the coming year ent worldwide lobbying, the IWC deci- and succeeded in obtaining a total of sion was the culmination of a struggle 12,371 whales for 1982/83, including which involved increasing numbers of 10,867 Minke Whales, 711 Brydes, (Co i ue o age Draize Laboratory Animals Bill Approved Amendment by House Science and Technology passes Senate Committee Senator Dave Durenberger (R, MN), author of Senate Resolution 65 calling for a Congressman Doug Walgren's (D, George Brown (D, CA) was suc- substitute for the Draize eye irritation test, PA) bill to encourage development of cessful in amending a surprise amend- presented an amendment to the Supple- alternatives to laboratory animals, and ment offered by Barry Goldwater, Jr. mental Appropriations Act of 1982 incor- reduce pain infliction on those that CA) for a five-year "sunset" porating the substance of the Resolution into continue to be used, cleared a major clause. Brown's move changed the the Act. hurdle August third when it was period to ten years, thus synchronizing Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D, mandatory congressional review of the NY) co-sponsored the amendment which approved by voice vote after an intense legislation with the period allowed was moved by Senator Mark Hatfield (R, debate on a "sunset" provision by OR) and passed by voice vote in the members of the Science and institutions to achieve full accredita- Senate. Technology Committee chaired by tion—a much less damaging corn- (C nt n d n p 4 Don Fuqua (D, FL). (C nt n d n p C r l Wh l n of the United States may "prohibit . . . Seeki g a e a i es o Contined from page 1 importation into the United States of 100 Sei, 293 Fin, and 400 Sperm fish products of the offending country a ima es s Whales. These quotas, down only for such duration as he considers about 2,500 from this year, must be appropriate." The importance of the C n d n v rn nt greatly reduced next year as the U.S. market to these whaling nations pp rt phase-out moves to completion. is demonstrated by the following: The Natural Sciences and Engineering Japan exported $321,662,000 worth Research Council of Canada (NSERC), O E O W A I G MO A O IUM of fish products to the United States in briefed by the Canadian Society for the o ( 5 Swe e U i e Ki g om 1981. In the same year Iceland, Brazil, Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA), A igua has agreed to support research into non- A ge i a U i e S a es o Ame ica Korea, Norway, and Peru exported Aus a ia U uguay $176,000,000; $105,336,000; animal testing. The SPCA is delighted with e i e A n t ( $91,659,000; $70,800,000; and this response and says it is probably the first Cos a ica a i time that a government-funded body has e ma k $30,648,000 respectively. Ice a acted in such a positive manner. According Egy a a a ce to NSERC, "Many researchers holding o way Ge ma y NSERC grants already use alternative e u I ia Sou Ko ea Readers who would like to have cur- methods in their research projects, but few Ke ya U S S rent information on how to join in are actually working on research aimed at Me ico Mo aco efforts to prevent objections from improving existing non-animal testing Ab t n (5 being filed to the commercial whal- e e a s C i e models, at developing new models, or at ew ea a C i a ing phase-out are invited to write to validating the usefulness of such models." Oma i i i es Whale Campaign Coordinator, It is now up to Canadian scientists to apply S ucia Sou A ica Animal Welfare Institute, PO Box for grant money for 'alternative' research S i ce a e Swi e a G e a i es 3650, Washington, D.C. 20007. projects. Se ega Ab nt ( Continued next page Seyc e es omi ica S ai amaica Although Tokyo newspapers reacted strongly to the 25-7 vote, call- ing on the government to file an objec- tion to the IWC decision, the matter is under consideration with differing views reportedly held by different major departments of government. A prime consideration for Japan is the possible loss of access to the U.S. 200-mile fishery zone if it fails to honor IWC decisions. The United States holds two powerful economic "sticks": the Packwood-Magnuson Amend- ment to the Fishery Conservation and Management Act and the Pelly Amendment to the Fisherman's Pro- tective Act. The Packwood-Magnuson Amendment provides for the automatic reduction of 50% of the fishing allocations in the U.S. 200-mile zone of those countries which are cer- St p Wh l n , t th Wh l tified by the Secretary of Commerce as is the message which balloon whale acting in violation of whale conserva- FLO and her guardian Peter Millington tion programs. If defiance of IWC took to Spain immediately after the decisions continues, fishing is 1981 IWC Conference. Surfacing in automatically terminated altogether. all sorts of different spots, the tireless The Japanese fishing industry, which pair, accompanied at times by FLO's took $425,572,000 worth of fish from offspring LITTLE FLO, kept cam- our 200-mile zone in 1981, is par- paigning throughout the winter and ticularly vulnerable to this law. spring, attracting plaudits in plenty The Pelly Amendment is discre- from the press and a warm welcome Indeed FLO can claim to have influ- tionary. If a country acts "to diminish from tens of thousands of Spaniards enced the crucial Parliamentary debate the effectiveness of an international who formerly supported, or else knew which ended with a decisive vote in fishery conservation program," such nothing about, their country's whaling favor of ending Spanish whaling forth- as the IWC, and is so certified by the activities. with. Secretary of Commerce, the President
2 o `Alt rn t v r r h f nd d n UK Ch rl v r b Ad t The quest for alternatives to animal test- ing has taken a big step forward in Britain, lt G n t p l t n reports the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME) C ntr l months of painstaking work were from its new head office in Nottingham. "In Wake of Mouse Mix-up, Studies Are "shot" because the laboratory mice Thanks to donations and pledges from Left in Ruin" is the title of an article by she was using were not the cosmetic, chemical and pharmaceutical Philip M. Boffey in The New York Times of genetically pure strain she had companies—well known names include July 27, 1982. This is not a scare headline. ordered. At the National Institutes of Avon Products, Bristol-Myers, Hoechst The world's biggest commercial supplier of Health in suburban Washington, a UK, Pfizer, Rimmel International- laboratory animals, the Charles River virologist says he had to repeat four FRAME's £250,000 ($450,000) research Breeding Laboratories, center of a multi- months of work for the same program got underway in June. Individual million dollar international trade, have reason. And at a major cancer FRAME supporters have also contributed. acknowledged that for at least 15 months center, a young investigator com- they filled many orders for BALB/c, an plains that his grant was not renewed "A v r f l inbred strain of mice, with shipments which and he will have to seek a new job t n . . . ." contained some mice of different genetic because mislabeled mice caused his backgrounds. experiments to fail, leaving him with Last April the Humane Research Trust, Mr. Boffey writes: no valid findings to publish. whose headquarters are in England, held a At The University of Wisconsin, a Dr. Brenda Kahan, the Wisconsin scien- (Continued on page 10 ) cancer researcher reports that nine tist mentioned above, reported on this genetic contamination in the July 26, 1982, issue of Science. Months of intricate b r t r An l ll Continued from page 1 experimentation proved worthless when it became apparent that all were not the promise. The Act will have to be reap- for Animal Protective Legislation, BALB/c, thus skewing the experiment. proved by the Congress at the end of Humane Society of the United States, "The seriousness of our findings cannot be ten years. American Humane Association, Peo- overemphasized," she wrote. The bill has undergone lengthy ple for the Ethical Treatment of Harold Hoffman, the chief of genetic examination, discussion and modifica- Animals, the Coalition to Abolish the monitoring for National Institutes of Health animals, warns that as many as 1000 tion by both scientific and animal Rabbit Blinding Draize Test, and experiments may be affected. He calls this welfare organizations reaching what others. Dr. Kagan holds a doctorate of damage estimate conservative. the American Physiological Society philosophy and her analytical training In any painful experiment that goes proved valuable as the bill was exam- down the drain because the wrong animals ined, line by line, by the twenty-odd were inadvertently used, a serious ethical people who regularly attended the five problem is raised. The animals suffered to three-hour meetings. Following the no possible purpose. If the experiment is meetings, work continued on the bill repeated, twice as many will suffer. The resulting in near unanimous approval result is the very opposite of current efforts by the Committee on Science and to develop alternative methods of exper- imentation and testing in order to reduce Technology. the number of animals used. Major provisions of the bill include: Not all the experiments in which these 1. Development of substitutes for particular "wrong" mice took part were painful tests and experimentation. painful; however huge numbers of mice 2. Establishment of an Animal produced by Charles River are used in Studies Committee in every testing which involves severe, long-lasting laboratory including at least one pain. Clearly the current mass production Congressman Doug Walgren member not employed by the insti- of small animals needs a great deal more thought than is now being given it. Other- (APS) characterized in a letter to the tution who is "primarily responsible wise, disruption of scientific research Congressional Committee as "an for representing community con- through confused results—detected or unexpected level of acceptability." In a cerns regarding the welfare of the undetected—will undermine essential parts field where physiologists and animal animal subjects." of the scientific edifice, and totally unnec- protection organizations have been at 3. Committee requirement to inspect essary and hence unjustifiable pain will be loggerheads for years, the possibility of the animals regularly to see that inflicted on large numbers of animals in the approaching consensus seemed animal pain and distress are prci,cess. remote until a series of meetings minimized and to report on its find- organized by Tom Lantos (D, CA) and ings to the granting agency. 6. Provision for exercise for chaired by Constance Kagan of his 4. Provision of job protection for 'laboratory dogs and other animals. staff brought together representatives employees who report on mistreat- 7. Provision for suspending or revok- of APS, American Association of ment of animals. ing grants for violation of the law. Medical Colleges, American 5. Limitation on using an animal in Psychological Association, National more than one major operative The number of the new Committee Society for Medical Research, Society procedure. bill is H.R. 6928. 7 7 3 Draize Continued from page 1 G ea y e ees come o e as coyo es e a Once upon a time in the rocky, broken terrain of central Texas, stockman Dur- wood Kelly had a problem: coyotes were gobbling up so many of his sheep and goats that he was near to bankruptcy. But no longer. Today his animals grow sleek and fat, protected every moment of the day and night (especially night) by "huge white brutes with the head of a bear, the heart of a tiger and the disposition of a doting grandpa." These remarkable guardians are Great Pyrenees dogs. Though docile and playful around humans they live with the sheep and goats 365 days a year. Even a meal break is not regarded as time off. If their or i charges move away they simply pick up their dinner pails (they are fed from for guarding. There's no training involved. Senator Dave Durenberger buckets) and follow. You just raise the puppies in a pen with It was desperation rather than confi- sheep or goats, and when they're 10 The full text of the amendment reads as dence which in 1979 led Kelly to acquiring months to a year old put them out with the follows: a pair of Great Pyrenees puppies. He says flocks." Since Federal regulations require of the breed: "They have a natural instinct Coyotes around Kelly's ranch—and the Draize rabbit eye irritancy test for neighboring ranches which have followed predicting human opthalmic suit—now give livestock a wide berth. The response in pesticides and house- Now, therefore, attacks have ceased. The flocks multiply. In hold products; and It is the sense of the Senate that this part of Texas the coyotes are back to Since the development of this the Consumer Product Safety Com- catching rabbits. painful test over thirty-five years ago mission, the Environmental Protec- there has been enormous scientific tion Agency, and the Food and Drug innovation while the Draize test Administration set aside research remains basically unchanged; and time and funding to develop and Citizens against Since the reliability of the Draize validate an alternative nonanimal test has been called into question: testing procedure. poaching Idaho is the latest western state, follow- ing Wyoming and New Mexico, to form a r r b n l n vigilante group to counter poaching. Citi- zens Against Poaching has a tollfree hotline f r th r p nd l staffed by state enforcement officers. Rewards of up to $500 go to callers whose The California black bear is under in the Far East and growing unem- tip-offs result in arrests. The program siege. Hundreds, maybe as many as a ployment in America's bear country began in May 1981. In under a year some thousand, have been killed by may combine to accelerate poaching 450 calls were received and about $24,000 poachers operating throughout the in the western states. The hunting reward money paid. bear country of California and other season, one bear per hunter, is limited California advertises its $500 reward and western states, and the population is to October and November. But illegal gives its poaching hotline number on every piece of mail it sends out. clearly suffering. This shocking hunting is on the increase—"We know It was Wyoming which demonstrated the slaughter is spurred, it seems, by Asian because we find dog tracks out of importance of rewards. In the early days of American dealers in Los Angeles. The season" says Wayne Klein of Fish and the state's hotline (it has been going three bear's paws, claws and gall bladder are Game—and the bears are getting years) calls were few. But when rewards highly prized. smaller and younger. Females do not were introduced calls—and arrests—shot Many Oriental people consider the begin to breed until they are five, and up. paws a delicacy, value the claws as the average age is now only four. The earliest program of this kind belongs jewelry and believe the gall bladder is a Judge Newsom of the California to New Mexico. It was begun in 1977 when sure cure for any number of ailments District Court of Appeals in San Fran- thAtate discovered it was losing 34,000 ranging from hepatitis to toothache. cisco has criticized the $14,000 fine head of fish and game every year. Called Operation Thief it has strong citizen Agents of California's Fish and Game imposed on three men convicted of G backing. Department suspect that exports are buying bear bladders, paws and claws. Poachers, it is recognized, kill not for finding their way to the Far East where He believes that convicted poachers food but for profit. Licensed hunters are a bear gall bladder can fetch as much should be jailed. A bill before the state therefore vehemently opposed to them. as $3000. legislature would make bear poaching For large-scale poaching has meant fewer The fear is that growing prosperity a felony. animals and shorter hunting seasons.
4 a n , n nd th b f f r n l The following is a shortened version of a talk given by Brian Klug in Urbana, Illi- nois, last March. The occasion was a symposium entitled Controversies Over the Raising of Food-Animals in Close Confinement, under the auspices of the Organi- zation for the Promotion of Animal Welfare, University of Illinois. Brian Klug, who teaches in the Department of Philosophy at De Paul University in Chicago, con- tends that a recent widely disseminated report on the welfare of farm animals is "fundamentally misconceived and completely misses the point—deliberately." Raising farm animals is a serious busi- their eggs) are characteristically grown in ness. It is a source of food. It is a way of life indoor floor systems with a space allow- for small farmers. It is big business for those ance of 0.7 to 0.8 square feet per bird. industrial corporations and conglomerates Most dairy cows are kept in confinement that have substantial investments in Ameri- rather than grazed on pasture. Dairy calves can agriculture—and also for those com- are separated from their mothers 1 to 3 panies which manufacture and market the days following birth; they are housed in kind of capital-intensive equipment that is various types of structures, including indi- used on the modern farm. It is the focus of vidual pens. The shift to fewer and larger research, development and training for swine enterprises has been rapid, and there Too close for comfort. agricultural engineers, animal scientists and is a trend toward controlled environments vets. It is the subject of such trade publica- in the raising of pigs. about "modern swine-production opera- tions as Feedstuffs, Hog Farm Manage- My source for these facts is a report pub- tions": in other words, a factory where ment and Broiler Industry. Last and surely lished in November 1981 by the Council swine meat is produced. not least it is no laughing matter for the one for Agricultural Science and Technology But does the reference to "clinical billion poultry, 115 million cattle, 60 (CAST). This 54-page document, pre- criteria" signify a departure from a purely million pigs, 12 million sheep, not to men- pared by 24 scientists, is entitled Scientific industrial perspective? Not so. The effi- tion unspecified numbers of rabbits, raised Aspects of the Welfare of Food Animals. ciency with which a factory operates is a for food on American farms. The CAST Report was distributed to function of numerous factors, including the Increasingly, these animals have been members of Congress, the US Department quality of the stock. In effect, clinical raised in conditions of close confinement. of Agriculture, the media and institutional criteria are criteria of management and This can take the form either of isolating members of CAST. The latter include such control in the quality of the stock—in this individual animals from each other, or of venerable bodies as the American Society case, livestock. crowding animals together, normally of Animal Science, the American College indoors. Close confinement systems are of Veterinary Toxicologists, the American Inv bl h nd r l ht f h nd? now a major feature of modern farms in Society of Agricultural Engineers, the Insti- The authors of the CAST Report explain America. Nearly all table eggs come from tute of Food Technologists, and so on. that it is the profit motive which has led to hens housed indoors in cages, each con- Thus it is no will-o'-the-wisp. It is a substan- the adoption of the new technology of taining from 3 to 6 birds. Broiler chickens tial attempt to defend close confinement close confinement. However, they do not (chickens raised for their flesh rather than systems, and it is intended to be influential. consider that the welfare of farm animals However, I consider that it is fundamentally has been sacrificed on the altar of industry. misconceived and completely misses the For they affirm, as a central article of faith, point—deliberately. that "the goal of maximum profitability pur- Over the last 30 years or so, there have sued by animal producers (and others) been radical changes taking place at every leads automatically to improved welfare of level in American farming. You might say both animals and humans". Even Adam that the industrial revolution has at last hit Smith in his grave might raise an eyebrow the countryside. At any rate no one today at the idea of an 'invisible hand' that would blush at the statement that produc- miraculously promotes the welfare of all ing food, like producing automobiles, is an living creatures—not just human industry. Food is a product. And the raw creatures—via the motive of private gain. material, be it corn or livestock, is seen as However, a careful reading of the report simply a factor of production. In this sense reveals that what we have here is not so alone, quite apart from the conditions in much an invisible hand as a sleight of which the animals are kept, the modern hand. farm is like a factory: it exists to transform The trick works as follows. In the first input into output, raw material into prod- place, the CAST Report explains that the uct, with maximum efficiency. goal of maximum profitability has led to the I quote from the CAST Report: "The development of close confinement sys- development of environmental controls tems. These systems have been designed and practices followed in modern swine- so that the animals should be in the sort of production operations has been guided physical condition which results in efficient largely by production and clinical criteria `performance', thus promoting the profita- Pigs bought at auction for fattening, they and economics". Note that language: it is bility of the enterprise. In the language of remain in this overcrowded pen till industrial through and through. Instead of the report, the design of modern "food- slaughter weeks later. referring to pig-farming the report talks Continued next page
r. 5 9 animal production operations" has the former. Nonetheless, there is nor- to everything of value in our lives? loused by over-education or by vested been guided largely by "production mally some trade-off between the What about love, fulfilment, happi- interest. Quite simply, a bare narrow and clinical criteria". combination of conditions that leads , ness? Would they say that these too stall is not an environment which pro- In the second place, at the end of to the maximum welfare of the indi- " IME WAS. • • • are 'broad concepts' that as yet cannot vides sufficient scope for an animal the section Scientific Evaluation of vidual animals (as indicated by their r fr nt p rt l W ll Str t rn l, 8 b r 8 . be measured objectively and like a sow to live her life. That is the production as individuals) and the expressed numerically? Animal Welfare we read: "The princi- St t C nt r, I . — h n p t r p rf t f r d tt d th r ll n ntr d . plain truth, for those who have eyes to pal scientific basis available for under- combination of conditions that leads It's the "as yet" that gets me—as if in see it. Sp r d b rn p n d nt br z p t r . Ch n h d n n th r r nd b rn rd , standing and decision-making regard- to the maximum economic profitability time there is nothing that cannot, and However, the authors of the CAST ing the welfare of domestic farm of the overall operation involving t rr n p d t d v l . And l ll d n d n h t r d , th r p l t l b . will not, submit to the ruler and com- Report seem to think that we are mis- animals is the extensive body of data many animals (toward which the pro- t n r . St r t l h d r r d ll r pl n b rn h r nd r r r l A r . pass and the other instruments of cali- led by the evidence of our eyes. In on the integrated responses of animals ducer directs his management deci- In d f th , l n h n r p d n t n n r , t d l r t n bration which are the stock-in-trade of particular, they maintain that there is to their environment provided by sions)". (emphasis added) b v th th r. In th r , r f h n d t th n l n th r d h l n b rn p l t science. But is it science to use, in one no scientific proof that pigs need to traditional production and clinical In other words, what matters to the l b r v r th . l lv p nd ll th r h rt l v n t f t d t ll , n bl t t rn realm of knowledge, the terms and touch each other, except perhaps to criteria". producer is overall profits—not the r nd. And n f r r b rn rd d n z n n v r d l ht r l n th r nd. methods that pertain to another? To keep warm. Here is how they put it: So that's how it comes about that productivity of each animal taken know and understand—as far as we "Their requirement for physical con- the goal of maximum profitability separately. Notice that the text says can—the lives that are led by creatures tact, apart from the presumed automatically improves the welfare of specifically that the pursuit of maxi- other than ourselves is a very different temperature-regulatory function, has or sodium in the diet may dramatically farm animals! Profitability is furthered mum profit does not maximize the C pl n nd v v n They must wait, and we must wait, matter from doing physics or even not been established". But has it been increase egg production (reproductive by confinement systems whose design welfare of farm animals " as indicated Many observers point out that until all this preliminary research in physiology. It is an abuse of human established that pigs do not need performance), but this does not neces- is guided by "production and clinical by their production as individuals". animals closely confined are often ethology and physiology has been beings to treat them as if they were phySical contact? Hitherto they have criteria". These same criteria are said The suggestion here is that the more sarily represent an improvement in the bored, frustrated, neurotic, obsessive, done and published and verified and merely factors of production. It is no roamed and romped together. So to be the "principal scientific basis you get out of a farm animal the better welfare of the hen that produces the and so on. This is the kind of thing re-verified. And in the meantime? In less an abuse to treat animals this way. why not give them the benefit of the eggs". And again: "In the absence of available" for evaluating farm animal off it is! Needless to say, those of us that leads people to say that such the meantime we are to discount the It is an abuse of what they are. doubt? appropriate management, high pro- animals are under 'undue stress'. And evidence of our eyes. ductivity may lead to production- it seems to me that these are serious So we end where we started: the related diseases . of high-yielding issues for anyone genuinely con- CAST Report places its seal of dairy cows and fast-growing pigs and cerned about farm animal welfare. Yet approval on the conventional broilers and, hence, may actually when we examine the way in which approach to farm animal welfare— decrease the welfare of the animals the CAST Report handles the subject which happens to dovetail so well with affected by such diseases". I suppose of stress, what we find is a combina- the pursuit of maximum profitability. we should be thankful for these con- tion of complacency and evasiveness. This is hardly surprising, given the cessions to the obvious. First the complacency: "The overall provenance of this report. Furthermore, as Dawkins argues effects of stress upon animal produc- What does it mean to talk about the (Animal Suffering: The Science of tion are reflected in values obtained welfare or well-being of an animal? On Animal Welfare), "although physical for the traditional production and page 19 we read: "Animal welfare is a health is an important component of clinical criteria". Next the evasiveness. broad concept that as yet cannot be any animal's welfare ... it is not suffi- The authors say that until much more measured objectively and expressed cient by itself". Even clinical criteria research is done, "the utility of numerically. Further research is are an inadequate guide to an ethology as a scientific basis for needed to develop appropriate animal's welfare. A physically healthy guiding animal production practices is measurements for the currently non- animal can experience what Dawkins limited. Much the same may be said of quantifiable aspects of welfare". I find calls "mental suffering". Now it is just physiology". And that is all the CAST these sentences slightly mad. Would possible that the authors of the CAST Report has to say about the countless the authors say the same about Report are conscious of this dimen- human welfare? Do they dream of a animals kept in close confinement Veal calves crated o life in their narrow stalls. sion of animal welfare. -On page 18 whose behavior is obviously disturbed. day when a number can be assigned they concede that production and clinical criteria "do not necessarily In order to grasp what is meant by reflect all aspects of animal welfare `having a life of one's own' you do not h n t n . . ." I find this intriguing. It seems to need to have a Ph.D. or a degree in We are told again and again Overcrowding so severe pigs must climb over each other to reach water. throw the barn doors wide open. But animal science. Anyone who has throughout the report that further unfortunately the text does not watched a bird alight on the bough of research is called for, that additional welfare. So of course the results corre- who protest against the keeping of ani- expand on this thought, and we are a tree, sit there for a minute or two, information is needed. Yet there are late. The argument is as circular as a mals in close confinement are not urg- left guessing as to what the authors preen itself, look around, and take to significant exceptions. No doubts are slice of bologna. ing producers to forsake the goal of have in mind. the wing for no apparent reason—no expressed about continuing the prac- Moreover this logic would enable us maximizing overall profits in order to The discussion on pain (curiously reason apparent to us—knows what it tice of keeping hens in battery cages. to draw the curious but convenient aim instead at squeezing as much as included in the section Human Per- means for a bird to have its own life, to Instead, the report maintains that conclusion that the higher the profit, they can out of each animal individually. ceptions of Animal Welfare rather go its own way. Knows what it means, cages protect the birds from the mani- the better the welfare of the animals. In short, it is silly to equate pro- than under Scientific Evaluation of by contrast, for a chicken to be fold hazards of life in a floor system. But to give credit where it is due, the ductivity with welfare. For one thing, Animal Welfare) concludes by quoting crammed in a small cage with three or Similarly, no qualms are expressed authors of the CAST Report do recog- the productivity of an animal can be a veterinarian (who is also an etholo- four other hens, inside a building with about raising veal calves in individual nize one issue which, so to speak, slips measured in many different ways, gist) to the effect that "animals can suf- no windows, kept there for the whole stalls so narrow that they cannot turn through the fingers of the invisible which might or might not yield similar fer in other ways, possibly more of her abbreviated life, unable even to around. hand (or sleight of hand) that we have values. For another thing, the vaunted intensely and for a longer time, from stretch her wings. The CAST Report claims to be been examining. They say: "The production and clinical criteria can fear, anxiety, frustration, deprivation, By the same token, what sort of scientific. Genuine science is disin- physical well-being of the animals in diverge. Even the CAST Report and social stresses". But in a five-page expertise is needed to judge whether terested, detached, impartial. In the food-animal production operations is acknowledges that a productive discussion on stress, later in the the life of a sow, confined in a bare light of the criticisms made here. I ask an essential element in economic animal is not necessarily a healthy report, fear and anxiety and depriva- narrow stall, is impoverished? The you: Is the CAST Report science? Or profitability. The latter cannot be animal. For example: "An increase in tion are not mentioned at all; frustra- Piglets suckling their crated mother. Despite use of these cruelly restrictive crates facts here are evident to anyone is it propaganda, parading as science achieved without careful attention to illumination or an increase in calcium tion gets two mentions. newborn pig deaths are about the same as 25 years ago. whose judgment has not been cal- (Continued on page 10 )
6 7
(1 / M ll n f E r p r t r b rd t ll nt n An EEC r t v , d pt d r n n t r nd r t b n b r 8, ht n th t t h t v r t n t nd l n nd h f l tr d b r r d, n l d n l l t n: th t rl t n, t p l pl n . l ht r f r t r b rd , h rn n t, f r , tl ll n b rd , b nf n d t It l nd r n . h rt f E r p n M d t r r n nt n th lt r r n n h nt r . h r t v d d l Sp n, rt l, M lt , n t n f r nt l pr n C pr nd, t d E r p , 8 n rd r t v th n t n b n n. t h n b rd r n rn d—pr n p ll It l nd l ht r d v r r? And r r n (Gr n t th n n br d n p p l t n n n rth rn EEC b r nd Sp n t ll E r p ff r n ? h f ll n n t — t t p n l . rt l — h rt n d v r n f h h pr t t d b l n n rth rn h r t v h l d p p r r tt n b S fr d E r p , 0,000 80,000 thr h r r t v t r f r b rd pr t t n. W ldh n b h lf f th Int rn ll d y a i g i th A e es v r S d t r p rt, th h, th b rd t n l C n l f r rd r rv yea h v n t f lt th b n f t. h t n — tt pt t n r th h n f r h n j rn nd nd th r t n . f r th n tr n t thr h It l n such as ducks, waders, turtle doves, nd r n h r p r n t quails and raptors. Also some traps b tt r, nd p rh p r , th n How many birds are being killed work selectively. Near Tangier, for b f r . h t t th r t ll annually in Mediterranean countries? example, traps are placed in the top of l d n th ld — Posing the question is easier than bushes so that they catch only birds th h t, n r , n t nd l . answering it. Making estimates is a which habitually come there, such as Onl th d th n r very tricky matter indeed in the vast the woodchat shrike. For some species r n r nd th v r and relatively understudied Mediter- the toll is therefore much higher than th r rd r d v r ranean region. There are numerous 10-15%. Species which were shot or ph t t d. h t v n t places where only a few local trappers trapped in great numbers some f d. r v n pr f t. It —f n. and shooters know how many birds decades ago hardly migrate through 8 nd nt th t are killed. these places anymore; for example, th r It l r r n d n n The figure varies from year to year. the skylark on Malta, the quail on th n h t v r t t p th f n . The number shot and trapped Egypt's coastline, the turtle dove in the l t dl , M th r, It l n depends on the number wintering and Nile Delta and the bee eater on l h nt l n th th that is related to breeding success: the Cyprus. EEC r t v . t th r n t more young, the more birds wintering Everywhere in the Mediterranean l t f nf d n th t It l n south. Nevertheless a tentative esti- guns, air-rifles, traps, lime-sticks, nets h nt r ll l b nd n th mate has been made. The best avail- and snares are ready to take a bird's h b t f l f t . Or b d able data leads to the conclusion that life. The passion to kill, though, the t . v r l h ndr d ll n migratory shooting at anything that moves, the h r 82 h l n birds are being killed every year in the large-scale netting, trapping and v nt fr r n — Mediterranean countries! liming, and the consumption of little b t n th pp t f th Does this killing have a detrimental birds, is rare outside Europe. This r r d d r t n. Und r pr effect on bird populations? To answer doesn't mean that the Middle East is a r fr th h nt n l bb th this question one needs to know the paradise for migratory birds; far from M tt r nd v rn nt h total number of birds available to it. But shooting and catching are much xt nd d th ll n n f r ll Mediterranean hunters: is it 500 less common there. thr h p nd n ll million, a billion, 10 billion or perhaps th pr n h t n f t rtl 100 billion? Using Moreau's very Spr n h nt d dl r d v . rough approximations I come to a total Most birds are killed in early h E r p n t n f th of two or three billion birds migrating autumn, especially during the week- Int rn t n l C n l f r rd through or wintering in the Mediter- ends. The slaughter is less in spring r rv t n h p t n n ff l ranean annually. Out of this total because of the toll taken by the pl nt t th EEC C several hundred million—or 10-15% autumn hunt plus natural causes. But n, n th t r n tr t are deliberately killed. birds killed in spring are those which th th r n h v rn nt f r This percentage, though, is an aver- have proven strong enough to survive; th r h n d r rd f th age of all species lumped together. spring shooting directly operates on r t v (t h h, f r , Shooters and trappers prefer species the breeding stocks.
8 The shooting pressure is increasing: more and more hunters can afford a car—which enables them to travel quickly to the best places—and more and more guns are being sold. In some parts trapping is becoming less popular. Usually the catcher leaves a certain number of traps in the field and returns when it suits him. Nets range from small to large, from simple to complicated, depending on place and species. Snares are not common but bird- lime is widely used. This glue, which is made from honey and berries of the Assyrian plum tree, is applied to sticks which are then placed in bushes. A perching bird has no chance of escape. In northern Italy complete fake trees are constructed from such lime-sticks. Wh t t d Songbird huntsmen at lunch. Imagine the gruesome scenes caused by these hunting methods: shot birds, wounded but not killed; birds with legs broken in traps; birds hanging from lime-sticks and suc- lp r z l l cumbing to hunger or thirst before being collected. And innumerable W ldl f pr t t n l n r z l f th v r f ntr n th rld similar horrors. d n t t pr nt v r r n t n l d ff ll th p r What can be done? Better laws and l . S h n, h pp n t fr t n f pr v nt n r lt t r n better law enforcement must be ob- ntl , n f th n l l ." b h t lf h r l n In rl nt th b ll h th b tained; nature reserves must be r z l xt nd d tl n , t r n f r z l n d p t b t created; information about birds must l l t b t n d r v n h t b r r n d d f t t b be disseminated. In a great many n r nt b t nd r th n h lp d b l . tt r pp rt n th b ll n b Mediterranean countries no bird books nt th . nv l bl nd h ld b nt t : in the national language exist at all! In h t t f ff r h pr pt d p t d M r ll C r r , most countries the number of bird Jose r d l zz r f th W ldl f C r d p t d , An x I , watchers is negligible. r t t n S rv t dr ft b ll, G b n t 62 , 0 60— r l , The European Committee for the d ll d t xt nt n th US r z l. Sh ld h f r f rth r Prevention of Mass Destruction of M r n M l r t t n A t. nf r t n, r t t : S n r : "If th b ll ppr v d r z l Migratory Birds is made up of the r d l zz r, W ldl f r t t n ld n t nl b th l t n S rv , 24 d t br 000 2 0 , various—national committees. With- A r n ntr t h v h n rt Al r — S 0000, r z l. funds collected in northern Europe it rv t n t h n b t l n supports active bird protection where it is most needed. So far over 50 proj- ects have been financed in Italy, France, Spain, Malta, Tunisia, Crete, Cyprus and Turkey. Experience has shown that by supporting the small groups of bird protectionists in every possible way, important headway can be made. For further information, or if you wish to contribute to the protection of Mediterranean migratory birds, write to: European Committee for the Pre- vention of Mass Destruction of Migra- tory Birds, International Council of Bird Preservation, 219c Huntingdon
Road, Cambridge, England. r n b h rd Ell Ab f r An l S n Alt rn t v — Continued from page 7 " f l t n . . ." om page 3 so as to mislead us and mystify us? Continued The value of research depends on our purpose. If it is our purpose to promote the 3-day meeting at the University of Man- welfare of farm animals, then we must chester on The Role of Animals in Scien- know what we are doing. We will need, so tific Research. Nearly 100 people attended, far as possible, a proper understanding of mostly from Great Britain but also from what it means for a given kind of animal to France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, pursue a life of its own. This calls for intel- Switzerland, USA and Yugoslavia. They ligent, sensitive and sympathetic observa- represented pharmaceutical companies, tion; and it might require appropriate Because hens' heads hit cage top they universities, hospitals, medical research research. can never stand normally. councils, the Home Office, research insti- In this connection I refer you to some of tutes and the scientific press. the work on pigs being done in England at One of those attending was Dr Mary the Institute of Animal Physiology at Dawson, Reader in Pharmacy at the Uni- Babraham, Cambridge, and in Scotland at versity of Strathclyde. She writes: "It was in the Edinburgh School of Agriculture. The my opinion a very successful meeting, work at Babraham contains a timely warn- organized by a serious, scientific body. I ing against the kind of research which seeks had not previously had much contact with to isolate discrete 'needs' and test for them this group but I came away very favorably under controlled conditions in the labora- impressed." tory. I quote from a long article on current Papers were on such diverse topics as in research in the British trade journal vitro toxicity testing, cell culture in brain Farmers Weekly (March 13 1981): "The research and the use of organ culture animal's inquisitive interest in its sur- models instead of animals in the study of roundings invariably overrides its precisely Battery hen's deformed foot. arthritis. A spokesman for the Committee defined need for heat. Adult stock and for Safety in Medicine (the government temperature-sensitive younger pigs will licensing body) outlined the advantages of happily root in soil and watch a tractor human material in safety testing. ploughing in the next paddock, when the Exhausted Battery Hens to A press release put out by the Trust, and wind is blowing and outside temperatures be Killed by Prisoners written by Sir Francis Avery Jones CBE, are as low as 5°C (40°F), which is way MD, FRCP, stated: "The clear message below their experimentally defined 'com- "Spent hens" are the unfortunate crea- emerging from the conference is that alter- fort zone' ". tures that have managed to survive for a natives to the use of animals for medical The kind of research I am criticizing, and year in close-packed battery cages so small research are being rapidly developed. . . . the language in which it is conducted, in many cases that they have to scramble There is increasing realisation in scientific tends to have a subtly corrupting influence. on top of each other because there is not circles that there are many problems and We come to see an animal as a mere col- even room for them all to stand on the fallacies in applying information derived location of 'behaviors' and 'functions'. If, floor of a cage. The wire floor is so unsuit- from animals to man." when we describe animals, we constantly able to their feet that deformities are com- use phrases like 'oral activity' (rather than mon by the end of the year's confinement $ 00,000 t nd l b n l eating or grunting), 'olfactory communica- when the hens are sold for chicken soup tion' (rather than sniffing or smelling each and similar products. t t n other), or 'temperature-regulatory func- Spent hens are capable of being rehabili- The Millenium Guild is offering tion' (rather than huddling together to keep tated. When a kindly person purchases a $500,000 incentive awards to speed the warm), we are liable to lose the capacity for few and releases them in a e they learn day when lab animal tests are displaced by seeing animals as animals. Concomitantly, to dust-bathe and lay eggs in nests, forage substitute methods. The present death we will no longer be capable of under- for insects and seeds as their forebears did. toll—in the USA alone—is estimated at standing what it means to abuse an animal. But in the egg industry, no such reprieve is 60-100 million animals a year. This is an It no longer looks like an abuse when allowed. extremely large figure, particularly when animals are perceived as mere assemblages A particularly unpleasant proposal has bearing in mind that many of the tests give of moving parts. With this kind of jargon been put forward in Massachusetts where, great pain. animals as animals recede from view: we according to the June 14th issue of $250,000 will go to the scientist or group are blinded with science. Feedstuffs, the state has allocated $50,000 of scientists who can find non-animal So I conclude: The need for more for a feasibility study to have prisoners replacements for such notoriously cruel research, such as it is, is not as basic as the "process" the spent hens, that is, kill them, tests as the Draize eye test on rabbits and need to recover the English language— defeather and eviscerate them. The gover- thal "ritual mass execution of animals", the whether of the American or British variety. nor of Massacusetts is examining proposals LD . A further $250,000 will promote in- This is the language from which we set out from consultants who have asked to do the novation and reward the rapid, measurable and to which, with all our scientific study. According to a policy analyst for the reduction of animal tests. It is hoped that research, we must return. Otherwise we Massachusetts Energy Department, the this„part of the program will immediately will not be able to recognize that the world study would determine if "a handicapped lead to fewer animals being used. in which we live contains people and training center might be better for the President of the Millenium Guild is animals with lives to lead—not mere plant"; he noted that a minimal correction Pegeen Fitzgerald. Program administrator `behaviors' and 'functions' to be counted. facility would be selected if the prison route is Henry Spira. And the address is 40 Cen- is chosen. tral Park South, NYC 10019.
1 Putting Action on acid rain r pr nt nd follows Stockholm p t r Antarctica on meeting the map The Swedish government 'celebrated' the tenth anniversary of the UN Stockholm Save Antarctica is a new citizens' organi- Conference on the Environment by hold- zation with offices in Washington DC, ing a high-level international symposium Geneva and Sydney. It will campaign on on acid rain—rain tainted by sulphur diox- conservation issues in the Antarctic, coordi- ide released into the atmosphere by coal- nating the efforts of the various national and burning industries. international bodies who wish to break the In northern Europe the dominant exclusiveness of the 14-nation Antarctic weather system makes Scandinavia a big Treaty "club" and open it up to those poorer net importer of acid rain from the industries nations which may lack the resources to of other nations, particularly Britain. Some undertake research but which can boast 20,000 Swedish lakes are now dead. some commitment to conservation. Forests, rivers and crops have also suffered. With fishing interests greedily eyeing the As in Europe, so in America, with Southern Ocean's shrimp-like krill (some Canada in the role of chief victim and the estimates put the potential harvest at 50 US as chief villain—although some of the million tons a year which is close to the acid rain in the northeastern states is of world's total fish catch) and with mineral Canadian origin. interests keen to get at the riches locked The offending pollutants can travel vast away under the ice, Antarctica's frigid and distances. Chemists testing the atmosphere (therefore) excessively fragile ecosystems in Barrow, Alaska, and expecting to dis- are at great risk. In particular the recovery cover the nearest thing to pure air, found Beautiful reproductions of artist Bonnie L. of the great whales, hunted to near extinc- their filters turned a grimy grey. Marris' "Jaguar" painting (pictured above) tion in recent decades, could be gravely One immediate result of the Swedish are available in 18" x 24" full color prints jeopardized by any massive take of krill, the meeting was that Britain reversed a deci- and posters from RARE, Inc., a non-profit whale's staple food. sion to cut the funding of research into the volunteer based organization devoted to Save Antarctica is planning some "direct effects of acid rain in Britain. Another result the protection of endangered plants and action" for the next Antarctic summer. One was the promise of sufficient ratifications of animals. Signed and numbered prints, on proposal is to take an expedition to the the 1979 convention on transboundary air 100% cotton stock, go to those con- unclaimed sector of the continent and pollution, including a provision for manda- tributing $125.00. Posters are given to claim it for the "world" as a World Park. As tory consultations on request between up- those who contribute $15.00. Send your an opening shot a vessel would be sent wind and downwind countries, to bring it check or money order to RARE, Inc., 950 there in January 1983 with journalists, into force. Third Avenue, New York, NY 10028. scientists and third world representatives aboard in order to focus attention on the issues and to put Antarctica well and truly A new car now—in exchange for "on the map". A follow-up expedition in rn pr t t d dog pelts and cat skins! 1984 would establish a research base. As from May this year all species of game A Soviet fur factory has advertised Those wishing to learn more of Save in Norway, as well as eggs, nests, lairs and immediate car deliveries (normally there is Antarctica's activities should write to the sets, are protected unless the law says a two-year wait) to those handing in 1,000 Executive Director, Jim Barnes, at 624 9th otherwise. dog pelts and 500 cat skins. The advertise- St. N.W., Suite 500, Washington, D.C. ment appeared in the newspaper Luch. Another Soviet newspaper denounced the offer, saying it had led to the theft of pets.
An l W lf r In t t t r t r John Beary, M.D. S nt f C tt Int rn t n l C tt Off r Madeleine Bemelmans Marjorie Anchel, Ph.D. T.G. Antikatzides, D.V.M.—Greece Christine Stevens, President Gerard Bertrand Bennett Derby, M.D. Angela King—United Kingdom Cynthia Wilson, Vice President Marjorie Cooke F. Barbara Orlans, Ph.D. David Ricardo—Canada Marjorie Cooke, Secretary Christabel Gough Roger Payne, Ph.D. N.E. Wernberg—Denmark Roger L. Stevens, Treasurer David 0. Hill Samuel Peacock, M.D. Godofredo Stutzin—Chile Sue Hunt John Walsh, M.D. Simon Muchiru—Kenya Freeborn G. Jewett, Jr. Christine Stevens Aileen Train Cynthia Wilson
St ff Diane Halverson, Research Associate Cathy Liss, Administrative Assistant
Lynne Hutchison, Whale Campaign Secretary Nell Naughton, Mail Order Secretary Patrick Allen, Editorial Consultant Fran Lipscomb, Executive Assistant Greta Nilsson, Wildlife Consultant Maria Gulino, Administrative Assistant Felicity Luebke, Publications Secretary Adele Schoepperle, Assistant Treasurer
11 End n r d p v t r The Endangered Species Act is now secure until October 1985. Congress gave it a further three years' lease of life in early June. By then the scientific argument had been overwhelmingly won by the conservationists and a groundswell of popular support had made the 'right' political course transparently plain. And so it was that bills reauthorizing the Act sped through Congress in no time and with no opposition. But conservationists cannot now relax. The Administration must be pressured to restore the funds slashed from the budgets of the two agencies responsible for implementing the Act. Otherwise the Act will be inactive.
r d l l r by John Gleiber Today, I'd like to thank The Clarion ing that the traps be banned, to every Ledger of Jackson, Mississippi for the arti- humane society in the state and to most b t r cle about Jimmy Cupit in the April 5, 1982 veterinarians. So far, he has about 15,000 by Hope Ryden edition. Mr. Cupit sent us a copy of the signatures and says that 95 percent of the Viking Press, 1981, $15.95 article by Peggy Elam with an accompany- signers are hunters and fishermen. Jimmy ing note that "after about two hundred let- thinks big. By fall, he hopes to have half a Hope Ryden has put together an ters I was able to get an article in our state million to a million signatures. Then they'll enchanting combination of science and fic- paper." And what an article! And what a go off to William Winter, Governor of tion. A masterful story teller, she has col- man! Mississippi, and to the State Fish and lected an impressive amount of behavioral Picture, if you can, a "beefy, bearded Game Commission. While he admits that it and biological information, and in so doing sporting goods store owner" in Clinton, is going to be hard to stop the use of the has captured the essence of the bobcat. Mississippi, a tattoo of the Mississippi State steel trap, there's no way he is going to stop As a reader I have felt that I came to flag glinting on his forearm, who spends his trying. know these animals. I stress this point Sundays checking roadside parks and gar- Jimmy will show you a scrap book with because there is, at the moment, tremen- bage dumps to pick up stray and aban- photographs of animals taken after he has dous pressure on all predator populations. doned pets and take them to the Mississippi freed them from traps, photographs "too This book makes the argument for under- Animal Rescue League of which he is co- horrible to be printed in newspapers or standing one of them. The author is a founder. If you can, then you'll have a shown on television." He wraps it all up, naturalist and she shows how predator, clear picture of Jimmy Cupit. succinctly and movingly. "There is no way prey and habitat fit beautifully together. He says his worst enemy is the steel jaw, they can justify to me that this trap is worth Above all she makes one care about these leghold trap. He's been rescuing animals being used." fascinating animals. from them for 14 years now and "it turns Even with the steel jaw, leghold trap in it, Given the bobcat's secretive nature the my stomach every time I go out and get the world seems to be just a little better photographs are extraordinarily impres- one." place with Jimmy Cupit also in it. sive. Bobcat Year is in all respects a delight. He has been sending petitions, request- n
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a a o way e h r t l t n USS a e u 50 "l j t f t n" e ec W a i g a The traditional consensus of the Forcing a group of animals to consume assume that chronic toxicity can only be Japanese government was broken quantities of a substance sufficient to kill adequately defined by the LD 5 test." Of the vaunted precision of this test the PMA when a meeting of ministers in the half of them (lethal dose 50 or LD, o ) has report has this to say, " . . . the definitiveness lame duck Suzuki government de- long been attacked as cruel, but regulatory agencies have clung to the 55-year-old test of the result is more apparent than real cided to file an objection to the Inter- because of the influence of experimental national Whaling Commission's invented to standardize a few powerful medicines, and they now insist on its use to variables. Yet, in order to provide a precise 25-7 vote to end commercial whal- test an immense number of products in- number, many animals are needed. In ing by 1986. The Minister for the En- cluding additives, pesticides and chemicals view of these shortcomings and of the ad- vironment spoke against the deci- of all sorts. vances made in toxicology, it appears that sion, and a Gallup Poll showed the Following lengthy study, the Pharma- the LD 5 test in its present form is of very large majority of Japanese opposed ceutical Manufacturers Association, which limited use in helping define the toxicity of to the filing. represents 149 research-based pharmaceu- drugs. Just-as-meaningful information can In off-the-record negotiations be- tical companies, has determined that "ad- be obtained with fewer animals." tween the United States government vances in toxicity testing now make it possi- The report explains what the toxicologist ble to conduct most drug safety evaluations and the clinical pharmacologist really need and the Suzuki government, Japan to know. While emphasizing that animals was offered favorable treatment in without the LD,o test." It recommends: "Regulatory requirements should accom- are needed for these tests, it repeatedly fish allocations if no objection were modate this position." states that they are not required in the large filed; but in announcing the decision In an eight-page paper accompanying numbers called for by the "classical precise to file, no mention was made of this the October 12th announcement, the PMA determination." (C nt n d n p 2 states: "There remains a tendency to (C nt n d n p 4
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1 1 1kko71 1AMA ± 3 AWE oE a S n . ACKSO S n . ACKWOO S n . GO WA E SEE A E i k E E A c • - 111i E AA( 1 S n A. C A S O S n W. O MI E S n . I OUYE 11117 S n S. AYAKAWA S n E. KE E Y So S. MAISU AGA S n . A E, , S n C. E CY S n . S A O A major contribution to public education AAME 1 M- 51 9 7 5 S n . KAS E S n E O I GS Sr., . YO M i S oi 3 ( 1E 1 MAMMA S n M. A IE S n W. O S n W. U ES O about endangered species is the new hand- ■ C MOMEI I CMO AM E11 O AM S. . IEG E. . S n &SIM SO S n . CO CI I 0 , 0 ,4 0 . f, , AM A EI A o 6: S n M. AUCUS S n . COC A S n A. I O book being published by the Animal M 1 / 31 1E E A 5 ia E 11 1wc / 1 S n ME C E S n . MOY I A S n S. GO O 11 E S( E1•1313 5 S n W. CO E S n . U E E GE S n . SC MI S n G. MI C E S ll W. U MA S n . A O Welfare Institute in December. No com- 11 11 1 w C -Co AIMMEWEEMMIE y S. . EA Y . S n . C A E S n C E I E E•5 E 5 5 AM =1M a 1 i e3 KEEME G S C. G ASS EY S n . WEICKE , . S n . EI prehensive and inexpensive compendium MIEM i E i io E A Y E 51 (1113 A S. . SO GAS S n C. E S n G. A 1 1 A - 3/ q ( 11 3 3 6. S n A. S EC E S n I E, . S n It CA O on this urgent subject has been available to 1113111 A 3A Em 1 WC KAI 1 11 MEMEME E1111- S C MA MS• . S n C. O S ESS E -1 E E I 9119AME 11- 7 1 • - Y WE S a UM E S S n & A EY S . WA E schools and to persons wishing to join in ef- 11 IE MAM k h l 1; EMAMMI MI E 1 1 1 ( E S n . ME E AUM S n C I ES S n . A O S n S. U S . O E S n . AWKI S .0 W: 4 bIK6 262 , . I w CoAE E E a S n . EAG E O S n t O O S n A. YAMA O forts to head off the massive extinctions 6, 0 < - 3 1 • a - MAMEI AE i i E C S n . UGA S . OSC WI Se i M. WA O I w COA EA E a k E I . A WA S n . S E IS S n S. SYMMS S n . A O that will certainly take place unless an in- U , O AI-A 1• i iMAIA MME ? - I h It t I 0ES . : o +A i 3 l 0 0 40 : b ,C, IMMI II 84C , t 00 2“ 5 82. , 19 sE •Gm1 fOrmed public demands worldwide action. AI It d . MA E ,t6, 46ttt t M EME 31 1 A 0, WOM 8 2 Att C. E E EA I fz, 13 1111 E kA - akE 51 iE3 -C3 Mi 11 - 1 8 W AKEMA M, M A M .,66 EA E E U 1 A ga h End n r d Sp ndb fills EMSE i -E - oMMAIIMA‘ 3 1 1•5 31 - E MOMM AC I w coMMAE1 i A / 1 - E 1 ± o -C 1 AMA A 11 A 1M 1 1 •E 5E E 1M Ir. ,(Wt this long-felt need. A M i i E ACICIAM A 1 11( 15 Ai E 2t . .0OKKG4 • 044 - - 3 S 3 1 1 ■E u i I wCi iAi Ea E MAMA MCM . A E a EA • 1 WEA E 1 3E 11 Greta Nilsson, who wrote Facts About I M. AMA EAEMEME EA E EIEWO W 5117 i Ao A I m A OMA E CEEE 111A e MOMAMSEA I EMi ec and The Bird Business published by • k o C I 5 1 ACO iii A iA11 1i 1 3 A E O .S.,E , :4 ff t , v.lx, x . ,,YE MI IE tMMIE f. Furs . 0 . - 3 1 S 1- 5 . A, • xn, xt• • , .( C 200, AWI in 1980 and 1981, is the principal , ,44 2. AMI EMIltMEMCIE WW: ., v ,W tt Y , . n OYE tIMEMEE. author. Originally intended to fill the place Copy of an advertisement in the Japanese press giving a translation of the full text of (C nt n d n p 4 letter signed by 66 Senators. (Full text of the letter in English, page 3.) p n rn d b t h l n t n TOKYO (AP) — Oregon Sen. Bob Packwood Packwood, a Rlyear-old Republican, arrived here warned Japan's foreign minister yesterday that from China Thursday afternoon with a Port of Japan's resistance to a worldwide whaling ban is Portland trade group. He told Sakurauchi that fueling U.S. protectionist sentiments, Foreign Minis- Japan's whaling objection may have increased try officials said. chances that the U.S. Congress will pass domestic Packwood, who chairs the influential Senate content legislation. C"minerce, Science and Transportation Committee, Such legislation would require foreign automakers told Foreign Minister Yoshio Sakurauchi that Japan's selling more than 100,000 cars in the United States to pro-whaling stance has also aroused anti-whaling produce a specific proportion of their U.S.-sold cars at sentiment in the United States. U.S. plants. Japan recently filed a formal objection to a vote Packwood opposes domestic content legislation. by members of the International Whaling Commission Packwood also met the minister f agriculture, to ban commercial whaling after 1986. Japan claims forestry, and fisheries, Kichiro TaLawa. Tazawa
whale stocks are sufficient to allow certain types of asked that the United State:. not reduce Japan's commercial whaling to continue while scientific fishing quotas in U.S. waters in retaliation against Japan's whaling stance. research goes on. S ttl 13 November 1982
Wh l n b n r j t d Continued from page 1 ing industry explains the decision to object. promised U.S. assistance. A leading Peru, whose whaling industry is feature of the official press release controlled by a Japanese whaling p n was the false statement that an objec- company, was the first to object, tion had to be filed by November 4th. allegedly by Japanese request. Nor- The Japanese government was well way filed within hours of Japan's p pl n t aware that this is not the case, filing. Chile also filed a more limited because Peru filed in October. Under objection relating to a former quota th bj t n the terms of the Treaty, if any nation which it claims should still be allowed to be filled. The other major whaling A Gallup poll completed in October files an objection, all other nations shows that more than three quarters of the have 90 additional days to make nations, South Korea, Brazil and Japanese people disagree with the deci- their decisions as to whether or not Iceland, have made no announce- sion of the Suzuki Government to file an they, too, will take similar action. ment, and it is hoped that they will objection to the IWC vote to ban commer- Observers believe that the Suzuki accept the decision of the Inter- cial whaling by 1986. government's strong ties to the whal- national Whaling Commission. Nippon Research Center Ltd., the Japanese section of the well-known polling organization, questioned 2000 people in O GKO G O EO S I I G CO., different geographical locations in Japan, covering different age groups and Matsunaga (A Japanese Port) economic levels. They found that 13-10-82 although 90% had eaten whale meat, it Dear Mr. Sakurauchi, was far from being a dietary staple—only I am a Merchant Mariner and of the total sailing experience of 6 years I have spotted 3% said they ate it as often as once a the Great Whale only twice and that too in the Indian Ocean only (Once near the Sri week, for example. Lankan Coast and the Second time near the Seychelles Islands). When asked whether they agreed or Of the Past two years that I've been on the Japanese Coast and the Eastern and disagreed with the IWC decision, only South China Seas, I've yet to sight a Single Specimen. To a Mariner it's a Feast for the 19% disagreed, whereas 46% agreed and Eyes to see a Whale Blowing in the Otherwise Empty Expanse of our beautiful 34% had never heard about it. Oceans — Our Home. So Stop and think! Wouldn't you let us have these feasts more On the subsequent question as to what often. approach Japan should take, 76% said the IWC decision should be accepted. Yours Pleadingly Mainichi News headlined this result which caught the lame duck Suzuki Government Mohan Singh Chabba in an awkward position as it continued to 1Ind Officer, M.V. MU1 KIM insist it was filing an objection at the in- HongKong Borneo Shipping Co. sistence of the Japanese people. 815, International Bldg. It is hoped that when the new govern- Des Voeux Rd. C. ment is formed in December, the objection Hong Kong will be rescinded.
2 " l n f b .St t rr
COMMI EE O COMME CE, SCIE CE, A A S O A IO August 31, 1982
The Honorable Malcolm Baldrige nations from subverting the IWC by Secretary of Commerce means of objections, or through leaving Department of Commerce the Commission. In order to avoid any Washington, D.C. 20230 thought that the U.S. can be "faced down" on the whaling issue, we should Dear Secretary Baldrige: make it absolutely clear now that the We wish to extend our congratula- United States will invoke these amend- tions to you and to Dr. Byrne and the ments against any nation violating IWC U.S. delegation for achieving a 3/4 ma- decisions. jority vote in the International Whaling In addition to a clear statement on Commission for a cessation of commer- the Pelly and Packwood Amendments, cial whaling to take effect in 1986. we should assure the whaling nations S n t r b d It has been eleven years since the that other means available to us to rein- U.S. Senate and House passed resolu- force the IWC will not be ignored. For tions calling for the U.S. to negotiate a example, the allocation process within S n rl ten-year moratorium on commercial FCMA provides ample discretion to ad- whaling, and ten years since a similar just allocations (either up or down) in n l l ht r resolution offered by the U.S. was response to a wide spectrum of U.S. adopted by the United Nations Con- objectives and concerns. This means of f 60 p rp ference on the Human Environment. In lending substance to U.S. policy on the intervening period the effort to pro- whaling should certainly be considered. tect the great whales has become a ver- GIFA's under FCMA are, of course, Nearly 1000 Dall porpoises under itable crusade. Last month's victory in another area subject to review by the sentence of death gained a last-minute the IWC is a source of gratification for Congress. reprieve—thanks to forceful interven- many millions of citizens who actively If we succeed in preventing objec- tion by Senator Bob Packwood participated in that crusade, both in the tions against the IWC cessation deci- (R-Oregon). The porpoises were United States and around the world. sion, we will avoid a period of tension scheduled to be killed in the Bering Sea Our key concern, which we are and uncertainty in our relations with off Alaska by Japanese harpooners certain you share, is to insure that this whaling nations with respect to fisheries. acting on the instructions of American epochal decision by the IWC is honored If no objections are filed, there is no by the whaling nations. The United need to fear the possible future use of scientists aboard the vessel. The proj- States must, during the coming period, sanctions to enforce IWC decisions. ect, backed by the Department of undertake every diplomatic means open This will permit U.S. fishermen and Commerce and NOAA (the National to it to prevent the whaling nations from processors to conclude fishing Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- filing objections to the moratorium deci- agreements which promote the interests tion), called for the deliberate killing of sion. of the majority of citizens, including 960 female and infant porpoises. Why? The Pelly Amendment to the fishermen in both non-whaling and In order to discover how many por- Fishermen's Protective Act and the whaling countries. If the IWC decision is poises Japanese fishermen should be Packwood-Magnuson Amendment to accepted, all will benefit. allowed to continue to kill accidentally the Fishery Conservation and Manage- ment Act represent the best and most Names of 66 Senators who signed ("incidental catch") while netting credible deterrents available to prevent this letter are shown on page 1. salmon in U.S. waters. (Continued on page 4) Norway's cold harpoon may be illegal The Norwegian Animal Protection pooned were observed and recorded. The ment departments would seem to think Society is suing their government's killing time was lengthy—an average of 27 that Fisheries is on shaky ground here—to Fisheries Department on the grounds that minutes. The reasons were: 1) Bad luck judge from a letter of 6 October 1981 Norwegian whalers' use of the cold (non- with the shooting (the captain's opinion). emanating from the Department of explosive) harpoon contravenes the coun- 2) Very thick wire on the winch and thus Agriculture. The letter states: "It can hardly try's laws. Article 2 of the relevant legisla- very slow hauling. 3) The harpooning on by said that whaling with the non-explosive tion states: "Animals shall be treated well; two occasions of two whales simulta- 1-irpoon meets the requirements of the their instincts and natural behavior shall be neously." Animal Protection Legislation which taken into account so as not to risk un- At present there is some doubt as to demands humane killing." necessary suffering." whether the Norwegian Animal Protection And behind the dubious legality of The plaintiff argues that "unnecessary Society will be adjudged to have sufficient Norwegian whaling lies the shameful fact suffering" is precisely what the cold har- standing to permit it to take a government that it flouts a decision taken at the 1981 poon inflicts—a point which is heavily department to court. But if that issue is meeting of the IWC. It was then ruled that underscored by the report of an official decided in the Society's favor and the case the cold harpoon should be outlawed a "controller" aboard a Norwegian whaler is heard, the Fisheries Department will be year hence. Norway along with other whal- last June. He states: "All whales har- sorely embarrassed. Even other govern- ing nations objected. 3 9 S n t r l ntr d b ll t pr t t l b r t r n l On September 23rd Senator Robert alternative methods. An advisory Dole (R-KS) introduced S. 2948. He panel appointed by the Secretary will said, " . I am introducing a bill to insure consideration is given to such promote non-animal or alternative alternative programs and advise him methods of research and to insure the of his responsibilities in this area .. . humane treatment of animals used in "The bill establishes certain pro- scientific research .. . cedures that peer reviewers must look "Specifically, this bill places em- for in research proposals involving the phasis on the development of direct use of conscious animals." methods of research and testing that S. 2948 is similar in most respects to do not require live animals, or would H.R. 6928, the Walgren bill in the reduce the number of animals used House of Representatives, which has and reduce pain. The Secretary of cleared the Science and Technology Health and Human Services is Committee. authorized to make awards for such rp A ttl K ndn lp C nt n d from p 3 A nd n r d Y ll t l d W ll M n . As a piece of "scientific research" the Atherosclerosis, or hardening of e project was surely bizarre. Certainly arteries, painfully afflicts large numbers of that is how it struck Senator Packwood AWI elderly people. And of course it can trigger C nt n d fr p heart attacks. Stress has long been known who on hearing about it said: "What I to be harmful. But at the University of don't understand and what no one has of the AWI manual Humane Biology Proj- Houston research on rabbits by Professor been able to tell me is why our ects, the handbook has grown to encyclo- Robert Nerem and colleagues has shown American scientists can't do their research with the porpoises already be- pedic proportions, and includes not only a for the first time, and in a most striking historical analysis of nature's retreat (the manner, the beneficial effects of kindness. ing caught and discarded. We are kill- title of one of the sections) and a substantial For several weeks the rabbits were ing porpoises so that we can figure out projects section for teachers and students, handled, stroked, talked to and played how many the Japanese can kill while but a never-before-published comparative with for lengthy periods each day. During they catch our salmon. I believe our listing of species appearing in The Red this time they were fed a high cholesterol priorities are out of order." The Senator Data Book of the International Union for diet—as was a control group which re- then promptly negotiated a solution the Conservation of Nature, the Appendix ceived normal lab care, in other words no I and II lists of the Convention on Interna- petting or affection. Arterial lipid deposi- which permits the Japanese a further three years' salmon fishing under pres- tional Trade in Endangered Species, the tion was a dramatic 60% less for the rabbits Endangered and Threatened lists of the who received special attention and this is ent arrangements while NOAA officials work out how to get the data they need U.S. Endangered Species Act and of the believed to be due to a lessening of stress, individual states. State laws on the subject i.e. the animals felt more secure. without killing additional porpoises. are fully described. One chapter was writ- Whether findings can be applied directly What a cruel, wasteful and wildly ir- ten by Los Angeles City Attorney Barry to people is debatable. But they could go rational slaughter this would have Groveman, who was responsible for the some way to explaining a frequent and been. And so nearly was! For the successful prosecution of Stanley Masry dangerous phenomenon of animal test- Japanese vessel concerned was about resulting in the permanent seizure of an ing—the widely differing results of different to set sail on its death-dealing mission estimated million dollars' worth of carved labs (and even the same lab) using ap- when the order came: Stop. Senator ivory. Questions about the Act are parently identical protocols. In the words of Packwood had acted with great speed answered by Michael Bean of The En- Professor Nerem: "It is not enough to but he first learned of the project from vironmental Defense Fund whose expert specify that diet, exercise and all other knowledge of every clause of the U.S. an Oregon housewife, Mrs Kathleen variables are controlled. You must be sen- Endangered Species Act is said to have so sitive to the social-psychological environ- Hoyt, who sent him a copy of her letter unnerved industry attorneys who opposed ment as well." to Secretary of Commerce Malcolm the recent reauthorization and wanted to Baldrige questioning the kill, plus a clip- use it to weaken the Act, that a number of ping from an Iowa newspaper which them feared even to appear at the same told the story. hearing with him before Congressional 5 There is a moral here for all of us. Committees. The Handbook comprises Continued from page 1 We must never assume on these sorts 2A4 pages and is profusely illustrated. Following AWI's tradition of service to of issues that ugly facts which come our The next step is to see that regulations educators and their students, single copies are changed in the United States and way are bound to be known to our of the Handbook will be supplied free on abroad so that the current massive man- policy makers—even when they are request to teachers and librarians. Requests datory tests are dropped promptly. There powerful friends of the causes we sup- and orders should be addressed to The can be no excuse for continuing scientifically port. So—keep eyes and ears open Animal Welfare Institute, Box 3650, unjustifiable painful tests on huge numbers and make sure that those who should Washington, D.C. 20007. For the in- of animals. know what you know do know! terested public, the price is $5 prepaid.
4 rr t n d n r, GOO EWS t rtl n th p OM A ICA Two endangered parrots were shot Washington lawyer for fur, trapping by a hunting party led by G. Ray and wildlife trade interests. Arnett, the Assistant Secretary for Fish Arnett was in the Cayman Islands, a K n : p n and Wildlife in the U.S. Interior tiny archipelago in the Caribbean south Department, during a trip to the of Cuba, at the invitation of the fl n r t rn Cayman Islands in September. Cayman Islands government and the The shooting of the Grand Cayman Cayman Turtle Farm. The privately t r Amazons (Amazon° l ph l owned turtle farm wants the U.S. De- n n occurred while Arnett partment of the Interior to lift its ban on The "greatest bird show on earth" is and his companions were hunting imports of green turtle meat produced by back. Kenya's pink flamingos which formerly thronged Lake Nakuru, two doves and pigeons, according to the farm. The British government, million at a time, and which then withdrew reports. Seeing movement in some which administers the foreign policy of in a mass gesture of protest when the lake trees, they blasted away with their the Crown colony, is pressuring the became polluted by chemicals and sewage, shotguns. Only upon closer examina- U.S. government to lift the trading ban. are returning. Today there are some half tion did they find they had downed the Boynton has been hired by the million birds there and "this number is ex- brightly colored parrots. A fellow Caymans to lobby in Washington. pected to rise in the next two years," says marksman was Stephen S. Boynton, a game warden Joseph Ayieko, "because the water situation is now favorable." Factory pollution is under control, Nakuru now has a modern sewage system scientist was convicted of cruelty to one of (thanks to a West German loan) and the the monkeys last summer by a Mont- town rubbish dump has been moved from r t I p rt r gomery County Circuit Court jury.) its lakeside site. Also Nakuru National Park Ch r If found guilty before an administrative has been enlarged to 50,000 acres. law judge, Charles River Research Once again visitors can stand at the b r Primates Corporation faces a civil penalty lakeside watching flamingos delicately tip- Charles River Research Primates Corp., and an order to "cease and desist" from toeing through the shallows just a few yards of Port Washington, N.Y.—this country's future violations. No hearing date has been away. A bit further out and the lake major supplier of primates for medical set. becomes a pink carpet with, here and research—has been charged with violating there, blobs of other colors. For when the transportation standards of the Animal flamingos returned they brought back the Welfare Act. pelicans, the cormorants and the hornbills. The charges were brought by the U.S. Lake Nakuru is again a living lake! Department of Agriculture's Animal and " r ff " rn n Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), which said that, between July 1979 and f r November 1981, the firm shipped monkeys and apes in substandard crates to Japan, a recent and vitally important various points in New York, Massachusetts ratifier of the Convention on International and Iowa. Trade in Endangered Species, now has a According to APHIS, some of the ship- TRAFFIC office to monitor Japanese ping crates were either too small or not wildlife trade and to see that CITES rules strong enough to support the animals, or are enforced. Mr. Hyosuke Kujiraoka, had "protrusions that could hurt the former Director of Japan's Environmental animals." Others reportedly lacked suffi- Protection Agency, is the Honorary Direc- cient ventilation and protective rims or tor of TRAFFIC (Japan) and Tom Milliken, handholds, and failed to provide feeding a Japanese-speaking American conserva- and watering instructions, as well as proper tionist, is Assistant Director in charge of labeling. operations. In some, APHIS said, "the size of the Japan, after the U.S., is the worlds wire mesh allowed animals to stick their largest consumer of wildlife and on a per fingers or tails through the cage—a danger capita basis may be number one. Around to both the animals and cargo handlers." one-third of world trade in birds involves The firm, formerly known as Primate Im- Japan. The country is also the world's ports Corp., is registered with APHIS as a largest importer of ivory and ranks second research facility, which, on occasion, has only to West Germany as a trader in wild housed as many as 3,500 primates. Its furs. president is Michael A. Nolan, a long-time, Milliken, however, believes that the Gr p t t rtl f r t worldwide importer of apes and monkeys, Japanese are undergoing a change of In Greece all construction was stopped who has come under fire from some heart. He says: "The nation's acceptance for three months around the island of animal welfare groups for his shipping of CITES was a conservation milestone. Zakynthos, a nesting ground of the log- practices. It was his firm that reportedly Strict enforcement presents a formidable gerhead turtle. This was a ministerial deci- supplied the crab-eating macaques to Dr. challenge but also a clear opportunity for sion adopted to safeguard this endangered Edward Taub, of the Institute for Behav- Japan to move into the conservation species. ioral Research in Silver Spring, Md. (The mainstream."
9/ 5 Black Sea dolphins and porpoises have been brought to the threshold of extinction " h rld l r t nd t d tr t v ll" 0,000 d lph n nd p rp r ll d b r h f h r n n th l S v r r. It h rr f l ht r, rr d t th n r tr t n . An d lph n r p rp , h th r pr n nt r n l Close-up of some of the dead Delphinus b rn, b ll d b n n th r fl nd b t. l n delphis. r r d. h h nt r d t th r n n n t f r t. David Higgs) agreed with Bill Jordan, the h th d t t pr t t f h t nd t pr rv tr d t n director of the trust, that we would visit f d lph n t h n . Turkey under the guise of researching a t n th C n l f E r p C nv nt n n th C n rv t n book on fisheries of the world and the birds f E r p n W ldl f nt ff t, v n t t l pr t t n t th and marine animals which feed upon l S d lph n nd p rp . r h n d th tr t b t them. At the Foreign Ministry in Ankara we n t r t f d t. p n b r t h n rv t n r p, th were given a letter to present to the local pl r t f r End n r d Sp , b dd n t p r d th authorities to obtain their cooperation. We r h th r t t b n h nt n h l r nt r r h nd r drove 250 miles north to the Black Sea, t n nt th p p l t n l v l f th d lph n . All n h rnt n taking a guide along to interpret for us after d r b h th rld l r t nd t d tr t v ll being warned that few people spoke d v r d b th pl r t. English. For his own protection we never Dolphin hunting in the Black Sea began She travelled to the eastern Black Sea area told him of our real mission, and he was in the late 19th century when Russian and confirmed that the hunt was continu- satisfied with our cover story. fishermen caught them for their meat and ing. She returned with harrowing stories of At the coast we turned east, stopping at oil. By the mid 1930's up to 250,000 a factory filled with dolphin carcasses. every port and harbor where there was dolphins were being killed each year by The People's Trust for Endangered even a single fishing boat. On the third day Turkish, Bulgarian, Romanian and Russian Species agreed to fund a new investigation we reached Ordu, a small city where the hunters. In 1964 the dolphin populations to determine the extent of the catch and to dolphin hunt was supposedly centered. in the waters off the Soviet Union suffered gather photo documentation if possible. We noticed two boats over in the corner of a collapse and in 1966 the U.S.S.R., We (Allan Thornton and photographer the harbor and walked towards them. A Bulgaria and Romania prohibited all dolphin hunting. Only Turkey allowed the hunting to con- tinue and its annual kill steadily increased. In 1969 it reached 166,000 and over the past 15 years more than 900,000 dolphins and porpoises have been killed in the Black Sea. Their populations have now been brought to the threshold of extinction. Concern for their survival was expressed in 1976 by one of the world's most authoritative bodies, the U.N. Food and Agricultural Organization. Its marine resources committee stated: "It is possible that all three (dolphin and porpoise) species may be undergoing ex- ploitation at such high levels that they will not be able to survive for more than a few years. Action is urgently needed to close the Turkish fishery or substantially reduce its catch." The Turkish government ignored the warning and since that time no new infor- mation about the number of dolphins being killed or the impact it is having on the populations has been available. However in 1979 Susi Newborn, a British conserva- tionist, began to research the sparse data. Hundreds of dead dolphins piled at Trabzon processing station, Turkey.
6
hundred yards away I saw the dark, lifeless We climbed some metal stairs and came David and I spent the next hour search- shapes of dolphins on the stern deck. We upon an unbelievable sight. In a room ing for places to hide the film. We decided approached the vessels and while our about 150 feet long and 50 feet wide were to surrender one of the rolls with several guide spoke to a crew member I made a more than a thousand dolphins, some piled dummy rolls if we had to. Our guide quick count. One boat contained 78 four or five high. At the far end of the room returned and said that it was not an dolphins and the other 65. there were hundreds of skinned carcasses unusual thing to happen since the military The crew invited us aboard for h , the and in the middle was a man with a long had taken power. strong, bitter Turkish tea, and we were in- knife cutting the dolphin's skins and fat The police came back the next day and troduced to the Com brothers who were from their bodies. He would cut across the took our guide away for two hours of fur- friendly and keen to talk about dolphin head, slice it down the middle, then peel off ther questioning. But thankfully the follow- hunting. Through our interpreter I asked the outer layer. As we watched he skinned ing morning they returned our passports them many questions. Fishermen in the a pregnant female and pulled a perfectly and allowed us to leave—with the photos. Mediterranean and the Aegean consider it formed fetus from its belly. We then drove towards the Russian a sin to kill dolphins, so we asked why Turkish fishermen hunted dolphins. Ahmet, in his early 50's and the younger of the brothers, gave most of the answers. "We have hunted dolphins for many years. My father hunted them before me and his father before him. Our family has caught dolphins since 1919 and we want to preserve the tradition. We have to kill the dolphins because they eat our fish. But there are fewer dolphins each year and they are more difficult to find. "We hunt from the beginning of October until the end of June, except this year the government ordered the season to close on 20 May. We go between 18 and 100 miles from shore and catch about 2000 dolphins for each boat in a season and sell them to the factory in Trabzon. The oil is used for leather tanning and industrial lubricants and the meat is used for animal feed. "There used to be another factory, a private one in Istanbul, which paid more for the dolphins, but it has closed. Now there is only the government station in Trabzon. All the hunters complain the price is too low. We cannot make any money catching dolphins." I asked why in that case they didn't catch fish. "We cannot af- ford to buy the nets" was the reply. Next morning we drove to Trabzon. The manager there was hospitable and C f h n f d d om d lph n t. cooperative. He pointed to a long line of barrels on the quay which contained When we stopped to thank the manager border, stopping to interview other dolphin dolphin oil. They were unsold from the he looked very worried and insisted that we hunters we met. 1981 catch, he told us. Prices depended join him for another glass of tea. He was David finally flew home with the photos on demand and there was no demand. very concerned that stories would appear three days before me. I wanted to try to ob- This year there were about 20 boats hunt- in the foreign press about the dolphin kill. tain the catch statistics for the dolphin hunt ing dolphins. Tension hung in the air like an unspoken for the years 1976-81. Although I can't We were shown the factory and given threat and for a few minutes no one spoke. reveal how I did this I was ultimately suc- permission to take photographs. First we I sensed that he wanted to ask us for the cessful. saw the newer section which contained the photos we had just taken, but he couldn't Throughout the late 1970's tens of most modern Canadian and German summon the courage to do so. He asked to thousands of dolphins were killed annually technology for processing and packing see our letter from the Foreign Ministry, by Turkish hunters. In 1980 the catch was fishmeal. We were then taken to the older copied it and telephoned his superior. We more than 54,000. In 1981 it dropped to part of the station where the stench of then left. about 10,000, and harbor porpoises, decaying dolphin carcasses turned my Two hours later there was a knock on rother than common dolphins, comprised stomach. As we began to take photos a the door of our hotel room. It was our rilost of the catch. The same pattern had short man in a suit approached, looking guide with two men in suits, one of whom shown up in the Soviet dolphin catch in very excited and hostile. While he spoke to held a walkie-talkie. "These are security 1964 when their dolphin population began our guide in Turkish I urged David Higgs to police," said our guide. "They want to take to collapse. Now the dolphins around take his photos quickly and to assume this me for questioning and they want your Turkish waters are experiencing the same would be our only opportunity. Our guide passports." Before they left, the security fate. informed us that the short man was a police instructed us not to leave the hotel biologist who was opposed to us being and told our guide, "We will return for the Extr t d fr an rt l b All n h rnt n there. photos." in a r nt f th Sunday Express.
7 U AW S p p p r rowing, and it avoids the early weaning vast army of technicians, factory workers which is so hard on all the pigs. and salesmen are employed by drug firms n v l bl "Free Range Egg Production", a paper so that antibiotics may be administered to The Universities Federation for Animal presented by Martin Pitt of Levetts Farm, prevent the consequences of diseases (e.g. Welfare has published the Proceedings of describes his successful method which pro- calf scour) that are induced by this system the Symposium it conducted last year on vides nest boxes for the hens and an op- of husbandry . . ..Another result of the Alternatives to Intensive Husbandry portunity to go into outside runs. Feeding reduction in labour is the increase in the Systems. The 104-page volume contains is automated in the aviary houses, the most use of fossil fuel. . ..The labour saving ob- an excellent paper by Alex Stolba, Ph.D., recent of which has three tiers of slatted jective of intensive farming means that at the School of Agriculture, Edinburgh floors and some nest boxes 8 feet above housing must be designed with ease of University, "A Family System in Enriched floor level. Levetts Farm eggs sell for more cleaning as a high priority, and thus the Pens as a Novel Method of Pig Housing." than battery eggs. "Two things I am certain comfort of the animal becomes a low Dr. Stolba's study was made up of three of," says Pitt. "The eggs I sell are better priority. Hence the absence of bed- parts. "During the first stage of the study than most and the hens I keep are happier ding—wet and easily hosed-down accom- large white pigs were put into a genuinely than most." modation is the modern trend. This type of rich, semi-natural enclosure and their Veal calves were discussed in papers by housing predisposes to such conditions as behavioural actions studied in detail." In Professor John Webster of the University of environmental mastitis in cows and leg the second stage, they were put into a Bristol and Dr. Philip Paxman of Volac sores in stalled sows kept without straw. much smaller but still rich area. In the third, Ltd. Dr. Roger Ewbank, Director of These problems are of course 'solved' by the "recognised clue features" of pig UFAW, made the opening statement, the veterinary profession supplying more behavior were met in a covered straw- followed by Ruth Harrison's discussion of drugs. It is my opinion that we are helping bedded open-front pen of 3 m x 9 m. "The Welfare Requirements of Husbandry the system to 'limp along,' when withdraw- "A variety of features are included that Systems." ing support might have a more useful, were consistently found to be guiding the Problems with the British government's long-lasting impact." Under the headings pigs' behaviour in the outdoor reference experimental aviary system were discussed "Increased herd and flock size," "Reduced environment: by Dr. Mandy Hill of Gleadthorpe, while species diversity," and "Misuse of drugs" "1. A roofed and an open part of the Dr. P.G.C. Dunn gave a paper, "Intensive he discusses further increased disease. e o re-create a forest border habitat. Farming—The Grand Delusion," in which Other speakers dealt with economic "2. The provision of the main feeding he criticized, from a veterinarian's view- aspects and additional alternative methods. area away from the nest site, in the activity point, the current trend. Under the The proceedings of this symposium are area. heading "Energy intensive rather than well worth reading. Copies may be obtained "3. A nest site sheltered against wind labour intensive," he states: "The situation from U AW ami o C ose Sou but with open view out of the pen through now prevails that although one stockperson Mimms o e s a e o s i e the front gate. can husband more calves in a large shed, a E g a o £3/ 5 o $7 "4. In the reference environment the f o Ga e nest is generally against two bushes which I m AECES CO I O I Ga e are permeable, and farrowing rails and pen I (o walls provide these features. "5. Space for a nest of 2 to 3 m in es o diameter. "6. A side for defaecating in the OO I G A EA morning, which is provided at a suitable 5m distance at 4.5 to 11 m away from the nest. ea / a k "7. A corridor for defaecation during day time which resembles the wide lanes e e i g a s between bushes which the pigs preferred outside. Wa e "8. Suitable materials for digging and oug wallowing, in this case peat or bark in the u i g rooting area and a levering bar. os "9. A rack for gathering straw sheaves, and a post for comfort and mark- C ee ai 3m AC I I Y A EA ing behaviour, both in the activity area. S aw "10. Sufficient individual space while feeding, achieved here by head partitions S aw ack between small feeding stalls. "11. A possibility for escape behind the • f r partition wall of the rooting area, to enable ee S a s Ga e (o animals under social tension to keep apart." 5m ES I G A EA Of "the pig family system," Dr. Stolba S aw writes: "In the enriched pens [it] is based
on 4 adult sows, always kept together in 4 a owi g ai & pens freely connected through the defaeca- ea me S a (o tion corridor. They farrow in these pens and their offspring grow up there without
artificial weaning and mixing." Under this EA ASSAGEWAY system, the sows are never confined to stalls either while gestating or during far- Gr ndpl n f th nr h d p n 8 i I h r l pr f In Britain the living space we allocate for each of our 50 million battery hens is roughly seven inches by ten. The living space which the Ministry of Agriculture Ar r t v .. . r...... r • ,, r ,.., , l hopes to gain for our battery hens "after a r reasonable transitional period" is a massive 0,6 00. 0. 4 I I . nine inches by ten. They see this as 4 0. . ... rt r t 0 0 : . heralding a new dawn of enlightenment. r — , , l r , , I, — l But to put it into perspective, it means that these brave new hens will be enjoying l t 0 ll t0 0 a living space of less than a sheet of fools- ° O O I fr ll . O l cap paper. They stand for 17 out of each , 04 0 0 24 hours on a sloping wire floor, and l 0 n. crouch on the same floor for the remaining 404 4,, seven hours of darkness. And please do not tell me that battery hens are happy because they lay eggs. They really cannot help it. These are the facts, and they are The measure of cruelty. The wingspan of this chicken covers almost 3 three-bird battery cages, each justified solely on the grounds that this of which is 12" wide. method provides marginally cheaper eggs. Anyone who has studied the social life of birds carefully will know that theirs is a sub- tle and complex world, where food and Farm Animal Welfare Discussed at Major water are only a small part of their behavioral needs. The brain of each bird is Veterinary Meeting programmed with a complicated set of drives and responses which set it on the Intensive practices in maintaining laying eggs in a nest, stretching and flapping path to a life full of special territorial, livestock and poultry were discussed at the their wings, and similar activities engaged in nesting, roosting, grooming, parental, ag- annual meeting of the Animal Welfare by hens from time immemorial. She described gressive and sexual activities, in addition to Committee of the U.S. Animal Health the development of the pig family unit at the the simple feeding behavior. All these other Association in Nashville, Tennessee, 9 University of Edinburgh (see page 8 of this activities are totally denied the battery November. USAHA is the long-established Quarterly) and its replication financed by the hens. organization of federal and state regulatory British Ministry of Agriculture. Veal calves Seeing ourselves today as part of evolu- veterinarians which holds a five-day meeting on working farms, kept on thick straw bed- tion we have at last become concerned each year. ding in group pens, were shown on the about the creatures with which we share Government, industry, academic research screen as were gestating sows in Sweden this planet. But somewhere along the line and animal welfare concerns were free to move about from feeding to resting those long-suffering servants of ours, the represented by Dr. Dyarl King of the U.S. areas. food-producing farm animals, have lost Department of Agriculture, James Mailman Mailman reported on research being con- out. Their lot has worsened. of Provimi, Dr. Stanley Curtis of the Univer- ducted at Provimi using ad lib feeding from The moral, if you happen to be a bird or sity of Illinois and Diane Halverson of the artificial teats and group pens with straw a mammal, is not to provide mankind with Animal Welfare Institute. Dr. King reported bedding or slats for veal calves. any valuable form of food. If you merely on progress of the research underway using Neal Black of Livestock Conservation, provide companionship as a pet, or beauty a $380,000 USDA grant to study stress pro- Incorporated reported that in response to as a wild creature, you will be well treated; duced by different types of intensive curriculum guides prepared by the Humane but if you give more—if you provide your methods Dr. Curtis told of his European Society of the United States on farm eggs, or your meat, for human suste- trip to interview producers, farm groups, animals, a number of groups in agriculture nance— your reward will be a life sentence animal welfare activists, government per- have produced "a more realistic educational in an animal concentration camp. sonnel, and scientists about current activities approach" now being distributed to Iowa abroad. He noted that his four-week trip schools. Extracted from an article by Desmond Morris was paid for by the American Meat Institute, Three resolutions were passed by the in a recent issue of The Sunday Telegraph. American Farm Bureau and the National Animal Welfare Committee commending Pork Producers Council. Speaking of farm government agencies for law enforcement Inf r t n n f r animal welfare regulations in Switzerland and members of Congress for legislative and Sweden, he said, "Many people told us efforts on behalf of laboratory animals and n l they expected to see things turning back in horses being transported to slaughter Food Animal Concerns Trust (FACT), a Sweden." houses; however, only the fourth resolution new organization founded by Robert Diane Halverson's experience in the was adopted by the full U.S. Animal Health Brown, issues information on intensive and seven countries she visited over a two- Association: "Be it Resolved that advances alternative methods of livestock and month period was decidedly more positive. in farm animal welfare based on scientific poultry rearing. For Subscription informa- She showed slides of mechanized houses for studies and practical application in the tion write: Food Animal Concerns Trust laying hens in Switzerland which do not United States and abroad be further (FACT, Inc.) P.O. Box 14599, Chicago, confine the birds to cages but allow them to encouraged by the U.S. Animal Health IL 60614. choose scratching in litter, roosting on rails, Association."
9
A r th every implication the ethic of love for all creation—this is the difficult task which n d. confronts our age," and Schweitzer Lewis Regenstein. Acropolis Books, took it as the central task of his own life. This book, which is published by the Washington, DC 20009, 1982, 414 Animal Welfare Institute, the Humane pages. $16.95. (Available from Fund Society of the United States, the Albert for Animals, New York 10019, at Schweitzer Fellowship, and the Albert wholesale rates.) Schweitzer Center, is carefully The subtitle is: "How deadly chemicals are destroying our environment, our documented and includes a useful wildlife, ourselves and—how we can sur- bibliography. It is a valuable contribu- vive!" This is a tall order, which Mr. Regen- tion to everyone who has taken upon stein has clearly worked diligently to ad- himself Schweitzer's task—to think out dress. His 18 pages of fine-print reference in every implication the ethic of love for footnotes range from newspaper stories to all creation. court cases and governmental hearings and — C nn K n documents, reflecting the essentially case v b r, 82 history nature of the text. Interpretation of some fine points may vary, but the overall r. S h tz r th f n. picture is well shown. Those wishing more detailed information can trace much of the d t material back to original sources and Part I of IUCN's new Amphibia -Reptilia authorities. For those unfamiliar with these An l , t r & Red Data Book has been published. Fully critical problems, this book can be a vivid Alb rt S h tz r revised, it covers 83 threatened taxa in the eye-opener and call to action, mainly to ex- orders Rhynchocephalia, Crocodylia and ert pressure on government to enforce the Editing and Commentary by Ann Cot- Testudines from all zoogeographic regions. laws we have and to improve them, and to trell Free. (Available from the Animal It costs $21 (including postage) from: remove from office those who put im- Welfare Institute at $4.50.) Unipub, 345 Park Avenue South, New mediate profits ahead of environmental and Most literate people know something York, NY 10010. Alternatively it can be human health. ordered direct from: IUCN Conservation about Dr. Schweitzer and "reverence — Sh rl A. r Monitoring Unit, 219c Huntingdon Road, for life." This remarkable book fills in Cambridge, England. Part I of the new that knowledge by tracing the develop- Mammal Red Data Book is also available at ment and implication of Schweitzer's the same price. moral philosophy in a deceptively sim- ple and clear way. The book consists of 81 pages of well-organized quotes from 080, h C A n t Schweitzer, brief editorial comments and fascinating photographs and, like n n O r W ldl f Schweitzer's life itself, can be ap- The facts on poison 1080 are well pre- preciated at many levels, depending on sented in a 20-page illustrated booklet one's capacities and experiences. A published by Defenders of Wildlife. Testi- ten-year-old could enjoy it as much as a mony by 19 experts is included together philosopher, though for different with supporting documentation. The extreme cruelty of 1080 was shown in a reasons. scientific film at hearings. Nevertheless, There is, first, the story of a com- n h l b n p r d nt drum. the Administrative Law Judge recom- plex, courageous man. By the age of mended use of this painful, slow-acting 30, Schweitzer held two doctorates poison which causes victims to run n Ed t n and was an acclaimed organist and uncontrollably and to die hours later in theologian. He then studied medicine convulsions. The Environmental Protec- M t r l and at age 38 established a medical tion Agency has not yet made a final rul- mission in French Equatorial Africa ing as to whether the existing ban on The American Humane Association has where he spent much of the rest of his 1080 for killing predators will remain or published a Directory for Humane Educa- life. He also lectured widely, gave o lifted. Citizens wishing to express an tion Materials. Intended for students and organ recitals, and wrote books. oinion can write to Mrs. Ann Gorsuch, teachers alike, the directory identifies 61 Administrator, Environmental Protection These achievements were part of Agency, Wasterside, 401 M Street, organizations from which materials can be Schweitzer's attempt to work out a had, is cross-referenced by states, by sub- S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460. ject matter and by contributions, and gives coherent philosophy of life. The book Copies of 1080, the Case Against guidance on age appropriateness. It can be traces his struggle with conflicting feel- Poisoning our Wildlife may be obtained obtained from: The American Humane ings and confused thoughts as he tries from Defenders of Wildlife, 1244 Nine- Association, 9725 East Hampden Avenue, to clearly conceptualize and articulate a teenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. Denver, Colorado 80231 for $7.50. unified philosophy. "To think out in 20036.
10 c Meanwhile officials had been notified. Happy ending to a They came with mesh net-slings such as Wild America are used in New Zealand for rescuing deer. W ld America, a series of 10 half-hour New Zealand tale of It was not low tide and the sea was further programs, is currently appearing on PBS stranded dolphins away than ever. So it was decided to call a television each Thursday evening (8:30 helicopter. Half of the rescuers took up P.M. Eastern Time). It is the first TV series It was the terrier who first sounded the position waist deep in the sea; the other to deal exclusively with American wildlife alarm. Trotting along beside his master, a half loaded the dolphins on to the sling and and the material represents 10 years of New Zealand seaside farmer, in the half- then hooked the sling to the helicopter. constant filming by naturalist Marty light of a March dawn he suddenly halted One by one the animals were lifted from Stouffer. with his gaze toward the beach and began the one team to the other. Within an hour barking excitedly. Investigation disclosed all were once more happily swimming in an astonishing sight: a herd of dolphins, the sea. some on their bellies, some on their sides, Was the helicopter strictly necessary? stranded by the receding tide and now 800 Probably not. Stress can be a killer for yards from the haven of the sea. stranded cetacea and helicopters are inev- After scolding them for their folly, the itably noisy and stress-producing. These farmer administered some reassuring pats dolphins were, quite properly, being kept and splashes with water from adjacent cool and wet and tranquil by their obvi- pools, then hurried off to summon help. ously friendly human helpers. Within 30 minutes neighboring farmers "From 20 years of practical experience and their wives were arriving with buckets in the whale-stranding field," writes Frank and sacks and, in one case, bed covers. Robson who sent this report to AWI, "I Holes were dug which quickly filled with have no doubt that in the absence of a seepage water; the sacks were immersed helicopter to lift this herd, the abundance and then, when saturated, pulled out to of farmer intuition and interspecies com- cover the dolphins. By 8:30 a.m. as many munication which was evident at the scene as 60 helpers were on the scene including would have assured a successful rescue at the children from the local school. high tide. Rescuers should persist in trying
and not give up just because a 'chauffeur' is Af , not available at a stranding scene," says SKEE E , th nd rf l t r b Robson, co-author of Str nd n , a El z b th Y t M Gr l b t manual on stranded cetacea which is now n r l d r n ll nt nd d f r in press. n d l r r h l b r r n t f t n f th p bl t n t r , h b th r p t n r t t Carter, .O. x 6, p n n f r d t rb d n t r t 8 2, p bl f S th Africa. n h ldr n p h tr h p t l, bl h d b th S nt f r td., f ll b C M nd ht M v h nn b r , th b l ll b n b r 2 th. Ch r lt n l p bl h d n th Un t d l l l t n d n t th St t nd th Un t d K n d . h pr h rt r n tr t r b t ll b about $20. d l v nd th f rt t br n t h ldr n. S z r tr t r f r t r p rt d n h Ann Arb r Correction: In error, the Summer 1982 , th n n th An l W lf r edition of Volume 31 of the Quarterly was In t t t Inf r t n p rt fr marked #3 when it should have been #2. h h Mr . M Gr l l rn d f th We regret any inconvenience this may d h v nt n r t r n Str nd d d lph n b n r d b h l pt r. have caused our readers. h ldr n t h lth.
An l W lf r In t t t r t r John Beary, M.D. S nt f C tt Int rn t n l C tt Off r Madeleine Bemelmans Marjorie Anchel, Ph.D. T.G. Antikatzides, D.V.M.—Greece Christine Stevens, President Gerard Bertrand Bennett Derby, M.D. Angela King—United Kingdom Cynthia Wilson, Vice President Marjorie Cooke F. Barbara Orlans, Ph.D. David Ricardo—Canada Marjorie Cooke, Secretary Christabel Gough Roger Payne, Ph.D. N.E. Wernberg—Denmark Roger L. Stevens, Treasurer David 0. Hill Samuel Peacock, M.D. Godofredo Stutzin—Chile Sue Hunt John Walsh, M.D. Simon Muchiru—Kenya Freeborn G. Jewett, Jr. Christine Stevens Aileen Train Cynthia Wilson
St ff Diane Halverson, Research Associate Cathy Liss, Administrative Assistant Lynne Hutchison, Whale Campaign Secretary Nell Naughton, Mail Order Secretary Patrick Allen, Editorial Consultant Fran Lipscomb, Executive Assistant Greta Nilsson, Wildlife Consultant Maria Gulino, Administrative Assistant Felicity Luebke, Publications Secretary Adele Schoepperle, Assistant Treasurer
11 97 r t h C l b b n t l j tr p f r v n p From October 13, 1982, live box Although steel jaw leghold traps are traps or killing traps must be substituted still allowed for beaver, otter, muskrat for steel jaw leghold traps when catching and mink, the regulations require a wolverine, martin, fisher, weasel, submerging device so that the animal is skunk, squirrel and raccoon in British held under water and drowned. Columbia. The announcement was Coyotes, wolves, bobcat and lynx made by Minister of the Environment may still be caught with steel jaw traps Stephen Rogers who said the new on land. The traps must be either regulations mark important advances padded or offset by of an inch to toward more humane trapping. He reduce the impact. This is not an ade- noted that the banned traps were quate solution, but it gives recognition charged with causing "prolonged suf- to the pain and injury caused by this an- fering by injuring and holding an animal tiquated device. rather than killing it outright." h C n d n rr l h d l t d t f r l n tr l n t p . h r l r d l l r tr p n b nn d f r rr l n r t h C l b . by John Gleiber It really is no longer safe to be man's are persons of retirement age. One old writes in the Literaturnaya Gazeta: best friend in the U.S.S.R. In the woman apprehended by the law ex- "There should be a sufficient quantity West, there is legislation and increas- plained, "It supplements my pension." of these Red Data Books in all ing pressure for more laws that will Though it's illegal, the trade in these libraries, including rural libraries. All permit the elderly to keep pets in rental hats is brisk and the prices inflated. To enterprises and every school should or subsidized housing. The theory is top it off, in enlightened Russia, if you have them. This will permit activists to that they will provide love and warmth are caught killing and skinning some- disseminate necessary information and companionship that might other- one's pet, you'll be prosecuted for and conduct propaganda work." wise be lacking in a lonely pensioner's theft and not for cruelty. (Italics mine.) quiet existence. But, beware of those In another issue, just before a de- The Digest is well worth keeping in elderly, lonely women if you are an mand that the car rental system be mind. We first learned of it when they unaccompanied dog in a Russian brought back (the revenues are good sent us an issue which printed the Rus- street or even in your family's garden. for the state), there is a spirited request sian Nature Protection Law in its entirety That sweet-faced babushka heading for larger, much larger printings of the Since 1949, it has been published toward you with a capitalistic glint in upcoming second edition of the Soviet weekly by the American Association for her eye might be planning to turn you Red Data Book which lists endangered the Advancement of Slavic Studies into a newly fashionable "dog hat." and vulnerable wildlife. The 10,000- working out of 1314 Kinnear Road, According to The Current Digest of copy printing of the 1978 edition Columbus, OH 43212. A long way the Soviet Press (Vol. XXXIV, No. proved to be insultingly inadequate for from Minsk. 11), most of the dealers in dog hats all of Mother Russia. A. Berestova
An l W lf r In t t t .O. x 6 0 W h n t n, .C. 2000