uality Wheat CRC Limited

The Cooperative Research Centre for Quality Wheat Products and Processes

Annual Report 2000/01

Established and Supported under the Australian , Government s Cooperative Research Centre Program Quality Wheat CRC Limited The Cooperative Research Centre for Quality Wheat Products and Processes

Annual Report 2000/01 Our Mission We will stimulate commercial innovations and advances in quality wheat products and processes through an integrated program of basic, strategic and applied research, education and training in co- operation with other researchers.

Our Vision Profitable, high-technology and sustainable Australian wheat and wheat-based food industries focused on quality products, processes and services for world markets.

i Contents

VISION AND MISSION i

MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS AND OUTCOMES 2

CENTRE OBJECTIVES 3

CHAIRMAN’S REPORT 4

MANAGING DIRECTOR’S REPORT 6

STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT 8

BOARD OF DIRECTORS 10

COOPERATIVE LINKAGES 12

RESEARCH PROGRAMS 13

PROGRAM 1 14

PROGRAM 2 23

PROGRAM 3A 27

PROGRAM 3B 30

PROGRAM 4 32

PROGRAM 5 36

EDUCATION AND TRAINING 41

UTILISATION, COMMERCIALISATION AND LINKS 48

STAFFING AND ADMINISTRATION 50

PATENTS, PUBLICATIONS, GRANTS AND AWARDS 51

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 55

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 67

QUALITY WHEAT CRC PRODUCTS 68

1 Major Achievements & Outcomes

New quality germplasm with consistent Microbiological survey of processed foods granule size and improved flour colour was was completed for industry. identified and stabilised.

A second method for rapid, easy creation of Australian germplasm suited to specific Asian molecular markers useful in wheat was bread and noodle making processes was developed. identified.

Important quality traits (sprout tolerance, Three discriminating antigens were found for "waxy") were linked to molecular markers the wheat variety identification test. and potential markers were found for others.

Commercialisation Agreement for "waxy" Commercialisation Agreement for wheats was signed. WheatRiteTM was signed.

QAL2000 biscuit wheat was planted on Fundamental knowledge on the contribution thousands of hectares for end-point royalty of proteins and yeast to dough behaviour and payment. properties was generated.

Breeding programs were aided by use of A record number of industry staff, growers diagnostic tests and knowledge of effects of and scientists attended quality seminars and soil micronutrients on quality. workshops.

Aeration was used to stabilise quality of hot- Training modules and decision aids were delivered wheat for domestic bakers. made available nationally to growers.

Milling and mixing process improvements A substantially increased number of growers were developed. used the "Great Grain" QA system.

Bakery process control methods which could Eight PhD students reached the stage of generate over $1M every year in savings writing, completing or submitting their theses were found. and five undergraduate summer scholarships were completed.

http://www.wheat-research.com.au/

2 Centre Objectives

Develop new wheats and new products.

Develop improved diagnostic techniques.

Develop wheat production, handling and processing technology.

Improve product consistency and reduce processing costs. uality Wheat CRC operates within the framework The Quality Wheat CRC mission is to support the Qof the Commonwealth Cooperative Research commercial development of the wheat growing and Increase the supply of Centres Program with Participants' cash and in-kind products industry - the 'grower to consumer' funding for the Centre supplemented by financial perspective.The CRC's goals reflect this industry-wide highly trained and assistance from the Commonwealth for a period of view,while focusing on those specific areas where the skilled people in the seven years. Its aim is to achieve a sustainable increase in CRC has particular value to add to the industry's industry and the the contribution of the wheat production, processing and development. related service activities to Australia.We will do this by organisations generating scientific, technical and business systems The CRC's goals are to: servicing it. knowledge that add value at each point in the production 1. Develop new wheats and new products (food chain. ingredients, feed and alternative use) that provide consistency and meet the quality requirements of Enhance the The Centre comprises representatives from domestic and export markets. competitive ability of manufacturers of wheat-based products and the major 2. Develop improved diagnostic techniques to the wheat industry agricultural and research bodies. accurately identify wheat and product quality consistency at different points in the value added research and The three manufacturers are: chain. technological Arnott's Biscuits Ltd; 3. Develop wheat production, handling and George Weston Foods Ltd and processing technology to improve industry services sectors. Goodman Fielder Ltd. capacity to utilise wheat of varying characteristics, thus improving the product performance of these The other organisations involved are: wheats. Grains Research and Development Corporation; 4. Improve product consistency and reduce AWB Limited; processing costs through accelerated adoption of NSW Agriculture; efficient technology with Quality Management Agriculture Western Australia; systems. Crop and Food International; 5. Increase the supply of highly trained and skilled BRI Australia Ltd; people in the industry and the organisations CSIRO Plant Industry and servicing it. The University of Sydney. 6. Enhance the competitive ability of the wheat industry research and technological services A senior representative from each of these sectors to build (pre-competitive) knowledge to organisations sits on the CRC's Board of Directors. service Australian and overseas firms.

3 ithout doubt the high point of the year for The Board laid down certain key principles as WQuality Wheat CRC Ltd has been the ringing foundations for the development of the Value Added endorsement of its performance represented by the Wheat CRC.These were developed so that the decisions of the Commonwealth Government to Participants of the new Company would be able to support the establishment of the Value Added Wheat work together more effectively to produce commercial CRC.This was based on the achievements of the outcomes.The Board of Value Added Wheat will have a Company in progressing the science, and beginning the majority of representatives of core commercial commercialisation of its outputs. Participants.The commercial Participants themselves still represent the whole span of the value adding The major achievements and outputs of what is to be chain.The Board has been structured so as to the last year of Quality Wheat CRC are listed inside the minimise the number of representatives with front cover.Most notably,we have made advances in competitive interests.These changes manifest the the science used to accelerate wheat breeding.We determination of the Board to build an even more have produced new quality wheats using our science successful Value Added Wheat CRC, drawing on the and have begun their commercialisation.These experience of Quality Wheat.There will be a strong outputs will be tested in the commercial market, with push towards increased commercialisation (reflected prospects dependent on the response of in the projected income stream of Value Added manufacturers and consumers to novel foods and of Wheat).There will be a clear shift of focus caused by farmers in particular to the concept of end-point that requirement. royalties. At present, the rate of commercialisation of the We have also developed and introduced several outputs of the Company is ultimately constrained.The improvements of value to millers and bakers, which constraint is the rate of "marketisation" (ie adoption of they have adopted, thereby improving their bottom the principles of the economic marketplace) of the line.We have progressed well with our pipeline of rural research and development industry and of wheat wheat quality on-the-spot diagnostic tests, and have breeding in particular.The most important business signed a commercialisation agreement for the first of area of the new Company is the creation of new tools them - WheatRite®.We have added to the bank of and new germplasm to accelerate the output of high- fundamental knowledge on the behaviour of wheat in value quality wheats.The company needs at least one processing. Growers, scientists and industry staff have efficient and dynamic wheat-breeding collaborator in attended record numbers of quality order successfully to commercialise its science.The Dr Geoff Miller, Chairman, QWCRC seminars and workshops and collaboration needs to be intimate, to efficiently participated in our "Great transfer the technology.The "marketisation" of wheat Grain" quality assurance breeding has, however,been quite slow.Australia is at program. More PhDs have risk of being left behind by the spectacular advances finished their studies and in wheat molecular genetics (that go beyond the have begun work in the politicised genetic modification debate). industry. However,a recent positive development has been the initiative of the Grains Research and Development Corporation to develop three fully commercial competing national wheat-breeding programs and to foster the end-point royalty regime. It appears likely that there will be increasingly close links between the Company and most, if not all, of these wheat-breeding programs.This will occur because of the continuing participation of most of their parent organisations (companies, universities and State departments of agriculture) in the Company,and because of other links that Value Added wheat will develop. Indeed, the rate of evolution of the Centre will be dependent on forging these commercial links.

4 Chairman’s Report

The Board and management of the Company are determined to set a new standard of excellence in rural research and development and particularly in creating value for the Australian wheat and related food industries. I shall continue to support, endorse and reinforce this determination. I would like to conclude with an expression of appreciation of the achievements of the Board, Bill Rathmell, his staff, the Senior Management Group and everyone who has dedicated their time and expertise to Quality Wheat CRC. It has been an outstanding success throughout its six years.

Geoff Miller AO Chairman

5 We have kept up the momentum of the science and begun e have kept up the momentum of the science In Program 2, a correlation between storage Wand begun commercialisation. We have passed conditions and processing quality,which industry can commercialisation. through the Commonwealth fifth-year review and use for predictive purposes, has been produced.This successfully applied for support for a new CRC - the has led to agreement between milling and bulk- Value Added Wheat CRC or VAWCRC.These have been handling companies to use aeration to cool stored We have passed through the main achievements of the last twelve months. Many grain where retention of dough quality is required. the Commonwealth fifth- have been internal achievements, to be sure. But we have Weston's have commenced a large-scale trial of "hot- year review and also retained focus on the changing external factors at delivered" Queensland crop under aerated storage. the same time.As I said at the end of my report last year, Using proteome analysis we have located small wheat successfully applied for the external factors include the application of proteins that are markers for heat tolerance.A Western support for a new CRC - biotechnology to wheat breeding, corporate mergers, Australian study on the effect of soil micronutrients on acquisitions and rationalisations, privatisations, food grain quality showed an interaction of variety the Value Added Wheat safety concerns and the ever-shifting terms of trade in response with water absorption and extensibility. CRC or VAWCRC. Australian and in world agriculture. These two results will accelerate quality wheat breeding and provide knowledge and decision aids Our success has been reflected in the number of old making it easier for farmers to grow quality wheat. Our success has been Participants who wish to continue with the VAWCRC, the number of new ones who have joined or who The processing work in Program 3 has led to various reflected in the number of wish to join, and the strength of the Commonwealth improvements. Up to $1.2 million per annum cost old Participants who wish (CRC Committee) support for our endeavours. savings could be delivered in bakeries using a strategy to continue with the Probably we would like to have had more commercial to improve production efficiency through success, to earn more money from Quality Wheat management of yeast level, finished dough VAWCRC, the number of CRC's work.The limits have been set by the external temperature and proving conditions. Sheeting as a new ones who have joined environment and by the nature of the science itself. method of dough development has been found to Moreover,our Participants have often been the direct economise on mechanical energy (work input) or who wish to join, and commercial beneficiaries rather than the Centre itself. compared to conventional dough mixing.Trials on the the strength of the The new CRC will have an excellent opportunity to use of a debranning machine prior to milling showed build revenues on the base that Quality Wheat CRC that higher yields of clean, low extraction flour could Commonwealth (CRC has established. Indeed, it must do so to survive. be obtained than from conventional milling. In Committee) support for experiments designed to improve the conditioning The main scientific and commercial achievements process, methods of controlling it better were our endeavours have been as diverse as they are important. discovered. In Program 1 we have continued with our development and patenting of systems to locate In Program 4, a marketplace survey on of the molecular markers useful in wheat. Our microbiological status of refrigerated and shelf-stable techniques were vital in the construction of a noodles has been completed to assist industry,as has genetic linkage map in the National Wheat a complementary study on the contribution of Molecular Marker Program.Ten markers were variables such as flour extraction rate and protein developed for under-represented regions in content to noodle quality.A noodle speck method has Dr Bill Rathmell, the map, and seven allowed the also been applied to determine the contribution of Managing Director, chromosomal origin of several previously wheat variety to product appearance.We have QWCRC "lost" markers to be determined.The identified a wheat variety with quality in the sponge advanced research of the Centre has led the and dough bread-making process equivalent to that of country (even the world) in this area, commercial flour samples obtained from Asia.This and positions VAWCRC well to work is opening up increased trade opportunities for be able to exploit markers Australian wheat. directly in breeding programs. We have advanced our In Program 5 we have made further progress in the pipeline of resulting wheat development of an on-the-spot variety diagnostic as germplasm and the first well as signing a commercialisation agreement for variety to come out of it, WheatRite™ and ReadRite™.A recombinant durum QAL2000, has been wheat enzyme fragment was used to raise antibodies commercialised, and will for evaluation for the production of a high-throughput generate royalties next screening system for colour traits in durum wheat and year.We have also signed for possible use in variety identification.A noodle an agreement with Byron quality antibody marker was applied to the analysis of Australia to exploit waxy over five thousand wheat lines from the Victorian wheat in patented Wheat breeding program.This successfully predicted processes for novel wheat- genotype and flour swelling power,the most important based foods. factor in determining quality of Udon noodles.

6 Managing Director’s Report

The assay is now validated for use in commercial be found in the performance indicators section of this breeding programs, to streamline new wheat report. Of course, Quality Wheat CRC's achievements development. Progress has also been made with the Z- have been the result of the efforts of the people that arm mixer,resulting in a commercialisation have worked in the Centre and in the Company,and agreement. Program 5 has also generated knowledge, I'd like to take this opportunity to thank everyone, the on the size distribution of proteins in flour blends and head office staff (Mary Foster,Helen Warwick, Clare of the relationship between protein composition and Johnson and Alan Ellis), the Senior Management noodle-making quality.Also the rheological behaviour Group (too numerous to mention individually!) and of dough as fermentation progresses has been studied the scientists and students who have worked together in two flour types. so well. Farewell thanks go to the employees and secondees of the departing Participants,AWB Ltd, In the Education and Training Program, our Wheat Crop and Food International, CSIRO Division of Plant Supply Chain Symposium attracted high-level industry Industry,George Weston Foods Ltd and BRI Australia - staff and postgraduate students, and we also organised although we are expecting links to continue in eight Wheat Market Quality courses around the VAWCRC with at least the last two of these, because of country.A workshop on the use of test kits to detect continuing projects.There have also been departures the late maturity amylase defect in breeders' wheat from the staff of the continuing Participants during the lines was conducted in August with participants from last year: Dr.Lindsay O'Brien retired from his position wheat breeding programs all over Australia.We as Director of the I.A.Watson Grains Research Centre continued our active program of technology transfer at Narrabri, Dr.Fred Stoddard accepted a position as to farmers, notably with a training module about grain Reader in The University of Wolverhampton, Drs. Daryl storage that was made available nationally.Publication Mares and Kolumbina Mrva have joined The of other agronomy guides for North and Central NSW University of Adelaide on their Waite Campus.Again will assist growers in maintaining appropriate records we hope that links will continue in the new CRC. to improve crop yield and protein.Training of Grain Farewell thanks also to the Directors who resigned Pool of WA, Pivot and Cargill growers in Quality during the year - Peter Jeffrey,Roger Tanner,Mike Assurance continues. Substantial royalty payments Dunbier and John Lovett.The last three had been have been received by QWCRC over the year from the involved from the start and John in particular acted Great Grain program.A process to amalgamate or from time to time as de-facto deputy chairman, coordinate on-farm QA programs is being facilitated providing stalwart support (numquam non paratus). by the GRDC. Five summer studentships were On a sadder note, we learned during the year of the completed, several providing results with IP death of David Annuk, who was the Director implications. appointed by Arnott's Biscuits during the crucial first year of the Centre. A number of CRC people have received honours in the last twelve months. Geoff Miller,our Chairman, In finalising the establishment of the Value Added received a Centenary (of Federation) Medal for Wheat CRC, to build on Quality Wheat CRC's "contributions to Australian agriculture, international foundations, I have been heartened by the fact that trade and public policy". Professor Roger Tanner,a the majority of existing Participants wish to be active founder Director of the Centre (who resigned during in the new Centre, and that there are newcomers too. the year) was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. The Value Added Wheat CRC will have more Professor Don Marshall (a Program manager from the Participants in it than QWCRC does (when supporting beginning of the Centre) was elected Fellow of the Participants are counted), albeit with a smaller, Australian Institute of Agricultural Science and commercial Board.The enthusiasm for the concept of Technology.The Perten Prize of the International a new Company,exploiting new science, remains high Association for Cereal Science and Technology (ICC, despite, or perhaps because of, the increasing speed of Vienna) was awarded to Dr Frank Bekes and Dr Peter the technical, social and economic changes to which Gras at the 11th Cereal and Bread Congress the wheat industry has been subjected. I firmly expect (September,2000) for their research in advancing our VAWCRC to help to catalyse these changes, and understanding of the nature of dough at the promote the commercialisation of the advances in molecular level, involving the development and wheat science and technology. application of specialized equipment for testing of wheat properties.The Schweitzer Medal of the ICC was awarded to Bob Cracknell at the same Congress (September,2000) for services to ICC and to international cooperation in cereal chemistry.

The achievements of the last year of the life of the Dr. Bill Rathmell Centre as Quality Wheat CRC, can be added to the Managing Director long list accumulated in the previous five years, all to

7 he Centre was established in July 1995 under the Board membership comprises (as at 30/6/2000): TCommonwealth Government's Cooperative Research Centres program by agreement between the Members Representing Participants (Centre Agreement) and with the Government (Commonwealth Agreement). In the first Dr Geoff Miller Chairman, QWCRC two years of operation the research was managed under Dr William Rathmell Managing Director, QWCRC a three program structure. However, it was felt that more effective program management could be achieved Dr Graeme Robertson Agriculture Western Australia by establishment of a five program structure whereby Mr A Kennett (interim Director) Arnotts Biscuits Ltd the education program (coordinated by the Centre's Mr Tony Kent AWB Ltd Education and Training officer) was absorbed within the Mr Norman Marran BRI Australia Ltd relevant programs.This structure has been operational since 1997 and the merits of this decision have been Dr John Huppatz CSIRO Plant Industry Mr Alan Ellis confirmed. Dr Nigel Larsen Crop and Food International Business Manager Mr Peter Schutz George Weston Foods Ltd The Participants Mr Nick Stenvert Goodman Fielder Mills Ltd Five commercial and six non-commercial organisations. Professor John Lovett Grains Research & Development Corp. Dr Lindsay Cook NSW Agriculture Commercial Non-Commercial Professor David Siddle University of Sydney

Arnott’s Biscuits Ltd. Agriculture Western Australia AWB Ltd BRI Australia Ltd George Weston Foods Ltd CSIRO Plant Industry Goodman Fielder Mills Ltd NSW Agriculture The Executive Committee Grains Research & Crop & Food International The Board is assisted by an Executive Committee Development Corp. University of Sydney comprising the Chairman, Managing Director,and three other Board members.

QWCRC Board The Executive Committee: The CRC Board of Directors comprises representatives manages the various aspects of the activities of the

Ms Helen Warwick of the CRC participants, the Managing Director and an CRC as determined by the Board from time to time Executive Assistant and independent Chairperson. and Communications Coordinator carries on the business of the Board between The Board determines the strategic direction the Board meetings. Centre will take and sets specific performance milestones for the core research programs. It also The Managing Director oversights management of the CRC (in particular The Managing Director is a member of the Board and management of program outcomes), the Centre's staff, is responsible for management of the Centre. researchers and financial matters and approves the Centre's Annual Operating Plan and the Annual The Managing Director: Report. provides leadership to the Centre; ensures that Centre funds are used in accordance with the budget in the Annual Operating Plan; monitors and keeps the Board informed of the Centre's performance; supervises the Program Managers and identifies new research opportunities.

Mrs Mary Foster Administrative Officer

8 Structure & Management

ORGANISATION CHART Board of Directors

Audit Committee

Executive Committee

Business Managing Director Manager

Program 1 Program 2 Program 3A Program 3B Program 4 Program 5 Manager Manager Manager Manager Manager Manager

Processing of Processing of Growing & Flour & Dough New Wheats & Wheat & Wheat Wheat & Wheat Products from Storing Quality Components & Breeding Aids Products Products Wheat Wheat their Interaction (Milling) (Baking)

Education & Training

The Senior Management Group CRC Subsidiary A Senior Management Group (SMG), comprising the To help exploit and commercialise R&D outcomes Managing Director,the Program Managers and the Quality Wheat CRC established, a fully owned Business Manager,plus representatives from any subsidiary QW Investments Pty Ltd. research provider not otherwise represented on the The Directors of this company are Dr William Committee, oversees management and evaluation of Rathmell and Mr Alan Ellis. the Centre's total operations through: identifying and prioritising activities against The CRC's management structure is illustrated industry needs; above. monitoring program performance; developing administrative policies and procedures for the Centre as a whole and assisting the Managing Director in development of annual budgets, and performance reporting for the Centre, advising the Managing Director on issues to be raised with the Board, and on effective means of responding to specific concerns or requests.

9 Board of Directors

Dr Geoff Miller AO

Chairman, Quality Wheat CRC Ltd Riverside Corporate Park, 51 Delhi Road, NORTH RYDE, NSW 2113 Geoff Miller is a company director and corporate adviser, specialising in agribusiness. He is Chairman of Farmshed Ventures Pty Ltd; Beeline Technologies Inc (USA); Quality Wheat CRC Ltd; and the International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington DC) and Deputy Chairman of Gresham Rabo Management Ltd (manager of the Food & Agribusiness Investment Fund). He is a Director of Agsystems Pty Ltd; Agrilink Pty Ltd; and GCM Strategic Services Pty Ltd.

In the past, Dr Miller has served on the boards of major Australian agribusiness organisations marketing and processing wheat, wool, cotton and sugar. He also spent almost two decades as chief executive of national agencies in Canberra. He was, inter alia, Secretary of the Department of Primary Industries & Energy; Associate Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs & Trade; Director of the Economic Planning Advisory Council; and Director of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics.

Dr Miller graduated with first class honours in Agricultural economics from the University of New England, Australia, and holds Masters and PhD degrees in Applied Economics from Stanford University, USA. He is a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Company Directors.

Dr Bill Rathmell

Managing Director, Quality Wheat CRC Ltd Riverside Corporate Park, 51 Delhi Road, NORTH RYDE, NSW 2113 Bill Rathmell joined Quality Wheat CRC as its Managing Director at the end of 1995. Between 1991 and 1995 Bill was Research & Development Director of SES Europe, a supplier and breeder of agricultural seeds based in Belgium. Prior to that, he was Exploratory Plant Science Manager at ICI’s Agricultural Research Station in the UK. He is adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Agriculture in the University of Sydney. He has also held a number of academic posts in the USA and Europe.

Mr Tony Kent

Manager, Research and Development,AWB Ltd GPO Box 4562, MELBOURNE, VIC 3001 Tony Kent is Manager of Research and Development at AWB Limited, responsible for providing strategic direction to AWB’s portfolio of grain-related research and commercialisation investments. Since joining AWB in 1996 he has held positions in product development and management of the product marketing area. In these roles he worked closely with Australian public wheat breeding programs providing advice on the emerging quality requirements of Australian wheat markets. Prior to his recent appointment as Manager of R&D, he was Manager of Global Market Development. Before joining AWB, Tony accumulated over 20 years of experience in research, advisory and management roles in food crop production and marketing in Australia and South East Asia.

Dr Graeme Robertson

Chief Executive Officer,Agriculture Western Australia 3 Baron-Hay Court, SOUTH PERTH,WA 6151 Graeme Robertson has held this present post since August 1995. His career has involved a wide range of research, development and management activities in agriculture, including a period as officer in charge of the Kimberley region, Director of Resource Management and Commissioner of Soil Conservation, before being appointed Deputy Director General of the Department in 1990. He has been involved in a number of national and state activities involving agriculture and resource management, including 6 years as the inaugural chair of Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation.

Mr Norman Marran

Chairman, BRI Australia Ltd Riverside Corporate Park, 51 Delhi Road, NORTH RYDE, NSW 2113 As well as being Chairman of BRI Australia Ltd (formerly the Bread Research Institute of Australia), Norman Marran is also Chairman of the Grains Research and Development Corporation’s Northern Regional Panel, a Director of Rural Co. Ltd. and formerly a director of the Australian Wheat Board and member of the Wheat Research Council. A chartered accountant by profession, with experience in agribusiness and grains research and development, he has spent most of his working life in agriculture. Initially he was a pioneer of the Australian cotton industry, as Chairman and CEO of Auscott Ltd. He also has a strong background in oilseeds, as a long term director of Cargill Australia Ltd.

Dr Nigel Larsen

Team Leader, Food & Biomaterials Innovation , Crop & Food Research CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND Nigel Larsen obtained BSc (Hons) and PhD degrees in chemistry from Massey University, New Zealand, before spending two and a half years on a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Southern California. On his return to NZ in 1983, Nigel obtained a scientist position with the Wheat Reserach Institute DSIR. His research interests have been in cereal based foods chemistry and processing and progressing through to his current role as Team Leader for Food & Biomaterials Innovation at Crop & Food Research, Christchurch

10 Board of Directors

Professor John Lovett

Managing Director, Grains Research and Development Corporation 40 Blackall Street, BARTON,ACT 2604 Appointed Managing Director of the Grains Research & Development Corporation in September 1994, John Lovett was formerly Professor of Agronomy in the University of New England. He has experience in science and technology, communications, environmental matters and the management of research and development. He served as Chairman of the Oilseeds Research Council, becoming Deputy Chairman of the Grains Research & Development Corporation in October 1990.

Mr Nick Stenvert

Research Director, GF Milling & Baking 2 Smith Street, SUMMER HILL, NSW 2130 Nick Stenvert has worked with Goodman Fielder Milling & Baking for 12 years in various capacities. He was appointed Research Director in 1999 following the merger with Bunge Defiance. Prior to this he has had extensive experience in the cereal industry both in Australia and overseas. He worked with BRI Australia for a period of 15 years and has been involved in all aspects of cereals ranging from research, wheat breeding, testing, processing, product development and end product application, including work in Asia and Middle East.

Dr Peter Jeffrey

Technical Manager,Arnott’s Biscuits Limited 11 George Street, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140 Dr Peter Jeffery has been the Technical Manager at Arnott’s/Campbell’s since August 1997. In this role, Dr Jeffery is responsible for Applied Research, Regulatory Affairs and Nutrition, Product Development Support and Technical Services. Of particular interest, he is responsible for ensuring that Arnott’s are using quality biscuit wheat. Before Arnott’s, he spent 6 years with Smiths Snackfoods, and 8 years with Nestle, in Australia, USA and France in a variety of roles in Technical Services, Research and New Product Development. Dr Jeffery has a BE Hon 1 (Chem Eng) and a PhD in Bioprocess Engineering from UNSW. Resigned 20 June 2001

Professor David Siddle pro-Vice Chancellor (Research) University of Sydney University of Sydney, SYDNEY, NSW 2006 Professor Siddle took up the posting of pro-Vice Chancellor (Research) University of Sydney in November 1997 after seven years at the University of Queensland, where he was dean of Postgraduate Studies from 1993. He is am experimental psychologist whose research has focussed on associative learning. He served on the Australian Research Council's Social Sciences and Humanaties panel from 1991 to 1994, chaired the panel in 1993 and 1994, and was Deputy Chair of the Research Grants Committee in 1994.

Mr Peter Schutz

Divisional Chief Executive,Weston Technologies 74 - 76 Redfern Street,WETHERILL PARK, NSW 2164 Peter Schutz is CEO of Weston Technologies, a division of George Weston Foods Ltd. Peter has 25 years management experience in the food industry including brewing, food ingredients, baking, edible oils and technology. He is also a director of BRI Australia Ltd.

Dr John Huppatz

Assistant Chief, CSIRO Plant Industry GPO Box 1600, CANBERRA,ACT 2601 John Huppatz is a graduate of the University of Adelaide with a Ph.D. in organic chemistry. His research career with CSIRO Plant Industry involved structure/activity relationships and mechanisms of action of chemicals affecting plant growth, in particular herbicides and plant growth regulators. His broader interests include the biochemistry and molecular biology of plant growth and development. He is currently Deputy Chief of CSIRO Plant Industry.

Dr Lindsay Cook

Chief, Division of Plant Industry, NSW Agriculture 161 Kite Street, ORANGE, NSW 2800 Lindsay Cook obtained a B.Ag Science from Melbourne and a PhD from New England. He spent a post doctoral year at Oregon State University. He researched pasture seed production problems in the Victorian Department of Agriculture before moving to New South Wales to lead the seeds section for NSW Agriculture. In this position he was responsible for seed certification and registration schemes and the seeds laboratory. Subsequently, he was appointed Principal Agronomist (Cereals) and Director of Plant Production Research. He currently holds the position of Chief, Division of Plant Industries. This division undertakes NSW Agriculture’s research and extension programs for all field crops, pastures and rangelands, annual and perennial horticulture, and in soil management, irrigation water management and land use planning.

11 Co-operative Linkages

n important success criterion for the Centre is Other projects within the Centre that involve people Athat it promotes research linkages and co- from non-Participant organisations have continued operation amongst its own Participants as well as with this year.The list now includes: outsiders (commercial and researchers).The Performance Indicators section later in this Annual Another CRC/GRDC project to identify key quality Report contains a description in some detail of the characteristics required by bread manufacturers progress we have made in developing cooperative using the sponge and dough process involves linkages. extensive collaboration with the Leslie Research Institute, Queensland DPI. Most of the projects with cross-site interaction initiated The provision of diagnostic kits to wheat breeders in the earlier years of the CRC have continued around Australia and in Mexico. through its life.We have added to the earlier years' We have signed a contract for the world-wide momentum by starting and running new projects, commercial development of the WheatRiteTM kit some of which will continue into VAWCRC: with C-Qentec Diagnostics, and we have continued to work with Real Time Engineering on the design Collaboration with Agriculture Western Australia, of a prototype ReadRiteTM reader for the kit. also involving fertiliser suppliers, designed to We have also signed contracts with Byron Australia, determine environmental effects, especially for the commercial development of novel foods micronutrient deficiency,on quality and permit from Centre germplasm, and with Austgrains, to management and extension strategies to be further produce commercial quantities of our specialist improved in that state. biscuit wheat variety QAL 2000. A project, which has industry involvement, to study In addition, our links with the CRC for Molecular novel approaches to increasing conditioning Plant breeding have developed, with new research efficiency and thereby mill performance. collaborations under discussion, and the Managing The CRC/GRDC project on strategies to replace cake Director serving on the Industry Advisory flour chlorination also has commercial Committee of the Adelaide-based Centre. commitment. Building on the success of, and strong industry There has been a continued high level of effort this support for,the flour mill microbiology project, the year put into workshops, seminars and publications new project to assess the microbiological safety of specifically designed to enhance technology transfer end products from Australian wheat and flour also between Participants and to outside commercial and involves Commercial Participants, and has attracted research entities. For example our Wheat Supply Chain investment from a non-Participating commercial Symposium attracted high-level industry staff and organisation. postgraduate students, and we also organised eight Wheat Market Quality courses around the country.

A workshop on the use of test kits to detect the late maturity amylase defect in breeders' wheat lines was conducted in August with participants from wheat breeding programs all over Australia.

We continued our active program of technology transfer to farmers, notably with a grain storage training module made available nationally.

Over the year substantial numbers of growers have signed on to the Great Grain program, in some cases encouraged by non-participant companies such as The Grain Pool of WA, Pivot and Cargill. Further details of all these linkages are to be found in other sections of the Annual Report.

12 Research Programs

13 Research - Program 1

PROGRAM 1: NEW WHEATS AND BREEDING AIDS Program Manager: Professor D.R. Marshall Deputy: Dr. L. O'Brien

rogram 1 is strongly focussed on the development Project 1.1.1 - Exploiting new variants in starch B Pof new wheat varieties with novel processing and granule content manufacturing qualities sought by, but not currently Project Leader: Matthew Turner available to, industry. Such wheats are important in enhancing the total level of production and value-adding Background and Objectives opportunities of the Australian wheat industry and Starch granules that are deposited in the developing maintaining its international competitiveness.They are endosperm of wheat fall into two size classes: A-type with a diameter between 11 and 48um, and B-type also important in delivering research and development with a diameter of less than or equal to 10um.The benefits in wheat quality to both producers and the starch granule size distribution of flour influences processing industries, and as a vehicle for processing and product qualities, and starch/ gluten commercialisation of much of Quality Wheat CRC's manufacturers, starch end users and the makers of intellectual property, nationally and internationally. In this certain types of biscuits have expressed a need for Professor Don Marshall respect, in Program 1, we are placing particular emphasis wheats with a lower B granule content.The project Program Manager on ensuring that the research findings of the CRC and aims are to generate novel hard and soft Australian its partners, which can be delivered to industry via wheat cultivars with B granule contents significantly PROGRAM 1 OBJECTIVES breeding, are made available for commercial use as higher and lower than what is currently available. quickly as possible.We are doing this directly by the Identification and joint development of new wheats with breeders, or Progress The B granule content of grain from plants grown in indirectly, through the development of more efficient characterisation of field and controlled environment conditions are not breeding technologies. novel sources of always correlated. In multi-location testing of a subset variation for a range of of a Vulcan x Kewell doubled-haploid population, At present, only a minority of the germplasm projects of flours from these lines were tested for hardness, wheat quality QWCRC involve transfer of genes by genetic milling yield, colour and protein. B granule content attributes. engineering into the new wheats (i.e. genetically modified will be determined. Extremes of B granule content organisms or GMOs). In the longer term more such from F3 populations of a cross between a low B Tagging of the genes projects could be included when the technical capability granule exotic wheat (Outlier 67) and Australian exists, if there were market demand and public cultivars were used to generate F4 populations.These responsible for acceptance of such projects. will be evaluated for rust resistance. Molecular variation in wheat analysis of plant material differing in B granule content when grown in a controlled environment has quality traits. Program Aims commenced. The objectives of the program, which focuses breeding Development of rapid on value added industry requirements, are thus fourfold. The first is to screen both cultivated wheats and their breeding protocols. wild relatives for novel sources of natural variation for a range of wheat quality attributes, and to characterise this Using these protocols variation at the physiological, biochemical and genetic levels.The second is to tag the genes responsible for this to develop new Targets and Milestones Achieved Date cultivars for specialty variation using cutting edge molecular marker techniques.The third is to develop rapid breeding Preliminary yield trials of Vulcan X Kewell 12/00 quality markets. doubled-haploids at Forbes and Narrabri protocols using molecular markers and doubled haploid technology, while the fourth is to use these rapid F3 populations derived from 06/01 Outlier 67 x Janz, Sunstate and QAL2000 protocols to develop new cultivars for speciality quality harvested and tested for B granule content markets.

Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date

Work continues in projects VAW413 and VAW411 07/01

Identification of molecular markers for 06/03 B granule content

Generation of adapted wheats with extremes 12/03 of B granule content

Lines with extremes of B granule content, 04/04 good agronomic attributes and rust resistance identified for regional evaluation

14 Research - Program 1

Project 1.1.2 - Manipulation of yellow colour in Fig. 1.1: Flavone biosynthesis pathway in plants. Some important enzymes in this Asian alkaline noodles pathway include: PAL - phenylalanine ammonia lyase, CHS - chalcone synthase, CHI - Project Leader: Daryl Mares chalcone isomerase, and FS - flavone synthase. Background and Objectives Asian noodle colour and colour stability are important quality criteria that determine customer appeal. Critical factors controlling colour include the initial brightness of flour and noodles, the degree of bran and germ contamination, the xanthophyll and flavonoid content, and the stability of both the noodle brightness and the yellow colour.Our focus is on improving the colour of yellow alkaline noodles (YAN) by manipulating xanthophylls and flavonoids, and by reducing factors such as oxidative darkening. Manipulation and recombination of specific components of colour will facilitate production of speciality or ingredient wheats, wheats with novel colour characteristics and wheats that allow more flexibility in marketing.

Progress Lutein and lutein esters fell 20-37% within 6hr of production of white salted noodles (WSN) but were relatively stable in YAN and levels correlated with lipoxygenase activity (GRDC project CWQ8). Lipoxygenase was inactive at high pH (YAN),and lowered in WSN in the presence of α-tocopherol. In wheats low or high in pH-dependent flavone-C- diglycosides, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) was similar,while germ (but not seed coat) chalcone isomerase (CHI) in later development correlated with flavonoid content (Fig 1.1). Debranning and lower flour extraction rate both raised initial noodle brightness and reduced darkening, with minimal xanthophyll losses, but because of loss of germ tissue, flavonoid content and noodle yellowness were reduced.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Stability of xanthophyll pigments in 09/00 noodles determined

Activity of some key flavonoid synthesis 12/00 enzymes measured

YAN colour components in mill fractions and 03/01 after debranning compared

Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date

Work will continue in projects 07/01 VAW413 and VAW411

Survey a broad range of members of the 12/01 Triticeae for flavone and xanthophyll contents

Develop a small scale test to identify material 06/02 that contributes high level of flavones to YAN

15 Project 1.1.3/5 (fused) - Genetic dissection of Figure 1.2 Identification of hotspots in the wheat genome that control both flour processing properties plant growth traits and quality attributes.Appropriate molecular markers have Project Leaders: Rudi Appels and Ian Batey been identified for validation and implementation. Background and Objectives Starch viscosity is a key attribute determining wheat flour processing suitability,and its relationship with other starch properties such as swelling on hydration and heating provides the basis for selecting wheat lines. Our focus has been to identify molecular markers for aspects of viscosity desired by end-users. Genetic controls on other quality attributes have also been studied to identify chromosome regions particularly important in Australian germplasm development.The integration of molecular marker technology into breeding programs is providing the means to select a range of multiple traits, very early in the process, and complements functional testing at various stages.The project is based on National Wheat Molecular Marker Program datasets.

Progress We established a Cranbrook x Halberd map with 924 markers, a CD87 x Katepwa map with 506 markers and a Sunco x Tasman map with 370 markers.These enabled detailed analyses of a number of traits and provided the locations of the corresponding quantitative trait loci (QTLs), e.g. on chromosome 4B (Figure 1.2).This illustrates the region on the short arm, defined by XcsME1 (the Rht1 gene) and Xwmc048 (a microsatellite), which has multiple influences on plant growth traits and quality attributes, including flour b*/L* values, grain texture (hardness) and %B granules, of specific interest to Program 1.Appropriate molecular markers from such hotspots have been identified for validation and implementation.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Maps that form the template for analysis of starch 06/01 and other flour processing properties complete

Analysis of starch properties, including 06/01 %B granules, gelatinisation, swelling and viscosity attributes completed for Cranbrook x Halberd progeny

Analysis of starch properties including 06/01 gelatinisation and viscosity completed for the CD87 x Katepwa progeny

Projects Terminating Date

Results currently in press in Australian Journal 06/01 of Agricultural Research

16 Research - Program 1

Project 1.1.4 - New microsatellite markers for Project 1.1.7 - Development and evaluation of wheat waxy wheats Project Leader: Matthew Hayden Project Leader: Peter Sharp

Background and Objectives Background and Objectives Microsatellites (SSRs) and single nucleotide Waxy or zero-amylose wheat, also discussed under polymorphisms (SNPs) are abundant and widely project 4.1.1, is a new class of wheat with potential dispersed throughout the wheat genome.As these food and non-food utility.In this project, we are DNA markers are codominant, locus-specific and introgressing the 'null' alleles of the 'waxy' proteins easily assayed by PCR, they are extremely useful for into backgrounds adapted for Australian agriculture. genetic mapping, cultivar identification and marker This is being accelerated by the use of marker-assisted assisted selection. However,the development of these backcrossing, using markers for both the 'waxy' genes, markers is costly and labour-intensive, and they have and for the genetic background, to ensure all desired proven difficult to amend to methods of high characteristics are maintained in the lines produced. throughput analysis, primarily due to the large size and hexaploid nature of the bread wheat genome.The Progress objectives of this project are to establish novel Heavy rains before harvest severely damaged more technologies that allow the cost-efficient and rapid than 1,000 doubled haploid (DH) lines (full/partial development of SNPs and SSRs, and facilitate high waxy), more than 50 BC4 and BC3 lines grown for throughput marker analysis. seed increase, and 14 DH waxy lines (NP150 background), grown for preliminary yield trials at Progress various locations in NSW.To recover the lines, We have developed two novel techniques: selectively damaged seeds were grown.The resulting seeds were amplified microsatellite (SAM) analysis, facilitating then stained either for waxy seed selection or for targeted development of SSRs, and sequence tagged further confirmation of the waxy lines.There was microsatellite profiling (STMP), permitting rapid enough grain of most lines for small-scale quality development of large numbers of markers.Advantages evaluation. Development of waxy wheat in include reduced cost, elimination of clone screening, backgrounds from Diamondbird, Dollarbird, Rosella, and the requirement for only one locus-specific Sunstate, Sunsoft, K03057 and M5631 started and F1 primer for PCR amplification, because the second seeds were generated.These seeds are growing for primer is common to all markers.This also reduces further backcrossing and marker-assisted selection of the cost of analysis, as only the common primer need the waxy genes. be dye-labelled.The SSRs developed behave as Mendelian loci and are randomly distributed throughout the wheat genome.Average microsatellite repeat length is shorter than for published SSRs, possibly targetting a previously inaccessible class of SSR sequences.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Development of sequence tagged microsatellite 09/00 Field trials harvested 11/00 profiling (STMP), a novel technique for generating SSR markers Crosses to new backgrounds made 12/00

Application of STMP and selectively amplified 12/00 Samples provided to BRI Australia for evaluation 03/01 microsatellite analysis to the National Wheat Molecular Marker Program

Comprehensive genetic analysis of sequence 03/01 tagged microsatellites in bread wheat

Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date Continuing in project VAW411,evaluate STMs in 09/01 Work continues in projects VAW413 and VAW411 12/01 multiplexed reactions with field selection of waxy lines in winter generation at Cobbitty Evaluate the STMP technology in smaller genomes 12/01 Backcrossing new waxy lines (new backgrounds) 04/02 Optimise and evaluate the procedure to increase 12/01 the recovery rate of full-length restriction fragments Summer seed increase of selected lines 05/02 containing target SSRs Preliminary yield trials at Narrabri 12/02 Develop methods for SNP discovery and 06/02 genotyping and extend STMP to other repetitive elements, such as retrotransposons

17 Project 1.1.8 - Development and application of wheat microsatellite markers Figure 1.3:An EST microsatellite (Sun002.H03) Project Leader: Peter Sharp scored on 12 GRDC parental lines

Background and Objectives Although a relatively large number of wheat microsatellites has been developed, a marker-saturated map to trace quantitative traits, and QTL mapping are required. In collaboration with the National Wheat Molecular Marker Program (NWMMP), we have evaluated and incorporated a large number of markers into wheat genetic maps during the last year. A new set of microsatellites, mainly from the Wheat Microsatellite Consortium (WMC) was evaluated and Figure 1.4:Two sets of microsatellite markers with results incorporated in genetic maps.We have also multiplex PCR (5plex left and 3plex right) on 12 developed some microsatellites from expressed GRDC parental lines sequence tag (EST) sequences as a new source of markers for the three waxy genes, and validated a codominant marker detecting Wx-D1, and an SSR marker closely linked to Wx-B1.

Progress The Wx-B1-linked SSR marker was highly polymorphic in Australian cultivars, making it useful for variety identification. Marker data on the Cranbrook x Halberd population were verified and finalised.A further 80 microsatellites were analysed, polymorphic loci incorporated into the wheat genetic map (mainly the Sunco x Tasman and CD87 x Katepwa DH populations) and their evaluation is underway.Of 70 clones containing SSR repeats, identified from more than 1,000 International Triticeae EST Cooperative (ITEC) ESTs, ~30% contain useful polymorphisms.We have developed multiplex PCRs for high-throughput assay using up to 6 primer pairs per reaction (Figure 1.4), providing a new avenue for the use of wheat microsatellites in breeding programs and genome mapping. TABLE 1.1 Targets and Milestones Achieved Date Quality performance of QAL2000 at pilot scale

Development of codominant markers for the 12/00 Wx-D1 loci Flour properties

Incorporation of microsatellites in CD87 x Katepwa 12/00 Flour moisture content 13.5% and Sunco x Tasman Flour protein concent 8.3%

Evaluation of EST microsatellite and preliminary 02/01 Farinograph analysis Water absorption 56% Development of multiplex PCR 06/01 Dough development time 2.0 min Stability at pea 1.15 min Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date Extensograph Work will continue in project VAW411 with 07/01 continuing marker-assisted selection of waxy loci Extensibility after 45 min resting 18.8 cm (with new backgrounds) Maximum resistance after 45 min 80BU Genetic mapping of EST microsatellites 06/03 Amylograph Expansion of multiplex PCR to large number of 06/03 wheat microsatellites Peak viscosity 470 BU

18 Research - Program 1

Project 1.1.9 - Molecular marker development for Project 1.1.10 - Breeding soft wheats for pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in wheat Northern Australia Project Leader: Mui-Ken Tan Project Leader: Shakir Shah

Background and Objectives Background and Objectives It has been proposed that seed dormancy in wheat is The primary focus of this project is to develop new, controlled by a coat-imposed regulatory factor and an rust resistant soft wheat for northern Australia.The abscisic acid (ABA)-sensitive embryo dormancy biscuit and cake industries are relatively small wheat locus.Australian wheat cultivar,Aus1408, has an users, but are major value-adding industries.They have embryo dormancy locus on chromosome 3DL and is specialist wheat quality needs, requiring wheat to be being used as a major source of tolerance in breeding of soft kernel texture, low in grain protein content, programs.The ABA-sensitive dormancy locus and the producing flours which develop dough quickly with seed coat factor on the same chromosome are both low water addition and extreme extensibility.In 2000, recessive. Other research studies suggest the presence QAL2000, a new soft biscuit wheat variety suitable to of orthologous embryo dormancy genes on grow in this region was named and released from this homoeologous group 3 chromosomes. Pre-harvest program.Adult plant resistance from various sources sprouting (PHS) tolerance is a complex quantitative will be used to improve stripe resistance of QAL2000 trait and other factors have also been implicated in its for field testing and agronomic evaluation in 2002. expression.The objective was to develop and identify molecular markers associated with resistance to PHS. Progress 250 tonnes of QAL2000 was produced at Mallora, Qld. Progress About 100 tonnes of seed was graded and distributed No significant association (p=0.05) of PHS tolerance by Ausgrain International, Moree, NSW,to local has been found with any of ten 3DL microsatellite contract growers for commercial production in the markers.Analysis of the Vp1 gene found a high northern region in 2001. Recently,QAL2000 was milled significant association (p=0.001) of a seed dormancy by Goodman at the Tennyson Mill (Table 1.1, pg.18). gene with the Vp1A locus on chromosome 3AL in Aus1408, which was mapped to about 32-44 cM from Four new advanced soft wheat advanced lines with the centromere. Due to non-polymorphism, it was not good yield potential and adult plant resistance possible to infer whether orthologous Vp1 alleles on identified have low protein, water absorption and 3B and 3D also correlate with dormancy.Amplified weak dough characteristics required for soft biscuit fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis had production.Arnotts confirmed all these lines yielded uncovered a marker on 4BL that had a significant better packet length, baked dough weight and biscuit association (p=0.006) with PHS tolerance, which has hardness than commercial flour.After factory scale been mapped to about 34 cM from the centromere. evaluation, the best lines will be released for Three minor QTLs (p=0.05) have also been observed commercial production in 2002-2003. on 4BL.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

A 3DL linkage group of 10 microsatellite markers 09/00 New soft wheat breeding line, SUN385B, planted 06/00 of Cascade/Aus1408 population for seed manipulation and commercial scale quality and milling tests at Mallora, Queensland A 4BL linkage group of 7 microsatellite markers 03/01 and identification of 4 QTLs (at least p=0.05) with 250 tonnes of SUN385B harvested and graded. 12/00 PHS tolerance Named QAL2000 and released as a new soft biscuit wheat for Northern Australia A 3AL linkage group and association of a seed 06/01 dormancy gene with the Vp1A locus (p=0.001) on 100 tonnes of QAL2000 graded and distributed by 06/01 chromosome 3AL in Aus1408 Ausgrain International, Moree, to contract growers for commercial production in northern region Evidence of orthologous dormancy gene on 06/01 homoeologous 3D chromosome Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date

Work will continue in project VAW411 07/01 Work will continue in project VAW413 07/01

Map the group 3 orthologous seed dormancy 12/02 Identification of new soft wheats with good yield 04/02 - 04/07 genes more precisely potential, rusts resistance and desirable quality,for potential release Compare QTL effects from group 4 chromosomes 12/02

Develop marker for late-maturity alpha amylase 06/04 in wheat

19 Project 1.1.11 - Genetic variants for soft wheat Project 1.1.12 - Soft wheat breeding for South quality Eastern Australia Project Leader: Shakir Shah Project Leader: Helen Allen

Background and Objectives Background and Objectives The aim of this project is to develop genetic variants The aim of this project is to improve the quality of soft for a number of key soft wheat quality characteristics, wheats and to ensure that the agronomy of any new including high and low molecular weight glutenin variety is suitable for commercial production. Irrigated loci, and the waxy locus, to create a range of starch wheat is not considered 'mainstream' in Australian quality types.These genetic variants will be used to wheat breeding programs, requiring different improve understanding of mixing and sheeting agronomy,and in some cases, having different quality. properties for soft wheat products.They could also be About 8% of Australia's wheat crop is grown on assessed for their processing quality for biscuit and irrigation farms, and in drought years, this proportion cake manufacture without using flour chlorination increases substantially.The irrigation area can reliably and chemical dough conditioner or additives. If produce sufficient wheat for biscuit production in successful, this may benefit industry by reducing Australia and has the capacity to serve special grain production cost and by gaining consumer confidence quality markets such as the biscuit market.As most regarding concerns over the use of additives and new varieties are highly susceptible to blackpoint, we other chemicals.. are also researching this area.

Progress Progress Four hundred BC1 derivatived double haploid lines, in A new soft wheat variety,Thornbill, was released from the genetic background of three soft wheat varieties, NSW Agriculture Wagga Wagga by the Minister of Tincurrin, Bindawara and Olympic, were seed- Agriculture in October 2000. In 2001, Lorikeet, a strong increased and screened for their status regarding high soft variety which has Rosella type quality and molecular glutenin loci: Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1. potential Sao biscuit quality,will be released.A new Lines with varying protein composition were biscuit baking method should soon be available to identified and were also grown at the Plant Breeding select good biscuit baking wheat.A probe test had Institute Narrabri for preliminary yield and quality been developed to evaluate the dough strength of evaluation during the 2000 season. Forty five lines with biscuit wheat early in the breeding program. Research desired agronomic characteristics have been selected has been conducted to determine the effects of for further investigations by the industry partners. Our blackpoint on the product quality of soft wheat. preliminary findings are summarised in Table 1.2. Biscuits will tolerate a high level of blackpoint, but pastry and cakes are less tolerant of high levels.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Lines with varying protein composition identified 06/00 Release of new wheat variety for biscuits, 10/00 and grown at PBI Narrabri for preliminary yield Thornbill and quality evaluation Release of new strong soft wheat variety, 04/01 Lines harvested and quality tested on small scale 12/00 Lorikeet at PBI Narrabri One kg seed of 45 breeding lines with desired 06/01 agronomic and varying protein composition supplied to industry partners for studies regarding processing ability without chemical treatment

Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date

Work will continue in project VAW413 07/01 Work will continue in project VAW413 07/01

Quality tests on 45 breeding lines by industry 12/01 New Soft wheat with potential for release 04/02 - 04/07 partners complete identified

200 lines varying in protein composition in three 12/01 New soft wheat for cakes, biscuit and 04/02 - 04/07 adapted backgrounds, seed increased for further pastry identified quality testing Quality tests on lines harvested in 2001 complete 06/02

20 Research - Program 1

Project 1.1.13 - Rapid cultivar development and TABLE 1.2 improvement Project Leader: Matthew Turner

Quality Traits Genetic Variants Tincurrin Background and Objectives Aspects of wheat quality are of increasing importance GV Lines Max Min Average Average in Australian and international breeding efforts.To maintain the quality-based competitive advantage that !000 grain weight (g) 43.04 25.16 33.38 30.04 Test weight 82.09 73.14 78.60 70.00 Australia has over its international competitors, novel Grain protein contents (%) 15.60 11.00 13.55 12.60 characters have to be identified and rapidly Grain hardness (NIR) 25.90 16.00 22.63 24.60 introgressed into Australian cultivars.The aim of this Flour protein contents (%) 13.32 09.41 11.01 09.64 project is to identify novel variation not currently Total product milling yield (%) 80.49 72.87 76.40 73.65 available in Australian wheats and to apply molecular markers practically to breeding material to accelerate the introgression of these characters into existing cultivars. Initial targets for introgression into adapted wheats include low polyphenol oxidase activity,high grain flavone content, high grain xanthophyll content and novel hardness alleles from diploid wheats. FIGURE 1.5: Grains of T. durum X A. tauschii amphiploid lines (S4,S16,S25 and S7) exhibiting a Progress range of intensities of pigmentation when incubated in tyrosine solution, and Novel low polyphenol oxidase-containing wheats were common T. durum parent Altar 84 (Al). Control cultivars Yallaroi (Ya), Banks (Ba), Kewell(Ke),Avocet (Av), Suneca (Su) incubated in tyrosine solution are included for identified and confirmed in material grown in the comparison. field over successive years. Fixed wheat lines with grain hardness alleles derived from diploid wheats were identified. Molecular investigations are underway and material has been planted for crossing to Australian wheats. Protocols for flavone and xanthophyll quantification have been refined and are being used to screen a diverse set of wild and cultivated wheats for xanthophyll and flavone content. DNA isolated from leaf using a rapid DNA extraction method was used in PCR-based identification of interspecific hybrids generated for Program 1.1.1.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Wheat with hardness alleles of diploid wheats 09/00 identified

Low polyphenol oxidase activities in members 03/01 of the Triticeae confirmed

Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date

Work will continue in project VAW412 07/01

Adapted hexaploid wheats with low polyphenol 06/04 oxidase activities generated

Molecular markers for low polyphenol oxidase 06/05 activity identified

Novel hexaploid wheat cultivars with low 06/06 polyphenol oxidase activities generated

21 Research - Program 1

Project 1.1.14 - Development of wheat double Project 1.1.15 - Improving the milling quality of haploid production system Australian wheat Project Leader: Shoba Venkatanagappa / Nizam Ahmed Project Leader: Don Marshall

Background and Objectives Background and Objectives The success of many of the QWCRC research Increased milling yields of wheat offer an obvious programs depends on the use of doubled haploids to economic advantage to both producers and rapidly fixed lines, from crosses between parents processors.The determinants of milling yield are not differing in target quality attributes, for genetic fully understood but we know cell wall selection and germplasm development.The aim of polysaccharides, fibre content and seed size influence this project was to develop an efficient system for the character.The highest yielding Australian wheat doubled haploid production based on the wheat- lines identified in breeding programs are typically maize system.To date, emphasis has been given to discarded due to low water absorption of resulting optimising media composition, embryo rescue flours, which has a negative influence on loaf quality. techniques and chromosome doubling efficiency. The aim of this project is to generate cultivars that combine high milling yield with suitable water Progress absorption, by utilising information from investigations During 2000-2001 an ambitious program was initiated into factors influencing these characters. It is intended to produce doubled haploids routinely for several that molecular markers for the determinants of milling QWCRC projects, with a target of at least 5,000 yield will be developed. doubled haploids. Unfortunately most of the haploid embryos produced were destroyed due to an Progress unexpected rise in temperature during November Wheat germplasm with potential high milling yield 2000, which could not be controlled.To avoid this in was assembled, planted and evaluated. Selected future, an appropriate temperature-control device was wheats have been planted for genetic analysis of the set up and several other infrastructure improvements character.Large-seeded and large-embryo wheats have made. During May-June, seeds from various cross been identified and planted for intercrossing and combinations were sown.These will be ready for crossing with Australian Prime Hard variety Lang. embryo rescue and subsequent doubling during mid Investigation into rapid small scale tests to quantify August. flour pentosans has commenced. Further research is required to identify the minimum amount of flour that can be used without increasing the co-efficient of variation for these tests. Flour samples of members of the Triticeae are being generated for screening.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Infrastructure for doubled haploid production 01/01 Large-seeded wheats identified and planted for 06/01 established crossing to Australian cultivars

An efficient doubled haploid production system 01/01 High milling yield of germplasm confirmed. 06/01 developed Selected lines planted for crossing

Small scale tests measuring pentosan content 06/01 Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date investigated

This work will continue in project VAW412 07/01

Produce 5,000 to 10,000 doubled haploids 09/02 Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date

Work will continue in project VAW411 07/01

Evaluate milling yield of SSD and doubled-haploid 12/02 populations

22 Research - Program 2

PROGRAM 2: GROWING AND STORING QUALITY WHEAT Program Manager: Mr Bob Cracknell Deputy: Dr Colin Wrigley

he market value of quality wheat depends on its Project 2.1.1 - Protein composition during grain Tsuitability for specific processing needs, whether filling and post-harvest storage these may be for domestic processors or for export. For Project Leader: Ferenc Bekes any one of these specific markets, consistency of quality is an essential requirement; a buyer must be assured that Background and Objectives the grain will perform consistently, without the need for This project involved laboratory-scale experiments on staff to keep adjusting formulations and procedures to grain development and storage, complemented by accommodate deficiencies in the raw materials. In this field-scale trials in project 2.1.6.The storage program, the objective has been to increase our investigations are partnered with study of the understanding of how variations from target quality may developing grain because it has become evident that occur at all stages of the production chain, including the changes during storage are simply extensions of storage and transport. For example, variations in dough those occurring in the late stages of ripening. In strength have long been a problem for the milling and particular,the formation of disulfide bonds between the glutenin polypeptides occurs more rapidly during Bob Cracknell baking industry, both for domestic use and for the Program Manager export market.Traditionally, varietal identity and protein grain development and more slowly during storage. content are used to indicate dough quality, but this Rates of change were monitored during up to nine PROGRAM 2 OBJECTIVES approach neglects the important factors of growth and months of storage for multi-kilogram quantities of o o o o storage conditions.Whereas the major accent of grain at elevated temperatures (30 ,34 ,38 , and 40 C) o research elsewhere has been on growth conditions, and at 4 as control. Research conducted at storage has been largely neglected. Project 2.1.1 and all stages of the related project 2.1.6 have redressed the balance to Progress growing and storing of demonstrate that elevated storage temperatures cause Sample sizes permitted lab-scale quality testing at significant changes in dough properties.The projects Westons,with sufficient intermediate sampling to wheat to elucidate the have provided remedies via improved management allow the development of a mathematical model of causes of grain-quality procedures, and these are now being adopted by the the process of quality change. Dough development variations. Australian wheat industry. times increased over time at higher temperatures, following a 'pseudo-zero-order rate process', in which Program Aims the Arrhenius equation accounts for 93% of the Implications of Our specific aims in this program are threefold.The first variance. Consequently,it is now possible to predict environmental is to elucidate the causes of variation in wheat grain the extent of change in dough quality for any grain sample, given its initial quality and the temperature conditions evaluated quality by conducting research at all stages of the growing and storage of wheat.The second aim is to during storage.A parallel storage experiment on a throughout the develop management strategies to achieve targeted total of 16 current varieties, four from each of four continuum of growth, quality outcomes by use of our increased knowledge of growth sites, will indicate the influence of variety and the effects of environmental conditions throughout the protein content. harvesting and storage. continuum of growth, harvesting and storage.The third aim of the program is to make effective use of quality- Current wheats studied directed strategies, which are relevant to current wheat for their quality varieties in the diversity of Australian environments. attributes in diverse environments. Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Effective use of quality Write up and publish protein studies in 12/00 directed strategies. developing grain Complete storage experiments to obtain data 04/01 for modelling rate changes

Complete storage experiments with multiple 08/01 combinations of variety and protein content

Projects Terminating Date

Write-up of complete project, including advice 10/01 for industry during implementation. Research on quality changes during storage of new wheats with novel quality characteristics developed in VAWCRC will be needed from 2004.

23 Research - Program 2

Project 2.1.2 - Improved consistency and Project 2.1.4 - Reducing the dough-weakening continuity of supply for markets effects of heat stress Project Leader: Helen Allen Project Leader: Colin Wrigley

Background and Objectives Background and Objectives Research in this project has dispelled the myth that High temperatures during grain filling cause grain of Prime Hard quality can only be grown in the significant variation in product dough quality.Most north, and this know-how has extended premium- parts of the Australian wheat belt are at risk of paying opportunities into non-traditional regions.As a experiencing at least a few hot days (maximum result, many growers in more southern parts of the >32oC) in the latter stages of ripening. Dough strength eastern States have enjoyed substantial increases in (Farinograph Rmax,Table 2.1) was greatly reduced for returns for their crops by achieving high-protein the crop at Spring Ridge, as a result of four days targets. Nevertheless, the achievement of these reaching over 32oC during ripening, contrasting with successes still entails considerable risk, and research the earlier-sown wheat at North Star which was is needed to more fully understand how grain quality harvested before the hot days. Genetic sources of is influenced by management strategies and by tolerance have been identified whereby this source of environmental influences, to overcome the market quality variation may be reduced, and attempts are problems AWB experienced with weak dough strength being made to take advantage of them. in this region in the 1999/00 harvest. Recent targets for this research have been South and Western Australia. Progress The field results confirm that some varieties are more Progress susceptible to the effects of heat stress on dough The Prime Hard status of Port Kembla grain is now an properties, cv.Sunstate being less affected than the established fact with international markets, other varieties. Field-flow fractionation (Figure 2.1) accentuating the need for new varieties of Prime Hard reveals a considerable loss of the larger glutenin quality suited to these regions. Promising new lines polymers in the heat-stressed samples, especially are already coming from relevant breeding programs. susceptible cv.Sunco, versus more tolerant cv.Sunstate. Because only four varieties could be included in the Using proteome analysis, we searched for specific original field trials of this project, a much wider range polypeptides that might act as markers of tolerance. of genotypes was included in a more restricted range We found many more heat-shock proteins were of north-south field trials.The studies have not produced by heat stress of a tolerant wheat, compared indicated any aspect of allelic constitution that would with a susceptible one.These proteins are now being limit the types of germplasm that should be used in further studied as potential markers to select for heat breeding for Prime Hard quality in southern regions. tolerance.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Quality testing of grain from further field trials. 03/01 Characterise polypeptides as potential markers 10/00 for heat tolerance. Evaluation and report on the 1999/2000 harvest 06/01 of southern Prime Hard and WA premium grades Patent putative marker proteins. 02/01 complete. Grow and heat-shock crossbred tolerant 12/01 X susceptible lines. Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date Continues as project VAW415. 07/01 Proteomic analysis will be taken up in VAW313. 07/01 Experiments planned, with variable to be 04/02, 03, 04 measured defined and experimental designs Complete proteome analysis of marker proteins, 08/01 approved by biometricians. identified by one-dimensional electrophoresis.

Grain-quality analyses completed and 03/02, 03, 04 Complete reports and research publications sub-set identified for more detailed quality analysis. 12/01describing aspects completed in QWCRC.

Data analysed and collated, and management 06/05 Identify extremes of heat tolerance/susceptibility 05/02 packages available. in advanced cross lines.

Match heat tolerant/susceptible lines to molecular 10/02 markers.

24 Research - Program 2

Project 2.1.5 - Flexibility of wheat use TABLE 2.1 Loss of dough strength (expressed as Rmax, 90 min.) for grain harvested Project Leader: Helen Allen with and without four days' heat stress (2000/2001 harvest). Background and Objectives The final aspect of this grower-initiated project Variety Rmax - North Star Rmax - Spring Ridge Change in dough (HMW alleles) No heat stress Heat stressed strength due to heat involves growing varieties of the major premium grades at sites across Australia, and analysing the harvested grain to compare quality and the Janz (aba) 600 225 62% loss environmental sensitivity of the varieties. Other Banks (bba) 590 190 68% loss aspects involved study of environmental variations between regions and within paddocks, and Sunco (aba) 550 205 63% loss elucidation of the principles of quality prediction to Sunstate (aid) 660 380 42% loss guide blending of grain and flour samples.As a result of these studies, we expect to have a better understanding of how various strategies can be implemented to provide greater flexibility in marketing Australia's wheat, protecting market share FIGURE 2.1. Field-flow fractionation (FFF) of glutenin protein from cv. Sunco and the against seasonal vagaries, and enabling supply from more tolerant cv. Sunstate, showing loss of the larger polymers by the more susceptible specific regions. variety as a result of heat-stress.This set of experiments illustrates the valuable promotion of inter-disciplinary collaboration by the CRC system: grain provided by Dr F Ellison, Progress Narrabri, dough tests (Table 2.1) performed by Goodman Fielder,Toowoomba, FFF method Benchmarking results so far reinforce the concept that developed in QWCRC Program 5, and FFF analyses performed by QWCRC PhD student wheat varieties perform best in the environments for Laila Daqiq. which they were bred.We encountered seasonal

0.030 disasters in certain regions. For instance, in the

Effect of heat stress on the molecular weight distribution 2000/2001 harvest, grain from only nine of the twelve of glutenin from Sunco grain, heat-stressed (1) and not (2) sites could be quality tested after severe flooding in 0.025 northern NSW; nevertheless, full quality analysis can be performed on 153 samples. In the blending project, 0.020 predictive models have been developed and tested by comparing measured with predicted quality results. 0.015 For several dough-quality attributes, the most 1 2

Intensity satisfactory model provided r values over 0.7; it

0.010 included the amount and size of glutenin, and its high 2 molecular weight subunit composition.

0.005

0 100000 1500000 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000 450000 500000 550000 6000000

Molecular weight distribution (daltons) Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Sensitivity of milling quality assessed for all 07/00 0.03 varieties - 1999 harvest. Effect of heat stress on the molecular weight distribution of glutenin from Sunstate grain, heat-stressed (1) and not (2) Complete quality testing on grain from the 01/01 0.025 1999 harvest.

1-Sunstat.SR Provide final reports on completed parts of 09/00, 06/01 0.02 2-Sunstat.NS. the set of projects.

1 Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date 0.015

Intensity Aspects of this GRDC-funded project continue 07/01 2 within VAW415. 0.01 Sensitivity of milling quality assessed for each 07/01 variety compared with its home region, and variation 0.005 between sites quantified - 2000 harvest set.

Sensitivity of other quality parameters assessed 01/01 0 (home region versus variation between sites) for 2000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000 4000000 4500000 5000000 5500000 6000000 harvest set.

Molecular weight distribution (daltons) Final report available. 09/02

25 Research - Program 2

Project 2.1.6 - Field trials of temperature- Project 2.1.8 - Effects of environment and crop controlled grain storage management on wheat quality Project Leaders: Peter Gras Project Leaders: Wal Anderson

Background and Objectives Background and Objectives To provide the grains industry with a conclusive Although increasing the yield of wheat crops is one indication of the effects of storage on dough quality, goal, grain quality determines the final use and overall the cooperation of milling companies was obtained. value of the harvest. One variable that can influence This enabled us to identify suitable grain-storage sites, dough quality is the supply of immobile nutrients providing twinned bins so that the effects of cooling such as copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Deficiencies of by aeration could be compared directly with results both are widespread in Western Australia. By from non-aerated grain. It was considered necessary to examining the interactions between management, undertake pilot-scale verification of the laboratory environment and genotype that may affect quality,it experiments performed in project 2.1.1, since, while may be possible to help farmers make informed the laboratory-scale experiments have permitted the decisions regarding varietal selections and demonstration of quality changes under closely management practices, maximising their return on the controlled conditions, much of the quality evaluation crop.We aim to differentiate between optimum Cu necessarily involved small-scale methods. and Zn supply for optimum crop growth versus for optimum grain quality.. Progress Our research, and recommendation that grain Progress destined for domestic milling should be cooled to New laboratories at Northam are capable of providing 23oC or below to ensure constant flour quality quality testing for general evaluation, and on the throughout the year,has been presented at a series of supply of macro elements nitrogen (N) and potassium meetings with millers and grain-handling companies. (K) and trace elements (Cu, Zn). Lower quality variety, Aeration was recommended as a well-proven and Brookton, seems to respond to trace element supply relatively inexpensive technique, which could be by increasing the water absorption of the flour by 0.4 - readily applied for this purpose, and agreement was 0.8%. Higher quality variety,Carnamah, appears to achieved between the major milling companies and decrease or maintain water absorption as a result of GrainCorp that aeration would be used for the storage trace element supply.The addition of N significantly of domestic grain following the 2000/01 harvest. For an increases water absorption and extensibility for both 800 tonne silo, cost was estimated at $1.00/tonne/year varieties.When N is used in combination with trace capital and $0.02/tonne/year running, with insect elements (Cu and Zn) on Brookton, the extensibility protectants reduced by 60c/tonne to $0.48/tonne/year, increases further than with N alone. and contract storage $26.40/tonne/year.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Continue interaction with relevant branches 09/00, ongoing Install and calibrate equipment 12/00 of Australian industry . (mill, farinograph, colour meter)

Complete final report of results and 06/01 Determine macro/micro element effects on 05/01 recommendations flour/dough properties

Projects Terminating Date Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date

Write-up of complete project, including advice 10/01 Project continues within VAW415. 07/01 for industry during implementation. Research on quality changes during storage of Test further grain samples in trace-element and 03/02 new wheats with novel quality characteristics environmental studies. developed in VAWCRC will be needed from 2004. Evaluate genotypic response of wheat to 03/02 management practices.

Determine durum quality in response to 12/01 environment and management.

26 Research - Program 3A

PROGRAM 3A: PROCESSING OF WHEAT AND WHEAT PRODUCTS (MILLING) Program Manager: Ms Di Miskelly

he first step in the wheat processing chain is flour Project 3.1.3 - Pilot Milling Studies Tmilling.The yield of flour of appropriate quality for Project Leader: Michael Southan end products is of critical importance to flour millers. On the Australian domestic market, where flour yields Background And Objectives are around 78%, an increase of 1% flour yield has an In this co-operative project, all the industrial partners estimated value of $2.50/tonne wheat. In discriminating nominate entries to the current series and provide the Asian markets, where finished product colour is a critical wheats. Pilot scale milling is carried out by BRI quality parameter, yields of first grade, low ash flour may Australia, after which flour and/or wheat are be as low as 40-50%. distributed on request, with input of management, technical expertise and sample testing by AWB Ltd.A This program contains three projects. In two of the range of flour samples is used in analytical testing and projects, we have looked at novel methods of treating in a variety of end product testing by Arnott's, wheat prior to milling as a means of improving flour Goodman Fielder and Westons.QWCRC Report No 47 detailed results from wheats from the 1999/2000 Di Miskelly yields; in the other, we were concerned with the milling Program Manager quality of different wheats. season.The technical milling information generated in this project is used by the AWB's milling advisers to PROGRAM 3A This program operates with a high level of industry enable millers of Australian wheat on the export OBJECTIVES participation, and the applied research is focussed on market to optimise performance and quality. achieving commercial outcomes. Progress Provide a scientific Six samples from the 2000/01 season were pilot basis for technical Program Aims milled.The superior milling quality of Sunco, the information used in The objectives of the program are to obtain a better benchmark for Yellow Alkaline Noodle colour,was understanding of the flour milling process and milling demonstrated by its high flour extraction (78.6%), flour milling in the characteristics.This is achieved in part by providing while still maintaining good flour colour.Strzelecki, a domestic and overseas commercial partners, breeders and cereal chemists with new Prime Hard variety,also yielded well at 78.4%. markets, as commercial milling results and with flour from grades Yitpi (a new SA variety) and Chara (a strong Prime and new varieties of the current season for further Hard type for southern areas) had similar rates at well as providing evaluation.We have also looked at new technologies 77.6% and 77.4%, respectively.H45 yielded least, but feedback to breeders such as debranning to improve flour extraction and was still reasonable at over 76%.Thornbill, a new soft quality and are in the process of evaluating potential new and other researchers. biscuit variety,performed very well at 77.4%. Samples wheat conditioning regimes. were provided to our commercial partners for evaluation, including the Victorian flour millers' Use new technologies collaborative testing of Thornbill,Yitpi, Chara and H45. to modify the milling (see Figure 3.1, page 29) process, and provide the commercial partners with timely and useful information for further application. Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Final report for 1999/00 season wheats published. 01/01

Pilot millings for 2000/01 season wheats completed. 03/01

Projects Terminating Date

Project terminating. 06/01

Final report 07/01

27 Research - Program 3A

Project 3.1.5 - Use of new technology to aid mill process control Project Leader: Michael Southan

Background And Objectives As the cost of wheat represents about 80% of the total cost of flour milling,even a small improvement in extraction rate is of commercial value.However, extraction rate improvement should not be at the expense of the colour of the flour and end products. Ash content,the traditional predictor for bran contamination,measures endosperm mineralisation which can vary among samples.The relationship between ash and bran is not constant,and ash does not account for pericarp effects in noodles.Use of ash could actually discriminate against flours with lower bran contamination.The objective of this project was to use the Satake Peritec debranner to produce debranned wheats for further milling and end product testing.

Progress Initial debranning trial outcomes encouraged commercial mills to carry out trials on commercial grists. Bran contamination was measured using image analysis rather than ash content.

Even at low (2%) debranning, there were significantly fewer bran specks compared with conventional milling.A higher yield of cleaner,low extraction flour (up to 10%) could be obtained if debranning was utilised in the milling process. In white salted noodles made from the resulting flours, the average bran speck count was similar at 2 and 8% debranning, but both were less than for the conventionally milled flour. Further milling trials at increasing extraction rates confirmed these findings. (see Figure 3.2, page 29)

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Pilot millings of 2000/01 debranned wheats 04/01 completed

Projects Terminating Date

Final report. 07/01

28 Research - Program 3A

Project 3.1.6 - Investigations on increasing the Fig 3.1 - Pilot Mill Flour Yields 2000/01 processing efficiency of wheat Project Leader: Michael Southan 80 79 Background And Objectives 78 Conditioning of wheat to increase the moisture 77 content is an important stage of the milling process. 76 Optimal conditioning is essential to ensure clean 75 separation of the endosperm from bran and other 74 components, thus maximising the yield of flour.

Extraction Rate (%) 73 72 The aim of this project is to investigate chemical and 71 physical methods that may significantly reduce the 70 conditioning time of wheat, without adversely Sunco Strzelecki Yitpi Chara H45 Thornbill affecting flour and by product quality.

Progress Changes in test weight proved the most useful indicator to monitor the rate of water penetration into grain during conditioning. Fig 3.2 - Effect of increasing extraction rate on speck count yellow alkaline noodle sheets 2 and 24 hours after manufacture Initial test milling was carried out on a hard wheat Prime Hard 12% Debranned YAN sample at a series of time intervals, up to 24 hours, 16 70 after conditioning. Resultant flours were analysed by a

14 60 range of chemical and physical tests.As conditioning 50 time increased, ash and colour grade decreased, 12 40 becoming stable after about 4 hours. 10 30 8 2 h 20 Further test milling trials were carried out using acidic No of specks in No of specks in noodle sheet 2 h 24 h noodle sheet 24 h 6 10 and basic solutions, as well as a surfactant and an 4 0 alcohol.Acidic conditions decreased the rate of water 49.8 58.5 62.7 68.9 penetration into the grain, while basic conditions increased penetration. Neither sodium dodecyl Extraction rate (%) sulphate nor 20% ethanol were effective. Cellulase will be assessed in final experiments. (Figure 3.3)

Fig 3.3 - Change in test weight as a measure of water penetration during conditioning of wheat

Moisture Penetration over a 24 Hour Period for a Hard and Soft Wheat

Hard Wheat Soft Wheat Targets and Milestones Achieved Date 80 Develop test to monitor the rate of moisture 09/00 penetration into grain

75 Investigate chemical approaches to reduce 06/01 conditioning time.

Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date 70 Complete final report 09/01

Average Test Weight (kg/HL) Weight Test Average 65

60 0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Time (hours)

29 Research - Program 3B

PROGRAM 3B: PROCESSING OF WHEAT AND WHEAT PRODUCTS (BAKING) Program Manager: Dr Nigel Larsen

he grain foods processing industry needs modern Project 3.4.1 - Process measurement and control Tsystems for real time measurements, during for dough mixing and makeup plants processing, of product properties and processing Project Leader: Nigel Larsen parameters.This will maximise food product quality and value and lead to more fully automated food Background And Objectives manufacturing, more consistent higher quality products, The goal of this project is to facilitate the ability of and greater efficiency and profitability. food manufacturers to add value to cereal-based food products, by defining, predicting and reducing the This program comprises three projects. "Process industrial processing requirements, and improving the measurement and control for dough mixing and makeup quality of these foods.We can do this through plants" involves studies of the mixing of dough and what research to improve understanding of the happens to it as it passes through the makeup plant. relationships between laboratory scale and industrial Sheeting is an important processing step in the scale mixing.We also aim to define how dough rheological properties affect the outcomes of mixing Dr Nigel Larsen manufacture of bread, ethnic flat breads, pastry, biscuits, Program Manager noodles and tortillas. "Oven technology to optimise and makeup plant processes, such as sheeting. Quality product quality and improve efficiency" involves Wheat CRC has developed a unique experimental PROGRAM 3B OBJECTIVES developing a complete process control system for program of research on dough sheeting, in which we baking, using existing and newly developed technology to have been studying chemistry-rheology interactions. measure process variables and product quality. To understand the "Rheology of yeasted doughs" is a PhD project in which Progress relationships between new ways to measure the fundamental physical Two important dough sheet properties are dough industrial scale and properties of full-formula doughs are being developed, so development (usually expressed as the work input) that the effects of all ingredients, including yeast, are and viscosity.Measurements on a full bread dough laboratory scale dough accounted for when making these measurements. Use of formulation showed that the gluten in the dough processing and baking, these new methods will allow us to understand how could be fully developed through repeated sheeting and the effects of yeast contributes to the development of dough, and will with surprisingly few sheeting passes (between 6 and ensure that measurements and predictions of dough 10). Consequently,the amount of mechanical energy processing on a range properties will be more industrially relevant. (work input) needed for dough development was very of baked-product low (roughly between 0.05 and 0.15 Whr/kg). Sheeting quality attributes. with a smaller roll diameter was marginally more Program Aims efficient. Dough viscosity immediately after sheeting The aims of the program are to understand the was lower and the dough relaxed faster when the Through understanding, relationships between industrial and laboratory scale speed of the sheeting rolls was increased.A related develop new integrated dough processing and the effects of processing on vacation student project provided microscopy of the baked-product quality. During dough mixing we can do dough gas cell structure. control systems for this through monitoring systems such as power commercial bakeries, consumption, load cells and torque sensors, or through including systems that fundamental rheological measurements on dough.At the baking stages we can define optimum baking conditions will enable remote for various products and reduce energy costs by monitoring and optimising the use of heat and humidity.Through management of understanding these we can then develop new integrated control systems for commercial bakeries, including bakeries. systems that will enable remote monitoring and Targets and Milestones Achieved Date management of bakeries. Define the effects of processing parameters 06/01 (such as speed and roll diameter) on dough sheet properties.

Establish the sheeting energy requirements for 06/01 optimum dough properties as a function of processing parameters.

Projects Terminating Date

Project terminating. 06/01

Final report 07/01

30 Research - Program 3B

Project 3.4.2 - Oven technology to optimise Project 3.4.4 - Rheology of Yeasted Doughs product quality and improve efficiency Project Leader: Nigel Larsen Project Leader: Thomas Adamczak (Marcus Newberry, PhD student)

Background and Objectives Background and Objectives Through this project, we are seeking to establish Despite the central importance of yeast in producing greater control and efficiency for the baking process. the distinctive aerated structure of many baked With most of the product weight loss and energy products, most rheological studies of doughs ignore consumption occurring in the oven and cooling the effect of yeast.Very little is known about the stages, this is where the focus of the work has been. rheology of fermenting doughs and almost nothing is However this year,the work extended to components known about their fundamental rheology.Knowledge of the dough makeup and proving stages.The project of yeasted dough rheology will assist in transferring will continue to develop systems and strategies that research information to the bakery floor and in can be implemented in bakeries to achieve realistic understanding and controlling the operation of payback periods. today's automated bakeries.This project's central aim is to investigate the rheology of fermenting dough Progress using fundamental shear and elongational rheological We developed a strategy to improve production techniques. efficiency through management of yeast level, finished dough temperature and proving conditions, delivering Progress cost savings of up to $1.2 million per annum.The key Rheological measurements on yeasted doughs was to use the relationships between the fermentation prepared from bread flour were conducted to confirm variables to develop least cost production methods our previous findings on thermally inactivated yeasted whilst maintaining product quality. doughs.As with the first flour,in this sample the large strain rheological measurements revealed a decrease Through a study of bread cooling conditions in the shear and elongation viscosities of the yeasted (humidity,air velocity,temperature and air flow doughs as fermentation progressed. Likewise, the patterns) a system has been created to reduce weight previous findings that small strain measurements did loss and maintain more consistent cooling during not change during fermentation were also observed. significant changes in the environmental temperature Similar rheological characterisation of non-yeasted and humidity. doughs has also been conducted to provide additional control data and to act as a link to the non- A mathematical model to predict bread quality in a yeasted dough characterisation and constitutive typical four-zone convection oven was established modelling conducted in companion project 5.1.3. and verified industrially.Using the model, a tin temperature profile was optimised to reduce baking loss by 7% with no quality loss.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Testing of the Product Quality Indicator 02/01 Characterise rheology of yeasted bread dough 02/01 software completed. made from an independent flour sample at low and large strains/shear. Mathematical model for four stage oven applied 12/01 to tin temp optimisation. Characterise rheology of non-yeasted, non-frozen 06/01 bread doughs to provide a double control, and a Cooling control system developed and verified. 05/01 link to non-yeasted rheological characterisation and constitutive modelling.

Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date Projects Terminating Date Project continues as VAW214. 07/01 Final report. 07/01 Implementation of real time control of 10/01 PhD thesis submitted. 12/01 dough height.

Development of a more sophisticated oven model. 07/02

Verification of predictive model for oven control. 03/03

31 Research - Program 4

PROGRAM 4: PRODUCTS FROM WHEAT Program Manager: Dr Ken Quail Deputy: Dr Mike Sissons

ith the international trend towards convenience Project 4.1.1 - Assessment of novel germplasm in Wfoods, new food products must be simple and key product applications rapid to prepare. Fortunately many wheat based Project Leader: Hon Yun products have been adapted to suit this trend. Behind this trend there is a need to deliver finished products to Background and Objectives meet tighter quality specifications.To meet these In this project we are seeking to assess the impacts of requirements food manufacturers are demanding tighter new and novel wheat types on processing and raw material specifications. product quality.Often the material is only available in very small quantities. In addition the particular The aim of this program is to understand wheat based genetic trait may be available in a background that is products from the perspective of consumers and food not optimal for expression of that trait in processing. processors, identifying what is important to consumers In both these cases methods are required that enable and what the food processor must do to achieve these objective assessment of the material that will test the potential value of the new trait, despite the Dr Ken Quail demands.This means examining the effect of processing Program Manager and raw materials on finished product quality.The background. information must then be distilled to determine which PROGRAM 4 OBJECTIVES wheat quality traits are most important to the food Progress processor. The major focus of this year's assessment was the evaluation of the waxy material generated in Program To develop raw The wheat specifications developed through this 1.This included the measurement of starch properties material specifications program can be used to target wheat for discerning in several hundred genetic lines from which there was and processing markets. Delivering the quality demanded by markets often less than 10g of wheat available.The starch increases Australia's competitiveness and potential to testing provides data to determine the impact of knowledge for major attract higher prices.The specifications can also be used specific gene combinations. More advanced material wheat based products. as targets for wheat breeders to develop new wheats, was also included, and was evaluated for bread, which better meet market requirements. Understanding noodle and starch gel performance. Results from this To enable the the food manufacturing process and interactions work indicate strong commercial opportunities for the between the raw material and the process can also be use of waxy wheat for a range of traditional products. Australian wheat extremely helpful in supporting processors using our industry to better wheat.This enables Australia to meet quality meet consumer requirements and support our product effectively in the market. demands for product quality. Program Aims The aims of this program are to develop raw material specification and processing knowledge for major To enable sale by wheat based products.This will enable the Australian specification and the wheat industry to better meet consumer demand for targeting of more product quality and will also improve efficiency for food manufacturers. Development of raw material discerning markets. specifications will enable sale by specification and Targets and Milestones Achieved Date the targeting of more discerning markets, and will Assessment of waxy wheat from the 09/00 greatly assist the development of wheat breeding 1999/2000 harvest. targets for enhanced quality. Assessment of new genetic lines for starch 06/01 properties from 2000/2001 harvest

Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date

Work will continue in project VAW212. 07/01

Further assessment of waxy material completed 04/02 as more commercial wheat types become available, and range of product tests extended.

Assessment of the impact of A:B starch granule 11/02 ratio using fractionation techniques on biscuit production.

Assessment of material with new A:B starch 04/04 granule ratios.

32 Research - Program 4

Project 4.1.3 - Better durum grain for premium Project 4.1.4 - Optimisation of the Processing pasta Strategy for Utilisation of Australian Wheat in Project Leader: Mike Sissons Instant Noodles Project Leader: Lakshmi Iyer Background and Objectives In 2000,Australian production of durum reached Background and Objectives almost 1 million tonnes, well in excess of domestic The success of instant noodles (40 billion packs/year requirements. Our research regarding the basis of worldwide) reflects the high value consumers place quality differences is important to help breed durum on convenience.This constitutes a total wheat wheat of consistent quality,which will ensure Australia requirement of in excess of 4.6 million tonnes, meets market requirements into the future. In this representing a highly significant market which is still project we are attempting to define the role of starch growing.The aim of this project is to address the in pasta quality,and to understand at the molecular current technical problems faced by flour millers and level the contribution of semolina components to instant noodle manufacturers when using Australian quality.We also aim to develop small-scale predictive wheat in the production of instant noodles. tests for quality.Finally,we are surveying tetraploid species for improved quality attributes to further Progress improve Australian durum wheat. Glutenins, gliadins, soluble and insoluble polymeric proteins were extracted from straight run flour Progress obtained from 50 wheat varieties grown at four The model dough system was used to investigate the different locations. No significant correlations were effect of altering the glutenin:gliadin and high:low observed between extracted protein fractions and molecular weight ratios, by adapting published fried or cooked noodle colour.Cooking time was methods for the isolation of these proteins from positively correlated with flour protein content and durum semolina.We then prepared sufficient the different protein fractions, while oil uptake had a quantities of glutenin and gliadin to construct model negative correlation with the same parameters and flours with varying ratios of glu:gli. Rheological cooked noodle firmness demonstrated a poor properties of the semolina were tested and pasta was correlation. made on a small-scale.We are currently awaiting results of quality testing.We have also made purified We also examined the impact of the following preparations of small and large starch granules from ingredients on instant quality: potassium carbonate, durum starch and will use these to investigate the sodium carbonate, potassium:sodium carbonate 6:4, effect of granule size on pasta quality. and sodium hydroxide, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, guar gum, sodium tri-polyphosphate and Perfectamyl.The outcome of this component enables the optimisation of formulations using Australian wheat.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Role of individual components for pasta 06/00 Complete study of effects of rain damage on 12/01 texture evaluated. instant noodles. Applying new predictive tests: B-LMW-GS allele 06/01 Study effect of gums and emulsifiers on instant 06/01 scoring for gluten strength; SKCS prediction of noodles. semolina mill yield. Examine usage of steamed and dried noodles. 06/01 Sensory evaluation of spaghetti from 4 different 12/00 countries to benchmark Australian pasta completed.

Projects Terminating Date Projects Terminating Date

Complete quality testing of samples with varying 06/01 Final project report. 07/01 Glu/Gli ratios.

Australian pasta samples, benchmarked against 07/01 Italian pasta by detailed sensory and instrumental testing, form basis of collaboration with Canadian Grain Commission using the texture analyser.

Determine the effect of starch granule size on 08/01 pasta quality.

33 Project 4.1.5 - Microbiological Safety of End Project 4.1.6 - Strategies to replace flour Products from Australian Wheat and Flour chlorination Project Leader: Dr Ailsa D. Hocking, Food Science Project Leader: Ken Quail Australia, North Ryde NSW Background and Objectives Background and Objectives Chlorine gas is currently used to treat cake flours in Whilst noodles, breadcrumbs and steamed bread Australia to enhance flour performance for cakes represent a growing sector of the market for Australian made with a high ratio of sugar.This treatment was wheat flour both domestically and internationally, banned in the United Kingdom in recent years and various aspects of their microbiological safety remain Australia is expected to follow suit in the near future. relatively unknown.We aim to determine the The opportunity exists to produce commercially microbiological status of a range of domestic and viable alternatives to chlorine treatment.These would imported noodle products currently in the market not only find immediate uptake on the domestic place.We will determine the influence of initial flour market but would open up significant opportunities to microbiological quality on the safety of end-product provide "clean" (chlorine treatment free) products for noodles, and will also optimise production parameters export. for shelf-stable and dried noodles by challenge testing and shelf-life studies.This will contribute to improved Progress understanding of the relevant safety issues in noodle A series of treatments has been applied to flour to and breadcrumb manufacturing processes and for determine their impact on cake production, but the commercial noodle and steamed bread products. small gains in baking quality are not considered adequate to replace chlorine.The flour treatment can Progresss be followed using an RVA test for starch pasting In the marketplace noodle survey of over 100 properties, relating well to the baking outcome.The samples, all shelf stable noodles (imported) had high most successful replacement strategy has been to use microbiological quality.Refrigerated noodles varied high additions of wheat starch.This approach considerably,white salted and Hokkien noodles produced cake volumes equivalent to those from having the highest counts.Total Plate Count varied chlorinated flour,however the cake texture was too between 106 and 108 cfu/g, with coliforms much coarse and fragile. In further work we will focus on lower (101 - 102 mpn/g). Listeria monocytogenes, modification of the starch properties of the flour Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus were not without separation. detected. Low numbers of Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli were detected in some samples. Challenge studies have commenced, including gas analyses of commercial packs, particularly for Clostridium botulinum which could grow if the pH rises above 4.4 and the pack becomes anaerobic.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Expanded marketplace domestic and imported 12/00 Characterise starch and protein from chlorinated 09/00 noodle survey. flours. Challenge studies on shelf stable noodles 03/01 Assess five most promising alternative treatment 06/01 commenced. options. Poster paper on marketplace noodles survey 06/01 presented at AIFST convention. Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date Paper on mill microbiology prepared for 06/01 submission to International Journal of Food Microbiology. Work will continue in project VAW216. 07/01 A further five treatment options assessed. 12/01 Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date Most promising treatment options combined. 05/02 Work will continue in project VAW217 with results 09/01 Commercial evaluation of best treatment strategy 06/02 of noodle survey completed, collated and prepared for complete. publication. Assessment of microbiological safety of fresh 09/01 noodle production and identification of hazards. Results and recommendations on microbiological 12/01 safety and stability of shelf stable noodles. Studies on microbiological safety of bread crumb 03/02 products completed.

34 Research - Program 4

Project 4.1.7 - Australian wheat for the sponge Project 4.1.8 - Noodle and frozen pastry sheet and dough bread making process speckiness and control of contributing grain Project Leader: Ken Quail components Project Leader: Ken Quail Background and Objectives North and south-east Asian countries employ the Background and Objectives sponge and dough bread making process for their Occurrence of dark specks in Asian noodles, pasta or pan/volume bread production.This bread making pastry sheets significantly lowers their consumer process requires strong wheat with good processing acceptance.The specks are taken into consideration tolerance. Most Asian markets consider that Australian in the assessment of product appearance, but until Prime Hard wheat does not have appropriate quality recently,have been included in overall colour for this process, so they import wheat from either the measurements, and not measured separately.They can U.S. or Canada.This project is aimed at determining be related to bran contamination and enzymes what potential Australia has to service this expanding associated with the bran which cause increased and high value wheat market. darkening as the noodle or pastry sheet is aged. In this project we seek to relate the occurrence of bran Progress components in flour to the specks observed in A new test baking method has been established and noodles and pastry sheets.The aim is to then develop validated in the south-east Asian market. Use of this strategies to reduce the occurrence and impact of the method has improved the discrimination between specks. flour samples and it is now being applied in the National Wheat Quality Evaluation Program. Using this Progress method a wheat variety with good potential for the Bran components from different wheat varieties were sponge and dough process has been identified.The isolated and added back to low ash flours in varying variety performed well against flour samples obtained proportions. Noodles made from the prepared blends from Asia. Further evaluation of a sowing trial is in were then assessed for speckiness. Bran from wheat progress, with the aim being to identify the key varieties with high polyphenol oxidase had a characters determining sponge and dough significantly greater impact on both noodle sheet performance. brightness and the occurrence of specks, and deterioration in brightness was associated with an increase in the number of visible specks rather than speck size.These results indicate that, at any given extraction rate, selection of wheat varieties with high colour stability may be the most critical factor in reducing the impact of specks in noodles and pastry sheet products.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Complete development of a test baking method. 10/00 Method to measure the occurrence of specks in 12/99 noodle and pastry sheets developed. Complete benchmarking of overseas flours. 01/01 Impact of both flour extraction rate and wheat 09/00 Assess sowing trial for grain quality characteristics. 06/01 variety on noodle specks evaluated.

Identify non-endosperm components contributing 10/00 Projects Terminating Date to specks.

Work will continue in project VAW215. 07/01 Develop strategies to reduce speckiness. 06/01

Develop predictors for sponge and dough 02/02 performance. Projects Terminating Date Develop small scale tests suitable for breeding 06/02 Identified wheat variety selection as a key strategy 06/01 programs to assess sponge and dough performance. in reducing the impact of specks at given extraction rates.

35 Research - Program 5

PROGRAM 5: FLOUR AND DOUGH COMPONENTS AND THEIR INTERACTION Program Manager: Dr Ferenc Bekes Deputy: Ms Amanda Hill

he focus of Program 5 on flour and dough Project 5.1.3 - On-farm diagnostics for Tcomponents and their interaction underpins much maximising grower return of the research elsewhere in the CRC. Its purpose is to Project Leader: Thomas Giersch provide a basis for breeding for quality by developing our understanding the relationship between flour Background and Objectives composition and dough processing properties. Much of Three diagnostic tools, aimed at producing selected the enhanced understanding generated can be used to tests for use by growers or at receival, are under develop breeding targets, or for development of development in this project, including tests for plant diagnostic tests using antibodies and DNA probes or soil-borne diseases that are hard to detect or (interactively with Program 1). Given the variable identify by eye. Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and concentrations and high sequence homologies of many Septoria tritici are being cultured to provide proteins of the flour proteins which are targets of these which may help users identify fungal diseases in diagnostics, new methods based on antibody engineering wheat.The project also covers production of screening kits for rye chromosome 1B/1R Dr Ferenc Bekes are being used to manipulate the specificity and Program Manager sensitivity of assays. Several assays for products of key translocation (8000 kits sent to different breeding genes are already being provided to breeding programs programs and to CIMMYT for use) and a study the PROGRAM 5 OBJECTIVES for routine screening. Our development of small-scale effect of grain storage on alpha amylase activity equipment for dough mixing, extension and baking has measured by the WheatRite™ rain damage test kit. given us tools to explore the role of individual flour To provide a basis for polypeptides and starch components.Together with Progress breeding for quality by research aimed at differentiating dough behaviour in Antigen from Pyrenophora tritici-repentis cultures, understanding the terms of fundamental rheological parameters, this should extracted with, and without detergent, showed similar enable laboratory screening to better predict band patterns on SDS polyacrylamide gels, indicating relationship between commercial bakery performance of flours, and enable the antigen is water-soluble.The non-detergent extract flour composition and processing conditions to be more objectively was used to immunise rabbits, and cultivation of dough processing manipulated to suit different end-products. Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Septoria tritici is continuing to provide antigen for further properties. Program Objectives immunisations and antibody screening. Research on flour components and examination of gene To study the products products from sources outside cultivated wheat for In an experiment on the effect of grain storage on various methods of measurement of pre-harvest of genes from sources novel effects on dough function is enhancing our understanding of the basis for breeding for quality.We sprouting, different cultivars were stored at 30°C and at outside cultivated also aim to better predict commercial bakery 37°C, both at 60% relative humidity.WheatRite™, wheat for novel effects performance of flours.The techniques developed in this Falling Number,RVA and test baking measures of project will service a variety of applications.These starch damage were then carried out at 30, 60, 90 and on dough function. include monitoring of protein composition during 120 days. endosperm development, construction of a mathematical To better predict model to estimate the quality attributes of flour blends, commercial bakery development of molecular markers for dough quality traits (with Program 1), studies of environmental and performance of flours. grain storage condition effects on processing quality, and provision of diagnostic methods for on-farm segregation (with Program 2). Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Further evaluation of the set of test kits developed. 12/00

Fig 5.1 - SDS-PAGE analysis of Pyrenophora tritici- Re-evaluate commercialisation policies. 06/01 repentis immunogens. Lane 1, size marker, Lane 2, PBS extract, Lane 3, PBS-Triton X-100 extract. Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date

Work on antibody-based diagnostics for other 07/01 targets will continue in project VAW112.

36 Research - Program 5

Project 5.1.4 - Molecular diagnostics for wheat Project 5.1.5 - Characterisation and introgression quality of novel storage protein genes Project Leader: Thomas Giersch Project Leader: Peter Sharp

Background and Objectives Background and Objectives The aim of this project is to capture the results of Gluten storage proteins play a significant role in bread research generated within the CRC by developing making quality.Previous studies of 173 accessions of simple methods for rapid and objective testing of Triticum tauschii have revealed greater variation in the quality attributes.The tests under development can be HMW glutenin and gliadin subunits compared to used across the supply chain by breeding programs, gluten subunits in bread wheat. SDS polyacrylamide grain growers, handlers and processors. Our delivery gel analysis of accession AUS18913 showed a large systems utilize antibody-based methods and omega gliadin subunit, called T1, encoded by Gli-DT1, encompass established hybridoma technology for and accession CPI110750 a small HMW glutenin monoclonal antibody production as well as gene subunit, called T12.4, with unusual biochemical technology for engineered antibodies with unique properties.This project is aimed at characterising the characteristics. Currently,TG8-D4 scFv,the single chain T1 and T12.4 genes, introgressing the genes into bread antibody that differentiates the wheat B genome high wheat, expressing them in-vitro and isolating the molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS),is products for evaluation in small scale testing. being assessed. Progress Progress The gene from the Glu-Dt1 locus of T.tauschii To enable antibody production,TG8-D4 scFv was accession CPI110750, encoding a small high inserted into the Gateway vector pDEST26 and molecular weight glutenin subunit, was isolated. introduced into CHO-S and SP2/0 mammalian cells. In Oligonucleotide primers based on the published ELISA and Western blots, no E-tagged protein could be sequences of HMW glutenin genes were synthesised, detected in either transient or stable expression and enabled amplification of 1.4 and 0.85 kb extracts of the scFv cultures. Combinations of fragments, representing the coding region and central monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and MAbs with the repetitive domain of the novel HMW glutenin gene. scFv TG8-D4 were tested on a set of 24 wheat lines for The fragments were cloned and sequenced. However, discrimination of HMW-GS. No combination so far lack of sequence information and clone accessibility showed an improvement in discrimination over the prevented targetting of the T1 gene. direct assay with one of the antibody partners. MAbs specific for groups of HMW-GS are being purified and A direct crossing approach was used to introgress more combinations will be tested. T12.4 into bread wheat and the synthetic hexaploid of tetraploid wheat Langdon, establishing diploid T.tauschii accession CPI110750.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Further evaluation of the set of test kits developed. 12/00 Gene T12.4 sequenced. 03/01 Re-evaluate commercialisation policies. 06/01 Synthetic hexaploid L/110750 established. 03/01

Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date

Work on antibody-based diagnostics will continue 07/01 Mohammed Hassani will continue this PhD project 07/01 in project VAW112. within VAW511. Quality test system for trial by breeders. 07/02 T12.4 gene expressed in-vitro;T1 gene targetted 03/02 and sequenced. Evaluation of alternative delivery systems. 07/03 Doubled haploids produced for evaluation in 12/02 Quality-type kits at prototype stage. 07/04 small scale test systems. Thesis submitted. 04/03

37 Project 5.1.6 - The effects of protein composition Project 5.1.7 - Structure of glutenin TABLE 5.1 - on dough rheology macropolymer in commercial low-water (noodle) Project Leaders: Prof R.Tanner and doughs and products EQUIPMENT SPECIALLY Prof N.Phan-Thien Project Leader: Ferenc Bekes ADAPTED FOR DOUGH ANALYSES Background and Objectives Background and Objectives The first component of this project involves The overall aim of this project is to gain an Equipment fundamental rheological analysis of dough, utilising understanding of the role of particular flour Bohlin strain-controlled rheometer novel theoretical knowledge and methods developed components in determining key structures within pan (two torsional heads) in earlier QWCRC projects (Table 5.1).A model using bread and noodle end-products.This will help relate Carrimed stress-controlled the constitutive equation developed for bread dough variability in wheat flour function to structure, and viscometer will be implemented, to explore effects of varying contribute to an understanding of the basis of out-of- United SSTM-5000 Universal Tension parameters.The extension process will be simulated specification performance of doughs. Small-scale and Compression Testing machine in the tensiograph, and transient and three- dough testing, biochemical and high-resolution Micro-Fourier Rheometer dimensional computer codes for bread dough mixing microscopical methods are used together to study the processes will be implemented. structural changes in the glutenin protein macropolymer during the process of noodle making. The second component uses QWCRC methodology to alter dough composition using purified protein.We Progress aim to establish direct relationships between the A set of wheat lines, covering all combinations of chemical composition of the flour and basic and absence of high molecular weight glutenin subunits applied rheological properties of the dough. (HMW-GS),was used to make yellow alkaline and white salted noodles. HMW-GS expressed from the B Progress genome appeared to have a negative effect on the Discrimination by fundamental rheology is better than textural properties of the cooked noodle. It seems that that afforded by the extensograph, providing insight the HMW-GS play a part in providing raw dough sheet into molecular structure and molecular weight. It is strength and, particularly for lower protein flour used possible to distinguish flours on the basis of in white salted noodles, the cooked noodle integrity. viscometry,stress relaxation, extensional viscosity, For yellow alkaline noodles, using higher protein flour, creep compliance and oscillatory flow.Some of these both raw and cooked noodle integrity appear visually tests can distinguish flours of the same type. Stress acceptable. Biochemical analysis will enable relaxation under large amplitude affords detailed correlation of polymeric and glutenin composition rheological and molecular information, discriminating with textural results. weak flours from strong, and also between two weak flours, and seems strongly related to protein composition. Relaxation spectra of commercial bread doughs, obtained by mathematical inversion of oscillatory shear data, allow comparison of the relaxation times for a range of dough types.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Complete compression tests to generate biaxial 12/00 Develop suitable methodology to monitor changes 12/00 elongational viscosity of dough. in macromolecular structure of proteins during noodle making.

Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date

Taisir Hubraq will continue this PhD project 07/01 Pat Chong will continue this PhD project 07/01 within VAW511. within VAW511. Complete development of mathematical model. 09/01 Study on line differing in LMW-GS. 09/01 Comparative studies on Z-arm mixer and Mixograph. 02/02 Thesis submitted. 06/02 Thesis submitted. 02/02

38 Research - Program 5

Project 5.1.8 - Field Diagnostics for Wheat Fig 5.2 - Relaxation Modulus G versus time for dough from Rosella flour with Varietal Identification protein fractions gluten, glutenin and gliadin added to the parent flour. Project Leader: Dr. Kevin Gale

100000 rosella and gliadin Background and Objectives

rosella and gluten The wheat industry has a requirement for a rapid,

rosella and glutenin field-based test for variety identification.This test is needed to improve segregation at receival, according 10000 to end-use, and for royalty payment purposes. Domestic wheat buyers could also use the test for

G(pa) routine checking of wheat identity.Within any one 1000 Strain = 0.1% state, up to 50 varieties are grown in significant Linear Viscoelastic Limit quantities. Our aim is to develop a panel of diagnostic antibodies, for which Australian varieties are clear

100 positive and negative responders. Eight independent 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 antibodies will give 256 possible combinations of time (sec) reactivity and thus provide a unique bar-code for each

100000 rosella and glutenin variety when applied in the immunochromatography

rosella and gliadin format used for WheatRite™.

rosella and gluten Progress 10000 Good discrimination of granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) isozymes was achieved with a new GBSS-Wx-

G(pa) B1-specific antibody.As lectin-carbohydrate 1000 interactions appear to be confounding assays using

Strain = 1% hardness antibody (Mab 79115), results from an alternative approach using synthetic peptides are 100 under evaluation.Antisera to lipoxygenase, a potential 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 marker for wheat quality due to effects on colour, time (sec) reacted more strongly with wheat and recombinant lipoxygenase than to soybean lipoxygenase, but there was no discrimination between different wheat varieties.There was cross-reactivity with some low Figure 5.3:The effect of high molecular weight glutenin subunits on the texture molecular wheat proteins but further purification did of (a) yellow alkaline, and (b) white salted noodles. +/- refers to presence/absence of HMW-GS for each of the three wheat genomes. not increase specificity.Variations in the gliadin and low molecular weigh glutenin genes are also being

Olympic/Gabo Null Line Flours - Yellow Alkaline Noodle targeted. Puncture Force Measurement

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50 1.00 Targets and Milestones Achieved Date 0.50 0.00 Generate wheat lipoxygenase antiserum; develop 06/01 Sunlin +++ ++- +-+ -++ +-- -+- --+ --- quantitative assay. Flour Flours Test synthetic peptides specific for allelic forms of 06/01

Olympic/Gabo Null Line Flours - White Salted Noodle puroindoline B. Puncture Force Measurement

2.00 1.80 Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date 1.60 1.40 Work on antibody-based diagnostics will continue 07/01 1.20 in project VAW112. 1.00 0.80 Study on lines differing in LMW-GS. 09/01 0.60 0.40 Variety identification kit for one set of varieties, 07/02 0.20 0.00 and quality test system for trial by breeders. Cadoux +++ ++- +-+ -++ +-- -+- --+ --- Flour Flours Quality-type kits at prototype stage. 07/04

39 Research - Program 5

Project 5.1.9 - Polymer size and shape in cereal Project 5.1.10 - Benchmarking mixing and processing extension measurements Project Leader: Ferenc Bekes Project Leader: Peter Gras

Background and Objectives Background and Objectives Size distribution and shape of wheat flour protein and Early selection of new wheat quality requires new starch biopolymers are strongly related to end-use instruments capable of measuring dough properties quality.However,the extremely large size of the with as little flour as possible. Current very-small scale polymeric glutenin proteins makes extraction, without test instruments are not suitable for routine altering their chemical structure and functionality, measurement of water absorption, or for use with soft technically difficult. It is therefore essential to develop wheats or those with low protein content, although and apply methodologies to investigate these they represent at least half of Australian production.As parameters. Flow Field Flow Fractionation (FFF) the Z-arm configuration is advantageous for wheats of provides such information on polymers, and is applied low strength and/or protein content, a mixer requiring in this project to develop new techniques for use in just four grams of flour has been constructed. It will be structure/function studies. Because of difficulties used to obtain benchmark data for end-use quality dissolving wheat endosperm polymer components prediction, and to recommend conditions for small fully without altering their size distribution, our scale mixing property determination and extension primary aim is to develop methods for quantitative testing regimens. extraction of glutenin and carbohydrate polymers. Progress Progress Using only four grams of flour,results from the Z-arm Samples were analysed for projects in programs 1, 2 mixer correlate excellently with those from the large and 5.The polymeric properties of glutenins from 172 scale Valorigraf and Farinograph (r2 > 0.9, both cases). double haploid lines of a Cranbrook x Halberd cross New algorithms have been developed to determine were determined and related to chemical water absorption, dough development time and composition and to important quality traits. Polymer stability,and a data handling and evaluation computer size depended on the allelic composition of glutenin program working in a Windows environment was subunits. Dough strength, stability and extensibility completed.Applications studies, using the machine as were largely affected by polymer size distribution.The a research tool, provided novel information on the effects of HMW-GS alleles were also studied in a effects of flour composition on the above quality special set of samples lacking different glutenin traits.Three prototype mixers are being produced for polypeptides, and in transgenic wheat lines evaluation in Australia and at TUB, Budapest and overexpressing Dx5-GS. FFF showed nonlinear Agriculture Canada,Winnipeg using Australian, behaviour in flour and grain blending was strongly European, and North American samples. related to nonlinear behavior in size distribution of glutenins.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Determination of glutenin size via various physical 12/00 Complete assessment of Z-arm mixer. 12/00 biochemistry techniques.

Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date

Laila Daqiq will continue this PhD project 07/01 This project will continue within VAW211. 07/01 within VAW511. Testing prototype Z-arm mixers. 12/01 Test model structures of glutenin molecules. 12/01 Development of Windows software for 12/01 Thesis submitted. 02/02 Micro Extension Tester. Production of a prototype Micro Extension Tester. 07/02

40 Education & Training

EDUCATION AND TRAINING Program Manager: Clare Johnson

he Education and Training Program spans projects Project 5.2.1:University-based training for the Tacross the Research Programs, particularly cereal industry Programs 2 and 5. Industry-relevant postgraduate and Project Leader: Les Copeland continuing education helps to attract researchers and maintain their focus. In support of this aim, we also Background and Objectives conduct a program of workshops, site tours and Industry-relevant postgraduate and continuing symposia for undergraduates and graduates in science/ education is necessary,to attract and maintain a well- agricultural science, and employees in the cereal industry trained and high quality technical and professional with an appropriate technical background and workforce for succession and innovation in the experience. industry.The postgraduate students of QWCRC are distributed among the research programs in projects Several projects are aimed at increasing grower and bringing them into contact with many disciplines and adviser awareness of the importance of wheat quality, of organisations.A workshop on scientific communication, intellectual property,industry Clare Johnson its management, and of developments in wheat-quality Program Manager research.The "Quality Wheat for Quality Foods" course orientation and supervisory skills is provided annually staged at locations in SA,Vic., rural NSW and Qld to better equip them for employment in the industry. OBJECTIVES complements industry development initiatives in several Other target groups of this education project are locations, and its flexible format allows for delivery of undergraduates and graduates in agricultural science information on the wheat types most relevant to the or science, and employees in the cereal industry with To develop a well- area visited. an appropriate technical background and experience. trained and high quality technical and The consumer-driven requirement for quality assurance Progress of produce is also served well by the grower awareness Three postgraduate students submitted their theses for professional workforce we are raising through these courses. Our CD-ROM on examination and six are due to submit over the that can contribute grain storage on-farm, which promotes HACCP-based coming year.The cumulative total in the life of the effectively to the wheat management practices, and "Great Grain", a system for CRC is 33. Most have taken up positions within the quality assurance on-farm, were both launched in spring wheat industry (Table 1). industry. 1999 and have continued to reach growers since.

To grant postgraduate Program Aims scholarships and Quality Wheat CRC aims to develop a well-trained and high quality technical and professional workforce that vacation studentships can contribute effectively to the wheat industry.This to attract new means ensuring information on best practice, research outcomes and market awareness is available to growers, researchers to the advisers, handlers, processors, manufacturers and industry across diverse researchers. It is a two way process and involves fields, including monitoring developments across the industry, distilling relevant resource materials, and most importantly, agricultural and food building an effective trainer and adviser network for services, and molecular effective information flow. QWCRC grants postgraduate and mechanical scholarships and vacation studentships to attract new researchers to the industry across diverse fields engineering. including agricultural and food sciences, and molecular and mechanical engineering.

41 Education & Training

TABLE 1 QWCRC POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS ENTER INDUSTRY

Student Degree University Thesis Title Date Supervisors Funding Source Subsequent Commenced Employment Ali PhD Sydney Amylose content in Mar-93 Prof Don Marshall Iranian government Iranian government Mohammadkhani rye and diploid and Dr Fred Stoddard tetraploid wheat relatives Anthea Wooding PhD Sydney Agricultural Mar-93 Dr Fin MacRitchie Crop & Food Crop & Food strategies to reduce Dr Colin Wrigley Research NZ Research NZ, dough mixing Dr Fred Stoddard Australian National requirements Prof Don Marshall University, maternity Christine Konik PhD Sydney Starch Jul-93 Dr Fred Stoddard GRDC junior CSIRO Plant characterisation of Prof Don Marshall research fellowship Industry synthetic wheats Dr Rudi Appels and their parents Dr Sadiq Rahman Dr Graham McMaster Dr Ray Moss Hun-sun Hwang PhD Sydney High protein wheat Feb-94 Dr Peter Sharp GRDC Horticulture consulting Naomi Pollard PhD Sydney Functionality and Mar-94 Dr Fin MacRitchie GRDC Wheat product protein Dr Colin Wrigley quality research, characterisation of Dr Fred Stoddard Goodman Fielder lupin flours Prof Don Marshall Xia Li PhD Sydney Soft wheat quality Jan-95 Dr Daryl Mares GRDC Arnotts research scientist, maternity Yasmine Wang PhD Sydney Noodle colour May-95 Dr Daryl Mares GRDC Noodle quality research, Agriculture WA Zhao Xiaochun PhD Sydney Waxy wheat lines Aug-95 Dr Peter Sharp GRDC Post-doctoral fellowship, Rice CRC/ University of Sydney Cristina Gianibelli PhD Western New proteins for Dec-95 Dr Fin MacRitchie Argentinian GRDC-funded Sydney improving wheat Dr Colin Wrigley Government / post-doctoral quality QWCRC fellowship in wheat research, CSIRO Plant Industry Jaswinder Singh PhD Sydney Chromosonal Feb-96 Dr John Skerritt QWCRC Post-doctoral control, antibody Dr Peter Sharp fellowship in development and plant-microbe characterisation of interaction, non-gluten proteins Australian National in wheat University Megan Lindsay PhD Sydney Structure of the Feb-96 Dr John Skerritt QWCRC Post-doctoral glutenin Dr Robyn Overall fellowship in genetics macropolymer in of durum wheat salt wheat flour and tolerance, CSIRO dough Plant Industry Michael Partridge PhD Sydney Development of Feb-96 Dr John Skerritt QWCRC Visiting fellowship, antibody probes for Dr Daryl Mares wheat protein glutenin subunits interaction, Rutgers University, NJ; post doctoral research scientist, cell biology, (integrins / signal transuction) Columbia University, Pathology Dept.

42 Education & Training

TABLE 1 QWCRC POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS ENTER INDUSTRY (continued)

Student Degree University Thesis Title Date Supervisors Funding Source Subsequent Commenced Employment Matt Hayden PhD Sydney Udon noodle Mar-96 Dr Peter Sharp QWCRC GRDC post-doctoral quality: genetic factors fellowship, wheat molecular markers Surjani PhD Sydney Structure/function Mar-96 Dr Ferenc Bekes QWCRC Post-doctoral Uthayakumaran studies on Dr Fred Stoddard fellowship, dough systematically altered Prof Don Marshall rheology, University wheat flours of Sydney & Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, Winnipeg Steven Zounis PhD NSW Frozen dough Jun-96 Dr Ken Quail QWCRC Dough research at products Dr Mike Wootton BRI Australia Kevin Liu PhD Sydney Fluid mechanics and Jul-96 Dr Nhan Phan-Thien QWCRC Global positioning dough rheology systems development for agriculture, Agrecon, Canberra University Cindy Cassidy PhD Sydney withdrew Aug-96 Dr Daryl Mares QWCRC Paul Chow PhD Sydney withdrew Aug-96 Dr Mike Wootton QWCRC Gasiram Rema MSc.Agr. Sydney Effects of starch Jan-97 Dr Hon Yun GRDC Wheat product granule size Dr Bob Caldwell research, BRI distribution on Australia noodle quality Nicole Kerr M.Ag. Sydney Prime Hard Quality Jan-97 Dr Lindsay O’Brien GRDC Key role in grain quality assurance, Agriculture WA Ranjana Sarker M.Ag. Sydney Survey of amylose Mar-97 Dr Fred Stoddard Self-funded PhD student, content of primitive University of Sydney, wheats and wheat wheat molecular relatives markers Kym Turnbull PhD Sydney Molecular markers Jul-97 Dr Sadiq Rahman QWCRC Molecular genetics, for grain hardness Dr Peter Sharp CSIRO Plant and water absorption Industry/maternity

Daniel Skylas PhD Sydney Reducing effects of Oct-97 Dr Brad Walsh QWCRC Proteomics research, heat stress on wheat Prof Les Copeland VAWCRC quality

Andrew Verrell PhD Sydney Wheat quality and Feb-98 Dr Lindsay O’Brien QWCRC current yield in Northern Australia Dennis Murray M.Ag. Sydney Role of hydrogen Feb-98 Dr Ferenc Bekes QWCRC Dough property bonds in dough Prof Les Copeland research, CSIRO rheology Plant Industry Marcus Newberry PhD Sydney Yeasted dough Feb-98 Dr Nigel Larsen QWCRC current rheology Dr Nhan Phan-Thien Patricia Chong PhD ANU Structure of glutenin Jan-99 Dr Ferenc Bekes QWCRC current macropolymer in Prof Adrienne bread/noodle doughs Hardham and products

43 TABLE 1 QWCRC POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS ENTER INDUSTRY (continued)

Student Degree University Thesis Title Date Supervisors Funding Source Subsequent Commenced Employment Laila Daqiq PhD Sydney Polymer size and Feb-99 Dr Ferenc Bekes QWCRC current shape in cereal Dr Fred Stoddard processing Taisir Hubraq PhD Sydney The effects of protein Feb-99 Dr Ferenc Bekes QWCRC current composition on basic Prof Roger Tanner University of Sydney and applied CSIRO Plant Industry rheological parameters Deirdre Lewis MSc NSW TBA: Feb-00 Currently under QWCRC current (P/T), cereal biotechnology negotiation for project science, Goodman in 2001 Fielder Manoj Mazumder PhD Sydney New genetic sources Feb-00 Dr Lindsay O'Brien GRDC current of high milling yield Mohammad Hassani PhD Sydney Novel storage protein Mar-00 Dr Peter Sharp QWCRC current Mizanur Rahman PhD Sydney Glycation Apr-00 Prof Les Copeland and GRDC current Dr Ferenc Bekes

TABLE 2 VACATION SCHOLARSHIPS 2000/2001

Student Project Title Supervisor Tammy Crocker Non-invasive examination of gas cell structure in doughs using Dr Kevin Sutton, University of confocal microscopy.Tammy showed sheeting introduced Crop & Food Research NZ Canterbury bubbles most efficiently. If optimised, this suggests new processes for industry.

Rajneesh Verma A search for endosperm apigenin glycosides in members of Dr Matthew Turner, University of Victoria University, the Triticeae.A test to quantify the stable flavone component of Sydney Plant Breeding Institute, Werribee wholemeal flours was developed and applied, identifying new Cobbitty genetic variation to improve the colour of yellow alkaline noodles.

Andrew Merchant Breeding wheats with specialised starch properties.Janz- Lindsay O'Brien, University of Melboune University derived waxy breeding lines produced flour at comparable Sydney I.A.Watson Centre, yield to Janz. Seed packing may affect yield predictions.Within Narrabri Vulcan x Kewell B doubled haploids, distinct hard and soft wheat lines with varying dough strength were found.

Katrina Pirlo Contribution of fatty acid-starch mixtures to dietary Prof. Les Copeland, Dept. University of fibre.Complexing of stearic acid with amylose under Agricultural Chemistry & Soil Newcastle conditions consistent with those of cooking produced starch Science, University of Sydney nearly four times as resistant to digestion by hydrolytic enzymes as lauric acid-starch complexes.

Jaqueline Li Evaluation of a novel wheat in food applications.Formulation Cathy Fryirs,Westons Food University of NSW changes, to accommodate waxy wheat starch differences from Laboratories, Enfield waxy maize starch, often lead to an improved product.

44 Education & Training

Five vacation scholarships were awarded to Project 2.2.2 - Quality wheat for quality outstanding undergraduates this year (Table 2).The manufactured products self-contained mini-projects provided the students Project Leaders: Michael Southan, Ben Curtis with valuable research training, and with a perspective on the variety of careers available within the industry. Background and Objectives Sarah Peel,recipient of our undergraduate Progressive growers who know about the processor's scholarship, achieved First Class Honours in BScAgr.at needs can make better-informed decisions.Through the University of Sydney and was awarded the short courses in wheat processing, attendees are University Medal for Excellence. shown how and why wheat quality factors influence end product quality.Around 20 growers, bulk handlers In May,Goodman Fielder conducted a site visit for 20 and farm advisers attend each course, which includes agriculture and nutrition undergraduates, providing 'hands-on' training in wheat quality evaluation relating them with a valuable perspective on wheat quality for to particular end products. Growers see what domestic processing requirements. and export markets their wheat ends up in and the reasons for certain receival standards. Discussion of A symposium,The Wheat Supply Chain, attracted a the choice of varieties suitable for the end market, and high level audience of 66 from industry bodies all agronomy to achieve quality targets round out the over Australia, while providing an industry perspective courses. for our PhD students. Speakers from ABARE,AWB, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Progress Sydney,the Australian Centre for Intellectual Property In spring, courses were held in Barellan,Young and in Agriculture, the Australian Food and Grocery Moree, NSW,and Northam,WA.In the autumn break, Council, and an agribusiness consultant discussing Northam, Spring Ridge and Orange, NSW,and Port QA-enabling technologies joined the Managing Pirie, SA were hosts.We will visit the same NSW and Director in presenting the symposium. Cost recovery SA locations again to reach more growers. Brochures was achieved through registration fees to supplement advertising QWCRC publications and products were the allocated project budget.Twenty additional copies supplied in hard copy and as Web downloads for of the proceedings have since been requested. agronomists to distribute at field days. Course feedback included comments on end product awareness, such as, "It is vital to get more producers exposed to this type of learning".WA's Asian Experience wheat markets course was also held and past attendees of our courses encouraged to attend.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Provide 5 vacation scholarships to exceptional 11/00 Six of seven 1-day and 0 of one 2-day Wheat 06/01 undergraduates. Market Quality courses held at locations in SA, Vic, Qld and rural NSW. Conduct intensive short course relevant to industry 02/01 staff and postgraduate students. 2 courses held in WA. 06/01 Conduct site visits to industry participants. 05/01

Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date

This project will continue in VAWCRC as 07/01 As courses assist industry development, they 07/01 project VAW511.There will be increased funding for will continue in VAWCRC (project 5.1.4). professional development of postgraduates, and a greater number of workshops conducted and technical manuals Development of a distance education course 06/03 produced. in Value Chain Marketing (VAW514) will complement existing courses. Past attendees will be notified.

45 Project 2.2.3 - Wheat quality information for Project 2.2.4 - Maintaining grain quality during producers, agronomists and grain marketers on-farm storage Project Leader: Clare Johnson Project Leader: Clare Johnson

Background and Objectives Background and Objectives Through this project we aim to provide grain growers Since deregulation in 1989, growers are increasingly and agronomists with information on wheat quality storing grain on farm for seed, feed, harvest efficiency, and receival testing, for better,cost-effective or to improve marketing options. Grain must be achievement of the quality required by their end maintained in peak condition, and food safety users. Materials developed are distributed at the standards of end users must be met.There is a lot of courses (project 2.2.2), via the web, and at field days. scope for control of quality during storage and Articles are published in farm journals, and attention transport, and the CD-ROM we have developed is also paid to building an effective network of farm provides the necessary information. In line with QA advisers for effective information flow.In addition, we principles, food safety issues in storage are dealt with are developing a Certificate III in Cereal Science by on the CD,and a grain storage risk management distance education, to give cereal laboratory process based on HACCP principles is promoted.The technicians up to date skills and a better CD is a resource for courses and workshops now understanding of the basis of tests they perform. being developed for accreditation.

Progress Progress The wheat quality factsheets were made available on Agriculture NSW promoted the grain storage CD-ROM the website, and adviser networks were notified.With at the CSU Grain Protection Short Course and field days imminent, over 250 hits were recorded demonstrated it to district agronomists and at several within the first two weeks of posting. QWCRC farm field days and GRDC Expos.Trends from this publications for growers were compiled for inclusion year's Postharvest Technical Conference, published on a CD for agronomists with slides, posters and the developments and new information on QA systems factsheets.TOPACTIVE module development involving have been compiled and uploaded onto the updates QWCRC project outcomes is reported in projects 2.2.4 web site.The on-farm grain hygiene workshop and 2.2.5. developed by Peter Botta and Marg Evans (NRE), with input from Chris Newman (Agriculture WA) is now The Certificate III in Cereal Science content was available nationally as TOPACTIVE module #GA699TA. aligned with endorsed competencies, RACI-approved All TOPACTIVE workshops are aligned with Australian methods incorporated, and recent QWCRC and RACI National Training Authority competency standards, so publications recommended, making the course more they count toward formal qualifications for farmers relevant to Australia.The course is now ready for and staff. Enquiries ph. 08 8865 2483. submission for VETAB accreditation.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Provide district agronomists with QWCRC 08/00 Produce grain storage short course module in 12/00 teaching aids. cooperation with project 2.2.5 and TOPCROP, and launch nationally. Produce articles for farm journals. 09/00 Maintain liaison with Great Grain and GCA so that 06/01 CRC presence at Field Days and GRDC Expos. 10/00 the CD contents are aligned with overall QA on-farm. Design TOPACTIVE modules. 06/01 Update CD contents and QA information via 06/01 Align knowledge competencies to VETAB/ITAB 06/01 a website. competencies for Certificate III in Cereal Science.

Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date

This project will continue in VAWCRC within 07/01 Although this project is now complete, regular 06/03 projects VAW512,which has industry-wide technology updates to grain storage information fall within the transfer aims, and VAW513,which focusses on industry broader technology transfer aims of VAWCRC project 5.1.2. development and development of best practice guidelines. Although this project is now complete, course 06/03 Obtain accreditation for Certificate III in Cereal 06/02 delivery to grain handling staff falls within the broader Science and launch course. technology transfer aims of VAWCRC project 5.1.2. Provide farm advisers with VAWCRC teaching aids, 06/02 including those developed in QWCRC.

46 Education & Training

Project 2.2.5 - National quality assurance on-farm Project 2.2.7 - QA-consistent information and Project Leader: Di Miskelly best practice systems for premium quality wheat production in SA and NW NSW Background and Objectives Project Leaders: Michael Wurst, Martin May Australia and New Zealand Food Authority (ANZFA) hygiene regulations will require food manufacturers Background and Objectives and handlers to have HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Through this project, QWCRC aims to help build the Control Points)-based food safety plans in place to AH 13% and durum premium wheat sectors in South ensure the chemical, physical and microbiological Australia, and to develop best practice to address safety of all food products. Consequently,food declining fertility in the Prime Hard wheat growing processors are beginning to require quality assured areas of north west NSW.Following up on wheat raw materials from primary producers. Building on the market quality courses (2.2.2) held in this area, we are 1997 Quality Wheat project funded by DIST establishing a TOPCROP network to help growers (Department of Industry,Science and Tourism) and benchmark performance, access better market co-ordinated by the Meyers Strategy Group, QWCRC information, develop quality assurance systems and joined with Pulse Australia and the Australian Oilseeds manage the natural resource base better.Some Federation to produce the "Great Grain" quality revision of existing information and modules is assurance system, now being implemented in the necessary,to ensure regional relevance and up to date domestic wheat market. chemical information.

Progress Progress 384 growers are now accredited.A 300 grower case In SA, 4 new grower groups joined the 5 established study with Grain Pool,WA,is in progress, while Pivot last year.New extension material and industry liaison are integrating Great Grain in their QA Grain Program enabled SA to achieve and market record premium with palm-pilot usage for relevant farm data crop levels.The Hart and Yeelana trial sites, looking at collection, and have registered 280 growers. Cargill deep soil nitrogen testing, timing and rates of nitrogen aims to use Great Grain to deliver an identity application, attracted 2,000 farmers and agri-business preserved system for grain sourcing. GRDC is personnel to field days last spring. PIRSA liaised with facilitating creation of a body to manage/recommend breeders for more AH13 varieties to join Kukri and appropriate QA programs to growers, to provide a Chara so a segregation can be established. single focus for on-farm QA. Relevant articles appeared in Australian Grain and Farming Ahead, and NSW District Agronomists reviewed publications, Agriculture WA are developing a TOPACTIVE module identifying AgFacts to be updated and drafting budget (#RM101TA) introducing grain quality assurance. handbooks for winter crops of all regions of NSW.NW- NSW agronomists were trained in TOPCROP group coordination.

Targets and Milestones Achieved Date Targets and Milestones Achieved Date

Case study with Grain Pool,WA,involving 300 06/01 Publish newsletter and liaise with industry to help 09/00 growers in progress. SA growers target premium grades. Dissemination of promotion/extension 06/01 Achieve SA target production of AH13 & Durum 1. 12/00 information (on-going). Identify existing NSW AgFacts requiring revision. 05/01 Train NW NSW District Agronomists in TOPCROP 06/01 principles.

Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date Projects Continuing in VAWCRC Date

Although this project is now complete, funding to 07/01 This project will continue as project VAW513 07/01 assist ongoing uptake will be provided to Pulse for 4 years, with increased, dedicated staffing levels, Australia through VAWCRC project 5.1.4. to assist premium wheat industry development in NSW,SA and WA

47 Utilisation, Commercialisation & Links

he creation of the CRC was partly a response to Use by Millers, Bakers and other Buyers of Tperceptions of fragmentation in research and Wheat: education services; a product of distance, focus and A contract has been signed for the worldwide culture which are particular to the wheat industry in commercial development of WheatRite™ and Australia.The structure of the Centre is designed to ReadRite™ with C-Qentec Diagnostics Ltd. overcome this fragmentation by establishing a co- A contract has been signed with Byron Australia operative culture between the participants, whilst for the development of novel foods based on their retaining a focus on commercially valuable outcomes. patented technology and the waxy wheat germplasm of the CRC. To achieve its goals, the Centre is stimulating The Australian milling and bulk handling fundamental improvements in the collaborative industries adopted our recommendations on arrangements covering research, education, technology aeration of grain for maintenance of processing transfer and commercialisation throughout the industry. quality. Some of its successes as a catalyst to improve contacts, An MSc. student from the Centre has found information flow and collaboration between scientific employment with Goodman Fielder. and industrial groups are listed in the Cooperative The strength of our industry interface has been Arrangements section of this Annual Report.The first demonstrated by the enthusiasm with which the part of the Performance Indicators section later in this majority of our commercial Participants have Annual Report also contains a six-year summary in some backed the establishment of the VAWCRC,and the detail of the progress we have made in developing fact that we have been able to attract two new linkages with users of the research. ones.

Use of the Research by Participants. Use of the Research by Groups Outside the Many examples are cited elsewhere in the report - the Centre and Overseas. following is an indicative list: Again many examples are to be found elsewhere in the Annual Report, and most of the selections in the Use by Researchers: above lists are relevant here too. In addition we have We developed a second method for finding new established two new international collaborations in wheat molecular markers, which is being used the last year,in association with the transition to around the world by scientists to accelerate wheat VAWCRC.They are with USDA and with Valigen breeding. (United States/France). One Centre Scientist has been The breeder tests for defects are also being widely invited to be Editor in Chief of a prestigious used - a workshop for Australian breeders was held International Encyclopedia of Grain Science to be in the last year. published in London. Forty-five refereed publications and books (out of a total 109 publications) were approved for submission to refereed journals. Commercialisation of the Research. The year has seen more commercialisation Use by Growers: agreements made and/or signed than ever before, AustGrains of Moree has contracted to grow about regarding WheatRite™ and ReadRite™, germplasm 5000 tonnes of QAL 2000 and will receive a (QAL 2000 and waxy wheat), instruments (Z-arm premium from Goodman Fielder,who will mill it mixer) and the further development of the QA system for use by Arnott's. (Great Grain). Pivot is introducing Great Grain as part of their QA We have continued the policy of maximising the Grain Program, and registered 280 growers. transfer of QWCRC-developed technology throughout A TOPACTIVE module on grain hygiene is available the wheat value-added chain. In some cases the value to growers nationally. is delivered into the hands of the Participants rather than as royalty flow to the Centre itself.The Australian milling and bulk handling industries adopted our recommendations on aeration of grain for maintenance of processing quality.Pivot is introducing Great Grain as part of their QA Grain Program, and registered 280 growers. Cargill is using the program to deliver an identity preserved system for grain sourcing.The Prime Hard status of Port Kembla grain is now an established fact with international markets.

48 Utilisation, Commercialisation & Links

Because of the efforts required for reshaping the Centre into the VAWCRC bid,the income from Centre outputs remained unchanged from the previous year. Nevertheless we were able to retain the previous levels of activity and consolidate the future by developing and signing the commercialisation agreements.

We have continued to maintain patents on Centre inventions where there is commercial potential and we have filed new ones where the Centre's scientific work appears to be world-leading (the molecular genetics and proteome work).We have also selectively abandoned patents where the material has turned out to possess limited commercial potential, in order to maintain the portfolio at a manageable size and cost. We have negotiated a contribution to the cost of relevant patents in the commercialisation agreement for WheatRite™.

We were asked for a quantitative estimate of the value of the outcomes of Quality Wheat CRC as part of the fifth-year review,the aim being to provide a feel for their dollar value in a full year once the science is "mature".The list produced included the following, producing a total of a minimum of $24M per annum:

The diagnostic tests for breeders will increase their efficiency by (conservatively) 1-2%. Since $50 M is spent on wheat breeding each year,this represents up to $1M in value. The storage project brings about amelioration of the new season's wheat problem in bakeries, estimated as costing $100,000 each year.When fully implemented in forty bakeries around Australia, the savings generated would be $4M. An independent economist estimated the value of the premium to growers for the Prime Hard wheat grown in the southern wheat belt last season at $9M. We expect revenues from WheatRite™ and ReadRite™ to be around $1M by 2003-4 The benefit to one grower the year before last was $40,000; if (conservatively) 100 growers (out of 30,000) reap the same benefit when the tests are fully available the value will be $4M. The benefits of consistent quality from the oven monitoring project have been estimated by commercial bakers at over $75,000 per annum - in forty bakeries $3M. Royalties from our wheat germplasm are expected to rise to $2M per annum, and contribute to the research budget of the Value Added Wheat CRC, as The QWCRC Website can be found at: the germplasm is included in adapted varieties www.wheat-research.com.au and marketed to growers.

49 Staffing & Administration

he Centre continues to attract and retain high Education,Training and Communication Tquality staff.As at 30 June 2001, the Centre had 6 The Centre's Education and Training program which is full-time Headquarters staff. In addition, there are some spread across all five programs is managed by Clare 205 professional research staff and technicians seconded Johnson whilst the Communications function is from their employers or paid for by the Centre.Their managed by Helen Warwick. work is central to the activities of Centre. Business Management Research Alan Ellis is responsible for the financial function, Five Program Managers supported by deputy program company secretarial duties, commercialisation of managers continue to efficiently manage the day to Centre I.P. and management of the wheat quality day running of the Centre's five research programs. assurance program.

PROGRAM MANAGERS Program 1 Prof. D. Marshall Program 2 Mr R. Cracknell Program 3a Ms D. Miskelly Program 3b Dr N. Larsen Program 4 Dr K. Quail Program 5 Dr F. Bekes Education & Ms C. Johnson Training

DEPUTY PROGRAM MGRS Program 1 Dr L. O’Brien

CRC Headquarters Staff Program 2 Dr C. Wrigley Program 4 Dr M. Sissons Program 5 Ms A. Hill

FIGURE 7.1 SPECIFIED PERSONNEL

Name Contributing Organisation % of working time Role in Centre Dr William Rathmell CRC Quality Wheat 100% Managing Director Products and Processes Prof. Don Marshall The University of Sydney 50% Program 1 Manager Mr Bob Cracknell AWB Ltd 15% Program 2 Manager Ms Di Miskelly Goodman Fielder Ltd 80% Program 3A Manager Dr Nigel Larsen Crop & Food International 50% Program 3B Manager Dr Ken Quail BRI Australia Ltd 80% Program 4 Manager Dr Ferenc Bekes CSIRO Plant Industry 75% Program 5 Manager Dr Lindsay O’Brien The University of Sydney 50% Deputy Manager Program 1 Dr Colin Wrigley CSIRO Plant Industry 20% Deputy Manager Program 2 Dr Mike Sissons NSW Agriculture 60% Deputy Manager Program 4 Dr Kevin Gale CSIRO Plant Industry 50% Sub-program Leader Dr Daryl Mares The University of Sydney 80% Sub-program Leader

50 Patents, Publications, Grants & Awards

PUBLICATIONS Larroque OR, Bekes F. (2000). Skerritt JH, Heywood R, Lindahl L, Psotka JJ, Rapid size-exclusion chromatography analysis of Wrigley CW. (2001). Publications, Public Presentations, Public molecular size distribution for wheat endosperm Rapid determination of sprout damage. Relations and Communication. protein. Cereal Foods World, 46, (2): 54 - 58. Cereal Chemistry, 77(4): 451 - 453. SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS Skerritt JH, Heywood RH. (2000). Allen HM, Pumpa JK, Batten GD. (2001). Lindsay MP,Tamas L,Appels R, Skerritt JH. (2000). A five-minute field test for on-farm detection of Grain quality and frost damage in southern NSW. Direct evidence that the number and location of pre-harvest sprouting in wheat. Australian Journal of Experimental cysteine residues affect glutenin polymer structure. Crop Science, 40: 742 - 756. Agriculture (submitted). Journal of Cereal Science 31: 321 - 333. Skylas DJ, Copeland L, Rathmell W,Wrigley CW. Bekes F, Gras PW. (2000). Nakkote S,Wootton M, Cox JM, Bekes F,Wrigley (2001).The wheat-grain proteome as a basis for Small-scale dough testing. CW. (2001). Capillary electrophoresis of wheat more efficient cultivar identification. Chemistry in Australia, 67 gliadin proteins and its potential for wheat varietal Proteomics, (in press). (September): 33 - 36. identification using pattern-matching software. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research Skylas DJ, Cordwell SJ, Hains PG, Larsen MR, Clarke BC, Hobbs M, Skylas D,Appels R. (2000). (in press). Basseal DJ,Walsh BJ, Blumenthal C, Rathmell WG, Genes active in developing wheat. Copeland L,Wrigley CW. (2001). Functional and Integrative Genomics 1 Partridge MAK,Appels R, Skerritt JH. (2001). Heat shock of wheat during grain filling: (1) 44-55. Simple ELISA detection of a new polymorphic Ha characterisation of proteins associated with heat- locus encoded protein. tolerance using a proteome approach. Cornish GB, Skylas DJ, Siriamornpun S, Bekes F, Journal of Cereal Science, (submitted). Journal of Cereal Science (in press). Wrigley CW,Wootton M. (2001). Grain proteins as markers of genetic traits in wheat. Partridge MAK, Hill AS, Blundell MJ, Skerritt JH. Skylas DJ, Mackintosh JA, Cordwell SJ,Walsh BJ, Australian Journal of Agricultural Science (2001).Two-Site sandwich ELISA for discriminating Harry J, Blumenthal C, Copeland L,Wrigley CW, (in press). different Gli-1 (gliadin)/Glu-3 (LMW-glutenin Rathmell W. (2000). Proteome approach to the subunit) alleles in hexaploid wheat. characterisation of protein composition in the Gianibelli MC, Lagudah ES,Wrigley C, MacRitchie Cereal Chemistry, 78(3): 294 - 302. developing and mature wheat-grain endosperm. F. (2001). Biochemical and genetic characterisation Journal of Cereal Science, 32: 169-188. of a monomeric protein (T1) with unusual high Pollard NJ, Stoddard FL, Popineau Y,Wrigley CW, molecular weight in Triticum tauschii. MacRitchie F. (2001). Lupin flours as additives: Skylas DJ,Wrigley CW. (2000). Theoretical and Applied Genetics (in press). Dough mixing, breadmaking, emulsifying and Proteomics elucidating the chemistry of life. foaming. Chemistry in Australia, 67. 29 - 31. Gianibelli MC, Larroque OR, MacRitchie F,Wrigley Cereal Chemistry (Submitted). CW. (2001). Biochemical, genetic and molecular Stoddard FL, Sarker R. (2000). characterization of wheat-glutenin proteins. Shariflou MR, Hassani ME, Sharp PJ. (2001).A PCR- Characterization of starch in Aegilops Species. Cereal Chemistry (in press). based DNA marker for detection of mutant and Cereal Chemistry, 77(4): 445 - 447. normal alleles of the Wx-D1 gene of wheat. Gianibelli MC, Larroque OR, MacRitchie F,Wrigley Plant Breeding, 120: 121 - 124. Stoddard FL. (2001). CW. (2001). Biochemical, genetic and molecular Genetics of starch granule size distribution in characterization of wheat-gluten proteins. Shariflou MR, Sharp PJ. (2000). tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. Cereal Chemistry A microsatellite marker tightly linked to the WX- Theoretical and Applied Genetics (to be published on the AACC Web Site). B1 gene in bread wheat. (submitted). Journal of Theoretical and Applied Genetics, Hayden MJ, Khatkar S, Sharp PJ. (2001). (submitted). Sutton KH, Morgenstern MP,Ross M, Simmons LD, Targeting microsatellites (SSRs) in genetic linkage Wilson AJ. (2001). maps of bread wheat. Singh J,Appels R, Sharp P,Skerritt JH. (2001). The differing effects of mechanical dough Australian Journal of Agricultural Research Albumin polymorphism and mapping of a dimeric development and sheeting development methods (in press). alpha-amylas inhibitor on wheat chromosome 3B. on aggregated glutenin proteins. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, Journal of Cereal Science (submitted). Hayden MJ, Sharp PJ. (2001). (in press). Sequence tagged microsatellite profiling (STMP):A Uthayakumaran S, Gras PW, Stoddard FL, Bekes F. rapid technique for developing SSR. Singh J, Blundell M,Tanner G, Skerritt JH. (2001). (2000). Optimised methods for incorporating Nucleic Acid Research, 29, e43. Albumin and globulin proteins of wheat flour: glutenin subunits into wheat dough for extension immunological and N-terminal sequence and baking studies. Hayden MJ, Sharp PJ. (2001). characterisation. Cereal Chemistry, 77: 731 - 736. Targeted development of informative microsatellite Cereal Chemistry, 78: 85 - 103. (SSR) markers. Uthayakumaran S, Gras PW, Stoddard FL, Bekes F. Nucleic Acid Research, 29, e44. Singh J, Sharp PJ, Skerritt JH. (2000). (2000). Effects of incorporated glutenins on the A new candidate protein for higher lysine content functional properties of wheat dough. Hill AS, Giersch TM, Loh CS, Skerritt JH. (2000). in wheat grain. Cereal Chemistry, 77: 737 - 743. Immunoassay for wheat processing quality: Journal of the Science of Food & utilisation of sandwich assay incorporating an Agriculture, 81 : 216 - 226. Uthayakumaran S, Newberry M, Keentok M, immobilised single chain fragment. Stoddard FL, Bekes F. (2000). Fundamental Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Singh J, Skerritt JH. (2001). Chromosomal control rheology of bread dough with modified protein 48. 111 - 122. of albumins and globulins in wheat grain assessed content and glutenin:gliadin ratios. using different fractionation procedures. Cereal Chemistry, 77: 744 - 749. Keentok M, Newberry MP,Gras P,Bekes F,Tanner Journal of Cereal Science, 33 : 163 - 181. RI. (2001).The rheology of bread dough made Uthayakumaran S, Newberry M, Phan-Thien N, from four commercial flours. Sissons MJ, Gianibelli MC, Batey IL. (2001). Tanner R. (2001). Rheologica Acta, (submitted). Evaluation of small-scale reconstitution of durum Gluten rheology: linear viscoelastic behaviour. semolina components. Journal of Rheology (submitted). Konik-Rose CM, Moss R, Rahman S,Appels R, Cereal Chemistry (submitted). Stoddard FL, McMaster G. (2001). Uthayakumaran S,Tomoskozi S,Tatham AS, Savage Evaluation of the 40mg Swelling Test for measuring Sissons MJ, Hare RA. (2001). AWJ, Gianibelli MC, Stoddard FL, Bekes F. (2001). starch functionality. Tetraploid wheat - A resource for the genetic Effects of gliadin fractions on the functional Starch / Die Starke, 53: 14 - 20. improvement of durum wheat quality. properties of wheat dough depend on molecular Cereal Chemistry (in press). size and hydrophobicity. Cereal Chemistry, 78: 138 - 141.

51 Patents, Publications, Grants & Awards

Verity CK, Hac L, Skerritt JH. (1999). Bekes F,Wrigley CW. (2000).Whole grain Gianibelli MC, Uthayakumaran S, Sissons MJ, Morell Development of a field ELISA for detection of chemistry - what are the polymers and materials MK, Batey IL. (2001). Effects of different alpha-amylase in preharvest-sprouted wheat. in the grain? AACC Symposium,Whole Grain components of durum wheat semolina on basic Cereal Chemistry, 76 : 673 - 681. : Is the Whole Greater than the Sum of Its rheological parameters. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. Parts, September 7, 2000, prior to the 11th 11th International ICC Cereals and Bread Wardlaw IF, Blumenthal C, Larroque O,Wrigley International Cereal and Bread congress, Congress" (Eds M.Wootton, IL Batey, CW CW. (2001). Gold Coast. Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Contrasting effects of heat stress and heat shock Melbourne. Pp. 641 - 645. on kernel weight and on flour quality in wheat. Blakeney JL, Miskelly D, Southan M. (2001). Australian Journal of Plant Physiology The effect of debranning prior to wheat milling on Glattes H,Autran JC, Gelinas P,Wrigley CW.(2001). (in press). flour fraction chemical composition and end Grain science and technology information product quality. provided by electronic glossary and five-language Wooding AR, Kavale S,Wilson AJ, Stoddard FL. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International dictionary. (2000). Effects of nitrogen and sulfur fertilization ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International on commercial-scale wheat quality. Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. Cereal Chemistry, 77: 791 - 797. Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 41 - 44. Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 92 - 95. Wooding AR, Kavale S, MacRitchie F, Stoddard FL, Bok S, Hogan W, Quail KJ. (2001). Evaluation of Wallace A. (2000). methods for measuring bread crumb properties. Gras PW, Kaur S, Lewis DA, O'Riordan B, Suter Effects of nitrogen and sulfur fertilizer on the In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International DAI,Thomson WKT, (2000). protein composition, mixing requirements and ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. How and why to keep grain quality constant. dough strength of four wheat cultivars. Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal Australian Postharvest Technical Cereal Chemistry, 77: 798 - 807. Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 77 - 78. Conference,Adelaide. 2-4 August, 2000.

Cornish GB,Wrigley CW, Martin PJ. (2001). Gras PW, Kaur S, Lewis DA, O'Riordan B, Suter Two contrasting NSW wheat protein families. DAI,Thomson WKT, (2001). How and why to keep FARM/INDUSTRY JOURNALS In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International grain quality constant. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. Johnson C. (2001). ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. 11th International ICC Cereals and Bread Adding value to our wheat crop. Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal Congress" (Eds M.Wootton, IL Batey, CW Australian Grain,Vol 11, No 1. 32. Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 412-419. Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 526 - 530. McHugh G,Woodgate K, (Kondinin Group) Cornish GB,Wrigley CW. (2001). Sisters. reviewed by QWCRC. (2000). In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International Gras PW,Varga J, Rath CR,Tomoskozi S, Fodor D, "Grains industry focuses on quality assurance". ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. Nanasi J, Salgo A, Bekes F. (2001). Screening for Farming Ahead,Vol 104, 42 - 44. Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal improved water absorption and mixing properties Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 400-406. using 4G of flour: a new small-scale farinograph- Stoddard F. (2000). type mixer. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th Developing speciality ingredient wheats. Daqiq L, Larroque OR, Li Z, Morell MK, Stoddard International ICC Cereals and Bread Australian Grain,Vol 10, No 3, 27. FL, Bekes F. (2001). DNA calibration procedure for Congress" (Eds M.Wootton, IL Batey, CW the field flow fractionation analysis of the Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Wood JA, Batey IL, Hare RH, Sissons MJ. (2001). molecular size distribution of polymeric glutenin Melbourne. Pp. 278 - 282. A comparison of Australian and imported proteins. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th spaghettis. International ICC Cereals and Bread Hayden MJ, Sharp PJ. (2001). Food Australia, (in press). Congress" (Eds M.Wootton, IL Batey, CW Sequence tagged microsatellite profiling (STMP):A Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., rapid technique for developing SSR markers. Melbourne. Pp. 396 - 399. Plant and Animal Genome IX. San Diego. U.S.A. January 2001. CONFERENCE PAPERS Daqiq L, Larroque OR, Stoddard FL, Bekes F. CEREALS 2000 PAPERS HAVE BEEN PEER REVIEWED. (2001). Extractability and size distribution studies Herring MR, O'Brien L, Marshall DR. (2001). Allen HM, Pumpa JK. (2001). Flexibility of wheat on wheat protein using Flow-Field Flow Milling yeild and water absorption charateristics of use; benchmarking across Australia. Fractionation. Wheat Gluten (Seventh Australian wheat varieties. In: "Cereals 2000, In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International International Workshop on Gluten Proteins, Proc. 11th International ICC Cereals and ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. 2 - 6 April 2000, Bristol, UK), (Eds. PR Bread Congress" (Eds M.Wootton, IL Batey, Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal Shewry and AS Tatham), Royal Society of CW Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 531-535. Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. Pp. 149 - 153. Melbourne. Pp. 719 - 722.

Allen HM, Pumpa JK. (2001). Gale KR, Blundell M,Appels R, Hill AS. (2001). Hocking AD, Berghofer LK, Jansson E, Miskelly D. How to use frosted grain. Development of a simple antibody-based test for (2000). Microbiology of flour milling in Australia. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International granule bound starch synthase 4A-null wheat lines. Australian Postharvest Technical ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International Conference,Adelaide Convention Centre. 1- Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. 4 August, 2000. Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 257-260. Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 587 - 592. Htoon AK, Sellahewa J, Evans AJ, Miskelly D, Quail Batey IL, Sissons MJ, Bangur R. (2001).Variation in K. (2001).The effect of wheat characteristics and properties of pasta cooked for different times. In: Gianibelli MC, Bangur R, Lafiandra D, Molfese ME, extrusion conditions on the quality of snack foods. "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International ICC Seghezzo ML. (2001). Description of starch In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. properties of durum wheat. In: "Cereals 2000, ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal Proc. 11th International ICC Cereals and Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 692 - 694. Bread Congress" (Eds M.Wootton, IL Batey, Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 278 - 282. CW Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Bekes F, Larroque O, Hart P,O'Riordan B, Miskelly Melbourne. Pp. 654 - 658. Johnson C. (2001).VET: preserve step-change & D,Wrigley CW. (2001). "best practice" outcomes beyond the CRC term. Achieving consistency of wheat quality by the CRC Association Conference, Perth,WA. 15 predictive use of multi-stream blending. - 17th May, 2001. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 464-469.

52 Patents, Publications, Grants & Awards

Keentok M, Newberry M, Bekes F,Tanner RI. Rathmell WG, Skylas DJ, Bekes F,Wrigley CW. Skylas DJ, Cordwell SJ, Butow B,Walsh BJ,Wrigley (2001).The rheology of bread dough made from (2001).Wheat-grain proteomics; the full CW. (2001). Identification of polypeptides commercial flours. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. complement of proteins in developing and mature associated with the heat-shock reaction of wheat 11th International ICC Cereals and Bread grain. In: "Wheat Gluten" (Eds. PR Shewry endosperm, using the proteome approach. Congress" (Eds M.Wootton, IL Batey, CW and AS Tatham), Royal Society of In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. Melbourne. Pp. 183 - 186. Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal Salgo A,Varga J,Tomoskozi S, Gras P,Rath C, Bekes Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 377-381. Larroque OR, Bekes F,Wrigley CW, Rathmell WG. F, Fodor D, Nanasi J. (2001). Novel lab micro mill - (2001).Analysis of gluten proteins in grain and a tool for small-scale testing. In: "Cereals 2000, Skylas DJ. (2000). Changes in the wheat-grain flour blends by RP-HPLC. Proc. 11th International ICC Cereals and proteome due to heat stress. Oral presentation Wheat Gluten (Seventh International Bread Congress" (Eds M.Wootton, IL Batey, at the Annual Meeting of the Australian Workshop on Gluten Proteins, 2 - 6 April CW Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Electrophoresis Society, Macquarie 2000, Bristol, UK), (Eds. PR Shewry and AS Melbourne. Pp. 35 - 40. University. November 9-10, 2000. Tatham), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. Pp. 136-139. Schultz B, Billingsley J,Adamczak T. (2000). Stoddard FL. (2001). Harnessing the variation in The mechatronic bakery. wheat starch granule size distribution. Larroque OR, Daqiq L, Perera R, Bekes F. (2001). 7th Annual Conference on Mechatronics In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International Update in high performance liquid and Machine Vision in Practice, Hervey Bay, ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. chromatography (HPLC) methodology for the Queensland,Australia. September 20, 2000. Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal evaluation of wheat endosperm protein. Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 601 - 604. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International Shah SH, O'Brien L, Brown GN, Bariana H, Bell J, ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. Dines J, Kennett A. (2001).The relationship among Therdthai N, Zhou W,Adamczak T. (2001). Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal grain protein, grain texture and physical dough Optimisation of the temperature profile in bread Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 695 - 698. properties. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th baking. 6th World Congress of Chemical International ICC Cereals and Bread Engineering, Melbourne, 23rd September Mares DJ,Wang Y, Baydoun M. (2001). Congress" (Eds M.Wootton, IL Batey, CW 2001. Colour of Asian noodles: stability of xanthophylls Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., and flavoniods and interaction with darkening. Melbourne. Pp. 187 - 190. Uthayakumaran S, Newberry M,Tanner R, Phan- In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International Thien N. (2001). Gluten and starch: Builders of ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. Shariflou M, Sharp PJ, Merchant A, Shah SH, dough rheology. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal O'Brien L. (2001).Yield and quality of Janz derived International ICC Cereals and Bread Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 320 - 322. breeding lines with waxy starch properties. Congress" (Eds M.Wootton, IL Batey, CW International Wheat Quality Conference, Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Mazumder M, O'Brien L, Herring MR, Shah SH, Manhattan, Kansas, USA. 20th May 2001. Melbourne. Pp. 179 - 182. Marshall DR. (2001). Improving the milling quality of Australian wheat. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. Siriamornpun S,Wootton M, Cox JM, Bekes F, Uthayakumaran S, Beasley HL, Partridge S, Gras 11th International ICC Cereals and Bread Wrigley CW. (2001). PW, Daqiq L. (2001).The role of HMW-GS defining Congress" (Eds M.Wootton, IL Batey, CW Identification of gene locations for all 70 gliadin the basic and applied rheological parameters and Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., components, separated by capillary end-use quality of wheat flour dough. Melbourne. Pp. 723 - 725. electrophoresis, from double-haploid population. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. Mrva K, Mares DJ. (2001). Relationship between ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal black point, late maturity a-amylase and sprouting Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 265 - 269. tolerance in wheat. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 407-411. 11th International ICC Cereals and Bread Uthayakumaran S, Stoddard FL, Gras PW, Bekes F. Congress" (Eds M.Wootton, IL Batey, CW Siriamornpun S,Wootton M, Lookhart G, Bean S, (2001). Methods for incorporating added glutenin Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Wrigley CW, Bekes F. (2001). Interlaboratory subunits into the gluten matrix. Wheat Gluten Melbourne. Pp. 249 - 252. comparative study of capillary electrophoresis of (Seventh International Workshop on Gluten gliadins from Australian and US wheats. Proteins, 2 - 6 April 2000, Bristol, UK), O'Brien L, Blakeney AB. (2001). Genetic variation In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International (Eds. PR Shewry and AS Tatham), Royal for components of dietary fibre in wheat and ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. barley grains. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal Pp. 417 - 420. International ICC Cereals and Bread Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 372-376. Congress" (Eds M.Wootton, IL Batey, CW Uthayakumaran S, Newberry M, Stoddard FL, Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Sissons MJ, Gianibelli MC. (2001). Use of model Bekes F. (2001). Quantity or quality? Addressing Melbourne. Pp. 716 - 718. dough to investigate functionality of gluten to the protein paradox of flour functionality. durum pasta quality. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. Wheat Gluten (Seventh International O'Brien L, Sharp PJ, Shariflou M, Shah SH, Stoddard 11th International ICC Cereals and Bread Workshop on Gluten Proteins, 2 - 6 April FL. (2001).Targeted breeding for wheat quality Congress" (Eds M.Wootton, IL Batey, CW 2000, Bristol, UK), (Eds. PR Shewry and AS using conventional and molecular approaches. Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Tatham), Royal Society of Chemistry, International Wheat Quality Conference, Melbourne. Pp. 626 - 628. Cambridge, UK. Pp. 396 - 399. Manhattan, U.S.A. 20th May, 2001. Sissons MJ,Verrell AG, Doyle D,Allen HM. (2001). Wrigley CW. (2000). Contributions by Australians Rathmell WG, Johnson MC. (2001). Does post sowing nitrogen application improve to grain quality research. Australian Grains The Quality Wheat Cooperative Research Centre: grain protein content and baking quality in wheat Industry Workshop, preceeding 11th Five years of achievements. In: "Cereals 2000, grown in NNSW? International Cereal and Bread Congress, Proc. 11th International ICC Cereals and In "Cereals 2000. Proc. 11th International Gold Coast. 8-15 September, 2000. Bread Congress" (Eds M.Wootton, IL Batey, ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M. CW Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Wootton, IL Batey & CW Wrigley). Royal Yun H, Rema G, Quail KJ. (2001).The influence of Melbourne. Pp. 433 - 436. Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 536-539. A:B starch granule ratio on noodle and bread quality. In: "Cereals 2000, Proc. 11th International ICC Cereals and Bread Congress" (Eds M.Wootton, IL Batey, CW Wrigley). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 608 - 611.

53 Patents, Publications, Grants & Awards

CRC TECHNICAL REPORTS THESES AWARDS CRC Project Report No 42. Ken Quail & Steven Singh J. (2000). During the year under review the Centre Zounis. Frozen bread dough production. February Chromosomal control, antibody development and or Centre staff/secondees received the 2000. (Confidential). characterisation of non-gluten proteins of wheat. PhD Thesis,University of Sydney. following awards: CRC Project Report No 43. Clare Johnson. Waxy wheat and isogenic lines.August 2000. Skylas DJ. (2001). The Perten Prize of the ICC was awarded to Drs (Confidential). The wheat-grain proteome: value as a tool for F.Bekes and P.Gras at the 11th Cereal and Bread identifying markers of environmental stress. Congress (September, 2000) for their research in CRC Project Report No 44. Les Copeland & PhD Thesis,University of Sydney. advancing our understanding of the nature of Clare Johnson. Chemistry and biochemistry of dough at the molecular level, involving the grains. February 1998. Turnbull KM. (2000). development and application of equipment for Genomic and developmental analyses of grain CRC Project Report No 45. Chris Fellows. hardness in wheat. very-small-scale testing of wheat functional Polymer colloids in cereal-based foods. June 2000. PhD Thesis,University of Sydney. properties.

CRC Project Report No 46. Clare Johnson. Wang YM. (2001). The Schweitzer Medal of the ICC was awarded to Postgraduate Workshop 2000: Scientific Characterisation of grain constituents responsible Mr R.L.Cracknell at the 11th Cereal and Bread Communication, Industry and Supervisory Skills. for the yellow colour of Asian alkaline noodles. Congress (September, 2000) for services to ICC June 2000. PhD Thesis,University of Sydney. and to international cooperation in cereal CRC Project Report No 47. Michael Southan chemistry. Pilot Milling Studies. February 2001. (Confidential). OTHER PUBLICATIONS CRC Project Report No 48.Wrigley CW, Anon. (2000). Clean Australian Flour GRANTS Cracknell RL, Miskelly D, Cornish GB, Sharp P, Magazine article, Food Science Australia Mares D. Current Australian Wheat Varieties: Grain "Food Facts". Additional grant monies were provided by Quality Data. March 2001. (Confidential). GRDC during the year to: Anon. (2000). New QA program offers 'one pass' CRC Project Report No 49. Clare Johnson. approach. Australian Grain Vol 10 no 4, The Wheat Supply Chain - Industry Symposium. Aug/Sept 2000. Dr Mike Sissons: GRDC Travel Grant to attend February 2001. Gluten 2000 conference, Bristol, UK Johnson C. (2000). Slide selection from QWCRC Dr Mike Sissons: GRDC project DAN393 on CRC Project Report No 50. Clare Johnson. postgraduate workshop 2000. CRC Association developing NIR predictive methods for durum Alpha Amylase Workshop. January 2001. Web Resource Page. wheat (Confidential). Dr Ken Quail: GRDC project BRI101 to Richardson EC, Kaiser AK. (2000). Frosted wheat CRC Project Report No 51. Clare Johnson proves suitable for sheep feed. evaluate the wheat quality requirements for Summer Student Reports 2000/2001.April 2001. Farming Ahead, 108 products in China (Confidential).

BOOKS AND BOOK CHAPTERS O'Brien L, Morell M,Wrigley C,Appels R. (2000). Genetic pool of Australian wheats. In "The World QWCRC PATENT PORTFOLIO Wheat Book". (Eds AP Bonjean & WJ Angus). Lavoiser Publishing, London, Paris, New York. Pp. Title Application No Type Filing Date 603 - 640. Detection of pre-harvest sprouting in cereal grains PCT/AU99/00995 International 11/11/99 Wootton M, Batey IL,Wrigley CW (Editors). Wheat Proteins PQ6574 Australian Prov. 29.3.00 (2001). Cereals 2000. Proc. 11th International ICC Wheat Assays PR0022 Australian Prov. 11.09.00 Cereals and Bread Congress. Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne (Book of 800 pages and CD- Method for Producing Nucleotide Sequence Tags PR0408 Australian Prov 27.09.00 ROM). Reader for Cards PR1134 Australian Prov. 31.10.00 Wrigley, CW. (2000). Contributions by Australians Marker proteins for heat-tolerance in cereal plants PR2794 Australian Prov. 30.01.01 to grain quality research. In:An introduction to the Australian Grains Industry. (Eds. L O'Brien & AB Blakeney). Royal Aust. Chem. Instit., Melbourne. Pp. 268 - 329. QWCRC TRADE MARK PORTFOLIO Wrigley CW, Bekes F. (2001). Cereal-grain proteins. Chapter 13 in "The Chemical and Title Application No Country Filing Date Functional Properties of Food Proteins" (Ed ZF Sikorski). Published by Technomic Publishing Co., WHEATRITE in Class 1 771211 Australia 24.08.98 Inc., Lancaster, PA, USA. WHEATRITE in Class 1 533941 Canada 05.02.99

Wrigley CW. (2001). WHEATRITE in Class 1 1063858 European 03.02.99 Guthrie, Frederick Bickell (1861-1927). In WHEATRITE in Class 1 2338037 USA 10.02.99 "Dictionnaire de Biographie Mauricienne - Dictionary of Mauritian Biography. No 54", (Eds. READRITE in Class 9 848572 Australia 01.09.00 RM d'Unienville, G Rouillard,A.Mathieu). READRITE in Class 9 1,082,362 Canada 01.09.00 Societe de l'Histoire de l'Ile Maurice, Mauritius. Pp. 1748-1749. READRITE in Class 9 76/178915 USA 23.12.00

© COPYRIGHT - Quality Assurance Program

54 Performance Indicators

he performance indicators required by the Commonwealth Agreement ! Quality Assurance on farm (2.2.5) involves staff from Agriculture Tthat set up the Quality Wheat CRC are being met and exceeded. NSW,Goodman Fielder,Agriculture WA, Queensland DPI, NRE Progress is reported below against each indicator for the first six years. More Victoria; in addition to interaction with Quality Farms Australia and detail of progress made in the last year is, of course, to be found in the its member organisations. relevant section of the annual report. (The indicators have been grouped Year 5:We have maintained previous years' momentum in cross-site together where they have overlapping scope. New criteria - indicated with an interaction and added several new projects that require this.A partial asterisk - have also been added to reflect the Corporate Strategy drawn up list follows: in 1998.The first five years' progress reports are as they appeared in the five ! An "extension" project to develop the agronomic basis for producing previous annual reports.) Next year,Value Added Wheat CRC will start with premium quality wheats in South Australia (in Program 2). a new set of performance indicators, so this series of cumulative reports ! Collaboration with the Western Australia group, involving eventually (which forms a convenient tabulation of the progress of the Centre) will start fertiliser suppliers, is also in Program 2. It is designed to determine again. environmental effects, especially micronutrient deficiency,on quality and permit management and extension strategies to be further 1. COOPERATIVE ARRANGEMENTS improved in that state. ! A project which has industry involvement, to study novel approaches An appropriate mix of staff, in terms of disciplines and sub- to increasing conditioning efficiency and thereby mill performance disciplines, function etc and a mix from the participants, (Program 3). particularly at the North Ryde, Canberra and industry sites.The ! An extension of the existing work to greatly refine benchmarking interchange of personnel among different sites within the Centre. data on durum/pasta quality and to provide knowledge for Year 1:Particularly good examples of cross-site and cross-discipline incorporation into durum breeding in Program 4 has considerably mixing are to be found in sub-programs 1.7 (NZ Crop & Food,Weston's, enhanced commercial Participant involvement. BRI and other participants' staff) and 2.3 (Small-scale mixing and ! The new CRC/GRDC project on strategies to replace cake flour baking research at CSIRO N Ryde interacting with the breeding chlorination also in Program 4 has commercial commitment. program in Sydney University - sub-program 1.3 - and with Arnott's). ! Building on the success of, and strong industry support for,the Mill Year 2:A major example of cross-site and cross-discipline interchange Microbiology project, work to assess the microbiological safety of is in project 1.3.2 (the soft wheat germplasm project) which involves end products from Australian wheat and flour in Program 4 also staff from all four company Participants' sites, CSIRO North Ryde and involves Commercial Participants. two sites in Sydney University.Other examples are too numerous to list ! Another CRC/GRDC project to identify key quality characteristics fully; the project to develop mill systems to control starch damage required by bread manufacturers using the sponge and dough (and hence water absorption and ingredient cost - project 1.6.2) and process in the same Program involves extensive collaboration with the project to determine the grain storage factors that influence flour the Leslie Research Institute, Queensland DPI. quality (project 2.3.3) also involved multiple discipline and site Year 6:As the Centre has directed its project work towards a smooth collaboration; in the latter case from three CSIRO sites, Sydney transition with the new Value Added Wheat CRC (VAWCRC), the University and several industrial sites. tendency has been to continue with those of the above projects that Year 3:The above examples are continuing; prominent new projects involve the continuing Participants, and to add projects involving new with such cross-site interaction are: Participants.The majority of the cross-site and cross-organisation ! Mill microbiology (Project 3.1.4 involving Food Science Australia, BRI projects in the dot points for the previous years have continued after Australia, Goodman Fielder,Bunge Defiance and Weston's); favourable progress reviews and/or modifications following successful ! Extruded products (Project 4.1.9 involving Food Science Australia, achievement of early milestones. Some significant new collaborations Goodman Fielder and AWB Ltd) and have been started as a result of the negotiations dealing with the ! Quality Wheat for Quality Products Course (Project 2.2.2 involving creation of VAWCRC,and with the commercialisation of QWCRC AWB Ltd,Agrifood Technology,BRI Australia,Agriculture WA, the outputs: Centre for Agribusiness Marketing, NSW Agriculture,Weston's,among ! A contract has been signed for the worldwide commercial others).The examples continue to be too many to list fully. development of WheatRite™ and ReadRite™ which is involving Year 4:Again there are several prominent new projects with cross-site extensive collaborations with C-Qentec Diagnostics Ltd. interaction that have been included in the budget. Meanwhile most of ! AustGrains of Moree has contracted to grow about 5000 tonnes of those initiated in previous years have continued: QAL 2000 and will receive a premium from Goodman Fielder,who ! A project (1.4.1) to extend the soft wheat breeding program to the will mill it for use by Arnott's. Southern region, (this has cash and in-kind support from Arnott's ! The collaborative work with Byron Australia has reached the point Biscuits, involvement from Bunge/Defiance (now Goodman Fielder) where a contract has been signed for the development of novel and George Weston Foods, and the research is being conducted by foods based on their patented technology and the waxy wheat the University of Sydney and NSW Agriculture). germplasm of the CRC. ! A project (2.1.6) widely supported by industrial Participants to evaluate practical solutions to the control of wheat quality in storage. The level of participation by industry and research providers in the Bunge/Defiance, Goodman Fielder and George Weston Foods have functioning of the Centre, including the Board and Program been active in this project which has also involved staff from CSIRO Management Committees in project generation, education, Plant Industry and from CSIRO Entomology (Stored Grains Research technology transfer and applications. Laboratory). The involvement of researchers and research managers from ! A project (3.1.5) also widely supported, which came out of a commercial Participants in steering Centre projects. * brainstorming session, to study novel approaches to the control of Year 1:Participation has been widespread across the management of mill performance.This is being conducted between commercial all programs, as foreseen in the 1994 CRC Application and in the laboratories (Goodman Fielder) and BRI Australia. Commonwealth Agreement. ! Special mention should be made of the "Prime Hard in the South" Year 2:One current and one former industrial scientist became project which, though not new,received this year very high levels of members of the Centre’s expanded Senior Management Group. interest across all Centre Participants, as well as external Company Participants renewed their commitment despite changes in organisations. Most notable were CSIRO,NSW Agriculture, GRDC,AWB their organisations such as take-overs, budget cutting and management Ltd,Weston's, Incitec fertilizers, Pivot Agriculture, and agencies from reorganisations. Research providers pledged to maintain in-kind Victoria and South Australia. contributions.

55 Performance Indicators

Year 3:Scientists working for commercial Participants who are in the Year 5:Most of the previous examples have continued. For example the Senior Management Group now number three. One senior commercial number of diagnostic kits provided to wheat breeders in Australia and scientist is seconded for 50% of her time to the Centre at this level. Mexico has risen to more than eighteen thousand.We have initiated High level of representation on the Board by commercial Participants five new projects for the GRDC.We have also appointed distributors in maintained. France and in the United States for the WheatRite® kit and worked with Year 4:The previous years’ level of commitment to the management of NSW Agriculture on a new project to show how maximum quality and the Company by the commercial Participants has continued, despite value can be extracted from frosted grain.We have initiated new work the merger of two of them.All participants remain committed to the with two Australian SMEs.They are Byron Australia, on the creation of overall level of in-kind in the Commonwealth Agreement, and to novel foods from Centre germplasm and Real Time Engineering, who recovering the earlier shortfall. have designed a prototype reader for the WheatRite® kit.The Great Year 5:The in-kind shortfall has started to recover,and will be back to Grain Quality Assurance system was launched commercially by the level of the Commonwealth Agreement by the end of the seven-year Minister of Trade at the Agriculture Australia conference in August contract.The commitment of Commercial Participants to the 1999. management of the Company has remained at previous levels. Year 6:Again most of the previous examples continue unabated.The Year 6:The in-kind shortfall has been recovered and the commitment year has seen more commercialisation agreements made and/or of commercial Participants to the management of the company has signed than ever before, regarding WheatRite™ and ReadRite™, remained at previous levels. germplasm (QAL 2000 and waxy wheat), instruments (Z-arm mixer) and the further development of the QA system (Great Grain).The The effectiveness of the Centre (and its component research and strength of our industry interface has also been demonstrated by the educational groups) in interfacing with industry, university and enthusiasm with which the majority of our commercial Participants government users of the Centre outcomes. have backed the establishment of the VAWCRC,and the fact that we Year 1:Industry and university participants and non-participants have been able to attract two new ones. (overseas companies) are being involved in the development of research and business plans. Examples are the creation of speciality The extent of PhD and Honours candidate involvement in the wheat varieties (industry participants and Sydney University), research research activities of the Centre. on process control of starch damage in mills and machinery for wheat Year 1:Eight new postgraduate studentships started and three processing (overseas machinery manufacturers and BRI).The Centre undergraduate vacation students appointed. also participated in the GRDC-funded NIR Centre. Year 2:The number of postgraduates working in the CRC has Year 2:Again the examples have multiplied. During the past year we increased, and Centre staff supervised fifteen.The number of CRC have managed the scientific part of a DIST- and wheat industry-funded Vacation Scholarships enabling undergraduate students to conduct a Wheat Quality Assurance program. It has involved states and groups small research project in cereal science was increased to five.The not part of the Centre such as the Grains Council of Australia, proportion carried out in industrial laboratories was also increased Queensland DPI, Pulse Australia and the bulk grain handlers. Quality (60%).The Centre sponsored an Undergraduate Scholar in Agriculture Wheat CRC Ltd is working with the newly established Co-operative in the University of Sydney. Research Centre for Molecular Plant Breeding centred on the Waite Year 3:Four former PhD students associated with the Centre have Institute in the University of Adelaide. Further links with research moved into related work in industry.The number of postgraduate groups outside Quality Wheat CRC have also been established through students is still fifteen. GRDC-funded research projects complementary to CRC-funded work. Year 4:The number of postgraduate students has risen to eighteen Apart from a Wheat Molecular Marker project, we have been successful (fifteen fully funded by the Centre), and two have had their theses in applying for and setting up three projects, involving other groups accepted during the current year.Recruitment and financing for at from outside the Centre - the Victorian Institute for Dryland Agriculture least four new students to start July-December 1999 has been obtained (VIDA), and SARDI.Another aspect is the linkage of CRC-funded during the year. research with overseas scientists and technologists. In the year under Year 5:Five PhD students and one MSc student have completed or review we have, for example undertaken to supply immunoassay-based submitted their theses for examination. Most have taken up positions test-kits to wheat breeders at the Centro Internacional de within the wheat industry.One negotiated an exchange to Rutgers Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT - Mexico City) as well as University,USA.There are currently 10 other postgraduate students in Australian Wheat Breeders for their use in rapid identification of the CRC. Five undergraduate students received scholarships last quality characters in early breeding lines. summer.One of them carried out the first cloning and sequencing of a Year 3:Virtually all the above two years’ examples have continued, and durum wheat enzyme, and the data can be used to create an assay for there are now significant additional interactions with old and new breeding programs.Another wrote software to integrate the working collaborators including Food Science Australia, Queensland DPI and parts of the Z-arm mixer. GRDC.The continuing QA activity through Quality Farms Australia, Year 6:Two PhD students submitted their theses, two are soon to assures a high profile involvement and uptake of Centre science by the complete, a further seven remain with the CRC, and fourteen are to be industry at large, and the increased momentum of our grower training recruited to CRC projects during the first year of VAWCRC.Postdoctoral programs has increased use of our output by Agriculture Western positions for two completing PhD students were among the positions Australia. created in VAWCRC and an MSc. student has found employment with Year 4:Again the above examples continue unabated.We have Goodman Fielder.Five summer studentships on projects for,or relating significant new links with CSIRO Entomology Division (SGRL), and to the work of the CRC, were completed, several providing results with new GRDC projects including one on high protein wheat genotypes IP implications. which is a collaboration with the South Australian Research & Development Institute (SARDI). In the development of our strategies for commercialisation of our germplasm we are discussing links with several commercial entities, and have made research links with Hybrid Wheat Australia/Sunprime Seeds and Monsanto (USA).Two scientific projects this year have resulted in increased use of our outcomes by NSW Agriculture.The Quality Farms Australia involvement now includes Pulse Australia, the Australian Oilseeds Federation, the Australian Cotton Industry Council, GRDC, grain handlers and the Grains Council of Australia. 56 Performance Indicators

2. RESEARCH & RESEARCHERS Millenium”in September and the South Australian Field Crops An appropriately balanced portfolio of longer term strategic and Development Board in November 1998. Colin Wrigley contributed to a applied research developed in close association with industry. conference organised by the European Union in Sweden (March 1999) Year 1:The longer-term research goal (number 6) has the heaviest to discuss the commercialisation of food industry research. In the allocation of sub-programs contributing to it, and roughly represents same month Clare Johnson was invited to participate in the GRDC’s one-third of the Centre’s current activity by this measure. Grain Storage Extension Working Party.We also submitted many papers Year 2:In agreement with industry,we defined projects whose basic and posters to the Australian Plant Breeding Conference in Adelaide justification is to enhance background knowledge as “long-term”, and (April). concluded that 24% of the resources of the centre are actually so Year 5:The Managing Director was invited to sum up the proceedings deployed, and that the proportion was right. at the Gluten 2000 workshop in Bristol in April 2000, and to present the Year 3:The Board and the CRC Committee (at the Second Year following lecture: "Wheat-grain proteomics; the full complement of Review) have approved the balance implicit in the above ratio, which proteins in developing and mature grain". For the 49th Australian has been maintained. Cereal Chemistry Conference, Melbourne, September,1999, Colin Year 4:Consistent with policy,support for the longer-term part of the Wrigley (CSIRO) was invited to arrange a Symposium on the topic of portfolio has been maintained. Industry Participants have taken an "Premium Wheats for Non-Traditional Areas". Following the increasingly active role in steering the shorter-term part, as a result of Conference, Colin Wrigley and Rachel Jackson were invited to conduct their higher representation on the Senior Management Group. Periodic a workshop on "Cereal Variety Identification". updates on project progress have been given to groups of managers Year 6:Dr Colin Wrigley was invited to present a lecture at an and employees from individual commercial Participants. 'Australian Grains Industry Workshop' at the 11th International Cereal Year 5:The same policies have been continued. and Bread Congress, held in September,2000, at Surfers Paradise. He Year 6:The same policies have been continued. was invited to arrange the grain-protein sessions at the Congress, and to co-edit the 800-page book and CD-ROM containing the Invitations to present keynote addresses, invited papers and presentations. Drs Frank Bekes and Peter Gras were also invited to workshops at influential conferences. present lectures at the Congress. Dr Wrigley was invited to present at a Year 1:The Centre Director has made invited presentations on the work day focussed on the history of Australian cereal chemistry at the 51st of the CRC to the AIFST Annual Conference, and is currently preparing Australian Cereal Chemistry Conference in Sydney,in September,2001, presentations to three other conferences. Invited presentations have and to arrange, co-chair,and co-edit the proceedings of a one-day been/are being made to research bodies outside the CRC and symposium, entitled 'Wheat Quality Elucidation:The Bushuk Legacy', internationally.Centre secondees and the Director have participated in to honour the distinguished Canadian Cereal Chemist, Emeritus farm advisory workshops and in workshops designed to help the Professor Walter Bushuk.The symposium is to be held in October in allocation of GRDC funding. Charlotte, NC, USA, in connection with the Annual Meeting of the Year 2:Levels of such activity increased, with the Centre playing a high- American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC). Other invited profile role in the group of international conferences that occurred in speakers included Dr Lindsay O'Brien, who was a keynote speaker at Sydney during August and September and Canberra in October, the second International Wheat Quality Conference in Manhattan namely Cereals ‘96 and Gluten ’96,the International Triticii Mapping Kansas in May this year.The paper was in the Breeding and Initiative, and the Eighth Australian Wheat Breeding Assembly.The Biotechnology session, of which he was also co-chair.Bob Cracknell of Centre was represented at the International Wheat Quality Conference, AWB Ltd. was also an invited speaker at this conference, presenting Kansas City,USA in May 1997.A CRC program manager gave radio "International Quality Standards and Marketing Procedures - The interviews about the growing of Prime Hard Wheat in the southern Australian situation". Clare Johnson was invited by the CRC Association wheat belt. CRC program and project managers as well as the Director to speak on increasing the use of the TAFE/VET system of nationally again participated in several GRDC workshops. accredited courses as a vehicle for technology transfer of new best- Year 3:The Centre played a high profile role at the 47th RACI Cereal practice from CRCs.The modular courses, which must be updated Chemistry Conference in Perth (September 1997), the Managing regularly in line with industry requirements, are used both for Director addressed the conference, and numerous other papers and technical training in industry/on-farm, and for specific skill updates by posters were given.Two Centre students (Surjani Uthayakumaran and mid-career research staff.The Association agreed to change their Steven Zounis) were given bursaries to attend the conference by the guidelines for education programs to encourage appropriate links. Organisers.The Managing Director was invited to share a platform with Norman Borlaug at the ICC Symposium “Genetic Engineering in The number and importance of honours and awards bestowed Cereals”,Vienna, May 1998 (his place was eventually taken by Frank upon Centre staff. Promotions of Centre secondees to more senior Bekes, representing the Centre), and to address the Flour Millers positions within or outside their organisations*. Council Conference in Victoria in September 1997.Alan Ellis (Business Year 1:Professor D Marshall (Program 3 leader) and Dr G McMaster Manager) played a major role in the Grains Council of Australia were elected fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Workshop “Quality Assurance in the Grains Industry”(July 1997). One Sciences and Engineering in 1995. project leader (Rudi Appels) and the Managing Director participated Year 2:The Chairman was appointed adjunct Professor in the in the strategy workshop of the CRC for Molecular Plant Breeding in Department of Agricultural Economics of the University of New June 1998; the MD was invited to be a member of the Industry England.The Managing Director was appointed adjunct Professor in Advisory Committee of that Centre. the Faculty of Agriculture at Sydney University.Dr Graeme Robertson, a Year 4:The Managing Director was invited to address the GRDC- Director,was elected Fellow of the Australian Institute of Agriculture, sponsored “Research Horizons for Grain Policy Leaders”course in July. Science & Technology. He also chaired a session at, and the Centre generally played a major Year 3:The Council of the University of New England conferred the role in “Cereals ‘98”in Cairns (August). Other prominent CRC people title of Emeritus Professor on a Centre Director,John Lovett in were involved – John Ronalds (received an award) Bob Cracknell recognition of his distinguished academic career.Dr Lindsay O’Brien (became president of the ICC and a Director of AACC) and Lindsay (Program 1 deputy manager and project leader) received the F B O’Brien (co-chair of the organising committee), and two CRC students Guthrie award at the 47th RACI Cereal Chemistry Conference in Perth received awards.Also in August we presented several papers and (September 1997) for his outstanding contributions to the science. organised (Colin Wrigley) a symposium at the Annual Meeting of the John Oliver,formerly Program 2 manager in the Centre was promoted AACC.The Managing Director was invited to address the GCA/GRDC to Program Leader (cereal products) in NSW Agriculture. conference:“Progressing Grain Crop Improvement for a New

57 Year 4:Dr Kevin Sheridan, a Director was awarded the AO in the 1999 Increase in the number of farmers, companies, agencies or Queen’s Birthday Honours. Dr Chris Hudson, also a Director,was institutions using Centre developed concepts and technology. appointed Adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Natural Resources Year 1:Centre participants and non-participants (companies, institutes (Department of Agriculture and Veterinary Science) at the University of and research providers) are planning new research programs in Queensland. He was also appointed to the Board of the Australia and marker-assisted wheat breeding and noodle quality,modified and/or New Zealand Food Authority (ANZFA).Dr John Skerritt, a Program stimulated by Centre activity.A through-chain quality assurance system Manager,was appointed Deputy Director of the Australian Centre for for the wheat industry is being developed. International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). He and three other CRC Year 2:All the above examples have turned into actual work programs. secondees from CSIRO Division of Plant Industry (Rudi Appels, Frank New examples (again, this is a random selection from a long list) are Bekes and Peter Gras) received awards from the Chief of the Division. in the use of centre-derived knowledge by one industry participant for Dr Nigel Larsen, a Program Manager,was promoted to Team Leader, improving performance of its bakery ovens, and by another for Food Quality and Safety,at the NZ Institute for Crop and Food identifying flour batches with cake-processing problems. Research. Dr Michael Southan, a Centre postdoctoral fellow joined the Year 3:Again the above examples have continued and the new ones milling and baking science group of BRI Australia. have multiplied even more.As a direct result of QWCRC-managed Year 5:The Bruce Wasserman Young Investigator Award of the research,AWB Ltd has encouraged exports of prime hard wheat from Biotechnology Division,American Association of Cereal Chemists was the Port Kembla zone.We have produced and supported new targeted awarded at the November,1999,Annual Meeting of the AACC in Seattle, training courses for growers in Eastern and Western Australia during USA, to John Skerritt.The Harald Perten Prize of the ICC,Vienna, is to be 1997/8.We have completed research on new methods for controlling awarded at the 11th ICC Cereal and Bread Congress, Gold Coast, water absorption in bakers’ flours (ie reducing ingredient costs); some September,2000, to Frank Bekes and Peter Gras. Bob Cracknell was of this produced commercially-valuable information being used by appointed President of the ICC (International Association for Cereal Industrial Participants. Our pilot milling project generated useful data Science and Technology,based in Vienna,Austria). He was also made for the classification of the new variety Diamondbird. Improvements in chairman of the committee organising the 11th International Cereal & flourmills’ quality assurance (QA) procedures were stimulated by CRC Bread Congress, to be held in Australia in September,2000, this being science, resulting in a workshop attended by large numbers of site- the first time that such an event has been held in the southern based practitioners.We contributed to the Grains Council of Australia’s hemisphere.The Founders Award, (presented at the 48th Australian workshop in July 1997, and joined with other grains industry groups in Cereal Chemistry Conference, Cairns, September,1998) was made to establishing Quality Farms Australia, to further aid the implementation John Ronalds (but not recorded in earlier Reports). Conference Travel of QA systems on farm. Centre commercial Participants joined in the Awards and Conference Attendance Scholarships, provided by the evaluation of one of the world’s first samples of “waxy”wheat.The Cereal Chemistry Division of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute uptake, by Australian and overseas wheat breeders, of our diagnostic (RACI), for the September,1999, 49th Australian Cereal Chemistry test (for the rye chromosome translocation “1B/1R”) has been good Conference, Melbourne were made to Kim Turnbull (who also received and they have reported it reliable. a poster award), Dennis Murray,Marcus Newbury,Daniel Skylas and to Year 4:Again there has been a continuation of the previous examples, Steven Zounis. and a raft of new ones, the following being typical. Despite adverse Year 6:Geoff Miller,Chairman, received a Centenary (of Federation) climatic conditions for the 1998 season AWB Ltd and growers Medal for "contributions to Australian agriculture, international trade enthusiastically supported the development of the “Prime Hard in the and public policy". Professor Roger Tanner,a founder Director of the South”concept, and there was much input from fertilizer Centre (who resigned during the year) was elected Fellow of the Royal manufacturers.The program of grower-oriented training courses and Society.Professor Don Marshall (a Program manager from the the quality assurance program was expanded. Evaluation of a larger beginning of the Centre) was elected Fellow of the Australian Institute sample of “waxy”wheat was conducted by Participants in the CRC and of Agricultural Science and Technology.The Perten Prize of the by non-Participant companies, and this provided evidence of new International Association for Cereal Science and Technology (ICC, processing benefits to be derived from this type of product.The Vienna) was awarded to Dr Frank Bekes and Dr Peter Gras at the 11th number of diagnostic tests (for the rye chromosome translocation Cereal and Bread Congress (September,2000) for their research in “1B/1R”) supplied to Australian and overseas wheat breeders rose to advancing our understanding of the nature of dough at the molecular nearly 9000.The WheatRite rain-damage test kit was evaluated level, involving the development and application of specialized successfully and extensively by growers throughout the country and equipment for testing of wheat properties.The Schweitzer Medal of the also used by breeders to detect germplasm showing the “late maturity ICC was awarded to Bob Cracknell at the same Congress (September, α-amylase”defect. 2000) for services to ICC and to international cooperation in cereal Year 5: chemistry. ! This year 300,000 tonnes of Prime Hard wheat were delivered in the southern wheat belt - representing an increase of over $9M in the Increase in the number of articles accepted for publication in income of growers - following from a CRC project. leading scientific journals such as: Cereal Science, Cereal ! Another project financed and managed within the CRC has shown Chemistry,Australian Journal of Agriculture Research, Plant growers how to increase their return from frost-damaged wheat. Molecular Biology. ! The outcomes from the storage project, which show how to maintain Year 1:Publications are in line with the activities of the participants quality in wheat up to a year and avoid the "new season’s wheat" before the formation of the centre, but in one or two areas (eg dough disruption to bakeries, have resulted in the Bulk Handling behaviour modelling in CSIRO) new activity has been stimulated Companies, domestic wheat users and AWB Ltd sitting down together which is in press. to determine how best logistically to bring it to practice. Year 2:Greatly increased publication activity is reported for the year. ! In the first real year of commercialisation, $60,000 worth of Year 3:Fourteen fully refereed publications appeared or went to press WheatRite® kits were sold into the distribution pipeline, worldwide. during the year.This is a sharp increase on last year. ! The breeder tests for defects (caused by late maturity α-amylase and Year 4:The rate of publication in refereed Journals has doubled by the rye chromosome translocation) are being developed and relative to last year’s level. more widely used - eighteen thousand of the latter tests have been Year 5:Forty-six refereed publications were approved for submission to supplied free of charge to Australian and CIMMYT wheat breeders. refereed journals during the year,a record. ! Nearly seventy copies of the report on the mill microbiology project Year 6:Forty five referred publications and books (out of a total of 124 were issued, reflecting the response to this work by the industry,both publications) were approved for submission to referred journals. in relation to the installation of Quality Assurance protocols for flour

58 Performance Indicators

mills, and understanding the sources and acceptable levels of Year 6:A request for a sabbatical visit to work for 6-8 months in a CRC microbial contamination. laboratory was received from Prof Dilek Sivri, Faculty Member as Year 6:We have continued the policy of maximising the transfer of Assistant Professor,in Hacettepe University,Food Engineering QWCRC developed technology throughout the wheat value-added Department,Ankara,Turkey. chain.Where appropriate the previously cited examples have continued and the transfer has been given more momentum by the 3. EDUCATION & TRAINING drawing up and signing of several commercialisation agreements.A Increase in the number of PhD and/or Masters candidates contract has been signed for the worldwide commercial development conducting their research within the Centre, or through of WheatRite™ and ReadRite™ with C-Qentec Diagnostics Ltd. universities associated with the Centre.A future indicator will be AustGrains of Moree has contracted to grow about 5000 tonnes of QAL the number of PhD and Masters degrees awarded. 2000.A contract has been signed with Byron Australia for the Increase time spent by Centre Participants and their staff in development of novel foods based on their patented technology and supervising/co-supervising/advising students and the value placed by the waxy wheat germplasm of the CRC.The Australian milling and bulk employers on Centre PhD, Masters and Honours graduates. handling industries adopted our recommendations on aeration of Year 1:Eight new postgraduate studentships started and three grain for maintenance of processing quality.Pivot is introducing Great undergraduate vacation students appointed. Grain as part of their QA Grain Program, using palm pilot farm data Year 2:The number of postgraduates working in the CRC increased, collection, and have registered 280 growers. Cargill is using the and fifteen are supervised by Centre Staff. program to deliver an identity preserved system for grain sourcing.A Year 3:Four students who have completed their studies are now TOPACTIVE module on grain hygiene developed through QWCRC working in the industry.The number of postgraduate students support is available nationally. associated with the Centre is fifteen. Year 4:The number of postgraduate students has risen to eighteen Increase in the number of articles reporting on wheat quality and (fifteen fully funded by the Centre), and two have had their theses advanced processing technologies. accepted during the current year.Recruitment and financing for seven Year 1:Television, radio and rural press articles on the CRC at the time new students to start July-December 1999 has been obtained during of opening; national and international newspaper articles on dietary the year.Of the recent finishers, three are now working at the University aspects of wheat quality. of Sydney (on Centre related research for which part of the money was Year 2:Continued coverage in newspapers, radio and non-learned raised by us), one is in Agriculture WA, one is at CSIRO Plant Industry, periodicals, eg Food Australia, Ground Cover. and one at Arnott’s Biscuits.A number of students have been granted Year 3:This year’s coverage included the cropping section of the Stock short (3-6 month) extensions to their scholarships to enable them to Journal and Leading Edge bakery and food service journal and the complete their research.The managing Director has joined the Annual Wheat Newsletter. extensive list of Centre Staff who spend time supervising and Year 4:This year there has been a series of six articles in Farming examining theses. Ahead, two in Australian Grain, and others in publications as diverse as Year 5:Five PhD students and one MSc student have completed or Rural Weekly and Central and North Burnett Times (Queensland).Also submitted their theses for examination.Two others are due to submit in Food Australia and Cereal Foods World (USA). Support for articles soon. Most have taken up positions within the wheat industry.One and booklets on wheat quality and relevant agronomy has resulted in negotiated an exchange to Rutgers University,USA, earlier this year. articles widely circulated to growers in the Southern and Western There are currently ten other postgraduate students in the CRC.Again a wheat belts. number of students have been granted short (3-6 month) extensions to Year 5:Recent QWCRC articles in Australian Grain make a total of their scholarships to enable them to complete their research. Because fourteen grower-oriented articles this year and the second issue of the of the length of time remaining in the Commonwealth Agreement, it SA newsletter,Premium Quality Wheat News, has been produced. In has ceased to be possible to seek new postgraduate research students. addition articles about Centre activities have appeared in The Land, Year 6:Two PhD students submitted their theses, two are soon to Rural Weekly,the Australian Farmers' and Dealers' Journal and Ground complete, a further seven remain with the CRC, and fourteen are to be Cover.Again, support for articles and booklets on wheat quality and recruited to CRC projects during the first year of VAWCRC.Postdoctoral relevant agronomy has resulted in articles widely circulated to growers positions for two completing PhD students were among the positions in the South and in the West. created in VAWCRC and an MSc. student has found employment with Year 6:The application for a renewal of QWCRC created Goodman Fielder.Five summer studentships on projects for,or relating unprecedented opportunities to publish articles describing the work of to the work of the CRC, were completed, several providing results with the Centre.They related either to specific projects (especially IP implications. Supervisors have earmarked some of these students for WheatRite™), to the work of the Centre as a whole or to the postgraduate study with the CRC. perspective offered on wheat research and the wheat industry in general by the Centre's projects.Articles appeared in most leading Increase in the number of grain producers and handlers rural periodicals and even in the mainstream press (Australian undertaking short courses and workshops developed and/or Financial Review). Interviews given by the managing director were sponsored by the Centre. broadcast widely on ABC radio and even overseas. Year 1:Twelve NSW district agronomists and a key agronomy researcher from WA trained through CRC sponsorship. Increase in the number of eminent scholars undertaking visits to Year 2:Fourteen district agronomists and other growers’ advisers (from the Centre. NSW Agriculture,Agriculture WA and from other State departments) Year 1:One visiting research fellow from UK (sub-program 1.6). were sponsored to attend the Milling for Non-Millers course at BRI Year 2:Obtained a GRDC Visiting Fellowship Award to finance the visit Australia. Quality Wheat for Quality End Products Courses were of Professor Z Plaut of the Volcani Institute, Israel. prepared and/or presented to give a wider appreciation of the Years 3 and 4:The Centre has subsidised the activities of the Royal influence of growing conditions on wheat quality to farmers in WA, SA, Australian Chemical Institute’s (RACI) Cereal Chemistry Division, Queensland and Victoria. thereby facilitating the visits of several prominent scientists from Year 3:We have produced and supported new targeted Quality Wheat overseas.Wim S.Veraverbeke, a visiting PhD student from the for Quality End Products training courses (Called Quality Wheat – Laboratory of Food Chemistry,Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium Understanding Market Requirements in the West) for growers spent 2 months at North Ryde, optimalising the conditions of the in throughout Australia during 1997/8, and they have received excellent vitro polymerisation of glutenin subunits (5.1.1). feed-back from those attending.

59 Year 4:The earlier initiatives have continued, increasing numbers of Increase in the number of current or potential industry employees Quality Wheat for Quality Foods courses being given, and a version undertaking training programs developed with Centre involvement. prepared for using at smaller growers’ assemblies where there are less Year 1:One industry employee has submitted a Master’s. resources available.This course has now been in all wheat-growing Year 3:Five Industry Employees attended a week-long course “The States, including those not represented in the CRC – Queensland, Chemistry and Biochemistry of Grains”organised by the Centre and Victoria and South Australia.There is now a waiting list for the Western Sydney University. Australia course, which has become practically self-supporting.We also Year 4:Four industry employees and thirteen students attended the co-sponsored an “Asian Wheat Users and Markets”course for (Western) “Wheat Proteins and Dough Properties”course in July 1998.We co- Australian Farmers in August, and have grower groups involved in the sponsored the Crawford Fund “Master Class”on biotechnology in QA on-farm project. agriculture, attended by influential industry staff. In February 1999 we Year 5:There was strong interest in the above wheat quality/market held a workshop “Molecular Techniques for Rapid Wheat Breeding” awareness courses this year,following a promotional article published which was extremely well received.A total of 46 industry managers, in Australian Grain and notification of agronomists through e-mail staff and students attended (including five from Agriculture NSW,three networks. One-day courses were held in Walgett, Goondiwindi, Moree from Arnott’s,and three from BRI Australia). In March 1999 the and Condobolin, a two day course in Northam. One and two day workshop “Tools for Achieving Wheat Quality Targets”was used to courses are planned for Toowoomba,Tamworth,Wagga, Griffith, Spring promulgate the outcomes of Program 2 to all Participants’ staff.We Ridge/Quirindi, Northam and for venues in SA and Victoria. Nitrogen have prepared a workshop for July 1999 at which seven industry fertilization regime demonstrations at Hart, Eyre Peninsula and Yeelana employees have made bookings.The Managing Director provided a focus field sites are also planned. QWCRC newsletters and receival segment in the GRDC-sponsored course “Research Horizons for Grain quality fact sheets are supplied on all of these courses.WheatRite®, Policy Leaders”(July 1998). Great Grain QA, and wheat quality,nitrogen management and Prime Year 5:A workshop on dietary fibre, which included a practical, was Hard wheat production booklets and the grain storage CD are delivered in July 1999.There was good interest from industry (16 promoted. attendees).A workshop on Polymer Colloids in Cereal Science was run Year 6:As last year,wheat quality/market awareness courses were held jointly with the Key Centre for Polymer Colloids at the University of at many locations, including Barellan,Young,Moree, Spring Ridge, Sydney June 6-8, 2000. Significant cost recovery was achieved and Orange, Port Pirie and Northam, attracting around 100 growers and there were 48 attendees, mostly from industry.The attendees reported a advisers. Uptake of QA was boosted by Pivot introducing Great Grain high level of satisfaction with the course. For on-farm Quality as part of their QA Grain Program, using palm pilot farm data Assurance development, we supported a series of storage management collection.They have registered 280 growers. Cargill is using the workshops throughout Victoria with TopCrop,Victoria Farmers program to deliver an identity preserved system for grain sourcing. Federation and Southern Farming Systems groups. Plans were made for National availability of the TOPACTIVE module on grain hygiene new courses for the coming year including obtaining accreditation of developed through QWCRC support will facilitate uptake. the Advanced Certificate in Cereal Science course and development of training modules for oven process control, based on QWCRC research Increase in the number of Honours students undertaking research outcomes. projects in the Centre research programs and/or in laboratories of Year 6:Sixty six high-level staff from industry bodies around Australia industry partners. joined QWCRC postgraduate students at our Wheat Supply Chain Year 1:Three undergraduate vacation students appointed. symposium in February.Availability of TOPACTIVE and TAFE courses Year 2:The number of CRC Vacation Scholarships enabling Honours will improve accessibility of updated best-practice to farmers and the students to conduct a small research project in cereal science was industry.Around 100 growers and advisers attended wheat increased to five.The proportion carried out in industrial laboratories quality/market awareness courses and Pivot registered 280 growers for was also increased. its QA programme, incorporating Great Grain. Year 3:There were seven CRC Vacation Scholars this year (two worked in industrial laboratories), and there was also an (honours listed) Increasing relevance and accessibility of industry targeted training Undergraduate Scholar at the University of Sydney. programs. Year 4:Eight vacation students were given projects this year: three Year 1:A National Certificate Course and an Advanced Certificate worked in industry labs (Goodman Fielder,Agrifood Technology and Course in areas relevant to the centre are in advanced stages of Weston’s).One was at BRI Australia in a project for commercial preparation. bakeries and two were working on WheatRite field trials for Year 2:Agreement was reached with the University of Sydney to use commercial validation.The other two had a strong industry focus; one Centre-designed modules as part of a MAgr degree which will be of them subsequently negotiated work in a Participant’s laboratory.The attractive to industrial employees for whom study time is at a premium. undergraduate scholarship was continued. The drawing up of the competency standards for plant bakery Year 5:A total of twenty-eight vacation students have now received operatives was completed in collaboration with the National Food Centre sponsorship. Reports have been received from the students Industry Training Council and DEET. awarded scholarships last summer.One of them carried out the first Year 3:Accessibility has been increased by the recruitment of an cloning and sequencing of a durum wheat enzyme, and these effective Education and Training coordinator in the Centre during the sequence data can now be used to design peptides against which to year.A National Certificate in Food Processing – Plant Baking is now raise antibodies, so a screening assay for breeding programs can be available.An Advanced Certificate in Cereal Science for Technical developed.Another wrote software to integrate the pump, temperature Laboratory Personnel is available by distance learning. controller and electronic recording of the Z-arm mixer. Year 4:Concerted effort has been devoted by the Education and Year 6:A further five summer studentships on projects for,or relating to Training coordinator in building a suite of resources and effective links the work of the CRC, were completed, several providing results with IP with a broad network of farm advisers. Our web-site is now up and implications. Supervisors have earmarked some of these students for running and the Wheat Quality factsheets have proved valuable to postgraduate study with the CRC. Sarah Peel,recipient of the QWCRC extension officers.A grain storage CD has been prepared for release in undergraduate scholarship at the University of Sydney,achieved First spring and was received most enthusiastically by reviewers Class Honours in BScAgr.and was awarded the University Medal for nationwide.A revised booklet,“Great Grain - Quality Assurance for Excellence. Grain Growers”, has been produced in a joint initiative of Quality Wheat CRC, Pulse Australia and the Australian Oilseed Federation. It is being piloted by a number of grower groups around the country so that refinements can be made. 60 Performance Indicators

Year 5:Over 230 copies of the "Managing On-Farm Grain Storage" CD- Year 5:There was strong interest in the wheat quality/market awareness ROM have been sold and the CD was highlighted across the country at courses this year,following a promotional article published in GRDC farm adviser updates by a network of advisers.TopActive Australian Grain and notification of agronomists through e-mail modules on grain hygiene and storage have been designed, which will networks. Five courses were held and five more plus four nitrogen use the CD as a resource.We have also provided market quality and fertilization regime demonstrations were planned at the time of food safety/QA material to TopCrop.TopActive and TopCrop are writing. QWCRC newsletters and receival quality fact sheets are proving ideal vehicles for targeting quality training to growers. Great supplied on all of these courses.WheatRite®, Great Grain QA, and Grain is being marketed and well over 100 growers have signed up for wheat quality,nitrogen management and Prime Hard wheat the program in its first year. production booklets and the grain storage CD are promoted. Following Year 6:Attendance levels at QWCRC workshops continue to increase, from a CRC project on the production of premium grades in non- sixty six high-level staff from industry bodies around Australia joining traditional areas, 300,000 tonnes of Prime Hard wheat were delivered QWCRC postgraduate students at our Wheat Supply Chain symposium in the southern wheat belt - representing an increase of about $9M in in February.Modular and distance education availability of TOPACTIVE the income of growers and they were also shown how to increase their and TAFE courses will improve accessibility of CRC-updated best- return from frost-damaged wheat.The outcomes from the storage practice to farmers and the industry.Our portable wheat quality/market project, which show how to maintain quality in wheat up to a year and awareness courses continue to receive excellent reviews for relevance, avoid the "new season’s wheat" disruption to bakeries, have resulted in and QA uptake was boosted by Pivot incorporating Great Grain into its the Bulk Handling Companies, domestic wheat users and AWB Ltd programme, with 280 growers registered. sitting down together to determine how best logistically to bring it to practice. Nearly seventy copies of the report on the mill microbiology project were issued, reflecting the response of this work by the 4. APPLICATION OF RESEARCH industry,both in relation to the installation of Quality Assurance The degree of adoption and diffusion of concepts developed within protocols for flour mills, and understanding the sources and the Centre into industry, universities and government users of the acceptable levels of microbial contamination.The Great Grain Quality research. Assurance system was launched commercially this year and was taken Year 1:Centre participants and non-participants (companies, institutes up by over 100 growers. and research providers) are planning new research programs in Year 6:The Australian milling and bulk handling industries adopted marker-assisted wheat breeding and noodle quality,modified and/or our recommendations on aeration of grain for maintenance of stimulated by Centre activity.A through-chain quality assurance system processing quality.The Prime Hard status of Port Kembla grain is now for the wheat industry is being developed. an established fact with international markets. Pivot is introducing Year 2:Again the examples have multiplied. Conceptual areas we have Great Grain as part of their QA Grain Program, using palm pilot farm influenced have included the following, in addition to the above: data collection, and have registered 280 growers. Cargill is using the Research to increase the flexibility of wheat use; research to program to deliver an identity preserved system for grain sourcing.A understand and manage the effects of growing and storing conditions TOPACTIVE module on grain hygiene developed through QWCRC on flour quality. support is available nationally.Several other CRCs expressed interest in Year 3:The above examples continue to be important, but new ones using the QWCRC education programme model because of its clarity have risen to prominence.As a direct result of QWCRC-managed of focus on industry uptake at specific points in the supply chain.A research,AWB Ltd has encouraged exports of prime hard wheat from Canadian consultant has been enquiring about WheatRite™ the Port Kembla zone.We have completed research on new methods distribution.The micro mill and the Z-arm mixer were successfully for controlling water absorption in bakers’ flours (ie reducing promoted at the Hannover exhibition in May.AustGrains of Moree has ingredient costs); some of this produced commercially-valuable contracted to grow about 5000 tonnes of QAL 2000.A contract has information being used by Industrial Participants. Our pilot milling been signed with Byron Australia for the development of novel foods project generated useful data for the classification of the new variety based on their patented technology and the waxy wheat germplasm of Diamondbird. Improvements in flourmills’ quality assurance (QA) the CRC. procedures were stimulated by CRC science, resulting in a workshop attended by large numbers of site-based practitioners.We contributed The number of CRC developed methods and technologies (eg to the Grains Council of Australia’s workshop in July 1997, and joined diagnostic kits) used by the wheat and related food processing with other grains industry groups in establishing Quality Farms industries. Australia, to further aid the implementation of QA systems on farm. Year 1:CRC activities in commercial bakeries are beginning to provide Year 4:Most of the above examples have again continued, strongly in management aids to process control (sub-program 1.7). New lines of the case of most examples. New or extended initiatives have included soft wheat are being made available for commercial evaluation and a a workshop, convened by Daryl Mares,“Late Maturity α-amylase in direct contribution is being made to the development of suitable test Wheat”, to report on his study of Australian breeding material (August equipment for use in industry (sub-program 1.3). Possible diagnostic 1998 - Program 1). Senior representatives attended this from all the kits for rain damage are being studied with a possible commercial Australian Wheat Breeding programs. In October 1998, representatives partner (2.1). of all four manufacturing Participants attended a forum organised by Year 2:The progress in the above projects has continued with the two of the major research provider Participants to describe the latest development of prototypes of the rain damage kits and the oven results and industry application of the dough rheology work. In March probe.The development of the Centre’s Intellectual Property portfolio 1999, the workshop,“Tools for Achieving Wheat Quality Targets”, was includes genes for use in wheat breeding programs, and there are used to promulgate major outcomes of Program 2 to all Participants’ important advances on early generation screening techniques for use staff.The Centre co-supported (with Topcrop Australia) the “Managing by breeders. Wheat for Quality”and “Nitrogen Management for Wheat…..”guidelines Year 3:We have continued development of the rain-damage kit to a materials produced by SARDI for farmers in South Australia.We also simple credit-card format.The uptake, by Australian and overseas supported (with Paricipants and fertiliser distributors) “Increasing wheat breeders, of our diagnostic test (for the rye chromosome Grain Protein in Southern Crops with Topdressed Nitrogen”– a translocation “1B/1R”) has been good.We have seen some further brochure for growers in the Northern part of the Southern wheat belt. progress towards the commercialisation of the oven probe, and We also published our second industry Newsletter during the year.This marked development of process control concepts and diagnostic document was widely circulated and described outcomes from several services to reduce costs in Partners’ bakeries. Our science was used by Centre projects. one commercial Participant in setting up a new oven installation.

61 Year 4:Growers throughout the country evaluated the WheatRite rain- also filed internationally as was the patent on antibodies to distinguish damage test kit successfully and extensively.It was also provided for glutenin subunits.The QAL 2000 new biscuit wheat was launched evaluation to scientists in France, in Sweden and in the USA.The during the year and Plant Breeders' Rights applied for.Other research number of diagnostic tests (for the rye chromosome translocation projects also provided breeding material (germplasm) with a number “1B/1R”) supplied to Australian and overseas wheat breeders rose to of valuable benefits to farmers, processors and consumers such as nearly 9000.The WheatRite rain-damage test kit was also used by resistance to rain damage, improved bread, noodles and biscuits and breeders to detect germplasm showing the “late maturity α-amylase” improved factory efficiency.Other commercialisation endeavours defect. Cost reductions from the use of our process control hardware (QWIP,WheatRite®, Great Grain) have continued as last year,with and software in one bakery were estimated as a $30,000 per annum successes described elsewhere in this table. reduction in product waste and a $45,000 per annum reduction in Year 6:We have continued to maintain patents on Centre inventions product giveaway.Our Quality Assurance System was developed with where there is commercial potential and we have filed new ones others into a pilot Great Grain program that is being evaluated by where the Centre's scientific work appears to be world-leading (the leading growers. Food companies within and outside the CRC tested molecular genetics and proteome work, described above).We have our waxy wheat as an ingredient in the creation of novel foods. also selectively abandoned patents where the material has turned out Year 5:In the first real year of commercialisation, $60,000 worth of to possess limited commercial potential, in order to maintain the WheatRite® kits were sold into the distribution pipeline.About half portfolio at a manageable size and cost.We have negotiated a were used by farmers in Australia, the rest taken prior to first launch in contribution to the cost of relevant patents in the commercialisation the northern hemisphere by our distributors in the United States and agreement for WheatRite™. France.The breeder tests for defects (caused by late maturity α- amylase and by the rye chromosome translocation) are being Increasing level of funding, particularly from industry, for Centre developed and more widely used - eighteen thousand of the latter tests projects. Funding from Participants and from external investors for have been supplied free of charge to Australian and CIMMYT wheat the technical and commercial development of Centre projects*. breeders. Over 100 growers signed up for the Great Grain Quality Year 1:Additional commitments of >$1M have been obtained from Assurance System (developed and marketed with Pulse Australia and industry and Government to a new wheat quality assurance program. the Australian Oilseeds Federation) in its first year of availability. There is increased financial commitment from an industry participant Year 6:Because of the efforts required for reshaping the Centre into the to a speciality wheat-breeding program in the CRC.A grant of $200000 VAWCRC bid,the income from Centre outputs remained unchanged was obtained from NSW State Development for equipment purchase from the previous year.Nevertheless we were able to retain the and for the development of the Centre.These items represent an previous levels of activity and consolidate the future by developing overall increase of funding of around 10% relative to the and signing a number of commercialisation agreements.A contract Commonwealth Agreement. has been signed for the worldwide commercial development of Year 2:Quality Wheat CRC Ltd has again been able to increase the WheatRite™ and ReadRite™ with C-Qentec Diagnostics Ltd. cash and in-kind funding available to it, which has enabled it to AustGrains of Moree has contracted to grow about 5000 tonnes of QAL strengthen links with bodies other than its twelve Participants. In terms 2000.A contract has been signed with Byron Australia for the of cash, GRDC monies and the DIST/industry contributions to the development of novel foods based on their patented technology and Wheat Quality Assurance Program amounted to about $591,000 and the waxy wheat germplasm of the CRC. $525,000 respectively. Year 3:The funding under management in the Centre was increased by Establishment of effective mechanisms for protecting and commitments from GRDC grants for research complementary to that commercialising Centre Intellectual Property* already going on. Notably this was for a program to develop high- Year 3:We have filed two new Australian provisional Patents (one protein wheat genotypes for S and W regions ($290,000), for an withdrawn) and are working towards several others.We have extension to the “Prime Hard in the South”project ($15,000) and for a established QW Investments Pty Ltd (QWIP) to be a partially project entitled “Amelioration of Genetic Factors which Result in (minority) owned subsidiary of the Centre to attract investment into Downgrading of Wheat at Receival”($873,286). In addition we the commercial development of Centre Outcomes, and we have extended our rôle in the National Wheat Molecular Marker program (a reached advanced stages in drawing up contracts for such investment strategic initiative of GRDC) by matching a salary component in with potential investors.We have developed a business plan for the Program 1 to a GRDC commitment of $147855 to commence in 1998 protection and commercialisation of speciality wheats emerging from to pay for a technician working on marker validation.Year 3 saw the Centre science. commencement of the “Flexibility of Wheat Use”project representing a Year 4:In the year we filed domestically and internationally (Canada, commitment of $1,208,617 (like most of the aforementioned projects, Europe, Japan and the USA) on one patent (food colouring), and filed over 5 years) by the GRDC.The QA program with DIST was finally two new patents covering the WheatRite kit and antibodies that completed during the year,with a final funding of $72,000 being discriminate quality-determining wheat proteins.We have instructed obtained to ensure the uptake of the procedures developed in industry. our Patent agents on two other pieces of intellectual property – a novel Year 4:A number of new proposals for additional complementary food product from waxy wheat and a new method to enhance the use research have again been accepted by the GRDC.These add a further of molecular markers in wheat breeding.We have registered the $430,000 to the value of the research under the management of the trademark WheatRite in Australia, Canada, Europe, the USA and in Company next year.In addition, the budget developed for the core other countries. QWIP is now operating to commercialise the activities of the Centre is about $400,000 above the original WheatRite kit, using Centre funds at present.The first actual sales of Commonwealth Agreement. this kit were made during the year.Activity to seek routes for the Year 5:The value of the on-going additional GRDC projects directly commercialisation of the biscuit and waxy wheats, plus other managed by the Centre is over $600,000 and a further $250,000-worth speciality wheats from Centre science has intensified.We have started have started during the year.Orders and payments received for the to distribute our quality assurance system through Pulse Australia.The Company's products have reached over $100,000 in the first real year series of confidential project reports (containing know-how IP of commercialisation. accessible only to Participants) has grown markedly this year. Year 6:Orders and payments received were about $843 for Year 5:Four new patents were filed.A novel method for detecting publications, $5125 for workshop registration, and $120,000 for the molecular markers polymorphic (ie useful) in wheat resulted from Company's products in the second year of commercialisation.The work by one of our PhD students, as did a second patent on novel value of the on-going additional GRDC projects directly managed by proteins discovered in proteome research.The WheatRite® patent was the Centre is over $571,105.

62 Performance Indicators

Increases in the number of articles published in industry and The level of transparency and timeliness of resource allocation and farming journals such as: Food Australia, Food Manufacturing management decisions. News, Food Engineering,Australian Farm Journal,Australian Year 1:Budgetary allocations for the second year of the Centre’s life Grain, Ground Cover. established by Program Leaders, modified and then agreed at Board Year 2:Coverage in rural newspapers and non-learned periodicals, eg level (as the Annual Operating Plan) essentially within a three-month Food Australia, Ground Cover has taken place with increased coverage cycle. planned. Year 2:New program structure increases transparency of decision Year 3:This year’s coverage included the cropping section of the Stock making process, by putting related projects under the same manager. Journal and Leading Edge bakery and food service journal. Project priorities and new project proposals were debated in open Year 4:This year there has been a series of six articles in Farming forum involving most Centre secondees, and finalised by the Centre’s Ahead, two in Australian Grain, one each in Food Australia and Cereal expanded Senior Management Group.An individual economic Foods World and others in publications as diverse as Rural Weekly and evaluation of projects was begun.Annual Operating plan finalised and Central and North Burnett Times (Queensland). approved by the Board in time for new budgetary cycle. Year 5:Fourteen grower-oriented articles have been published in Year 3:Project priorities and new project proposals were debated by Australian Grain this year and the second issue of the SA newsletter, an expanded Senior Management Group (including Program Premium Quality Wheat News, has also been produced. In addition Managers’ deputies), and finalised by the Centre’s management.An articles about Centre activities have appeared in The Land (3), Rural individual economic evaluation of projects was continued. The Weekly,the Australian Farmers' and Dealers' Journal and Ground Cover Annual Operating plan was finalised and approved by the Board in (3).Again, support for articles and booklets on wheat quality and time for the new budgetary cycle. relevant agronomy has resulted in articles widely circulated to growers Year 4:The preliminary report of the economic evaluation of the in the South and in the West. Centre’s program was received.This study,done jointly by the Centre Year 6:Articles appeared in most leading rural periodicals and even in and GRDC, involved staff from most of the other commercial the mainstream press (Australian Financial Review).This included two Participants of the Centre as well as the research providers.The Senior articles in Australian Grain (one of which highlighted three QWCRC Management Group and the Board debated new project proposals and outcomes), articles in Groundcover,Farming Ahead, Euphytica and project priorities in time for the new budgetary cycle. Plant Varieties and Seeds, along with several press releases taken up Year 5:The economic evaluation process has now been completed, more broadly. with a workshop attended by contributing scientists and the preparation by the MD of an Executive Summary for the GRDC and CRC Boards.The conclusions from the study were reported to the 5. MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET December Board meeting and reinforced the scientific direction of the Increasing coherence, clarity and effectiveness of management and Centre.The process for preparing the Annual Operating Plan was financial systems and procedures. expanded slightly this year to give commercial Participants more The timeliness and quality of Centre accountability documents and chance to propose projects. processes. Year 6:The basis of the planning process was created when the Year 1:Complete financial reporting system put in place to satisfy application for VAWCRC was drawn up.Then, the preparation of the internal and external reporting requirements of the Company. Annual Operating Plan was extended, so as to produce a plan that Reporting timetables all met, and recipients satisfied, by the end of the would be compatible with VAWCRC.QWCRC Board and VAWCRC year. Steering Committee approval were finally obtained. Year 2:Successful first Audit of the Company and its first Annual Report and Annual Operating Plan published, meeting all required An increasing sense of ownership of management outcomes by corporate governance standards and laws. Centre staff and participants. Year 3:Successful two phase Second Year Review with a panel of Year 1:Approval from Program Leader to Board level of the first distinguished scientists external to the Centre and with the CRC Corporate Strategy document. Research provider participants agree to Committee chairman, Dr Geoffrey Vaughan and Secretariat. Successful substantial reallocations of in-kind resources to facilitate Centre second Audit of the Company and its second Annual Report and objectives, for example wheat breeder and Consortium personnel from Annual Operating Plan published, meeting all Board-required NSW Agriculture and Sydney University,Intellectual Property searching corporate governance standards and laws. facilities from industrial participants. Ready acceptance of redirection Year 4:Again we had a successful third Audit of the Company and its of specific programs in response to Centre management (examples; third Annual Report and Annual Operating Plan were published, sub-programs 1.3, 1.5, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1). meeting all Board-required and Commonwealth-required corporate Year 2:New program structure increases transparency of decision governance standards and laws. making process, by putting related projects under the same manager. Year 5:We had a successful fourth Audit of the Company and its fourth Project priorities and new project proposals were debated in open Annual Report was published, meeting all Board-required and forum involving most Centre secondees, and finalised by the Centre’s Commonwealth-required corporate governance standards and laws. expanded Senior Management Group.An individual economic The process for preparing the Annual Operating Plan was extended, so evaluation of projects was begun. as to allow time for commercial Participants to respond to the draft Year 3:The new program structure is now fully in place, which proposals, and Board Approval was obtained prior to the start of the increases the transparency of decision making process, by putting new financial year. related projects under the same manager (who is now provided with a Year 6:The process for preparing the Annual Operating Plan was again deputy). Project priorities and new project proposals were debated by extended, so as to produce a plan that would be compatible with an expanded Senior Management Group, and finalised by the Centre’s VAWCRC.Board and VAWCRC Steering Committee approval were management.This process was faster than last year’s, yet there were no obtained prior to the start of the new financial year.We had a significant problems of transparency. successful fifth Audit of the Company and we published its fifth Annual Year 4:Research providers and other Participants have shown Report in time for the five-year review of the Centre by the increased commitment to achieving the in-kind budgets of the Centre. Commonwealth. The Senior Management Group and the Board debated new project proposals and project priorities in time for the new budgetary cycle. Members of the Senior Management Group made visits to commercial Participants to present outcomes and discuss research priorities.

63 Year 5:Research providers and other Participants have again shown eleven Participants have expressed interest in continuing their increased commitment to achieving the in-kind budgets of the Centre, association with the new Value Added Wheat CRC and they have been which are on track for full recovery.The economic evaluation process joined by new agencies in every wheat-growing state and a small high has now been completed, with a workshop attended by all technology company. contributing scientists.The results of this study were well received at Year 6:In the end we will be going into the new VAWCRC with eight that level.The process for preparing the Annual Operating Plan was core Participants (six from the QWCRC and two new ones) and half a expanded slightly this year to give commercial Participants more dozen supporting Participants (half of them new) with all the wheat chance to propose new projects. growing states and all the parts of the value-added chain represented. Year 6:The research planning process involved commercial This is a reflection of the commitment of Participants to the Company Participants at Centre Board and at Senior Management Group level, under both its old and new titles. and was split into two phases - the preparation of the VAWCRC application and the Annual Operating Plan.As reported elsewhere in The esteem with which the CRC for Quality Wheat Products and this section, this extended process ensured that the program had Processes is held nationally and internationally. commercial support at all levels, as manifested by the continued Year 1:Renewed interest in participating in CRC programs has been participation of the majority of the QWCRC Participants, and the expressed by a number of research providers in States not currently decision of two new ones to join VAWCRC. taking part (Victoria, Queensland). Year 2:Above organisations now working in Centre projects.The CRC The cost effectiveness of the provision of Centre leadership and and GRDC secretariats encourage the Centre to work closely with management services. other CRC’s on projects that they sponsor.Overseas companies, Year 1:Management costs and staffing levels below those foreseen in research organisations and scientists express interest in collaboration Commonwealth Agreement and below 5% of overall budget. with the Centre. Year 2:Staffing levels remain as low as before, and inadequate for Year 3:We initiated closer collaborations with the CRCs for Molecular communication and commercialisation activities. Consideration of Plant Breeding and International Food Manufacture and Packaging increased resourcing to cover these is begun. New project structure Science, and have received initial inquiries about research implemented which removes two tiers from Centre management collaboration from three multinational companies (Europe and United structure. States-based). Year 3:Management staffing has remained as last year,and Year 4:Contracts for research collaboration have been signed with an communication and commercialisation activities have been dealt with United States-based multinational. New research programs have been as before. Plans have been made to expand staffing levels as part of developed or have been started with the non-Participant States QWIP (when investment is in place) without adversely affecting Centre (Queensland,Victoria and South Australia).The Managing Director has overheads. been appointed to the Industry Advisory Committee of the CRC for Year 4:Staffing levels at head office have remained as last year,and Molecular Plant Breeding.The Managing Director was invited to existing staff have dealt with communication and commercialisation address the GRDC-sponsored “Research Horizons for Grain Policy activities.We have had an Education and Training co-ordinator working Leaders”course, the GCA/GRDC conference:“Progressing Grain Crop for the full year for the first time. Improvement for a New Millenium”and the South Australian Field Year 5:The existing staff has dealt with all the forgoing items and in Crops Development Board. Farmer groups around the country are addition have prepared an application for the new Value Added Wheat seeking closer interaction with the Centre. CRC.The high work output of HQ staff suggests overhead costs are at Year 5:We now have new projects running in all wheat-growing states the bare minimum. and each Department of Agriculture has requested to be a Participant Year 6:Again we have dealt with the final stages of the VAWCRC in the re-bid to the Commonwealth for a new seven-year term. Our application, the fifth year review with the Commonwealth and the WheatRite® and Great Grain activities and new germplasm has establishment of the new CRC alongside all the standard statutory and promoted a wider recognition of the Centre's activities, especially research management work relating to QWCRC.The high work output amongst growers. Overseas, the importance of the Centre was of the five HQ staff (which includes the Education and Training acknowledged at a recent Gluten workshop in Bristol, UK, at which a manager) again suggests overhead costs are at the minimum. high proportion of the invited papers were from Centre secondees, and the Managing Director was invited to sum up the proceedings.We have active WheatRite® distributors in the United States and France, and on- THE OVERALL CENTRE going research and development agreements with commercial and The strength of the Centre identity and the commitment of the research groups in the United States, Mexico and Hungary.Our people who are involved in it. editorial input has been requested for several external publications. Year 1:High attendance by all participants’ staff at CRC workshops and Year 6:The successful re-bid to the Commonwealth engendered a great meetings and support for the CRC by their Board representatives deal of profile-raising publicity for the Centre within Australia and indicates strong continuing commitment to the Centre. internationally.The Managing Director is now regularly interviewed Year 2:The same continues. Commercial Participants renew their about wheat technical issues in general and full-page articles about commitment despite take-overs, budget cutting and management the Centre's work have appeared in the rural press. reorganisations. Research providers pledge redistributed and maintained in-kind contributions again. The improved capacity of the wheat and related food industries to Year 3:Quantitative measures of the commitment of Participants to the produce products of specific quality and increased value for Centre remain high at all levels.We have budgeted for increased in- domestic and international markets. kind contributions again, and Board, management, and program Year 2:Specific quality germplasm and genes identified and means for meetings continue to be well attended. Overall cash from participants introducing them into varieties rapidly established. Development of is also increased, relative to the Commonwealth agreement. prototypes of the rain damage kit and the oven probe. CRC activities in Year 4:The above measures continue to show that levels of identity commercial bakeries are beginning to provide management aids to and commitment remain unabated. Increased publicity through process control (sub-program 1.7). articles, newsletters, distribution of videos etc has improved the profile Year 3:We have continued development of the rain-damage kit to a of the Centre in the wider community. simple credit-card format.The uptake, by Australian and overseas Year 5:Again the measures of commitment recorded in previous years wheat breeders, of our diagnostic test (for the rye chromosome have shown that enthusiasm about the Centre is still high. Nine of the translocation “1B/1R”) has been good.We have seen some further

64 Performance Indicators

progress towards the commercialisation of the oven probe, and The extent to which industry supported research in the Centre is marked development of process control concepts and diagnostic integrated with education and the extent to which project material services to reduce costs in Partners’ bakeries. One commercial is used in teaching and training. Participant in setting up a new oven installation used our science.We Year 1:Sub-program 2.6 and related work are producing data which developed plans for launching new wheats with improved properties will be directly applied to the grower education parts of program 3 in the period 2000 -2005. In terms of grower benefits these projects (3.1). mean better quality wheats for specific products, such as noodles, Year 2:In the program reorganisation, all education and training biscuits etc., reduced risk of rain damage. projects are co-managed with the scientific work of the Centre (in new Year 4:Again there has been a continuation of the previous examples, Programs 2, 4 and 5). and a raft of new ones, the following being typical. Despite adverse Year 3:There has been progress especially with the outcomes from the climatic conditions AWB Ltd and growers continued to support the QA work and the Prime Hard in the South project, in establishing development of the “Prime Hard in the South”concept.The program of specific programs to transfer the technology to the users as part of the grower-oriented training courses and the quality assurance program Education and Training function. was expanded. Our quality assurance system was developed with Year 4:New or extended initiatives have included a workshop, others into a pilot “Great Grain”program that was evaluated by leading convened by Daryl Mares,“Late Maturity α-amylase in Wheat”, to report growers. Evaluation of a larger sample of “waxy”wheat was conducted on his study of Australian breeding material (August 1998 - Program 1). by Participants in the CRC and by non-Participant companies.This Senior representatives attended this from all the Australian Wheat provided evidence of new processing benefits to be derived from this Breeding programs. In March 1999, the workshop,“Tools for Achieving type of product and its potential as an ingredient in the creation of Wheat Quality Targets”, was used to promulgate major outcomes of novel foods.The number of diagnostic tests (for the rye chromosome Program 2 to all Participants’ staff.The Centre co-supported (with translocation “1B/1R”) supplied to Australian and overseas wheat Topcrop Australia) the “Managing Wheat for Quality”and “Nitrogen breeders rose to nearly 9000.The WheatRite rain-damage test kit was Management for Wheat…..”guidelines materials produced by SARDI evaluated successfully and extensively by growers throughout the for farmers in South Australia.We also supported (with Paricipants and country and also used by breeders to detect germplasm showing the fertiliser distributors) “Increasing Grain Protein in Southern Crops with “late maturity α-amylase”defect. Cost reductions from the use of our Topdressed Nitrogen”– a brochure for growers in the Northern part of process control hardware and software in one bakery were estimated the Southern wheat belt. Our quality assurance system was developed as a $30,000 per annum reduction in product waste and a $45,000 per with others into a pilot “Great Grain”program that is being evaluated annum reduction in product giveaway. by leading growers. Outcomes from the storage and frosted wheat Year 5:The examples from previous years have continued to increase projects, for example, are providing enhanced extension information. in importance.This year deliveries of 300,000 tonnes of Prime Hard Year 5:The Education and Training manager ensures that outputs from wheat were made in the southern wheat belt - representing an increase the scientific work of the Centre are integrated in publications and of >$9M in the income of growers.The number of diagnostic kits workshops produced. Examples this year have been as follows: Over provided to wheat breeders in Australia and Mexico has risen to more 230 copies of the "Managing On-Farm Grain Storage" CD-ROM, which than eighteen thousand.WheatRite® was sold for the first time and a includes CRC grain storage outcomes and references to the QA single grower reported $40,000 improvement in earnings as a result of program, have been sold and the CD was highlighted across the its use. country at GRDC farm adviser updates by a network of advisers. Year 6:At this stage it is appropriate to report that nearly all the above TopActive modules on grain hygiene and storage have been designed, examples are continuing, although the exact cash value to the industry which will use the CD as a resource.We have also provided market obviously varies from year to year.We were asked for a quantitative quality and food safety/QA material to TopCrop.TopActive and estimate of the value of the outcomes of Quality Wheat CRC as part of TopCrop are proving ideal vehicles for targeting quality training to the fifth-year review,the aim being to provide a feel for their dollar growers. Great Grain is being marketed and well over 100 growers have value in a full year once the science is "mature".The list produced signed up for the program in its first year.One and two day wheat included the following producing a total of $24M per annum: quality/market awareness courses were held in five locations.The latest ! The diagnostic tests for breeders will increase their efficiency by QWCRC newsletters and receival quality fact sheets, regularly updated (conservatively) 1-2%. Since $50 M is spent on wheat breeding each to include current CRC outcomes, were supplied on these courses. year,this represents up to $1M in value. WheatRite®, Great Grain QA, and wheat quality,nitrogen management ! The storage project brings about amelioration of the new season's and Prime Hard wheat production booklets and the grain storage CD wheat problem in bakeries, estimated as costing $100,000 each year. are promoted. Postgraduate research projects are fully integrated When fully implemented in forty bakeries around Australia, the through the research program. savings generated would be $4M. Year 6:The above examples continue, and the series of final project ! An independent economist estimated the value of the premium to reports will provide material for extension in VAWCRC via its expanded growers for the prime hard wheat grown in the southern wheat belt program of workshops and manual production, and its focus on last season at $9M. integrating outcomes into training modules accredited nationally and ! We expect revenues from WheatRite™ and ReadRite™ to be around endorsed by the industry. $1M by 2003-4 The benefit to one grower the year before last was $40,000; if (conservatively) 100 growers (out of 30,000) reap the same benefit when the tests are fully available the value will be $4M. ! The benefits of consistent quality from the oven monitoring project have been estimated by commercial bakers at over $75,000 per annum - in forty bakeries $3M. ! Royalties from our wheat germplasm are expected to rise to $2M per annum, and contribute to the research budget of the Value Added Wheat CRC, as the germplasm is included in adapted varieties and marketed to growers.

65 The extent to which the Centre is keeping pace with or, indeed, leading international scientific and technological progress. Year 1:The majority of sub-programs in the Centre appear to have few, if any,national or international competitors and are thus largely “front- runners”. Equivalent programs exist in other countries corresponding to sub-programs 1.1-4 and 2.1 and 2.3-6 but they are not focussed on Australian Wheat. Year 2:The following new or developing collaborations with international groups indicate our level of international competitiveness:Work with European based scientists on dough protein components; agreement with a Japanese machinery manufacturer to install an instrument in the BRI Australia Pilot Mill; negotiations with a European machinery manufacturer about a joint project to develop new equipment; supply immunoassay-based test-kits to CIMMYT,Mexico City for use in early breeding lines; research agreement with the Hungarian Institute for R&D to build a small-scale mixing machine; visit of Professor Z Plaut,Volcani Institute, Israel.Also, Crop and Food International increased its in-kind commitment as a participant in the Centre. Year 3:Nearly all of the above collaborations have all been developed during the year and they have been augmented by interest from European and USA-based agribusiness multinationals with high levels of wheat quality scientific work and expertise.Two of these have commenced negotiations for specific research collaborations with Quality Wheat CRC Ltd. Year 4:Actual research programs are now well established with agencies in the United States (Monsanto), Mexico (CIMMYT) and Hungary (OMFB). Expressions of interest in the rain-damage test kit have been received from several countries in all the wheat-exporting continents. Year 5:The importance of the Centre was acknowledged at a recent Gluten workshop in Bristol, UK, at which a high proportion of the invited papers were from Centre secondees, and the Managing Director was invited to sum up the proceedings.We have active WheatRite® distributors in the United States and France, and on-going research and development agreements with commercial and research groups in the United States, Mexico and Hungary initiated last year.We have obtained the Supporting Participation of a Europe based multinational (Aventis) for the application to the Commonwealth for a renewal of the CRC grant. Year 6:In addition to the continuance of most of the formerly cited international collaborations, we have established two new ones in the last year,in association with the transition to VAWCRC.They are with USDA and with Valigen (United States/France). One Centre scientist (Colin Wrigley) has been invited to be co-editor of a prestigious international encyclopaedia of wheat research.

66 Financial Statements

DIRECTOR'S DECLARATION In accordance with a resolution of the directors of Quality Wheat CRC Limited, we state that:

1. In the opinion of the directors:

(a) the financial statements and notes of the company and the consolidated entity are in accordance with the Corporations Act 2001, including: (i) giving a true and fair view of the company's and consolidated entity's financial position as at 30 June 2001 and their performance for the year ended on that date; and (ii) complying with Accounting Standards and Corporations Regulations; and

(b) there are reasonable grounds to believe that the company will be able to pay its debt as and when they become due and payable.

On behalf of the board

Dr W Rathmell Director

Sydney, September 2001

TO THE MEMBERS OF QUALITY WHEAT CRC LIMITED

SCOPE We have audited the financial report of Quality Wheat CRC Limited for the year ended 30th June 2001, as set out on pages 3 to 15 including the Directors' Declaration.The financial report includes the financial statements of Quality Wheat CRC Limited, and the consolidated financial statements of the consolidated entity comprising the company and the entities it controlled at the financial year end.The company’s directors are responsible for the financial report.We have conducted an independent audit of the financial report in order to express an opinion on it to the members of Quality Wheat CRC Limited.

Our audit has been conducted in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards to provide reasonable assurance whether the financial report is free of material misstatement. Our procedures included examination, on a test basis, of evidence supporting the amounts and other disclosures in the financial report, and the evaluation of accounting policies and significant accounting estimates.These procedures have been undertaken to form an opinion as to whether,in all material respects, the financial report is presented fairly in accordance with Accounting Standards other mandatory professional reporting requirements and statutory requirements, so as to present a view which is consistent with our understanding of the company and the consolidated entity's financial position and performance as represented by the results of their operations and their cash flows.

The audit opinion expressed in this report has been formed on the above basis.

AUDIT OPINION In our opinion, the financial report of Quality Wheat CRC Limited is in accordance with:

(a) the Corporations Act 2001 including: (i) giving a true and fair view of the company's financial position as at 30 June 2001 and of its performance for the year ended on that date; and (ii) complying with Accounting Standards and the Corporations Regulations; and

(b) other mandatory professional reporting requirements.

Ernst & Young

N Wykes Partner

Sydney, September 2001

67 QWCRC Products

WHEAT RITE™ Rapid test for on-the-spot assessment of weather damage to wheat

Rain at harvest seriously affects the quality of grain.Weather-damaged (pre-harvest sprouted) wheat has a significantly lower market value because bread products have poor colour,loaf structure, volume and crumb texture while noodles have poor colour and cooking characteristics.

The WheatRite™ test enables more accurate grading of crops. For instance, grain can be tested from different paddocks and parts of paddocks allowing damaged grain to be harvested separately from better grain, thus avoiding losses from the costly down-grading of the whole crop.

The test is entirely portable and can be performed in the field. No high- tech equipment or special training is required and the result is storable.

READ RITE Reads the WheatRite™ test card in seconds

Developed to read the WheatRite test card, ReadRite, a portable (weighing less than 1kg) instrument reads the test and delivers the result literally in seconds.Validation of results is even easier when the instrument is interfaced with a computer and printer,allowing a permanent record of results to be kept.

GREAT GRAIN Single on-farm QA program will help Australian farmers meet market demand for best quality grain

The revolutionary single on-farm quality assurance (QA) system called Great Grain has received wide support from progressive Australian farmers, marketers and exporters. Great Grain is a quality management program, combining agreed quality standards with independent verification. It allows growers of cereals, pulses and oilseeds to demonstrate to customers and consumers that they are producing crops safely and responsibly.It is based on internationally accepted HACCP principles (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points), recognised as the best approach to ensuring food safety.The program can be individually "tailored" to suit different farms whilst at the same time meeting defined criteria to ensure it has market-place accreditation. Grain that is Great Grain accredited will have better acceptance because producers will be able to provide customers with evidence that they are buying the best product available.

68 QWCRC Products

Z-ARM MIXER Micro laboratory instrument enables early assessment of wheat breeding lines

The QWCRC "Z-arm Mixer”project has been a successful collaboration between the Technical University of Budapest (TUB), the commercial company INTER-LABOR, and CSIRO Plant Industry.The TUB have been manufacturers of large-scale recording mixers for the East European market for nearly seventy years.This project combines their technical know-how in Z-arm mixers with CSIRO Plant Industry's experience in small-scale instrument design.

One of the most important things about this new small-scale mixer is its requirement for just 4 grams of flour,compared to 50-300 grams required for conventional Z-arm machines.This is a significant breakthrough, as it permits testing of early generation progeny from wheat breeding programs, while still leaving enough grain for growing on.

GRAIN GLOSS An electronic glossary of terms used in grain science and technology

CD ROM technology has also been captured to fill a need for better understanding of the terms used in the grains industry.The CD contains definitions and explanations of over 4,000 words. Listed alphabetically, the terms in the glossary include virtually everything likely to be encountered in the grain-processing industry anywhere in the English- speaking world, plus terms from many other languages.Words included range from the latest scientific terms to the everyday and ancient.

MANAGING ON FARM GRAIN STORAGE Effective practices for the delivery of quality assured products

This CD,a resource for grain growers, agricultural colleges and extension staff, deals with the gamut of methods and decisions confronting growers who store their own grain.Topics range from receival standards, storage structures, pest identification and control alternatives, to inspection and sampling, grain hygiene and aeration, on-farm safety,grain quality management on-farm, market requirements and storage economics. It also gathers together lists of industry contacts, QA programs and regulatory information, to make things as smooth as possible for interested growers. Updates and useful internet sites are available by hotlink.Workshops on selected topics are currently being developed.The CD is available through Graintec Pty Ltd. (ph 07 4638 7677), Rural Connect (ph 1800 110 044) and Tocal College (ph 1800 025 520).

69 Quality Wheat CRC Limited Riverside Corporate Park, 1 Rivett Road, North Ryde NSW 2113 Phone: 02 9490 8488 Fax: 02 9490 8503 Email: [email protected] Website: www.wheat-research.com.au Postal Address: Locked Bag No 1345 PO North Ryde NSW 1670

b.a.d. - QWCRC.01.07.01 Quality Wheat CRC Limited Locked Bag No 1345 PO North Ryde NSW 1670 Phone: 02 9490 8488 Fax: 02 9490 8503 Email: [email protected] Website: www.wheat-research.com.au