DOCSLIB.ORG

Variation Among Early North American Crania

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 114:146–155 (2001) Variation Among Early North American Crania R.L. Jantz1* and Douglas W. Owsley2 1Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0720 2Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 KEY WORDS Paleoamericans; cranial morphometrics; New World ABSTRACT The limited morphometric work on early mens and Swanson Lake). American crania to date has treated them as a single, These crania were also compared to Howells’ worldwide temporally defined group. This paper addresses the ques- recent sample, which was expanded by including six ad- tion of whether there is significant variability among an- ditional American Indian samples. None of the fossils, cient American crania. A sample of 11 crania (Spirit Cave, except for the Wet Gravel male, shows any particular Wizards Beach, Browns Valley, Pelican Rapids, Prospect, affinity to recent Native Americans; their greatest simi- Wet Gravel male, Wet Gravel female, Medicine Crow, larities are with Europe, Polynesia, or East Asia. Several Turin, Lime Creek, and Swanson Lake) dating from the crania would be atypical in any recent population for early to mid Holocene was available. Some have recent which we have data. Browns Valley, Pelican Rapids, and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates, while others Lime Creek are the most distinctive. They provide evi- are dated geologically or archaeologically. All are in excess dence for the presence of an early population that bears no of 4500 BP, and most are 7000 BP or older. Measurements similarity to the morphometric pattern of recent American follow the definitions of Howells [(1973) Cranial variation Indians or even to crania of comparable date in other in man, Cambridge: Harvard University). Some crania are regions of the continent. incomplete, but 22 measurements were common to all fossils. Cranial variation was examined by calculating the The heterogeneity among early American crania makes Mahalanobis distance between each pair of fossils, using a it inadvisable to pool them for purposes of morphometric pooled within sample covariance matrix estimated from analysis. Whether this heterogeneity results from differ- the data of Howells. The distance relationships among ent early migrations or one highly differentiated popula- crania suggest the presence of at least three distinct tion cannot be established from our data. Our results are groups: 1) a middle Archaic Plains group (Turin and Med- inconsistent with hypotheses of an ancestor-descendent icine Crow), 2) a Paleo/Early Archaic Great Lakes/Plains relationship between early and late Holocene American group (Browns Valley, Pelican Rapids, Lime Creek), and populations. They suggest that the pattern of cranial vari- 3) a spatially and temporally heterogeneous group that ation is of recent origin, at least in the Plains region. Am includes the Great Basin/Pacific Coast (Spirit Cave, Wiz- J Phys Anthropol 114:146–155, 2001. ards Beach, Prospect) and Nebraska (Wet Gravel speci- © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Native North American populations have vari- early American crania fell within the range of vari- ously been viewed as biologically uniform, or ex- ation of recent Indians, and could not be distin- tremely diverse. Stewart (1973) emphasized the guished from them (Owsley and Jantz, 1999a). For- phenotypic uniformity, while Hooton (1930) saw tunately, a renewed interest in the crania of early Caucasoid, Melanesoid, and Negritoid “types” in the Americans has occurred, using a modern analytical American population. Recent work with classical framework based on multivariate statistics. Initial markers (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994), dentition studies have shown that the craniometric pattern (Haydenblit, 1996), and anthropometry (Ousley, departs from contemporary American Indians, often 1995) has demonstrated that modern native popula- in the direction of European or Southern Pacific tions are strongly differentiated. It is obviously im- portant to understand the extent and patterning of variation among New World populations, since this Grant sponsor: Calhoun Foundation; Grant sponsor: National Mu- context of diversity is the framework against which seum of Natural History. We thank Roberta Hall for inviting us to participate in the AAPA models for the peopling of the New World must be symposium “Biological Variation and Population Origins in the Amer- tested. icas and Australia,” at which a version of this paper was presented in A puzzling aspect of the discussion concerning the 1998. origin and history of New World populations is how little the study of ancient crania has contributed. *Correspondence to: R.L. Jantz, Department of Anthropology, Uni- versity of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0720. This lack of emphasis is in large part due to the E-mail: [email protected] influence of Hrdlicka (1937a,b), who repeatedly at- tempted to show that the morphology of supposed Received 7 December 1998; accepted 21 September 2000. © 2001 WILEY-LISS, INC. EARLY AMERICAN CRANIA 147 TABLE 1. Early American crania used in this study Specimen Sex Location Date Reference (date; description) Spirit Cave M Nevada 9,415 BP Dansie, 1997; Jantz and Owsley, 1997 Wizards Beach M Nevada 9,225 BP Dansie, 1997; Owsley and Jantz, 1999b Prospect M Oregon 7,000 BP Cressman, 1940 Wet Gravel F Nebraska Frankforter, 1950; Key, 1983 Wet Gravel M Nebraska Frankforter, 1950; Key, 1983 Browns Valley M Minnesota 8,900 BP Myster and O’Connell, 1997; Jenks, 1937 Pelican Rapids F Minnesota 7,840 BP Myster and O’Connell, 1997; Jenks, 1936 Medicine Crow M S. Dakota 5,500 BP Bass, 1976; Key, 1983 Turin M Iowa 4,720 BP Fisher et al., 1985 Lime Creek M Nebraska Key, 1983 Swanson Lake M Nebraska Key, 1983 groups (Steele and Powell, 1992, 1994), or even Af- Mount Mazama eruption around 7000 BP (Cress- ricans and Australians (Neves and Pucciarelli, 1991; man, 1940). Dates for the remaining crania are pri- Neves et al., 1996). marily stratigraphic or archaeological and therefore What has not yet been approached in a systematic imprecise, but nonetheless are likely to be early. manner is variation among Paleoamerican fossils. Fossil crania were compared to the world data- This issue is difficult to address, because the sam- base by Howells (1989) of recent crania. The Howells ples are individual specimens, and standard statis- samples are mainly from historic populations, and tical approaches designed to assess variation among all are post-Neolithic. Only three of Howells’ 28 sam- samples are inappropriate. This paper addresses ples are Native Americans (Arikara, Santa Cruz, that issue as a preliminary step toward understand- and Peru). We have therefore supplemented the Na- ing whether the early New World populations were tive American samples with six historic samples of differentiated. If early populations are relatively ho- our own: Blackfoot (n ϭ 66), Cheyenne (n ϭ 22), mogeneous, it places a time constraint on the vari- Omaha (n ϭ 16), Pawnee (n ϭ 27), Ponca (n ϭ 19), ation observed in present populations and forces us and Sioux(n ϭ 28). to consider later events for causation. On the other hand, if the early populations were strongly differ- Measurements entiated, then the question becomes one of how the The general availability of the worldwide cranial ancient diversity relates to recent diversity, and database of Howells (1973, 1989) has encouraged whether continuity with recent populations can be others to record measurements in the same format. established. We have followed an expanded version of this pro- MATERIALS AND METHODS tocol for years (Key, 1983), producing an extensive Crania North American database fully compatible with that of Howells. Complete measurement sets cannot be Ancient crania available for this analysis are obtained on all crania listed in Table 1. All crania shown in Table 1. The sample includes those early except Browns Valley were complete or nearly com- crania that have been measured using the measure- plete and undistorted. The major reconstruction re- ment protocol of Howells (1973) (see Measurements, quired of Browns Valley is attachment of the face, below). The date range includes specimens that are but the base is unreconstructable. The reconstruc- considered by most archaeologists to be marginally tion by Jenks (1937) of the base is unreliable, as he “Paleoamerican,” or definitely within the Early Ar- himself points out. However, Howells’ measure- chaic period. We did not require that chronometric ments contain considerable redundancy, and it is dates be firmly established, only that the skull falls possible to exclude certain variables and still accu- into the early Holocene, not later than 4500 BP. rately quantify morphology. Radii are particularly Several specimens have recent accelerator mass useful in this regard, since they parallel standard spectrometry (AMS) dates and are accurately dated measurements taken from basion. Nasion and (Turin, Spirit Cave, Wizards Beach, Browns Valley, bregma radii, for example, are comparable to basion- and Pelican Rapids). Others have attributed geolog- nasion length and basion-bregma height, respec- ical dates, such as the Wet Gravel specimens which tively, except that they are taken from the trans- were pumped out of a gravel pit. Although direct meatal axis rather than basion. In addition, radii stratigraphic context is missing, both have a dark quantify lateral facial projections of the upper and stain imparted by a peat layer, a taphonomic feature mid-face, which are missed in traditional measure- shared with Pleistocene fauna from the pit that pro- ment sets. vides evidence for temporal association (Frankfort- The resulting analysis is based on 22 measure- er, 1950). The Wet Gravel female is especially dark ments (Table 2). The designated measurement set and mineralized, while the male is less so, suggest- quantifies overall length, breadth, facial variation, ing that it might be more recent. The Prospect burial projections from the transmeatal axis (radii), and was stratigraphically positioned below ash from the facial projections. Excluded were measurements 148 R.L. JANTZ AND D.W.
Recommended publications
  • Violence and Environmental Stress During the Late Fort Ancient (AD 1425 - 1635) Occupations of Hardin Village

    Violence and Environmental Stress During the Late Fort Ancient (AD 1425 - 1635) Occupations of Hardin Village

    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 5-1-2019 The Bioarchaeology of Instability: Violence and Environmental Stress During the Late Fort Ancient (AD 1425 - 1635) Occupations of Hardin Village Amber Elaine Osterholt Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons Repository Citation Osterholt, Amber Elaine, "The Bioarchaeology of Instability: Violence and Environmental Stress During the Late Fort Ancient (AD 1425 - 1635) Occupations of Hardin Village" (2019). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 3656. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/15778514 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE BIOARCHAEOLOGY OF INSTABILITY: VIOLENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS DURING THE LATE FORT ANCIENT (AD 1425 – 1635) OCCUPATIONS
  • 1990 Midwest Archaeological Conference Program

    1990 Midwest Archaeological Conference Program

    MIDWEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE 35th ANNUAL MEETING PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS October 5-6, 1990 Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois REF Conferenc MAC 1990 I ~~F ~e,.A.~~ rt.AC. ~ MIDWEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE 35th ANNUAL MEETING PROGRAM October 5-6, 1990 Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois ARCHIVES Office of the State Archaeologist The University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242 35th MIDWEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY October 5-6, 1990 Friday Morning - OCTOBER 5, 1990 [ 1 ] General Session: HISTORIC PERIOD RESEARCH Norris, McCormick Auditorium Chairperson: Rochelle Lurie 1 0 :00 Steven Hackenberger; MACKTOWN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS, WINNEBAGO COUNTY, IWNOIS 10:20 Mark E. Esarey; 1989 EXCAVATIONS AT FT.GRATIOT, PORT HURON, MICHIGAN 10:40 Floyd Mansberger and Joseph Phllllppe; THE EARLY 1870S FARMER'S MARKET: CERAMICAVAIIJ\8I1..lTY' AND ECONOMIC SCALING AT THE FARMERS HOME HOTEL. GALENA, IWNOIS 11 :00 Break 11 :20 Marilyn R. Orr and Myra J. Giesen; STATURE VARIATION AMONG AMERICAN CIVIL WAR SOLDIERS 11 :40 Mark Madsen end Kevin Christensen; A GREAT LAKES FORE-AFT RIGGED SCHOONER FROM THE MID-19TH CENTURY [ 2 J General Session: NEW IDEAS ON OLD PROBLEMS Norris, 2C 1 0 :20 J. Peter Denny; THE ALGONQUIAN MIGRATION FROM THE COLUMBIA PLATEAU TO THE MIDWEST, CIRCA 1800 B.C.: CORRELATING LINGUISTICS AND ARCHAEOLOGY 1 0 :40 James A. Marshall; THE PREHISTORIC PARALLEL STRAIGHT WALLS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA EXAMINED FOR ASTRONOMICALORIENrATIONS 11 :00 Harry Murphy; BUREAUCRACY, THE AGENCY ARCHAEOLOGIST, AND
  • Proquest Dissertations

    Proquest Dissertations

    Recalling Cahokia: Indigenous influences on English commercial expansion and imperial ascendancy in proprietary South Carolina, 1663-1721 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Wall, William Kevin Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 06:16:12 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/298767 RECALLING CAHOKIA: INDIGENOUS INFLUENCES ON ENGLISH COMMERCIAL EXPANSION AND IMPERIAL ASCENDANCY IN PROPRIETARY SOUTH CAROLINA, 1663-1721. by William kevin wall A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the AMERICAN INDIAN STUDIES PROGRAM In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2005 UMI Number: 3205471 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3205471 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O.
  • Occupation Polygons

    Occupation Polygons

    Polygon Date & Period Archaeological Phase Cultural - Historical Source & Comment Hist or Arch Pop & Sites Group Estimate 1 early 16th century Little Tennessee site 16th century Chiaha mid-16th century, Little Tennessee site cluster cluster and sites 7-19 and sites 7-19, Hally et al. 1990:Fig. 9.1; 16th century, Chiaha, three populations, Smith 1989:Fig. 1; mid-16th century, Little Tennessee cluster plus additional sites, Smith, 2000:Fig. 18 2 early 16th century Hiwassee site cluster mid-16th century, Hiwassee site cluster, Hally et al. 1990:Fig. 9.1; 16th century, Smith 1989:Fig. 1; mid-16th century, Hiwassee cluster, Smith, 2000:Fig. 18 3 early 16th century Chattanooga site cluster 16th century Napochies mid-16th century, Chattanooga site cluster, Hally et al. 1990:Fig. 9.1; 16th century Napochies, Smith 1989:Fig. 1; mid-16th century, Chattanooga site cluster, Smith, 2000:Fig. 18 4 early 16th century Carters site cluster; 16th century Coosa mid-16th century, Carters site cluster, Hally et al. X Barnett phase 1990:Fig. 9.1; Barnett phase, Hally and Rudolph 1986:Fig. 15; 16th century Coosa, Smith 1989:Fig. 1; mid-16th century, Carters site cluster, Smith, 2000:Fig. 18 5 early 16th century Cartersville site cluster; mid-16th century, Cartersville site cluster, Hally et Brewster phase al. 1990:Fig. 9.1; Brewster phase, Hally and Rudolph 1986:Fig. 15; 16th century, Smith 1989:Fig. 1; mid-16th century, Cartersville site cluster, Smith, 2000:Fig. 18 6 early 16th century Rome site cluster; 16th century Apica mid-16th century, Rome site cluster, Hally et al.
  • A Comparative Study of Oneota and Langford Traditions

    A Comparative Study of Oneota and Langford Traditions

    A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ONEOTA AND LANGFORD TRADITIONS by Chrisie L. Hunter A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Anthropology at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2002 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ONEOTA AND LANGFORD TRADITIONS by Chrisie L. Hunter A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Anthropology at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2002 ________________________________________________________________________ Major Professor Date ________________________________________________________________________ Graduate School Approval Date ii ABSTRACT A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ONEOTA AND LANGFORD TRADITIONS by Chrisie L. Hunter The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2002 Under the Supervision of Dr. Robert J. Jeske This study is a comparative analysis of two contemporaneous sites from two related cultural systems, Oneota and Langford. Similarities and differences between the sites were examined through analysis of technology, faunal and floral remains, and environmental variables. A catchment analysis was completed to understand environmental factors affecting agricultural practices and resource utilization between the two sites. The issue of agricultural production and the extent this subsistence strategy was utilized at two sites was examined. The Crescent Bay Hunt Club site (Oneota) and Washington Irving site (Langford) are shown to be similar in lithic technology but significantly different in ceramic technology, and subsistence strategies. The Oneota Crescent Bay Hunt Club site occupants were more dependant upon wetland resources than were the Langford occupants of the Washington Irving site. _______________________________________________________________________ Major Professor Date iii © Copyright by Chrisie L. Hunter, 2002 All Rights Reserved iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1.
  • Table of Contents

    Table of Contents

    American Indian Tribes Table of Contents Contents-Volume 1 Introduction, 3 Culture Areas of North America Arctic, 11 California, 19 Great Basin, 26 Northeast, 30 NorthwestCoast, 36 Plains, 43 Plateau, 50 Southeast, 57 Southwest, 67 Subarctic, 74 Tribes and Traditions Abenaki, 81 Achumawi, 84 Adena, 85 Ahtna, 88 Ais, 89 Alabama, 90 Aleut, 91 Algonquin, 94 Alsea, 96 Anadarko, 97 Anasazi, 97 Apache, 101 Apache Tribe of Oklahoma, 108 Apalachee, 111 Apalachicola, 112 Arapaho, 112 Archaic, 118 Arikara, 119 Assiniboine, 121 Atakapa, 123 Atsina, 124 Atsugewi, 125 Aztec, 126 Bannock, 131 Bayogoula, 132 Basketmaker, 132 Beaver, 135 Bella Bella, 136 Bella Coola, 137 Beothuk, 138 Biloxi, 139 Blackfoot and Blackfeet Confederacy, 140 Caddo tribal group, 146 Cahuilla, 153 Calusa, 155 CapeFear, 156 Carib, 156 Carrier, 158 Catawba, 159 Cayuga, 160 Cayuse, 161 Chasta Costa, 163 Chehalis, 164 Chemakum, 165 Cheraw, 165 Cherokee, 166 Cheyenne, 175 Chiaha, 180 Chichimec, 181 Chickasaw, 182 Chilcotin, 185 Chinook, 186 Chipewyan, 187 Chitimacha, 188 Choctaw, 190 Chumash, 193 Clallam, 194 Clatskanie, 195 Clovis, 195 CoastYuki, 196 Cocopa, 197 Coeurd'Alene, 198 Columbia, 200 Colville, 201 Comanche, 201 Comox, 206 Coos, 206 Copalis, 208 Costanoan, 208 Coushatta, 209 Cowichan, 210 Cowlitz, 211 Cree, 212 Creek, 216 Crow, 222 Cupeño, 230 Desert culture, 230 Diegueño, 231 Dogrib, 233 Dorset, 234 Duwamish, 235 Erie, 236 Esselen, 236 Fernandeño, 238 Flathead, 239 Folsom, 242 Fox, 243 Fremont, 251 Gabrielino, 252 Gitksan, 253 Gosiute, 254 Guale, 255 Haisla, 256 Han, 256
  • Appalachian Cultural Resources Workshop Papers

    Appalachian Cultural Resources Workshop Papers

    Appalachian Cultural Resources Workshop Papers NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Appalachian Cultural Resources Workshop Papers APPALACHIAN Cultural Resources Workshop Papers Papers presented at the workshop held at Owens Hall, University of North Carolina- Asheville on April 1 and 2, 1991 Edited by Ruthanne Livaditis Mitchel 1993 National Park Service, Southeast Regional Office Office of Cultural Resources Cultural Resources Planning Division TABLE OF CONTENTS appalachian/index.htm Last Updated: 30-Sep-2008 http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/sero/appalachian/index.htm[7/12/2012 8:13:52 AM] Appalachian Cultural Resources Workshop Papers (Table of Contents) NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Appalachian Cultural Resources Workshop Papers TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Cover photo from the Blue Ridge Parkway Archives. A 1941 view of Mabry Mill during restoration work. An Overview Of The Workshop Proceedings Ruthanne Livaditis Mitchell Historical Significance Of The Blue Ridge Parkway Ian Firth The Peaks of Otter And The Johnson Farm On The Blue Ridge Parkway Jean Haskell Speer Identification And Preservation Of Nineteenth And Twentieth Century Homesites In The Pisgah and Nantahala National Forests Rodney J. Snedeker and Michael A. Harmon Rural Historic Landscapes And Interpretive Planning On Our Southern National Forests Delce Dyer and Quentin Bass Fish Weirs As Part Of The Cultural Landscape Anne Frazer Rogers Southern Appalachia And The New South Ideal: Asheville As A Case Study In Development Kent Cave Cumberland Homesteads, A Resettlement Community Of
  • Indians in the Kanawha-New River Valley, 1500-1755 Isaac J

    Indians in the Kanawha-New River Valley, 1500-1755 Isaac J

    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2015 Maopewa iati bi: Takai Tonqyayun Monyton "To abandon so beautiful a Dwelling": Indians in the Kanawha-New River Valley, 1500-1755 Isaac J. Emrick Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Emrick, Isaac J., "Maopewa iati bi: Takai Tonqyayun Monyton "To abandon so beautiful a Dwelling": Indians in the Kanawha-New River Valley, 1500-1755" (2015). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 5543. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/5543 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Research Repository @ WVU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maopewa iati bi: Takai Toñqyayuñ Monyton “To abandon so beautiful a Dwelling”: Indians in the Kanawha-New River Valley, 1500-1755 Isaac J. Emrick Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Tyler Boulware, Ph.D., Chair Kenneth Fones-Wolf, Ph.D. Joseph Hodge, Ph.D. Michele Stephens, Ph.D. Department of History & Amy Hirshman, Ph.D. Department of Sociology and Anthropology Morgantown, West Virginia 2015 Keywords: Native Americans, Indian History, West Virginia History, Colonial North America, Diaspora, Environmental History, Archaeology Copyright 2015 Isaac J. Emrick ABSTRACT Maopewa iati bi: Takai Toñqyayuñ Monyton “To abandon so beautiful a Dwelling”: Indians in the Kanawha-New River Valley, 1500-1755 Isaac J.
  • Lasley Point Archeological Site Oneota

    Lasley Point Archeological Site Oneota

    Lasley Point Archeological Site 5900 Lasley Point Rd Winneconne, WI 54986 The wilds of the Lasley Point Archaeological Site mark the spot where a Native American village once thrived. Between 1200 and 1500 AD its 47.7 acres supported an Oneota Indian village. In the early 1940s, numerous archaeological digs took place in the area uncovering broken bone tools, shells, human bones, copper flakes, charcoal and pottery. The sites of early garden beds and cache pits were also discovered. No additional excavating has been done since the 1940s. However, the area was nominated and accepted for inclusion in the listing of the National Register of Historic Places late in 1979. This unique site was purchased two years later from the Winnebago County Historical Society. Below are excerpts from several sources on the Oneota. Oneota Wisconsin Historical Society web site (1,000 to 500 years ago) As Late Woodland communities across Wisconsin settled into permanent villages and adopted aspects of Mississippian culture, a new culture that archaeologists call ‘Oneota' was born. Some early Oneota communities continued to build mounds, while others created formal, non-mounded cemeteries near their villages. Individual flexed and bundled interments gave way to single or multiple extended and bundled burials. Arrows, stone pipes, jewelry, small pots and shell spoons were left in graves as offerings. Sometimes graves were dug underneath house floors in village areas, or empty storage or refuse pits were used to hold burials. The residents of Diamond Bluff, opposite modern Red Wing, Minnesota, literally surrounded their villages with conical and linear mounds. They even built a few effigy mounds—perhaps some of the last to be constructed in Wisconsin.
  • Violence in the Midcontinent: a Comparative Analysis of Oneota Interactions with Mississippian and Central Plains Populations

    Violence in the Midcontinent: a Comparative Analysis of Oneota Interactions with Mississippian and Central Plains Populations

    VIOLENCE IN THE MIDCONTINENT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ONEOTA INTERACTIONS WITH MISSISSIPPIAN AND CENTRAL PLAINS POPULATIONS by Eric Daniel Roger Nordstrom Submitted to the Faculty of The Archaeological Studies Program Department of Archaeology and Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science University of Wisconsin-La Crosse 2016 Copyright © 2016 by Eric D.R. Nordstrom All Rights Reserved ii VIOLENCE IN THE MIDCONTINENT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ONEOTA INTERACTIONS WITH MISSISSIPPIAN AND CENTRAL PLAINS POPULATIONS Eric D.R. Nordstrom, B.A. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 2016 Oneota is a name given to groups of Native Americans with a shared material culture originating in the upper Midwest around AD 900. Within a few hundred years, objects representing Oneota culture extended from Indiana to Kansas and from Missouri to Canada. This expansion led Oneota peoples to come into contact with Mississippian groups in the Central Illinois River Valley, and up to a few centuries later, with Central Plains populations in Nebraska, an area with less evidence for prehistoric violence than in the Mississippi River valleys where the Oneota developed. This thesis examines direct and indirect evidence of prehistoric violence from archaeological sites in Illinois and Nebraska that show evidence of intergroup conflict and habitation by Oneota, Mississippian, or Central Plains populations, or some combination thereof. Differences in political systems as well as subsistence and settlement practices may have contributed to varying incidence of violence between cultural groups in these areas. iii I would first like to thank Dr. Heather Walder for her direction and encouragement throughout the process of researching and writing this thesis, and for her comments on how to make it better.
  • Late Woodland Settlement and Subsistence in the Eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan

    Late Woodland Settlement and Subsistence in the Eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan

    LATE WOODLAND SETTLEMENT AND SUBSISTENCE IN THE EASTERN UPPER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN By Sean Barron Dunham A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Anthropology - Doctor of Philosophy 2014 ABSTRACT LATE WOODLAND SETTLEMENT AND SUBSISTENCE IN THE EASTERN UPPER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN By Sean Barron Dunham This research revisits the debate surrounding Late Woodland subsistence practices in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. The Late Woodland period in the Upper Great Lakes region (ca. A.D. 600 to 1600) is often characterized through models emphasizing the intensive use of a single, primary key resource, particularly maize, fall spawning fish, or wild rice. For example, current Late Woodland subsistence models for northern Michigan focus on the intensive harvest, creation of surplus, and consequent storage of fall spawning fish as the cornerstone of the settlement and subsistence strategy. New data suggests that the dominant settlement and subsistence model is incomplete, lacks explanatory value, and requires revision. This study tests the hypothesis that a suite of potential resources was both present and utilized, allowing for a more flexible set of strategies, i.e. one based upon multiple rather than a single primary resource. Archaeological evidence, ethnographic data, and pilot study results reveal that acorns, maize, and wild rice are likely resources to be incorporated into such a strategy; all can be harvested and stored in the late summer or fall as a buffer against a poor fish harvest. Each, however, also has spatial, environmental, and temporal constraints with implications bearing on archaeological site locations as well as the evidence from the sites themselves.
  • Oneota Sites Such As the Elephant Cemetery, the O’Reagan EDUCATIONAL SERIES 7 Cemetery, the Flynn Cemetery, and the Lane Site

    Oneota Sites Such As the Elephant Cemetery, the O’Reagan EDUCATIONAL SERIES 7 Cemetery, the Flynn Cemetery, and the Lane Site

    OFFICE OF THE STATE ARCHAEOLOGIST Oneota sites such as the Elephant Cemetery, the O’Reagan EDUCATIONAL SERIES 7 Cemetery, the Flynn Cemetery, and the Lane site. Northwest- ern Iowa Oneota sites include Burr Oak, Bastian, Correctionville, Dixon, Gillett Grove, and Blood Run found ONEOTA along the Missouri, Big and Little Sioux rivers, and Mill Creek. The Mississippi River and its tributaries in southeastern Iowa have produced the remains of Oneota sites such as Kingston, Wever, Kelley, and McKinney. Finally, the earliest Oneota sites such as Cribs Crib, Christenson, Clarkson, and Mohler Farm occur in central Iowa north of Des Moines. While con- tact is known to have occurred between Oneota and the Ne- braska Culture of southwestern Iowa, there are no identified Oneota sites in this region. Unfortunately, we have very little idea of the type of house that Oneota people occupied since few actual structures have been excavated in Iowa. Sites elsewhere suggest that the house form was a long rectangle or rectangle with rounded corners. The most characteristic features found at Oneota sites are occasional hearths and hundreds of bowl or bell- shaped trash and cache pits. Cache pits were dug into the house floor or between houses to allow for the storage of food, particularly corn, and other items. At the Cribs Crib site a separate area of the village contained dozens of these stor- age pits. Oneota people buried their dead in an extended position and placed with them a variety of artifacts. For instance, at Distribution of Oneota sites in Iowa and surrounding states. the Flynn Cemetery in northern Allamakee County, 17 indi- viduals were found accompanied by artifacts such as bone BETWEEN AD 1200 and about AD 1700 people of the Oneota whistles, pottery, chert flakes, numerous copper and brass Culture inhabited most parts of Iowa.