Hutnan Ethology Bulletin

VOLUME 12, ISSUE 3 ISSN 0739-2036 SEPTEMBER 1997

© 1997 The International Society for Human Ethology

ARTICLES

Method

Walking Speed and We unobstrusively measured the ______Depression: Are Sad walking speed of randomly selected pedestrians and determined their mood by Pedestrians Slow? questionaire (Beck Depression Inventory, N = 279).

By Klaus Atzwanger & Alain SchmittL Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Urban Results Ethology c/o Humanbiology, AlthanstraiSe 14, A- 1090 Vienna, e- mail: Since the Beck Depression Inventory [email protected] only allows one to classify people into three categories, all other factors potentially It has been known since the early days influencing walking speed were also reduced to of psychiatry (e.g., Kraepelin, 1913) that a three categories. This enabled us to perform a depressed mood is often accompanied by simple factorial ANOVA which revealed psychomotor slowdown (see DSM-III). This main effects only for the variables of age, has been quantitatively demonstrated by both destination, mood, and height. Sex, sophisticated, rather complex methods (Fisch socioeconomic status, citizenship, number of et al., 1983) and by quite simple ethological fixed dates for completing tasks, rating the methods (Sloman et al., 1987). The latter street as ugly or beautiful (aesthetic), and found that depressed individuals show a traffic flow had no effect on walking speed smaller push-off force durmg normal gait and (Table 1). thus have a step" than those in a good mood. The biologists' claim is that The next step was to drop the non- individuals signal their inner state to others significant factors and to control for interaction by body motion. Our model (Schmitt & effects of the significant factors. There were no Atzwanger, 1995) suggests that, besides factors two-way or higher-order interactions such as culture, sex, age, body height, men's (ANOVA, 2-way interaction, p = 0.69). Thus, socioeconomic status, and women's it was possible to reach maximum statistical attractiveness, mood correlates with walking power by performing a final ANOVA without speed. In particular, we hypothesized that interaction effects. This revealed highly the better the mood, the more dynamic the significant and moderately strong effects of all gait and the faster the walking speed. variables (Table 2). 2

Table 1

Variable Sum of OF F P Squares Main Effects 3.49 18 6.14 .0001 Age .89 2 14.09 .0001 Destination .33 2 5.2 .006 Mood .29 2 4.60 .011 Body height .28 2 4.51 .012 Aesthetic .08 2 1.35 .262 Dates .05 2 .78 .458 Status .02 2 .314 .731 Traffic flow .014 2 .218 .804 Sex .003 1 .1 .748 Citizenship .001 1 .02 .884

Table 2

Variable Sum of DF F P Squares Main Effects 3.304 8 13.13 .0001 Age 1.05 2 16.67 .0001 Body height .42 2 6.72 .001 Destination .38 2 6.05 .003 Mood .30 2 4.8 .009 Explained 3.304 8 13.13 .0001 Residual 8.495 270 Total 11.798 278

Figure 1

0-10 lJ-18 19 > nonnal subclinical depressive Mood category (Beck Inventory, points) 3

When one-way ANOVAs were then calculated to further analyze the results, we An Alternative found that people walked more quickly the younger and taller they were (F =28.4 and F = Explanation of Racism 15.0, both P < 0.(0001) and the more pressed they were by fixed dates (F = 11.4, P < By Frans Roes, Lauriergracht 127-2, 1016 0.00001). Finally, and most importanf in the RK Amsterdam, The Netherlands present context, persons in a sad mood walked more slowly than those feeling nbrmal (F = 7.3, Some evolutionists suggest an inclusive P =0,0008, Figure 1). fitness, 'kin-selection' approach to explain racism. Since we share more genes with individuals of our own race than with those of Discussion other races, we supposedly increase our own inclusive fitness by favouring same-raced Our supported our hypothesis: individuals over others. Therefore, in our A depressed mood was associated with slow evolutionary past, a gene causing us. to favour walking. However, recent studies have people of our own race spread in the human repeatedly shown the influence of various population. other factors on walking speed, especially personality traits. Thus, the question of If I am not mistaken, several whether walking speed can be used as a simple evolutionists are for various reasons not and reliable measure to investigate nonverbal satisfied with this explanation. Furthermore, behaviour associated with affective disorders the explanation has generated remarkably deserves further attention. few, if any, new and interesting hypotheses about racism. What other theories of racism References are available? Do they perhaps provide additional hypotheses on the subject, and are Fisch, H. D., Frey,S., & Hirsbrunner, H. P. these theories compatible with evolutionary (1983). Analyzing nonverbal behavior in theory? I would like to present a concise depression. Journal of Abnormal explanation of racism that is not based on the Psychology,92: 307-318. idea of kin but on the logic of group formation (Roes, 1989). Kraepelin, G. L. (1913). Psychiatrie--ein Lehrbuch fur Studierende und Artze. Leipzig: To be sure, people of a given race often Barth, 1220-1221. have friends of the same race. Likewise, generally speaking, rich people have rich Sloman, L., PierrynowskYi M., Berridge, M., friends, artists meet artists, popular children Tupling,S., & Flowers, E. (1987). Mood, don't play with unpopular ones, truck drivers depressive illness and gait patterns. help other truck drivers, Catholics marry Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 32 : 190-193. Catholics, the old stick together, etc. It should be clear that 'like prefers like' cannot always Schmitt, A., & Atzwanger, K. (1995). be explained by . Walking fast--ranking high: a sociobiological perspective on pa"ce. Ethology & I want to point out that the following ,16 : 451-462. explanation (which is an application of Mancu'r Olson's theory of groups to the subject of racism) Note: This project was supported by the is quite compatible with evolutionary theory, Deutschen Ethologischen Gesellschaft e.V. for it assumes that individuals behave so as to Klaus Atzwanger acknowledges a grant from maximize their personal gain, which is easily the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft deduced from the assumption that we behave so (Forschungsstelle fiir Humanethologie, as to maximize our reproductive success or ProfDr. Irenaus Eibl-'Eibesfeldt). inclusive fitness. 4

(1) Groups usually strive for homogeneity and homogeneity (that is, similar traits in members for control of the number of their members. are preferred), do some traits promise more Within societies, coalitions of individuals, or success for a group than other traits do? groups, strive for goals. (Actually, groups don't Imagine, for the sake of argument, that the strive for anything, but their active members defining trait is 'long hair'. A problem with and leaders do.) The economist Olson argues such a trait which can easily be varied is that that groups never primarily aim at achieving once the group has become clearly successful, it more wealth or more well-being for the society will soon be invaded by lots of other people as a whole but, rather, strive to redistribute who got the clever idea of growing their hair. the existing wealth of the society to benefit So stable traits are more suited than variable their own members. Groups compete with one and fluctuating ones. Sex is a stable trait, and another for a larger share of the societal pie, in every society groups of one sex prevent and a larger slice for one group usually means individuals of the other from occupying certain smaller slices for other groups--or, at least, it is professions, exercising certain rights, etc. Race often perceived that way by members of is a trait even more suited than sex for coalition different groups. formation because, combined with endogamy, the trait will be preserved for many I' Compare a group composed of a generations. Given a stable distribution of races businessman, a housewife and a taxi driver within a society, a nation-wide group or with a group composed solely of taxi drivers. It coalition based on race simply cannot grow too seems obvious that there will be fewer conflicts fast. So the stability of racial traits is a major of interest within the latter group about how reason why humans tend to organize the existing societal wealth should be themselves in racial interest groups. And, of redistributed, because the members of this taxi course, interest groups are often antagonistic. driver group have similar interests and needs. For that reason homogeneous groups are likely A racial trait such as skin colour seems .to be unanimous and thus more successful than a rather trivial thing for the foundation of heterogeneous groups, and groups therefore groups and coalitions that may divide strive for uniform, homogeneous memberships. societies. But imagine that the group formation (I will continue to quickly jump to conclusions, process, defined by race, somehow gets started but you will find extensive argumentations in (for instance because one population is Olson's impressive work). conquered by another, as in South Africa), and one group is differentially successful. Then soon (2 Furthermore, groups often strive to reduce or the racial trait will be associated with many at least control the number of members of their other traits: different incomes, education, own group. With a given slice of the societal lifestyles, etc. These traits in turn may be used pie, more members implies that each member to justify differential treatment of individuals will get less. Successful groups like ruling of different races. In other words, group classes or castes probably always were quite formation based on race will become a self- concerned with controlling the numbers of their reinforcing process. A racist attitude, which own members. One method frequently seems to be a virtually inevitable outcome of a employed to meet this problem is unilateral group formation process based on race, also descent, that is, only the offspring of one sex strengthens this process, because racism belong to the privileged group. Another eliminates possibilities outside of one's own method is endogamy: You are expected only to racial group, thus strengthening the grip of marry within the own group. It is interesting to racial coalitions on their own members. note that the European nobility used a 'biological'-sounding justification for this last Unfortunately, the promotion of method: The noble 'blue blood' should not be prejudices about race, ethnicity, culture, mixed with other blood. and intergroup differences in lifestyle will... make the coalition work better. (3) Stable traits are more suitable than The inculcation of these prejudices will variable ones. Given that groups strive for increase the probability that the 5

members will follow the rule of --- (1982). The Rise and Decline of Nations: endogamy and strengthen selective Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social incentives by interacting socially only Rigidities. New Haven, CT: Yale University with their own group, of their own Press. accord (Olson, 1982: 160). Roes, F. L. (1989). Minderheid en Meerderheid. So racism breeds further racism, and Tijdschrift voor Sociale Wetenschappen. 34: there may even be a retaliatory aspect: If a 51-55. person of race A treats another of race B unfavourably because of race, retaliation is likely.

(4) Small numbers are more suited than larger ones. Olson argues that, other things being SOCIETY NEWS equal, small groups are more successful than larger groups. A major reason why this should be so is that in small groups it is easier to detect and punish 'free riders', that is, people who ISHE Website selfishly profit from what the group has achieved for its members, but who do not help Directory in achieving these goals.

Applied to the subject of race, the Astrid Juette has volunteered to prediction would be that racial minorities are compile an e-mail membership list for our generally better organized than racial internet homepage based in Vienna: majorities, and therefore tend to get a larger http://evolution.humb.univie.ac. atlishe.html slice of the societal pie, which in turn may lead . This will allow access to the e-mail address to hostile reactions from the majority. It is not of any ISHE member. difficult to point at minorities who do not fit this prediction. On the other hand, many cases In order to be listed, please provide may fit the prediction--this is for historians to the information requested on the form below judge. The powerful and wealthy Tutsi and e-mail itto:[email protected]. minority clashing with the Hutu majority in The list will be continuously updated, so there Rwanda seem to provide a recent example. is no deadline for submission. Please provide this information directly to Astrid even if your If Olson's theory of groups, applied to e-mail address appears correctly in the green racism, is accepted as an alternative to kin Membership Directory, since otherwise there is selection theory with regard to explaining no way to know if your address is still correct. racism, it seems valuable to scrutinize If your e-mail is not working, you may send the historical, empirical evidence relevant to information by post to: Astrid Juette, Ludwig predictions of this theory, for instance about Boltzmann Institute for Urban Ethology, Inst. f. the relative organisational capacity of racial Human Biology, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 minorities. Some hypotheses (such as those Vienna, Austria. regarding the relative stability of traits, or the numerical size of minorities) seem in principle Information Requested (please print clearly): also suited for experimental testing. Name References Link to your personal homepage: http:// . e-mail address Olson, M. (1965). The Logic of Collective Institute Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Link to your institute/university: http:! / ...... Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 6 guide), manuscript and grant submission Psychology Internet information (e.g., author guidelines), and Resources assistance searching the web. The Network is maintained Submitted by Barbara Fuller by Scott PIous, Dept. of PSYchology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. The Social Psychology Network (http://www.wesleyan.edu/psych/psych260/2 OSOprog.htm) may be of interest to members. Its Report on HBES Meeting in pages include: Tucson Online Car/:er Center (http://www.wesleyan.edu/psyc/psyc260/care By Tom Shellberg er.htm), with job postings from the American Henry Ford College Psychological Association, American 17615 Redwood Psychological Society, and elsewhere; Lathrup Village, MI 48076 USA information on student financial aid and internships; advice on applying to graduate The Human Behavior and Evolution school, creating a c.v., taking the Graduate Society met 4-8 June 1997 in Tucson at the Record Examination; and resources for minority University of Arizona for its ninth conference. I students. was impressed by how much bigger, broader, more ambitious, and more sophisticated the Links to U.S. PSy'chology Ph.D. Programs meetings have become. I remember that 10-12 (http://www.wesleyan.edu/psyc/psyc260/ran years ago, before HBES was formally founded, king.htm), which reports on 185 schools rank it was a group of 50 or so of us who met at one- ordered by the National Research Council. day conferences in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Participants brought cookies and such, and Psychology Organizations o.n the Web socialized after the meetings at Randy Nesse's (http://www.wesieyan.edu/psyc/psyc260/psy home. This year there were four full days of c.htm). This page now includes an annotated presentations with three concurrent sessions, as list of links to national and international well as a banquet, barbecue, poster sessions, new psychology associations, with direct links to investigator competition, and graduate student obtain membership information. meeting. A. J. Figueredo, , James E. King, and David C. Rowe planned an excellent Psychology Web Links by Area program, arld the organizL'lg committee did a (http://www.wesleyan.edu/psyclpsyc260/psy supe.rb job putting it all together. links.htm). This covers the following areas of psychology: clinical, social, cultur,!l, The diversity of research developmental, personality, cognition and presentations was remarkable. There were perception, neuroscience and sessions on the psychology of human mating, psychophysiology, and research methods and war and evolution, leadership, depression, statisties. criminality, sexual coercion, Darwinian medicine, cognition, and arts and language from Web Tools for Researchers an evolutionary perspective. Seve_ral papers (http://www.wesleyan.edulpsyc/psyc260/tool helped to integrate behavior genetics, brain s.htm). This includes searchable databases size, and individual differences. Tooby and (e.g., PsycCrawler, Mental Health Net), Cosmides addressed "The computational onlline reference information (e.g., dictionaries, theory of communication," S. Gangestad "The measurement converters), software sites (e.g., impact of good genes/' Robert Boyd "The nature statistical programs, psychology software, of culture/, and "The of shareware), research and grant guides (e.g., conflict between the sexes." Altogether there National Science Foundation grant proposal were 160 presentations, plus an guide, Nation.al Institute of Mental Health discussion" on evolution and religion in which 7

ISHE Web Page: BOOK REVIEWS ht ://evolution.humb.univie.ac.at

The American Father: Biocultural and Developmental Aspects audience members were invited to participate. Tbe keynote address by Frans deWaal was a By Wade C. Mackey. Plenum Press, 233 Spring very thought-provoking presentation on "Apes St., New York, NY 10013 USA, 1996, from Venus: bonobos and human social $42.50(hdbk.). evolution." Reviewed by Vern L. Bullough, University of There were lots of evolutionary Southern California. Mailing address: 17434 psychologists, sociobiologists, and Mayall St., Northridge, CA 91325 USA. anthropologists in attendance, but also behavior geneticists, psychiatrists, political This is a comprehensive look at scientists, philosophers, specialists in fatherhood using anthropological and esthetics, literature and the arts--even an biological information, and empirical data occasional sociologist. From Napoleon Chagnon from a generation-long cross-cultural study of to Nancy Segal, it was a rich blend of scientists over 50,000 adult-child groupings from 23 and educators on the cutting edge, many of them countries. After finding that men spend among the best in their fields. There were significant proportions of their time with their students too, including a couple of my own. children when no women are present, Mackey argues that fathers are there because they The highlight of the conference for me want to be with their children. He wonders was John Alcock's delightful plenary "roast" whether this is a biological given, and he entitled "Unpunctuated equilibrium: examines the biological literature to see if evolutionary stasis in the essays of Stephen J. "phylogeny created the dad." Gould." While it was not possible for a one- hour talk to be as complex as J. P. Rushton's He finds that adult male nurturing of brilliant recent paper on Gould's "errors and the young is not widespread in the animal omissions" [Personality & Individual world. In many of the groups where it is Differences, 23(1)], Alcock's presentation was common such as birds, it has little to do with nonetheless a full-scale debunking of Gould's human fathering. In canids, whose way of life modus operandi and a rousing reply to his many is analogous to that of humans in some ways, criticisms of , mo;t he finds more examples, i.e., the wolf, fox, recently in the New York Review of Books. jackal, and hunting dogs. However, caregiving Alcock received a standing ovation--not only is virtually a female-only behavior among because of its content but because he presented it primates, with a few exceptions such as the with the perfect timing of a stand-up comic. Barbary apes/macques, baboons, gibbons, and to Frank Miele commented afterward that it some extent the tamarins and marmosets. highlighted the gulf between expert opinions of scientists actually working in various fields As for humans, he reports a and the "experts" turned to by the educated "reasonably predictable pattern" of paternal public, many government agencies, and the behavior, the key to which is men's desire to media. And I agree with him that Alcock's share food and other resources with their address was so important that it should have young, play with them, and teach them. For been a headline story in the science section of much of human history, this seemed to be major rlewspapers and broadcast media. enough, and there was little societal concern about men taking a more nurturing role. In fact All in all, it was a wonderful HBES convention, perhaps the best ever. 8 there was not much discussion of the father there is probably a genetic factor involved. He role for much of the twentieth century. The contends that parental behavior would have concentration was on the mother, and it seemed been selected for because women would have that although males were necessary chosen males who had such inclinations. biologically and economically, the key to family rearing and nurturing was regarded to While I do not agree with much of be the mother. Mackey's speculations about the future and feel that his cross-cultural data do not always ask Mackey claims that three images the right questions, he has written an dominated discussion of fatherhood in the interesting and though.t-provoking book that behavioral sciences for much of the middle obviously involved massive research. years of the twentieth century: those of the primatologist Harry Harlow, the psychoanalyst John Bowlby, and the anthropologist Margaret Mead. All Reaching into Thought: The emphasized the importance of the mother, and Mead especially argued that men had no Minds ofthe Great Apes natural urge to paternity and did not suffer from refusing paternity. In short, human By A. E. Russon, K. A. Bard & S. T. Parker fatherhood was a social invention. (Eds.). University of Cambridge Press, 11l:e Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 As families have grown smaller and as lRP, U. K., 1996, $84.95 (hdbk). women have been better able to control their pregnancy rates, research has changed to look Reviewed by Barbara J. King, Dept. of at the father, as if in a deliberate attempt to Anthropology, College of William and Mary, change attitudes and commit the male to Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795 USA. different kind of nurturing role. This trend began in the 1970's. Mackey says it was then "The characteristics of the great apes that the concept of the father in the social inject ambiguity into neat distinctions between sciences changed from his irrelevance to his 'human' and 'animal'... " With these striking underachievement. All kinds of social ills words offered by Anne Russon and Kim Bard (p. were found to be due to an absent or uncaring 2), two of the editors of Reaching into Thought, father. From one extreme we went to another. a theme for the book is established. Great apes--chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and Holding that centuries know more than orangutans--are not only humans' closest living social scientists who seemingly wend their relatives in terms of molecules, anatomy, and way through each current fashion, Mackey basic behavior, but also with regard to concludes that men readily adopt the cognition. Their sophisticated skills in areas fatherhood role. This, however, should not be as diverse as tool use, imitation, self- confused with the motherhood role, but is the awarene.ss, pretend play, numerical reasoning, traditional one of providing for their children, mindreading, and teaching mediate between being protective of them, playing with them, those of humans and other animals, throwing and being reluctant to leave them. What each cherished ideas of human uniqueness into generation of fathers does is to incorporate the chaos. traditional with the fashionable. To tamper with the traditional in too violent a way, he Reaching into Thought contains 9 argues, is to toss the baby out with the bath chapters in of two sections (the scope of water. great ape intelligence and the organization of great ape intelligence), plus a lucid, useful He feels that the chief father introductory chapter by Russon and Bard. The "abrading machine" now at work is single- chapters vary in the usual ways (e.g., quality parent births and no-fault divorce. Somehow of writing, ranging from the admirably clear to changes must be made in these' areas because the densely jargon-filled) but also in how the they reduce father-child bonding. Even in his authors link their data with the topic of great pessimism, he believes that much of ape intelligence. Some present data and traditional fatherhood will survive since conclusions with minimal discussion while 9

others embed these in elaborate theoretical cognitive equivalents to these. Her discussions frameworks. of rain hats and branch dragging provide fascinating glimpses into the workings of The data on great ape intelligence are bonobo intelligence, as do her data on the use of still relatively limited, so the same data pop a stick as a communicative signal in play. up repeatedly across chapters. It is interesting to track differences in interpretation, as of Russon appeals to researchers teaching by great apes. Parker, in her chapter interested in imitation to complement on apprenticeship, says that "demonstration laboratory studies with those of spontaneous teaching" in the manual modality occurs in behavior, as she has done in a population of ex- wild chimpanzees (p. 354). She asserts that captive orangutans in Indonesian Borneo. Using "at least some chimpanzee mothers" can teach, these data, Russon builds a convincing picture of and refers to data from Tai, Ivory Coast true imitation as an active process of (provided by Christophe Boesch in his chapter abstraction and reconstruction, one which may and in earlier publications) on some mothers be used repeatedly in a sometimes complex and facilitating acquisition of tool-using skills by lengthy learning process, often in conjunction their infants. Adding some anecdotes about with other processes. This differs considerably other apes, Parker concludes (p. 358) that from the accepted view of imitation as "a teaching by demonstration arose in the common rather passive and faithful echoing of an ancestor of all great apes (see her arbitrary demonstration achieved in a single, accompanying discussion of phylogenetic immediate attempt" (p. 156). This picture inertia). seems to apply to a captive orangutan whose imitation capacity is assessed in a chapter by But and H. Lyn Miles, R. W. Mitchell, and S. E. Harper: remind us that the Tai data on teaching are "Chantek's responses were usually not very scarce and open to alternative formulaic and well-trained reproductions," but interpretation, and that home-raised apes rather showed sensitivity to the specific have shown little evidence of teaching. The circumstances in which he found himself (p. Call and Tomasello chapter is a useful "brake" 294). on some of the more sweeping claims for great ape intelligence, for it reminds us that these In his chapter, Byrne notes that claims are often based on apes reared with gorillas have often been portrayed as extensive contact with humans. cognitively inferior to chimpanzees. He presents data to show that gorillas can imitate The chapters that I found most at the program or structural level, a feat of thought-provoking include those by Ellen greater sophistication than mere copying of Ingmanson, Russon, and Richard Byrne, all of details. He also brings in data on gorilla social whom recognize the need to complement structure, noting that all gorilla groups at controlled, laboratory studies of intelligence Karisoke, Rwanda now have more than one with innovative research on free-ranging silverback male. This creates options for males subjects. Each is willing to look beyond (in terms of defensive tactics) and females (in conventional definitions of intelligence to do so. terms of mating), and thus applies pressure for As Ingmanson put it, "if we are to understand the evolution of cognitive skills. De Waal and what intelligence is and how it evolved, we Aureli also include social organization in their must not restrict ourselves to narrowly chapter on reconciliation in chimpanzees and conceived or narrowly interpreted definitions, macaques, as do Parker and Russon in the final, but also examine other closely related theoretical chapter. Nevertheless, the link behaviors that are indicative of similar levels between social organization and intelligence is of competency" (p. 190). not fully developed in the book.

In her study of bonobos at Wamba, ln the final chapter, Parker and Zaire, Ingmanson found no tool use in food Russon present a comparative functional acquisition akin to termite fishing, ant dipping, definition of cultures, expressly in order to forge and nut cracking by common chimpanzees. She links with anthropological and psychological did see other behaviors that may well be studies. They provide an overview of different 10

levels of cultural adaptation in living References primates, and. thus make explicit what Ingmanson, Russon and Byrne try to do in their Tanner, J. E., & Byrne, R. W. (1996). own chapters, Le., find a way to understand (1) Representation of action through iconic gesture what nonhuman primates do and (2) how what in a captive low1and gorilla. Current they do is linked to the evolution of Anthropology, 37, 162-173. intelligence and culture as defined in terms that avoid anthropocentrism. Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., S. L. Williams, T. Furuichi, & T. Kano (1996). Language Innovative methodologies are to be perceived: Pan paniscus branches out. In W. C. found in the book as well, including Sarah McGrew, L. F. Marchant & T. Nishida (Eds.), Boysen's procedures for studying numerical Great Ape Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge skills in chimpanzees, Matsuzawa and University Press. Yamakoshi's use of an outdoor laboratory to conduct experiments on how tool using skills are acquired, and Gomez's use of eye contact to The Evolution of Communication study intentional communication in gorillas. The remaining chapters are written by James By Marc D. Hauser. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Anderson, Elisabetta Visalberghi & Luca MA 02142, 1996, $55.00 (hdbk). Limongellli; Kim Bard & Kathryn Gardner; Andrew Whitten; Jonas Langer; and Daniel Reviewed by Mark A. Krause, Department of Hart & Mary Pat Karmel. Each provides Psychology, 307 Austin Peay Building, The worthwhile pieces of the puzzle of great ape University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996- intelligence. 0900.

No edited volume can fully please The cause of widely different sounds being every reader. Two editorial choices uttered under different emotions and disappointed me. First, only one chapter sensations is a very obscure subject...It is (Ingmanson's) focuses primarily on bonobos, and not probable that any precise explanation many of the chapters do not even differentiate of the cause or source of each particular between chimpanzees and bonobos. As sound, under different states of mind, will primatologists have known for at least a ever be given (, 1872, pp. decade, studying these two species separately 85-86). is warranted given the differences between them. Second, and more serious, the editors . Research on animal communication has decided to regard "two critical factors in advanced considerably ever since (and largely intelligence, the brain and language, as beyond because of) Darwin's work on the topic. His [the] scope of the book" (p. 2). The decision apparent skepticism that the study of about the brain is sensible, but the one about nonhuman vocalizations could ever yield any language is not: The topic kept cropping up in causal explanations for their sources has proven chapter after chapter, with reference to other unjustified by contributions such as Hauser's. recent volumes. Exciting new information about ape communication both in captivity (e.g., Marler (1965) was among the earliest Tanner and Byrne, 1996) and in the wild (e.g., workers in the field to systematically examine Savage-Rumbaugh et al., 1996) must be the design features, fUl)ction, and meaning of considered in parallel with other animal communication. He analyzed animal investigations into the great ape mind. vocal. communication using definitions similar to those employed by linguists. Syntactical and If this book is assigned in student pragmatic (semiotic) analyses of animal seminars, care should be taken to include signals eventually came to be viewed as supplementary reading on communication and amenable to comparative study. Historically, language. The book may be hard going for all this is where the "logical analysis" of animal but the most advanced undergraduates, but it is communication began and, within it, an appropriate for graduate students. evolutionary perspective on the structure, 11

meaning, aI}d function of animal signals. Surely Hauser contrasts the viewpoints of several Darwin would have been pleased. prominent linguists (Lieberman, Chomsky, Pinker, Hockett, and Bickerton) and biologists This brings us to Hauser's lengthy and (Marler and W. J. Smith). There remains a highly detailed exploration of human and reluctance on the part of linguists to consider nonhuman vocal and auditory communication. syntax in an evolutionary framework (but see Hauser's thorough treatment of research on Pinker & Bloom, 1990). This is perhaps a these modalities, and his coverage of a wide holdover from the Chomskyan school, wherein variety of taxa (mostly vertebrates), renders many of the communicative aspects of speech the book useful to professionals and students were separated from the syntactic structure of with research interests in communication. The language. book should be of interest to workers in the fields of neurobiology, comparative The syntactic structure of nonhuman psychology, ethology, and behavioral ecology. animal communication was within the purview One strength of the book lies in the abundance of earlier ethologists and, to some degree, of research questions that Hauser poses remains so. The structure of animal following many of the topics he covers. communication and the rules that govern its patterning and perception are now called design A synopsis of the book and a general features. This suggests a retreat from eafly overview of the field are provided in the first attempts to treat human language and chapter. Following this is a very helpful nonhuman communication as comparable and historical account of the field. Conceptual possibly, homologous. None of this, however, issues relevant to the study of animal undermines the ethological study of human communication are discussed in the third language, which is the approach that Hauser chapter. The next four chapters cover the takes. He discusses much of the recent neurobiological, ontogenetic, adaptive, and neurobiological and morphological research on psychological design features of communication the production and perception of acoustic among a broad range of taxa. In the final communication in both humans and nonhumans, chapter, Hauser develops theoretical and and offers thoughtful insights into the methodological ideas and provides many evolution of human language. suggestions for future research in animal communication. Following the chapters covering the design features of communication, Hauser Hauser mainly reviews ethological describes how information is conveyed, field studies. This is perhaps the best categorized, and manipulated. Studies dealing approach to understanding the evolution of with intentionality and deception receive the communication. Tinbergen's four aims and greatest amount of attention in the last two methods (ontogeny, causation, adaptive value, chapters. The affective, motivational, and and phylogeny) serve well as a framework from intentional components of communication are which human and animal communication are relevant to many contemporary ethologists. explored. The study of referential communication, Animal communication systems differ an area that Hauser has researched in many fundamental ways. Hauser indicates, extensively, is of primary interest to those appropriately, that some domains of language studying intentionality. Consistent differences are unique to humans. This fact does not appear in the vocal calls of species ranging preclude interspecific comparisons. Hauser from domestic chickens to vervet monkeys, as appreciates both the similarities and evidenced by spectrographic analyses. Calls differences that exist between species. tend to be reliably elicited within specific contexts. Hauser accepts certain deviations From a comparative perspective, the from normal eliciting conditions as potential evolution of human language remains one of the evidence of deception. Male domestic chickens, most vexing problems to the study of animal for example, withhold information about food communication. III his treatment of this topic, when other males are present, but emit food 12

calls in the presence of hens (Evans & Marler, research areas. The book is a fine blend of 1994), which may suggest functional deception. traditional and cognitive ethology. For the Intentionality, however, does not necessarily most part, Hauser considers animal mediate this behavior. communication from each of Tinbergen's four perspectives, with the least amount of coverage Can nonhuman animals "mindfully devoted to phylogeny (i.e., the comparative manipulate information"? That is, do method). This book would serve as a great intentions or beliefs underlie any of their graduate seminar reading, and as a useful behaviors? These questions are both reference for students considering careers in philosophical and empirical. The behavioral ecology or ethology, and to active philosophical explanation of intentionality researchers working in field or laboratory and belief is by no means unanimously agreed settings. upon. Allen (1995) maintains that intentionality is useful to researchers in References comparative cognition, despite the fact that philosophers have yet to agree on what it is Allen, C. (1995). Intentionality: natural and and whether such a concept lends itself to artificial. In H. L. Roitblat & J. A. Meyer empirical investigation. Many comparative (Eds.), Comparative approaches to cognitive psychologists and ethologists find the term science (pp. 93-110). Cambridge,MA: MIT Press. useful for interpreting animal behavior, despite the lack of clarity that surrounds it. Bekoff, M. and Allen, C. (in press). Intentional For those that accept the term, intentionality communication and social play: How and why is viewed as a requisite for imitation, animals negotiate and agree to play. In M. pedagogy, self-recognition, social attribution, Bekoff & J. A. Byers (Eds.), Animal play: and theory of mind. Evolutionary, comparative, and ecological perspectives.. New York: Cambridge In the last two chapters of the book, University Press. Hauser reviews much of the research on nonhumans that deal with these topics. At Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of emotions in this point, he goes beyond vocal-auditory man and animals. Chicago: University of systems and discusses evidence for the Chicago Press. attribution of knowledge in both humans and nonhumans. Intentionality and knowledge Dennett, D. (1983). Intentional systems in attribution are necessary characteristics for cognitive ethology: The 'Panglossian tactical deception. The evidence we have at Paradigm' defended. Behavioral & Brain hand, much of which is reviewed by Hauser, Sciences, 6, 343-390. suggests that nonhumans can engage ill tactical deception. The last two chapters of this book Evans, C. S. and Marler, P. (1994). Food-calling are greatly enriched by Hauser's willingness to and audience effects in male chickens, Gallus accept the concept of intentionality. One ga II us: Their relationships to food measure of the value of a concept is the availability, courtship, and social quantity and quality of research that stems facilitation. Animal Behaviour, 47, 1159-1170. from it. Cognitive ethologists have benefited greatly from this concept (see Bekoff & Allen, Marler, P. (1965). The logical analysis of in press; Dennett, 1983; Ristau, 1991), and communication. Journal of Theoretical Biology, Hauser proposes further directions that can be 1,295-317. taken in the study of "mindful manipulation." Pinker, S. and Bloom, P. (1990). Natural The field of animal cognition has language and . Behavioral & blossomed within the past few decades largely Brain Sciences, 13, 707-786. belCause reseq.rchers have begun tackling highly complex questions. The Evolution of Ristau, C. (1991). Cognitive ethology: The Communication provides a thorough review of minds of other animals. Hillsdale, NJ: recent ventures into novel and productive Lawrence Erlbaum. 13 The Stone Age Present: How pedagogical points about topics such as sexual Evolution Has Shaped Modern selection, mediation in chimpanzees, the Life --From Sex, Violence, and evolution of female breasts, the benefit of Tit for Tat, sex differences in reproductive Language to Emotions, Morals, strategies, and the Out-of-Africa hypothesis, and Communities or why we are basically neither just aggressive nor just nice. Allman describes key observations By William F Allman. Simon & Schuster, and experiments in a comprehensible manner, Rockefeller Center, 1230 Avenue of the and tells the reader why they made a Americas, New York, NY 10020, USA, 1994, difference. $23.00 (hdbk); $12.00 (ppr). I enjoyed the clear summaries of some Reviewed by Jukka-Pekka Takala, National issues that I had read about at greater length Research Institute of Legal Policy, P.O. Box elsewhere and had not always understood. For 1200, Fin-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Email: instance, I appreciated what seemed to be [email protected] interview statements by on her and John TO'oby's work with the Wason William Allman is a senior writer at selection tasks. And while I knew about the U.S. News and World Report, where he covers cheater detection test, 1 had not known about anthropology, brain science, and human the gender differences in a similar test that behavior. His earlier books include measures readiness to call a bluff. Apprentices of Wonder, which chronicles the recent development of inJelligent, brain-style I could make similar statements on computers. many other topics Allman discusses. These include: the male/female differences in spatial The Stone Age Present is a nice popular abilities, incest avoidance mechanisms, presentation of quite a range of ideas and differences between traditional sociobiology findings in recent evolutionary psychological' and evolutionary psychology, theories that research. The book is probably most useful for attribute the growth of human intelligence to people like myself who only recently have social life, autism as a condition where the become seriously interested in evolutionary ability to form a 'theory of mind' is lacking or psychology and have not read widely in the defective, the nature of illnesses, emotions as area. commitment devices (Robert Frank), mate choice, chimpanzee warfare, and the origins of Allman covers a lot of ground in a tool making. relatively short space--more than do some other recent popular book-length essays on For instance, I had not noticed related subjects, such as Robert Wright's The Axelrod's work on the evolution of punishment, Moral Animal, Stephen Pinker's The Language policing the social contract, or the theme of Instinct, Matt Ridley's The Red Queen, and telling "us" from "them". This is something David Buss' . Allman that has not been advertised as much as his includes, for instance, more discussion on the work on the evolution of cooperation in simple human origins than those other, somewhat societies of computer programs. more focused books do. Allman's references to scientific literature are also more sparse. It is So I find Allman's book a good somewhat chattier--and not only for containing condensation of many important and interesting quotations from interviews with persons such as ideas. It refreshed in my mind many things I Paul Bloom, Leda Cosmides, , had read earlier elsewhere, and it led me to Randall White, Robert Axelrod, . many new ideas and sources. This means less precision on many points, but the cl1atty mode can also be quite economical in Having said this, I must add that I did conveying a number of important insights not find all of his summaries as lucid or reliable without the usual buffering caveats. as I had wished--the idea of 'mitochondrial Eve', for instance. You cannot find him state For instance, there are good clearly the idea that 'Eve' would have been 14 the most recent person through whom the professors gave to students. The notes fulfilled mONA of all humans living today has passed. the need for a solid theoretical framework I sense that in warding off possible information about primates and other species: misunderstandings he fails to spell out clearly and a survey of our evolutionary past. Humans the correct understanding. He asserts that 'Eve' are examined against this backdrop. "is simply the only person whose descendants have had a daughter in every generation up to Boyd and Silk thought about the present" (p. 191). Well, this is close, but not publishing their notes when others (Henry quite there. Eve was the last one of those Harpending and Alan Rogers) began to use them persons who were the only females in their fot their classes. They then embarked on the generation whose female descendants have had arduous pro.cess of transforming the lecture notes a daughter in every generation up to the into the finished version. The result is a text present. Eve's mother (her mother's mother, which incorporates all of the necessary etc.) was also the only one in her generation to elements fDr a thorough overview of human give issue to an unbroken female line, but she evolution. Make no mistake: How Humans wasn't the last woman with this quality. Evolved is not merely a collection of lectures Also, at least two of Eve's daughters gave birth pasted together under one cover. After many to uninterrupted daughter lines (as did their years of intensive research and writing by these daughters), but none of them was the only such prominent evolutionary biologists, this a woman in her generation. textbook is a polished finished product with hundreds of color figures and photographs. Despite this and other occasional lapses, I found Allman's reporting quite Initial examination reveals that reliable. At any rate, it is excellent as a concise accessibility was a major concern for Boyd and tourist gUide, as it were, to a terrain that must' Silk. Important points are set in italics, ultimately be observed at a closex distance. denoted in the margins with a distinct icon. Student interest is enhanced by providing a short essay in each describing a topic reJated to the general content being discussed. How Humans Evolved For example, the chapter devoted to an introduction of the primates recounts the story By Robert Boyd and Joan Silk. W. W. Norton & of how a previously unknown lemur species was Company, 800 Keystone Industrial Park, discovered. In addition, the book is structured Scranton, PA 18512 USA, 1997. so that successive chapters build upon knowledge provided earlier in the book. Re,viewed by Adam Wetsman, 2019 San Ysidro Dr. Los Angeles, CA 90210 USA. The book is divided into four parts. The first presents an overview of natural Finding appropriate reading material selection and includes information about for introductory courses is Mendelian genetics, meiosis and mitosis, quite challenging. Many texts marginalize molecular genetics, protein synthesis, and information relating to humans; others focus population genetics. One of the four chapters in solely on the subject without providing the this part is devoted to the definition and origin requisite systematic examination of the of species and explanations of how phylogenies underlying theoretical considerations and are reconstructed. empirical research in various subdisciplines that make conclusions about our species Primates are the focus of the second possible. As has occurred many times in the part, which contains five chapters. In addition past, a solution grew out of the cha11enge to providing a comprehensive overview of the presented. diversity and lifestyles of our closest relatives, this section uses examples from the literature Arising as a practical response to this on primates to teach some of the more advanced problem, How Humans Evolved has the components of evolutionary theory. As opposed potential to become an important resource for to merely providing a theoretical overview of those teaching human evolution. The book sexual selection, for example, Boyd and Silk began in the form of bound lecture notes the two illustrate how the concept can explaih patterns 15 of body and testes size dimorphism for primates with different social systems. A similar Membership Renewals approach is used to show how reciprocity can evolve. This part of the book also devofes a It is time to renew your membership for 1998 if chapter to the evolution of primate you have not already done so. Membership is intelligence. by calendar year, so dues are to be paid by the first of the year. If the date on your mailing Part Three is devoted to the fossil label is earlier than 1998, it is time to renew record and comprises about one-third of the your membership. For financial reasons, book. As is standard, several chapters are renewal notices are not usually sent. Those devoted to detailed descriptions of the who do not renew their memberships will be hominid species, including both ArdipitheClis removed from the membership list. Please ramidus and Australopithecus anamensis. A report errors, changes of address, etc. to the few specialty chapters are devoted to the Treasurer. Be sure to inform her if you move; evolution of primates and the origin of the U.S. Post Office no longer returns language. Boyd and Silk address difficult and undelivered Bulletins with the recipient's unresolved issues in this part of the book. new address. Current dues and directions for Examples include discussions of the payment are given on the last page. Please hunting/scavenging debate, mitochondrial Eve, allow four weeks for recording changes of and the replacement 'Is. multi-regional address or payment of dues. hypotheses for the origins of modern humans.

One attribute that occurs throughout evolutionary psychology. An overview of How Humans Evolved can be illustrated by Boyd's work on coevolution is included as well. describing how students are led through the processes by which paleoanthropologists make As is expected with textbooks that inferences from fossil discoveries. Consider the survey a single field of inquiry, those hoping to issue of how to interpret concentrations of find detailed descriptions of one particular Olduwan tools and associated animal bones. topic or another may not be completely The authors explain why an immediate satisfied. This becomes apparent in the fourth conclusion that early members of our genus were part of How Humans Evolved, which applies hunting game could be too hasty, since such evolutionary theory to our species. Little space accumulations could be the result of random is devoted to human reproductive ecology, mixing or other taphonomic processes, or of development, components of attractiveness, and scavenging. Boyd and Silk then address these other issues many people would deem other possibilities. The effect of this approach important. However, this is more an outcome of is to instruct students in how to critically textbook development than an oversight on the evaluate available data. part of Boyd and Silk.

Once the authors have equipped Overall, How Humans Evolved students with information about underlying provides a thorough introduction to human theoretical considerations, comparative data evolution. Students and professors alike from related species, and insight into our should find this text both accessible and evolutionary past, they tackle the issue of how informative. Norton has also provided a web such knowledge can be applied to the study of site (www.wwnorton.com/college/anthro) with modern human behavior and morphology. additional information on related topics. With a wide range of topics available, Boyd Students are given a password valid for six and Silk could only provide an overview of months of access when they purchase the research in the area. Although detailed textbook. A CD-ROM with even more multi- descriptions are often offered, only a limited media information is also anticipated. A number of topics could be covered. These include teacher's guide and color overheads are human genetic diversity (along with a available as well. Coupled with these discussion of the race concept), maternal-fetal additional features, How Humans Evolved conflict, the evolution of senescence and should prove a valuable resource for those menopause, mate preferences, adoption, and teaching introductory classes in human infanticide. There is also a good discussion of evolution. 16 Cerebral Codes: Thinking a Editorial Staff Thought in the Mosaic ofthe Editor Glenn Weisfeld Mind Dept. of Psychology Wayne State University By William H. Calvin. MIT Press, 55 Detroit, MI 48202 USA Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142-1399 tel. 1-313-577-2835, -2801, -8596 USA, 1996, $22.50 (hdbk.). fax 1-313-577-7636; e-mail: [email protected] Reviewed by Dorothy Tennov, RD #2, Box 251, Millsboro, DE 19966 USA. Current Literature Editor Johan van der Dennen Cerebral Codes concerns how the brain Center for Peace & Conflict Studies might work at the currently unobservable Oude Kyrk in't Jatstraat 5 region just below thought, the firing patterns of 9772 EA Groningen, The Netherlands cortical neurons. The author is University of tel. 31-50-635649 Washington theoretical neurophysiologist fax 31-50-635635; e-mail: William H. Calvin. He maintains that this [email protected] level of analysis "immediately subjacent to that of perception, creative thought, and Outgoing Chief Book Review Editor planning" is the appropriate one for Linda Mealey understanding higher intellectual functions. Dept. of Psychology Queensland University The book is an ode to selection (What he Brisbane 4072, Australia calls the Darwin Machine), the creative fax 61-7-3365-4466 process that is so common in nature (Dawkins, e-mail: [email protected]. 1976) and represented (1) on a geologic time scale by speciation, (2) in days to weeks by the New Chief Book Review Editor immune system, and (3) in milliseconds in the Peter LaFreniere corticocortical neurons in the superficial layers Little Hall of cerebral cortex by the mechanism responsible Dept. of Psychology for thinking. Evidence from techniques that University of Maine allow observation of living human brains Orono, ME 04469 USA suggests that memories are repetitive across tel. 1-207-581-2030 many cells. Looking at the brain from above, fax 1-207-581-6128 Calvin envisions a patchwork of incessantly e-mail: [email protected] active interlocking hexagons, the boundaries of which are dynamic, "twinkling" with British Book Review Editor vibrancy. While the firing patterns of A. Stuart Laws spatiotemporal representations last for a Department of Psychology while, they must be prepared for The University, NewcasUe upon Tyne transformation via a cerebral code into spatial NE1 7RU, England representations for permanent (long term) tel. 44-191-222-6000 storage with capacity for retrieval. Following fax 44-191-261-1182 his own advice that in science it is always better to give a specific example--even if it is German Book Review Editor only a possibility, not yet a well-established Karl Grammer finding--Calvin's theory is replete with Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for intriguing details regarding the implications of Urban Ethology!Human Biology his model. Althanstrasse 14 A-l090 Vienna, Austria; e-mail: Two neuroscience events in 1991 enabled http://evolution.humb.univie.ac.at Calvin to conceive of the operation of neurons in cortex as a Darwinian process. First, synchrony was found in nervous tissue; second, standard- 17

length axons were observed in the very area of whom Calvin devotes several pages, speaks of the brain in which the processes responsible for a "catastrophic .event" when the machinery for higher intellectual functions appeared to take syntax suddenly appeared in whole cloth, and place. In Calvin's conception, thoughts-- language was upgraded from protolanguage to a combinations of sensations, memories, and far more powerful form. The same neuronal imagined plans of action--take the form of machinery, Calvin opines, that is needed for "cerebral codes," the cloning of which produces throwing, dancing, and fondness for music the replications needed to start up the Darwin underlies all languages; it is the syntactical Machine. Standard-length axons in the substrate which they have in common and to outermost layers of the neocortex opened a door which linguists refer as the Universal into geometry from which came the concept of Language. It is not known, of course, which of hexagons cloning with variation in a the sudden new capacities was the adaptation "multifaceted" neural environment that and which the ones that, given availability of encourages some variations over others and in the marvelous apparatus, were then which memory is the re-evoking of activity developed. Perhaps language piggy-backed on patterns, or cerebral codes. capacities developed to increase ability to throw projectiles ("hand-axes") at prey. The "sophisticated groping," as Piaget referred to it, is, for Calvin, an evolutionary The basic similarity of language contest within the brain. The most active structure worldwide means that the big change cortical representations are conscious; happened early in human prehistory, roughly unconscious processes are background noises that 250,000 years ago, as Homo erectus gave way to come to transitory awareness in dreaming. Homo sapiens, a change associated with a Plastic areas in the brain do not retain their brain size expansion which, interestingly innate attractors. The triangular arrays in enough, overshot current size--the hexagonal Hebbian cell assemblies, like the Neanderthals appear to have had cranial lights of fireflies, live together in synchrony capacities larger than that of Homo sapiens before they fade. In the cortex, unlike in sapiens. The focus shifted to internal fireflies, when the number of copies of organization and differentiation. More overall spatiotemporal patterns of neural firing space was not needed; the payoffs for intricate reaches critical mass, the circuit trips and the organization were greater than for unorganized message is conscious. Unsuccessful competitors size. Consider the compactness (to say nothing among the cerebral codes linger in weakened of the retrieval capacity) of a tree-structured form and may later re-emerge. taxonomy compared with sheer proliferation of unconnected units. The Neanderthals may For Calvin, the Darwinian process is have had a protolanguage, even one with a correctly seen as consisting of six essential large vocabulary, but they were incapable of parts, natural selection being just one of them. the infinite variety of thoughts that can be The others include the capacity for replication, thought and images that can be imagined that variation, competition, and inheritance, such came with the neural machinery upgrade that that each generation is derived from the "more made Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens. successful" of the one before, a process that "looks Lamarckian enough to overlay even Creativity and ability to plan are the inborn wiring patterns" (p. 117). If so, this result of ability to process images off-line and might be of significance for . to analyze using metaphors. We imagine actions and their probable consequences, and In the past, neuroanatomists studied then those consequences and their probable the brain, psychologists studied behavior, and consequences, and so foith. The procedure helps the two were as separate as any Cartesian us select the best. This is intelligence; it is dualist would posit. No one studied the mind mental rehearsal, abstraction, and what-if except philosophers and early heretics such as thought freed from immediate circumstances. . Today, however, the study of Off-line thinking is what we can do that brain and of behavior are often integrated. members of other species cannot (Bickerton, 1995). For example, Derek Bickerton (1994), to 18 Calvin's foray into the kinds of neural the "twin" books parallel each other, How processes that might produce aspects of brain Brains Think expands on subjects not dealt with activity associated with higher intellectual in The Cerebral Code (e.g., ice age evolution functions can be traced to Donald O. Hebb's and animal intelligence). Written "for (1949) theoretical formulations. Hebb colleagues," the latter will be of greater maintained that psychology concerned interest and be better understood by those underlying processes, not just overt acts. with the basic vocabulary and Memory requires some form of enduring change fmdmgs of brain theorists. -- in the chemistry of the cells, in attractors, in firing patterns. References

Whatever modiJications of hexagon Bickerton, D. (1990). Language and Species. theory may be required, whatever criticism it Chicago: University of Chicago Press. receive in spelling out a conceivable process at the level of events in the material Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene New Vlorld, Calvin operates at the frontier that has York: Oxford University Press. separated science and philosophy, the point of split from "qualia" to traceable patterns of Dennett, D. C. (1995). Darwin's Dangerous Idea electrical and chemical activity in neocortex. New York: Simon & Schuster. This may bother the pious, but is irrelevant here. Understanding which muscles, nerves, Hebb, Donald O. (1980). Essay On Mind blmes and neurotransmitters may be involved in Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. lifting the arm does not produce paralysis of the limb. Similarly, understanding the nervous system does not in itself affect the process, (although understanding the process might Evolution and Literary lead ultimately to culturally mediated inlprovements). Theory

Calvin's theory covers much By Joseph Carroll, University of Missouri Press, psychological ground--intelligence, creativity, 2910 LeMone Blvd., Columbia, MO 65201 memory, even consciousness. Above all, he USA,1995, $44.95 (hdbk.). bridges a gap many believe to be unbridgeable-- the chasm between behavior and observable Reviewed by Gary Cox, FL-Russian, Southern physiological events, between the world of self Methodist University, Dallas TX 75275-0236 (and self-consciousness) and the world of what USA really, physically, observably, goes on inside the previously inscrutable brain. Some evolutionary scientists will be surprised to learn that "literary theory" means The Darwin Machine is the answer to not just theories about literature but also the Argument From Design which to many adherence to a particular set of doctrines, rnif'lds, including (in subtler guises) the majority called "post-modernism" or "post- of scientific minds, remains the major structuralism" or "deconstruction," proposed by "resonable" objection to evolution (Dennett, thinkers such as Derrida, Foucault, and 1995). Calvin intones that where the Darwin Jameson. Deconstruction, like the infamous SSSM (Standard Social Science Model), poses a Machine operates, complexity unfolds despite major theoretical challenge to evolutionary sinple beginnings, the plain to turns into the science. We may be inclined to write off farcy, and human beings emerge in unbroken deconstruction since it severs so completely the line from unicellular specks. In Calvin's words, a "milliseconds to minutes Darwinian ratchet link between signifier and signified that forms the foundation, atop which our science is impossible. Yet it is a mistake to sOJhisticated mental life is built" (p. 5). igDore deconstruction, as the coexistence of such a radically opposed epistemology in a single Calvin published a second book in 1996, academic world threatens the wholeness of Hov Brains Think. Aimed at a more general intellectual life. audience, it covers much of the same Furthermore, we should not forget that the>retical ground as Cerebral Codes, and will be reviewed later in the Bulletin. Although evolutionary science has an epistemological 19

problem not unlike the Kantian question posed quite friendly to evolutionary science, to wit, so radically, and so anti-scientifically, by the Thomas Kuhn, Frederick Turner, and Alexander deconstructionists. If the human mind is an Argyros, are treated here as opponents, little

evolved organ, adapted to the needs of better- than Derrida. or Foucault. This is Pleistocene foragers, what gives us any unfortunate; if we are ever to bring harmony confidence that its structures correspond to the into the academic world on these issues, we objective reality modern intellectuals crave? !t is important to remember that the semIOtic Officers of the Society critique makes an important, if overstated, point: there is no perfect £It President between language and the environment. Charles B. Crawford Humans construe the givens of our environments Department of Psychology in ways that partially coIjstittlte our worl.d Simon Fraser University rather than simply describe it. We do thIS Burnaby, B. C. V5A 1S6 Canada because it is adaptive to shape eur cultures in tel. 1-604-291-3660 accordance with perceived and unconscious fax 1-604-291-3427 utilities. Fortunately, both everyday life and e-mail: [email protected] science can get by with an approximate fit between signifier and signified; science does Vice-President/ President-Elect this by floating falsifiable hypotheses and Linda Mealey testing them multiple times for explanatory Dept. of Psychology efficacy. Nonetheless if we take to heart the Queensland University epistemological critique of language made ,by Brisbane 4072, Australia the post-structUl:.alists (stopping short of buymg fax 61-7-3365-4466 into its more radital forms, of course), we can e-mail: [email protected]. more effectively create a middle ground in this debate. Vice-President for Information Glenn Weisfeld (see Editorial Box) As it is, the ongoing debate suffers greatly from polarization and radical stances. Secretary Carroll's book does nothing to cool down the Karl Grammer rheloric--some passages simply seethe with Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for rage. Certainly it is true that for any neo- Urban Ethology/Human Biology Darwinian working in the humanities, the Althanstrasse 14 dominance of post-structuralism is a continual A-1090 Vienna, Austria thorn in the side, buJ at tim.es Carroll seems tel. 43-1-31-336-1253 almost pre-Cartesian in his faith in congruence fax 43-1-31-336-788; e-mail: between the mind and the world it tries to http://evolution.humb.univie.ac.at represent with rational language. Treasurer In addition, in his polernicaJ fervor Barbara F. Fuller Carroll seems to be setting up a dichotomy School of Nursing between heterosexual Darwinians and University of Colorado homosexual deconstructionists. To be sure, 4200 E. Ninth Ave. "queer theory" has been a formative part of the Denver, CO 80262 USA post-structuralist agenda, and the Darwinian tel. 1-303-315-8929 paradigm does work better in the analysis of fax 1-.303-315-5666 heterosexual behavior. But it would be [email protected] unfortunate if this polarity were to be pursued too far. One of the most striking puzzles about Membership Chair Homo sapiens (especially from a Darwinian Nancy L. Segal perspective) is the prevalence of homosexual Department of Psychology behavi.or. This is a major issue for evolutionary California State University psychologists to take up, and we will not solve Fullerton, CA 92834 USA if by treating it as an aberration. tel. 1-714-773-2142 fax 1-714-449-7134 Another startling by-product of the e-mail: [email protected]. boo1<'s polemical fervor is that several scholars 20 must cultivate the middle, not outlaw it. Workshop on Measuring Behavior Carroll's book does do more than just attack post-modem literary theory; he presents a theory of his own that is quite cogent. His The second international workshop on critical gurus are Hippolyte Taine, Northrop measuring behavior is scheduled for Groningen, Frye and Meyer Abrams. Taine was a 19th The Netherlands, 18-21 August 1998. (These century Romantic who talked a lot about dates unfortunately conflict with those for the nationality in lite_rature, which of course ISHE convention in Vancouver.) Measuring discredits him in deconstructionist eyes. Frye Behavior '98 aims at the integration of and Abrams are two prominent critics of the advanced behavioral research with generation just before semiotics became physiological measurements. One goal is to fashionable. Carroll's theory is based on a promote the use of techniques developed in one hierarchy of themes within a framework of discipline by investigators in other fields. For issues important to Darwinian thought, and it example, data analysis methods stemming from sets up an elegant paradigm for literary ethology are now being used by applied analysis. The authors he concentrates on are psychologists, and path analysis techniques George Eliot, Walter Pater, and Robert originally designed by entomologists are Browning, and he gives solid, common-sense equally useful for behavioral pharmacologists readings of their work. Indeed, one could argue studying rodents. Moreove·r, recent that Carroll's aim in this book is to make the developments in radiotelemetry, brain literary world safe once again for common sense. imaging, chip technology and biosensor techniques originally used by physiologists are In sum, Carroll provides a systematic, now being used for simultaneous recoridng of thorough, and brilliant polemic with the physiological processes and behavior. "literary theoreticians," and gives us a book that evolutionary psychologists would do well Measuring Behavior '96, the first international to use as a primer on the topic. It is unlikely, workshop on methods in behavioral research, however, that any deconstructionist will read was attended by 153 participants from 25 past the first paragraph, since post- countries. A report on the meeting was structuralist epistemology typically sweeps published in Trends in Neurosciences (vol. 20, aside, with Gallic disdain, the kinds of no. 5, pp. 187-189). The proceedings of the premises that inform Carroll's stance. From the .workshop are also available on the Web: standpoint of us evolutionists, Carroll's book http://www.noldus.com/events/mb96/mb96.ht gives the satisfaction of watching a darned m. To receive the second announcement on the good fistfight, in which our side is winning, but workshop, send a message to Measuring if the aim of the book is to win converts away Behavior '98, Workshop Secretariat, Attn.: from deconstructionism, it is unlikely to be very Rosan Nikkelen, P. O. Box 268, 6700 AG successful. Wageningen, The Netherlands; tel. 31-(0)317- 497677; fax 31-(0)317-424496; e-mail [email protected]!.

ANNOUNCEMENTS Beck Award Winner Reminder: ISHE Convention The third annual Aaron 1. Beck award was won Dates by Edward H. Hagen, Department of Anthropology, Univesity of California at 'The Society will hold its next biennial meeting Santa Barbara. His paper was entitled at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, "Delusions: an evolutionary hypothesis," and Canada 19-23 August 1998. Our President, was presented at the 1997 meeting of the Charles Crawford, is the organizer. Further Across-Species Comparisons and Psychiatry information will follow. Association. 21

Membership Renewals will include Derek Bickerton, Paul Bloom, Luigi Cavilli-Sforza, , Dean Falk, Philip Lieberman, Bjorn Lindblom, John It is time to renew your membership for 1998 if Maynard-Smith, Frederick Newmeyer, you have not already done so. Membership is Johanna Nichols, and Michael Studdert- by calendar year, so dues are to be paid by the Kennedy. Those interested in presenting a first of the year. If the date on your mailing paper should submit a 500-word abstract by 1 label is earlier than 1998, it is time to renew October 1997 to Dr. Chris Knight, Department your membership. For economic reasons, renewal notices are not usually sent. Those of Sociology, University of East London, who do not renew their memberships will be Longbridge Road, Dagenham, Essex RM8 2AS, removed from the membership list. Please U.K., e-mail [email protected]. report errors, changes of address, etc. to the Treasurer. Be sure to inform her if you move; the U.S. Post Office no longer returns Bulletin Submissions and Duplication undelivered Bulletins with the recipient's new address. Current dues and directions for Anything that might be of interest to ISHE payment are given on the last page. Please members is welcome: Society matters; allow four weeks for recording changes of articles; replies to articles; suggestions; address or payment of dues. announcements of meetings, journals or professional societies; etc. These sorts of submission should be sent to the editor. Book review inquiries should go to the Associationfor Politics and the appropriate book review editor. Submission Life Sciences Meeting should be in English, on paper and, if possible, also on diskette (MS Word 5.0 APLS will hold its first independent meeting 3- preferred). Shorter reviews are desirable 6 September 1998 in Boston. These are the same (less than 1000 words). Please include dates and location as the American Political complete references for all publications cited. Science Association annual meeting; in previous For book reviews, please include publisher's years, the two societies met jointly. The mailing address and the price of hardback coincidence of the meetings in 1998 will allow and paperback editions. There usually is not political scientists to attend sessions of both. time to consult with reviewers about The APLS program will include these speakers: editorial changes, but most of these are E. O. Wilson, George Annas, Richard Butler, :ruiI10r. Frans de Waal (tentatively), and James Q. Submissions are usually reviewed only by Wilson. Additional information will follow. the editorial staff. However, some APLS publishes a quarterly journal, Politics submissions are rejected. Political censorship and the Life Sciences, and a semi-annual is avoided, so as to foster free and creative newsletter. For information, contact exchange of (even outrageous) ideas among Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, scholars. The fact that material appears in Lake Superior State University, 650 W. the Bulletin never implies the truth of those Easterday Ave., Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783 ideas, ISHE's endorsement of them, or USA, tel. 1-906-635-2757, fax 1-906-635-2111, e- support for any policy implications that may mail [email protected], World Wide Web be inferred from them. http://www.lssu.edu/apls. Bulletin content may be reproduced without limit for scholarly (but not commercial) purposes. That is, no one may be charged for Evolution of Language receiving the content, without first obtainng Conference permission from the Editor or ISHE President. Sample copies of the Bulletin are available A conference on the evolution of language will from the Editor. Send number of copies take place in London, 6-9 April 1998. Speakers desired and the date required. 22 Life Sciences, 16, 135-138. (No. State Univ., Box 704, 1200 S. Jay St., Aberdeen, SD, 57401, Current Literature USA).

September 1997 Blum, K., & Noble, E. P. (Eds.) (1997). Handbook of Psychiatric Genetics. CRC Press, New Current Literature Editor: Johan van der 2000 Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, FL 33431 Dennen; please submit items for publication to USA, $119 (hdbk.). him (see Editorial Box). This is the last Current Literature list submitted by Bob Bradley, B.P., Mogg, K., Millar, N., Bonham- Adams. The Society has benefited greatly from Carter, E. F., Jenkins, J., & Parr, M. (1997). his diligence over the many years that he has Attentional biases for emotional faces. prepared this excellent feature. Previously, Cognition & Emotion, II, 25-42. (Univ. Bob served as editor of the Human Ethology Cambridge, Dept. Expt. Psychol., Downing St. Newsletter, predecessor to the Bulletin. Cambridge, CB2 3EB, England). Thanks for a job well done, Bob! Bogartz, R.S., Shinskey, J.L., & Speaker, e.J. If you are interested in reviewing one of the (1997). Interpreting infant looking: The event books that are listed in this section or some set x event set design. Developmental other appropriate title, please contact the new Psychology, 33, 408-422. (Univ. Massachusetts, General Book Review Editor, Peter LaFreniere Dept. Psychol., Tobin Hall, Amherst, MA, (see Editorial Box), 01003, USA).

Archer, J. (1997). Why do people love their Braza, F., Braza, P., Carreras, M. R., & Munoz, pets? Evolution and Human Behavior,18, 237- J. M. (1997). Development of sex differences in 260. (Univ. Cent. Lancashire, Dept. Psychol., preschool children: social behavior during an Preston PRI 2HE, Lanes, England). academic year. Psychological Reports, 80, 179- 188. (Estaci6n Biol6gica de Donana (CSIC), Baron-Cohen, S. (Ed.) (1997). The Maladapted Apdo. 1056, 41080 Sevilla, Spain). Mind. Taylor & Francis, Rankine Road, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG24 8PR, England, Braza, F., Braza, P., Munoz, J. M., & Carreras, $44.95 (hdbk.). Needs Reviewer*, M. R. (1997). The index of amplitude of behavi9r as a measuring instrument of social Bendor, J., & Swistak, P. (1997). The ability in preschool children. Psicothema, 9, evolutionary stability of cooperation. 305-310 (see supra). American Political Science Review, 91, 290-307. (Stanford Univ., Sch. Business, Stanford, CA Buckle, L., Gallup, G.G., & Rodd, Z.A. (1996). 94305, USA). Marriage as a reproductive contract: Patterns of marriage, divorce, and remarriage. Ethology & Berry, D.S., & Landry, J.e. (1997). Facial Sociobiology, 17, 363-378. (REPRINT: Gallup, maturity and daily social interaction. Journal G.G., SUNY Albany, Dept. Psychol., 1400 of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 12222, USA). 570580. (So. Methodist Univ., Dept. Psychol., Dallas, TX 75275, USA). Butterworth, G., Verweij, E., & Hopkins, B; (1997). The development of prehension in Bird, RLB., & Bird, D.W. (1997). Delayed infants: Halverson revisited. British Journal of reciprocity and tolerated theft: The Developmental Psychology, 15, 223-236. (Univ. behavioral ecology of food-sharing strategies. Sussex, Div. Psychol., Brighton, BNl 9QU, E. Current Anthropology, 38, 49-78. (Univ. Utah, Sussex, England). Dept. Anthropol., Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA). Calafate, L. e. (1997). Para uma biologia do ensino. 0 Professor, no. 54, III Serie, Marc;o/Abril, pp. 71-77. (Universidade do Blanchard, K.e. (1997). Human nature: Porto, Faculdade de Ciencias, R. do Campo Integrating nature and nurture. Politics & the Alegre,1191, 4100 Potto, Portugal). 23

Coney, N., & Mackey, W. C (1997). A Diamond, J. (1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The reexamination of Gilligan's analysis of the fates of human societies. Norton, 800 Keystone female moral system: distaff altruism will not Industrial Park, Scranton, PA 18512 USA, succeed. Human Nature, 8, 247-273. (Townshire $27.50 (hdbk.). Manor, Ste. 6, 401 Lake St., Bryan, TX 77801 USA). Diekmann, A, Jungbaur-Gans, M., Krassnig, H., & Lorenz, S. (1996). Social status and Cossette, L., Pomerleau, A., Malcuit, G., & aggression: A field study analyzed by survival Kaczorowski, J. (1996). Emotional expressions analysis. Journal of Social Psychology, 136, of female and male infants in a social and a 761-768. (Univ. Bern, Inst. Social., Unitobler, nonsocial context. Sex Roles, 35, 693-710. Lerchenweg 36, Ch-3000 Bern, Switzerland). (Univ. Quebec, Dept. Psycho!., CP8888, Su<:ciusale Ctr. Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 398, Dunbar, R.I.M., Duncan, N.D.C., & Marriott, A Canada). (1997). Human conversational behavior. Human Nature, 8, 231-246. (Department of Daly, M. (Ed.) (1997). Characterizing Human Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Psychological Adaptations. John Wiley, Rathbone Guilding, Bedford St South, Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, P019 Liverpool L69 7ZA, England). 1UD, England, £49.50 (hdbk.). Nee ds Reviewer. Ellis, L., & Eertz, L. (Eds.) (1997). Sexual Orientation: Toward biological understanding. Davis, J. N. (1997). Birth order, sibship size, Greenwood Publishing, P. O. Box 5007, and status in modem Canada. Human Nature, Westport, CT 06881 USA, $65 (hdbk.). Needs 8, 205-230. (Center for Adaptive Behavior and Reviewe'r, Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research, Leopoldstr. 24, 80802 Ellis, L., & Walsh, A (1997). Gene-based Munich, Germany). evolutionary theories in criminology. Criminology, 35/ 229-276. (Minot State Univ., deHaan, M., & Nelson, CA. (1997). Minot, ND, USA). (Division of Social Sciences, Recognition of the mother's face by six-month Minot State University, Minot, ND 58707 USA) old infants: A neurobehavioral study. Child Development, 68, 187-210. (REPRINT: Nelson, Flinn, M.V., (1997). Culture and the evolution CA, Univ. Minnesota, Inst. Child Dev., 51 E. of social learning. Evolution and Human River Rd., Minneapolis; MN, 55455, USA). Behavior, 18, 23. (Univ. Missouri, Dept. Anthropol. Columbia, MO, 65211,USA). deWaal, F. B. M., & Lanting, F. (1997). Bonobo: The forgotten ape. University of California Furlow, F.B. (1997). Human neonatal cry Press, Berkeley, CA, USA, $39.95 (hdbk.). quality as an honest signal of fitness. Evolution Needs Reviewer. and Human Behavior, 18, 175-194. (Univ. New Mexico, Dept. Biol., 167 Castetter Hall, Derrico, F;, & Villa, P. (1997). Holes and Albuquerque, NM 81131, USA). grooves: The contribution of microscopy and taphonomy to the problem of art origins. Gangestad, S.W., & Thornhill, R. (1997). The Journal of Human Evolution, 33, 1-32. (Univ. evolutionary psychology of extrapair sex: The Bordeaux 1 CNRS, UMR 9933; Inst. role of fluctuating asymmetry. Evolution & Quaternaire, Ave Fac. F-33405 Talence Human Behavior, 18, 69-88. (Univ. New France). ' Mexico, Dept. Psycho!., Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA). DeVos, H., & Zeggelink, E. (1997). in human social evolution: The Gould, L. (1997). Affiliative relationships viability of reciprocal altruism with a between adult males and immature group preference for' "old-helping-partners." members in naturally occurring ringtailed Evolution and Human Behavior, 18, 261-278. lemurs (Lemur catta). American Journal of (Univ. Groningen, Dept. Sociol. 1CS, Grote Physical Anthropology, 103, 163-172. (Univ. Rozenstr 31, NL-9712 TG Groningen, Alberta, Dept. Anthropol., Edmonton, AB T6G Netherlands). 2H4, Canada). 24

Guerrero, L.K. (1997). Nonverbal involvement Hurtado, A.M., deHurtado, LA, Hill, K., & across interactions with same-sex friends, Rodriguez, S. (1997). The evolutionary context opposite-sex friends and romantic partners: of chronic allergic conditions: The Hiwi of Consjstency or change? Journal of Social and Venezula. Human Nature, 8, 51-76. (Univer. Personal Relationships, 14, 31-58. (Arizona New Mexico, Dept. Anthropo!., Albuquerque, State Univ., Dept. Commun., Staffer Hall, New Mexico, 87131, USA). Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA). Jakobs, E., Fischer, AH., & Manstead, A.S.R. Hains, S.MJ., & Muir, D.W., (1996). Infant (1997). Emotional experience as a function of sensitivity to adult eye direction. Child social context: The role of the other. Journal of Development, 67, 1940-1951. (Queens Univ., Nonverbal Behavior, 21, 103-130. (Univ. Dept. Psycho!., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Amsterdam, Roetersstr IS, NL-1015 WB Canada). Amsterdam, Netherlands),

Harris, CR., & Christenfeld, N., (1997). James, T.W., & Kimura D. (1997). Sex Humour, tickle, and the Darwin-Hecker differences in remembering the locations of hypothesis. Cognition & Emotion, 11, 103. objects in an array: Location-shifts versus (Univ. Calif. San Diego, Dept. Psycho!. 0109, location-exchanges. Evolution & Human San Diego, CA, 92093, USA). Behavior, 18, 155-164. (Univ. Western Ontario, Dept. Psycho!., London, ON N6A 5C2, Herz, R. S., & Cahill, E. D. (1997). Canada). Differential use of sensory information in sexual behavior as a function of gender. Human Jones, S.s. (1996). Imitation or exploration? Nature, 8, 275-286. (Monell Chemical Senses Young infants' matching of adults' oral gestures. Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA Child Development, 67, 1952-1969. (Indiana 19104 USA). Univ., Psycho!. 349, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA). Hider, P.M. (1996). Three bibliometric analyses of anthropology literature. KeIrn, M. (1997). Schumpeter's theory of Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian, 15, 1- economic evolution: A Darwinian 18. (British Lib., Boston, MA, USA). interpretation. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 7, 97-130. (McKinsey & Co. Inc., Hill, CM., & Ball, H.L. (1996). Abnormal Kurfurstendamm 185, D-10707, Berlin, births and other "ill omens": The adaptive case Germany.) for infanticide. Human Nature, 7, 381-402. (Univ. Durham, Dept. Anthropo!., 43 Old Kim, K., Smith, P.K., & Palermiti, AL. (1997). Elvet, Durham, DH1 3HN, England). Conflict in childhood and reproductive development. Evolution and Human Behavior, Hinde, R. (1997). Is war a consequence of human 18, 19-142. (Univ. London Goldsmiths Col!. aggression? In S. Feshbach, & J. Zagrodzka Dept. Psychol., London SE14 6NW, England). (Eds.), Aggression: Biological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives (pp. 177-186). New King, J.E., & Figueredo, A.J. (1997). The five- York: Plenum Publishing Group. (Univ. factor model plus dominance in chimpanzee Cambridge, MRC GRP, Madingly, Cambridge personality. Journal of Research in Personality, CB3 8AA, England). 31, 257-271. (Univ. Arizona, Dept. Psycho!., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA).

Lampert, A (1997). The Evolution of Love. Hrdy, S.B. (1997). Raising Darwin's Greenwood Publishing, 88 Post Road West, P. O. consciousness: Female sexuality and the Box 5007, Westport, CT 06881 USA, $49.95 prehominid origins of patriarchy. 'Human (hdbk). Needs Reviewer. Nature, 8, 1-50. (University Calif., Davis, CA, 95616, USA). Leatherman, T.L., & Goodman, A.H. (1997). Expanding the biocultural synthesis toward a Hubbard, J. R., & Workman, E. A (Eds.) (1997). biology of poverty. American Journal of Handbook of Stress Medicine: An organ system Physical Anthropology, 102, 1-4. (Univ. S. approach. CRC Press, 2000 Corporate Blvd., Carolina, Dept. Anthropo!., Columbia, SC, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA, $99.95 (hdbk). 29209, USA). 25

Lemmens, T. (1997). "What about your genes?" McBurney, D.H., Gaulin, S.F.C, Devineni, I., Ethical, legal, and policy dimensions of & Adams, C (1997). Superior spatial memory genetics in the workplace. Politics and the Life of women: Stronger evidence for the gathering Sciences, 16,57-76. (McGill Univ., Biomed. Eth. hypothesis. Evolution and Human Behavior, Unit., CIin. Trails Res. Grp., Montreal, PQ H3A 18, 165-174. (Univ. Pittsburgh, 420 Langley 1W9, Canada). Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA).

Levenson, RW. (1996). Biological substrates of Miller, E.M. (1996). The evolution of empathy and facial modulation of emotion: Australoid and Amerindian intelligence. Two facets of the scientific legacy of John Mankind Quarterly, 37, 149-186. (Univ. New Lanzetta. Motivation and Emotion, 20, 185-204. Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70148, USA). (Univ. Calif. Berkeley, Dept. Psycho!., 3210 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA). Miller, E.M. (1997). The survival of genes for stupidity: Consistency of fitness and heritability. Personality & Individual Differences, 22, 433-436. (Univ. New Orleans, Dept. Econ. & Finance, New Orleans, LA, 70148, USA).

Lorenz, K. (1997). The Natural Science of the Miller, E.M. (1997). Could nonshared Human Species: An introduction to comparative environmental variance have evolved to assure behavioral research--the "Russian diversification through randomness? Manuscript" (1944-1948). Edited by A. von Evolution and Human Behavior, 18, 195. (see Chronach, translated by R. D. Martin. MIT supra). Press, 5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA, $16.50 (ppr.). Reviewed by Alain Mithen, S. (1996). Anthropomorphism and the Schmitt and Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt in the evolution of cognition. Journal of the Royal March 1997 Bulletin. Anthropological Institute, 2, 717-718. (Univ. Reading, Reading RG6 2AH, Berks, England). Lubinski, D., & Humphreys, L.G. (1996). Seeing the forest from the trees: When predicting the Mix, K.S., Levine, S.C, & Huttenlocher, J. behavior or status of groups, correlate means. (1997). Numerical abstraction in infants: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 2, 363-376. Another look. Developmental Psychology, 33, (Iowa St. Univ., Sci. & Technol., Dept. 423-428. (Indiana Univ., Dept. Psychol., Psycho!., Ames, lA, 50011, USA). Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA).

Magnusson, D. (1997). The Lifespan Moore, RF. (1996). Caring for identified versus Development of Individuals: Behavioral, statistical lives: An evolutionary view of neurobiological, and psychosocial perspectives. medical distributive justice. Ethology and Cambridge University Press, 1 Trinity Street, Sociobiology, 17, 379-402. (Vanderbilt Univ., Cambridge CB2 ISZ, U.K., £29.95 (ppr.). Sch. Med., Dept. Psychiatry, Suite 2200 Village Vanderbilt, 1500 21st Ave. S., Manning, J.I., Koukourakis, K., & Brodie, D.A. Nashville, TN 37212, USA). (1997). Fluctuating asymmetry, metabolic rate and sexual selection in human males. Evolution Muller, RA. (1996). Innateness, autonomy, and Human Behavior, 18, 15-22. (Univ. universality? Neurobiological approaches to Liverpool, Populat. Biol. Res. Grp., Dept. language (with commentary). Behavioral and Environm. & Evolut. Bio!. POB 147, Liverpool Brain Sciences, 19, 611-630. (Wayne State L69 3BX, Merseyside, England). Univ., Children's Hosp. Michigan Ped. Or., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA). Nanning, J.T., Scutt, D., Whitehouse, G.H., & Leinster, S.J. (1997). Breast asymmetry and Neppl, T.K., & Murray, A.D. (1997). Social phenotypic quality in women. Evolution and dominance and play patterns among Human Behavior, 18, 223-226. (Univ. preschoolers: Gender comparisons. Sex Roles, Liverpool. Sch. Bio. Sci., Environm. & 36, 381-394. (Kansas State Univ., Sch. Family Evolutionary Biol., Nicholson Bldg., POB 147, Studies & Human Serv., Justin Hall, Liverpool L6G 3BX, Merseyside, England). Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA). 26 Cambridge CB2 1SZ, U.K., £55 (hdbk.), £19.95 Pellegrini, A D. (1996). Observing Children in (ppr.). Their Natural Worlds: A methodological primer. Lawrence Erlbaurn, 10 Industrial Ave., Saito, A (1996). Social origins of cognition: Mahwah, NJ 07430 USA, $26.95 (ppr.). Needs Bartlett, evolutionary perspective and Reviewer. embodied mind approach. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 26, 399-422. Pellis, S.M., & Pellis, V.C (1997). Targets, (Univ. Cambridge, Fac. Social & Polit. ScL, tactics, and the open mouth face during play Cambridge CB2, ITN, England). fighting in three species of primates. Aggressive Behavior, 23, 41-58. (Univ. Scheib, J.E., Kristiansen, A, & Wara, A. Lethbridge, Dept. Psychol., Lethbridge, AB (1997). A Norwegian note on "sperm donor T1K 3M4, Canada). selection and the psychology of female mate choice." Evolution and Human Behavior 18 Plavcan, J.M., & VanSchaik, CP. (1997). 143-150. (5802 Treehills Pkwy., Stone Mt:' GA Interpreting hominid behavior on the basis of 30088, USA). sexual dimorphism. Journal of Human Evolution, 32, 345-374. (New York CoIl., Schleidt, M., & Kien, J. (1997). Segmentation in Osteopath Med., Dept. Anat., Old Westbury, behavior and what it can tell us about brain NY, 11568, USA). function. Human Nature, 8, 77. (Max Planick Soc., Dept. Human Ethol., 0-82346, Kloster Plavcan, J.M., & VanSchaik, c.P. (1997). Andechs, Germany). 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