International Journal of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Science (IJASHSS) Available online at http://www.ijashss.com Volume 5, Issue 2 (2016) pp. 117-126 Original Article Manuchehri: the Poet of Nature Susan Fotohi Member of Faculty of Farhangian University, Campus of Bent-Al-Hoda Sadr Kurdistan Received: 19 March 2016, Revised: 18 April 2016, Accepted: 25 April 2016 ABSTRACT The description of nature and it beauties within the poetry of Manuchri Damghani, the poet of early 5th century A.H has got a special status. These young poet and portrait painter had fluent knowledge of Arabic literature in addition to fluency in description of beautiful aspects of nature manifesting his expertise in music and painting being influenced by poets like Abu-Noas and Amro-Alghis. In this essay it has been attempted to show the features of Manucheri based on content and method of expression in addition to showing the basis of his thought, attitude and his special way of expression namely “What he says and how he says it. Within this essay, Mosmat poetical framework is regarded one of the main elements of Manuchehri poetry and one of his innovations. Keywords: Manucheri, Nature, Poetry, Description, Picture.

Introduction “If we want to introduce a supreme the northern regions during his youth.1 example of young and prominent writers Any way the distance between Gorgan and living in nature and fond of it, he certainly Tabarestan is not too far. Manuchehri is Ahmad-Ibn Ghos so called as might have arrived in Tabarestan with one Manuchehri Damghani. His pseudonym of caravans described in his poetry and as “Manuchehri” is apparently taken from it has been rumored that she has gone a lot “Manuchehr-Ibn-Ghabus” but in his poem to see Manuchehr Ibn-Ghabos reigning collection, no mention is made of Ibn-Ghos. over Golestan and Tabarestan. After death Therefore following some evidences of this ruler, Manuchehri went to Rai to existing, one should consider this offer his services to Tahir Dabir ruling pseudonym attained from Manuchehr Ibn- over there as representative of Masood- Ghabus and one should note that this poet Ghaznavi. It was from this city that he was has for some limited period been living in sent to Ghaznin with due respect. Anyway, the court of this person or has had Munachehri went to the court of Ahmad relationship with his court. This issue can Ibn-Abdolsamad based on the order of be proved within his collection of poems Sultan hoping for the patronage and by looking for the names of singing birds protection of this minister as one of the and plants found in northern parts of main secretaries of Masood court and describing their beauty and especially the waves of sea which makes us believe that 1 History Of Iran and World Literature, page 71-72 this poet born in Damghan must have seen 117 | Page

Fotohi Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2016, 5(2):117-126 paying high respect to literature and Based on what has been said of the life of poetry as he recounts so in Ode 38 this young poet born in Damghan, looking addressing this figure: 2 at the atmosphere in which he spent his Trans: You, those living in tent get out of it, short life in and the social context and the leader has come out of the house. spectra to which he belongs so reflected in Trans: Oh, God of Safety! I am here. Hoping his poetry, we can get a glimpse of his real for you and Mafzal personality because his personality and his So this talented and prominent poet talks works are not something innate but of figural praise after initial description reflection of spiritual life and culmination adding something significant to the of complex relationships binding together heritage of Persian poetry. the poet and his social context. The social Of course, emergence of a young and context helps in forming the thoughts of talented poet among court poets raised this rhetoric writer and artist providing disturbance and dispute among older him with innovative means and artistry. poets looking with displeasure at this new Investigation of his “Collection of Poems” competitor. It was bcause of this issue that and study of his individual poems clearly Manuchehri wrote a praising poetry for shows this fact that high intuition, Onsori namely the famous ode of “Laghz flourishing thought and sad demeanor Sham” after which he found a special distinguishes this prominent poet. These stance among courtiers and ministers. features caused him, from his early steps During this time he was in the apex of towards social life, to proceed into the affluence still wishing to enjoy the high-class way of living namely the court. pleasures of life and success that death In such a situation, his favorable living ended his life within a day in 432 A.H. condition, bars him from using his innate The Contemporary Sultans during Life of talent to describe the failure of wishes, the Deceased Poet Manuchehri loves and inconsistencies of life because he Most of Manuchehri’s poems were praising becomes familiar with a way of living in Sultan Masood Ghaznavi and this poet in which the needs and wishes are easily these odes talked of the ways of living, attainable and everything goes on well. wars and problems facing Massood made Within this context, only court affluence by Saljoghi Turks. Of others praised by this and welfare, drinking and enjoying worldly poet, one could name Abdol-Samad, the pleasures show up. It is in these moments minister, which Manuchehri has written that he says: meaning “I have been aroused beautiful praises on. to write difficulty” and it is within these Of other figures praised by this poet, one states that he writes his verses. It is in could name Amir-Falak Al-Maali these states of mind that writing poetry Manuchehr Ibn-Ghabos, Abo Sahl Zozani happens. and Abol-Ghasem Kasir, Tahir Dabir; Ali The world pictured within Manuchehri Ibn-Abidollah called as Ali Daye and poetry consists of elements like color, Onsori, a poet. 3 music, odor and fascinating beauties. In The Intellectual Stance and Attitude of the mind-drawn gardens, Narcissus Manuchehri: flowers were depicted like grounds full of golden cups or stepping on a ground of 2 Introduction to Manuchehri Poem-Collaction, Dabir Siaghi, page golden plants. The garden gets saturated 22 with gold and the whole plain full of ruby. 3 Introduction to “Collection of Poems”, Dabir Siaghi, page 24-25 Basswoods are agate-like, leaves are gold-

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Fotohi Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2016, 5(2):117-126 ridden and trees covered in silk. So in this permanent images grasped out of nature way, a world full of majesty, beauty and seems evident. 4 success-ridden is built in Manuchehri Most of the issues which Manuchehri faces poetry. But this world made of majestic in life are reflected in his poetry. The materials and legendary beauties namely colorfulness and diversity of similarities an excessively closed, limited and small describing nature, plants and singing birds environment so that only a privileged class are reminiscent of memories of the time he and its servants pay them services live in spent in Gorgan and Tabarestan. Even it. In such a setting even loves have no sign description of caravan stops, seasons and of loyalty and purity and when love is plains, even the night travel of camels with talked of, it doesn’t exceed animal wishes. harmonic movement is highly significant No heart beats and no tears drop on the and some ascribe it to the memories of chick of a painful mind. The beloved is childhood on the deserts of Damghan and usual and the speckle on the face of not an imitative experience grasped by beauties is the sign of servitude and study of poems collections by emerging slavery. Manuchehry, caught in such a poets.5 closed setting, is far from realities and Prof. Said Nafisi, regarding his domination social life but in service of sovereign on diverse fields of knowledge like power. literature in an ode “says: but the basis of Of course, one shouldn’t forget that his prominence and intuition beyond the weakness of intellectual background in realm of literature is apparent. There is no Manuchehri poetry and his doubt that he knew medicine and there are contemporaries is somehow related to materials in his poem eluding to this point simplicity of thought, limitation in subjects among these the following one: and fresh emergence of poetic figures. The Trans: One shouldn’t make the other poet of that era had been innovative in hurry, hurrying is better done in medicine most cases and this needed intellectual than raising calmness and cultural revolutions not still provided. Another science he was adept in was music But without doubt, the main factor of this due to the fact he mentions the name of weakness was rooted in intellectual and ancient-Iran musicians repeatedly like mental development of that time, social Barbod, Ramtin and Bamshad and in his relationships dominant and especially speech he recorded thirty one notes official conditions and reigning royal among the notes of Iranian music the demands regarding poetry and poets. But names of which can’t be found among his one should add that the young poet hasn’t poems. 6 feigned in actions far from chastity and Badi Al-Zaman Foroz Anform Says: “The didn’t forget to describe and praise nature basis of Manuchehri poetry is imagery, in addition to praising the intended figure. comparison and symbolization and in this The quantity and quality of praising way he can be considered following beauties within his poetry was more Abdollah Ibn-Amotaz Abasi. His imageries focused on much more than praising of are at the utmost level of precision and all individuals so that within poems the secondary status of praise against the main objective of expression of noble 4 Introduction to “A Selection of Manuchehri Poems”, Ahmad Ali figures of speech and creation of Emami, p.23-26 5 History of Iran and World Literature, p72 6 Bakhtar Magazine, Said Nafisi, 2nd Year, p97, 159-164 119 | Page

Fotohi Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2016, 5(2):117-126 conditions of perfection of imagery are if poignant coldness gets them, the redness observed.” 7 of his child’s blood will turn blue and his But one undoubtedly should say his poetry tiny nails are likened to flower leaves possesses imageries without background having apparent delicate lines. Damghani and verbal imitations. A part of his odes is considers these small nails in mind and simple and fluent and other part written when necessary likens them to violet influenced by his knowledge so that some leaves and writes: of his odes became the list of Arab poets. Trans: The violet leaves got gray like roots However, the quality of structure, of nails within the hands of an infant by composition and intuition for him is poignant cold prominent, namely the basis of style, Manuchehri sometimes considers a method of speech and other elements phenomenon from diverse perspective and aren’t missed making a new tradition in this action leads to constitution of various . 8 images, for example in an ode starting Because the era in which Manuchehri lived with: should be considered the era of nature and Trans: It is spring and world like a majestic natural images in Persian poetry, idol. You, the majestic idol, rise and Manuchehri is regarded as the best forward that stingless flower. In the representative of this era namely utilizing following, drops of water are looked upon poetical images. His poetical images are in different views and diverse images with often results of his personal and sensual different features-recordable on sensitive images and due to that, nature in his films only-are provided each one unique collection of poems possesses the liveliest and innovative: descriptions. Trans: And that drop of water dropping Because he creates picture for its own sake from stems to the leaves lazily and without without considering it as a tool and of hurry secondary significance within poetry, he Trans: It is as if hairdresser from the should be regarded as the most creative forehead, drops shiny object slowly and in figure in constituting images. If we look due quantity more poignantly to his made images, we Trans: And that drop of rain falling on a will see that most of these images are red flower is like bride tear drop placed in such a way that will be pleasure- descending on her face making and innovative in that pose and Trans: And that drop of rain falling on a condition losing its artistic value, beauty yellow flower is like dropping of a yellow and nobility if used in another situation. In hue upon a Dinar (Gold Ancient-Syrian fact his images are created in a unique Coin) method not capable of reproduction and Trans: And that drop of rain water falling rephrasing. on a flower of beauty is like a drop of Dr. Soratgar, while exploring the water falling on lips of the bellowed and it description potency of Manuchehri is like pure wine. regarding the imageries of poet Trans: And that drop of rain water falling manifesting poet’s intuition, writes: “Every from mountain lilies is like a treasure on Mother seeing his babe’s nails knows that this rolling temple (world). The other feature of this poet is the 7 Sokhanvar va Sokhanvaran, Badi al-zaman Forozanfar, 2nd edition, p.134- jubilation and happiness resulting from his 137 way of conduct and when he writes, it 8 Mohammad Dabir Siaghi, Introduction to Poem Collection 120 | Page

Fotohi Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2016, 5(2):117-126 makes imagination to migrate to a world Mosmat (six-partite). Mosmat poems never witnessing any kind of grief and written by Manuchehri are mostly of sore. In all parts of its poem collection hexagon type of early common type. Old consisting of three thousand verses one Mosmat is a collection of lines divided in hardly finds a sorrowful phrase and this which non-ending parts within each might be conceived as an advantage of his couplet have internal rhyme and ending poem rarely seen in poems by others parts of couplets creating the external which though describe the celebrations rhyme of the poem. Sometimes, this kinds and happy time of the upper-class have of poems are called Mosja Poems an sorrowful undertone laughing on the example of which can be found in Molana surface and crying right beneath it. 9 poetry: Pleasure-seeking and youth of this poet Trans: My vision is experienced and my has resulted in the phenomenon that he soul brave/I got the bravery of a lion, acts excessively in description of wine, became a burning sun telling of wishes and seeking divers Mystic says graces to God, We won delights even if he loses his life everybody/ by domination over seven overdrinking and rooting for bodily layers of sky, I became the shining star pleasures. His talks of wine bottles are Be fluent as like ongoing chess, quiet and regarded as the best of its kind in Persian self-expressive/ by witnessing the king of language exceeding those lines by universe I became hilarious and gracious. and Bashar-Marghzi raising fresh contents These verses can be written into a Square within a special kind of poem called (four-partite) Mosmat (Eunuch Nasir in a “Mosmat” popularized by him.12Using this book called “Meiar Al-Ashaar” calls new poetry form resulted from his deep versified poems as Four-partite Mosmat): understanding. Although the content of Trans: I got experienced vision/ brave this new poems remain the same none of soul/bravery of a lion/ I became a shining his followers could use this way of verse sun writing with similar majesty. In this poem every verse is literally As you know, Mosmat is composition of prosodic four-partite. These kinds of few lines of same rhyme (a section called verses are not common (opposite to that of Tasmit) and a line with different rhyme ( Arabic poetry) in Persian poetry usually the threat of Mosmat) repeated a few constituting of six or seven parts. Based on times with diverse rhymes and due to this such a perspective Manuchehri made the repetition this lines with different rhymes verses longer rising them to the level of somehow attain same rhymes, for usual verses in Persian poetry. Tasmit or example: “ the old Mosmat, based on the view of Those Masamt-poems made up of 3 verses scholars, was regarded as a noble tradition namely Tasmit and thread of Mosmat is so that Manuchehri can be regarded as the called Triangular Mosmat. creator of this new poetic form in Persian Those poems constituting of four verses literature and his Mosmats usually poseess are called Square Mosmat, those with five the structure of ode in the sense that the and six verses are respectively called Fifth first part is beautiful description followed Mosmat and Hexagon Mosmat. So the by praise of the intended figure.10 smallest kind of Mosmat is Triangular (three-partite) and the longest Hexagon

Different Literary Genres, Sirus Shamisa, p.291-293 9 Sokhan va Sokhanvaran, Foroz Afzar, p.134-137 10 121 | Page

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For example a Mosmat describing autumn speeches by Baihaghi, Massood highly and praising Sultan Massood Ghaznavi respected poets early in his reign but in his goes on with the following onset: last years of life didn’t care much about Trans: Rise and Shine that autumn has them. He was so busy fighting endless arrived/the cool winds flow from wars and enjoying ruthless victories that Kharazam. had no time to spend with poets. Much See that falling leave hesitating on the more important than that, court eunuchs point of that stem/as if colored like a tried to create negative atmosphere for colorful jacket poets through using deception and tricks. The villager bites his nails wondering/ in But the happy and wandering spirit of the garden and on the ground neither Manuchehri has suffered these tricks if not flower nor lavender will remain regarding difficulties as poignant. The Then in the following lines he initiates defeat of his wishes and dreams points to praising Sultan Massood Ghaznavi: 11 the lack of worldly firm basis of the Trans: And when one shows up with a cup material universe. A world which he of wine/he will gather the villager and the describes so in the following way: present men together Trans: In whatever way I test you/ you are On this colorful hell he draws the lines of a all tricks and damage fish/reminding one of pleasant odor in And if I test hundred times more/the same, one’s mind the same, the same He says that I will not enjoy this black In his calm and quiet conscience, love for thing (wine)/unless I drink but for living seems more potent than any other remembering the memories of a just king loves. Love to live be redundant within his The powerful Sultan, the just ruler/ his poetry. Life is wholly magical, majestic and less shown talent is patience and his magnetic. The eunuchs and other-worldly highest one grandeur of essence men talk of death and mortality unaware Going from the nature of Massood to of the magnetic force of such a life. What is nature of Massod/ is as if moving from a the use of condescending body and pleasantly smelling thing to its interior worldly life? Life shouts the wish for living God has given both worlds a worshiped making human beings to look for pleasure. creator/nobody dares to enter into his Can poet’s soul disregard this pleasing realm sound? For what should one wish for In the collection of poems by Manuchehri, death? If life gets deplete of happiness and 53 odes, 27 stanzas, 6 quatrains, 1 two-line joyance it is not different from death. couplet, 10 sing line verses and 11 Samt But love for living is more apparent in has been gathered. In the history of Iranian descriptions poet draws of flowers, poultry Literature especially Manuchehri poetry, and fruits. the dominant verse form is Mosmat the Life is not something that can be subject of which is description of wine and condescended because it is full of beauty. praise using beautiful and imaginative The passing of time doesn’t drag human imagery and fresh thoughts. being to the interior world and the In the reign of Massood Ghaznavi, universe of eunuchs and similar men. He generous patronage of poets had been long might find nothing but darkness and forgotten. As it can be shown from ambiguity within this world just like those looking at it with clear eyes. A world in which the other-worldly men find 11 Collection of Poems, p. 167, 1895 122 | Page

Fotohi Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2016, 5(2):117-126 themselves filled with majesty and interest him for praise and its own entertainment. is wholly closed to a pleasure-seeking He is regarded like a clown and a child. But poet. That is why the other world is totally this life itself reflects the life of courtiers, far from him and material world is favored servants and princesses.12 and palpable for him. Within this world of Regarding this fact that he is a court poet it appearance and materiality, he describes is expected that he might know the the beauties of spring just the same as political system and court setting well or depiction of autumn. It is this excitement at lead might introduce it. But what we get which gives his poems a personal guise. from his collection of poems is not so much What these descriptions on arid deserts but a typical understanding of government within some odes depict is not based on and Sultan/Minister relationship. For the same stance. The poet might have example the perspective he draws on the imitated Arab poets in such descriptions, future of Iran during the reign of Sultan but their local tone is apparent. These Massood manifests his optimism and horrifying deserts and continuous populace way of thinking: sceneries raising utmost fear in human Trans: Soon this ruined territory will mind might have been depicted based on become a heaven/these tough times will passages in which the poet was wondering be gone in, causing difficulties for him and this The king will get softer in conduct/Iran gives his works a local overtone. will be happy for it as will the ministers br. Colors and songs so artistically described Description of people welcoming the king originate in his musical talent and painting and his servants, whether done on freewill tendencies. The singing of partridge or by force and threat, is beautiful and reminds one of bell ringing and the sounds interesting: made by cuckoo echoes in his ears like Trans: The uproar of praise is heard from flute. But the beauty of flowers more far away/your elephants riding towards poignantly exposed him to the symbols of here are seen far away. beauty and his interest and fondness for The adjectives which the poet ascribes to these quiet and sensitive beauties is so the praised is highly significant beyond clearly asserted that surprises him being true or false and poetic vehemently. exaggerations in analysis of values and In whatever related to wine this Damghani abnormalities reminding the praised of the poet acts like disciple of Abu-Noas. He necessity of attachment and commitment seeks wine day and night and his days to these values in the sense that when he shatter the languor of previous nights. He describes him as fair and exaggerates on drinks on Saturday following Moses this characteristic encourages him to hold tradition and spends his Sundays with to justice and fair relationships: fellows drinking followed by acting like Trans: A brick taken from a wall by force/ monks on Monday. In this way, the poet a flower attained from a garden by sets a pleasure calendar for his week. This violence. For the stolen brick you gave a type of life describes the individual and brick of gold/and for flower you offer a personal way of living for this poet facing a thread of jewelry and diamonds court without sorrow and full of hedonism. What does he do in such a setting? nothing. No one expects him to do something in such a society but the court which wants 12 With Hele Caravan, p.54-57 123 | Page

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Goodness, bravery, doing charity and self- It I true that everything reminds him of knowledge are some of the attributes love. All elements of nature like cloud, giving privilege to king over other kings. 13 garden and river are familiar with this life Religious Viewpoint of the Poet: In a quick secret but his love is not a virtual or search into the content of poems material one. Those narratives saturated collections, 43 reference to Quran verses with painful complaints and platonic loves, and 12 more to Prophet Mohammad’s poet’s surrendering to love and speeches were found. With a prompt look Condescension no longer exist in his on the references one can get that most of poems. these allusions are only used as means to His love isn’t other-worldly but that of poetic expressions none of which have populace found of world and drinking. It is firm intellectual and belief basis, for the love of a man who wants to buy the example in praise of an individual, the poet heart and affection of his beloved with describes his wrath much more frightening coins just as he does her body. Such a lover of day of judgment: doesn’t show patience for finally caressing Trans: Your wrath in an hour takes more his beloved or her wrath. Even her anger time that a day of Ending/that day skies might make an enemy out of him ending will be drawn together. his patience. Within his praise verses, sometimes verses After all, who hasn’t endured the cruelties get too conflated and one should just of love? He says: meaning that “the perceive and reject them altogether: cruelties of love I’ve suffered might be not Trans: Paying committed services to you is endured by anybody”. But the potency like saying prayers/ after that people are which gives the beloved’s complaints an banned from saying praises for God but echoing force is bot present in his poems. you Odes addressed to an individual, probably Among natural descriptions within his male, causes deviation in poetry of Farokhi collection of poems, one hardly finds and Abu-Noas is also reflected in this examples depicting the ways of natural poetry. His love poetry is sometimes description strongly relating it to religious addressed to a person and manifests his beliefs and spiritual manifestation within rejection due to harsh cruelties of the speaker. A verse like the following has not beloved the reconciliation of which can be so many equivalents: done by sending a messenger to his house. Trans: on the tip of any stem a bird looms/ Maybe the pain of love is endured no more each naming the God’s names than this level by his mind and body. But Love in Manuchehri Poetry: even this lack of depth in love and hostility Within odes of Manuchehri, 10 poetic might show that this lover and poet is references to wine and 15 references on expecting nothing more than physical making love and expression of lovers’ pleasure from his beloved. It is here that states of mind, establishes the ground for the poet complains and moans about his talking in praising manner regarding other pains but within these complaints and subjects. 14 false grandeur, one rarely finds the vehemence of love odes. 15 Familiarity with Arabic Literature is 13 An Exploration of Collection Poem of Manuchehri Damghani, apparent within his own poems. Rahman Moshtagh, Mehr Aiineh Pajoohesh, p. 71-72 14 An Expolration into Manucheri’s Poem Collection, Rahman Moshtagh Mehr, Ayiine Pajohes Magazinem, p. 106;71-72 15 With Hele Caravan, p.63-64 124 | Page

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Sometimes in an ode he lists the names of poets’ pausing in front of the beloved’s over thirty Arab poets or even mentions home remembering old time memories: some or their odes in his verse. The poet Trans: Oh! You the costume of leaving has pompously said that: mortal beloved/ you, lover, went down This means he knows lots of arabic poems under the time’s mill and can recite them. Among these poets, Wretched thing, the beloved left you and he seems most influenced by Moalaghe by went to her home/ in the manner of Amrolghais. This ode depicts Amrolghais, Meghrat and Seght-Alva poet’s beloved as his cousin, and his Good position! But not ours/ there is the interest in hunting and travelling to other shelter of that outstanding cedar. lands. This ode consists of three sections: In the following lines, Manuchehri follows Poets’ stop in front of his beloved’s home the ode on Amrol-Ghais in dedicating a line and remembering past events resulting in on the faithlessness of the beloved: excessive crying Trans: In that night that my beloved left/ I Description of love events between them had a heart painful and impatient. Description of what has happened to the Manuchehri then writes a few lines on poet when wandering around with no description of cosmos and his ride: home as night, wolves regions and flood. Trans: The cosmos became a desert and I This ode is more famous than the others so like a passenger/went from one place to that the Arabs pointed to it as an emblem another wondering of innovation and beauty. However, the I left and the ship in which I travelled/ total structure of these ancient and pre- dropped his anchor in an unknown place Islamic odes can be summarized as and a plain so wide. follows: first the poet mentions the climate In Ode of Amrol-Ghais, the scene of riding and nature of beloved’s settlement and a horse in desert by an agile horse is then talks in moaning manner of his love described in the following manner: crying on the pains and difficulties of Trans: his legs touch on the grounds distance from the beloved. He addresses kissing/they deceived the dust as if with a the seasons and time, calls on his friends miracle and sheds tears remembering those days. Of others with same theme, one can After crying in front of his beloved’s house, recount an ode with following onset: he attempts to go and describes his ride Trans: Fie on this distance between and whether it is horse or camel. He recounts she/ Putting us in awe anew. the nightly pains soothed by drinking and Within these odes Manuchehri observes finally finishes his poem praising his the structure of ancient Arabic poems in beloved and intended subjects. the sense that poet first describes the This structure is imitated in the same house of the beloved and scene of manner in some of Manuchehri’s odes: separation then goes on to depict his own One of these odes is the one which begins beauties and those of desert. After all, he in the following manner: finishes praising the intended individuals. Trans: Oh, Friends! Don’t hit me with these As it was described before, the basis of his blows/ that you estranged me from my poems is simile and in this respect he is beloved influenced by Arab poets originating from This ode consists of 11 lines and the same sensual reality. He has reproduced as Molaghe on Amrolghais ends with meanings, contents and material used by

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Fotohi Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2016, 5(2):117-126 this Arab poet into in an References artistic and beautiful way. History of Iran and World. (2001). Dr. Jafar Conclusion Yahaghi, Publication of Education Books, Tehran. By considering the age of poet (the first half of 5th century) as the era of nature and A Selection of Manuchehri’s Poems. (1987) natural images in poetry in Persian Ahmad Ali Emami, Boniad Publication, language, Manuchehri should be regarded Tehran. as the supreme representative of this period due to using poetical images. We History of Iranian Literature, Zabihollah can regard him as a poet-painter using Safa. (2006). First Edition, Firdausi Publication, Tehran. beautiful aspects of creation through usage of simile, metaphor and well-chosen Sokhan va Sokhanvaran, Badi-ol-Zaman vocabulary depicting a world full of Forozanfar, Kharazmi Publication. (1970). happiness, movement and life. This young Tehran. poet wants to free his life from spiritual realm presenting human beings the most Figures of Speech in Persian Poetry. beautiful and pleasurable living moments. (1987). Mohammad Reza Shafii kadkani, The zeitgeist of his words and verses is Agah Publication, Tehran. mind-blowing and his poem collection a reflection of immortal heaven. Although Different Literary Genres, Siros Shamisa, his verses are not as majestic as those by Firdausi Publication. (1997). Tehran. Farokhi, some of his odes equal those of Style of Poetry. (2010). Manuchehr in structure and firmness and Damghani, Ali Gravand, Development of sometimes his exceptionally imaginative Perisn Literature Magazine, 24th Edition, leaps surpass those of major ode poets. Autumn 2010. One could say that Manuchehri, just like , Khayam and Firdausi, tries to spend An Exploration into Manochehri his short mortal life with pleasure and Damghani’s Poetry, Rahman Moshtagh, affluence. Zeitgeist of his poems is Research Image Magazine. emphasis on the present moment. If we regard poetry of Firdausi an With Hele Caravan. (1978). Abdol-Hossein impenetrable structure of lines fully Zarin Koob, Tehran, javidanm. deplete of errors, Manuchehri’s Collection The Treasure of Speech. (1976). Zabih- of Poems is like a green garden saturated ollah Safa, Tehran, Tehran University, 6th with beautiful flowers never drawing on Edition. ugliness and always murmuring love for natural beauties in human ears. Manuchehri’s Collection of Poems, Revised by Dabir Siaghi, Tehran. How to cite this article: Susan Fotohi, Manuchehri: the Poet of Nature. International Journal of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Science, 2016, 5(2), 117-126. http://www.ijashssjournal.com/article_83790.html

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