OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 53 NO. 2 SPRING 2003 PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO PUBLICATIONS Term Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Expires A.S.O. OFFICERS Ohio Types, by Robert ISI. Converse $40.00 add $4.50 P-H Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 2004 President Dr. Brian G. Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H 43082 (614)882-3878. The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$25.00 add $2.50 P-H 2004 Vice President John Mocic, Box 170-RD #1, Dilles Bottom, OH 43947, (740)676-1077. BACK ISSUES OF OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST 1956 thru 1967 out of print 2004 Immediate Past President Walt Sperry, 1006 1/2 S. Main St., Mt. 1968- 1999 $ 2.50 Vernon, OH 43050, (740) 392-9774. 1951 thru 1955 REPRINTS - sets only $100.00 2004 Executive Secretary Frank Otto, 2200 E. 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Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, (440) 942-0563 Columbus, OH 43210 Mad River Chapter President: Chuck Oliver, 2717 Stoney Creek St., Springfield, OH 45501 Jeff Carskadden, 8375 Heilman Drive, New Carlisle, OH 45344 (937) 390-0889 Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Greenville, OH 45331 Mahoning Valley Chapter Brian DaRe, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 President: Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., Youngstown, OH 44512 (330) 788-1598 Lloyd Harnishfeger, 203 Steiner St., Pandora, OH 45877 Maumee Valley Chapter Dr. Robert Morris. 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The Wolfcreek Chapter Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. President: Richard Henry, P.O. Box 109-1, Waterford, OH 45786 (740) 984-2199

BUSINESS MANAGER Don Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130 Business Phone 1-800-736-7815 Home Phone 740-653-9477 ASO WEBSITE - www.ohioarch.org TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE President's Page 3 Front Cover Information 3 As the crops and weeds take over our fields, it becomes a good Depression Era Archaeology: The Redding Mound and time to take a break from combing the open land for artifacts. And the Loewendick Mound in Licking County, Ohio by D.R. Gehlbach 4 besides, it's getting hot. If you are looking for something in the archaeological realm, I would like to recommend a book I just read, Trophy by Ensil Chadwick 6 it is called, IN SEARCH OF ICE AGE AMERICANS, by Kenneth Necrology 6 Tankersley, with a foreword by Douglas Preston. Plum Run Flint, a New Perspective by Gary J. Kapusta 8 As you may recall, Douglas Preston, archaeologist and author, The Seneca Oil Spring by Robert H. McNinch 10 has written several pieces that have appeared in the NEW YORKER, and one in particular about what might have happened A Cannel Coal Ornament from Greenup Co., Kentucky by Terry Bohm 11 to the cliff dwellers in the southwest. Ken Tankersley, archaeolo­ An Expanded Center Hopewell Gorget gist, author and teacher, has produced an excellent book that by Franklin P. Everman 12 covers what we know about the big game hunting cultures we call The Frederick Vogel Ashtabula Cache Clovis and Folsom. He leads the reader through the discoveries by Rocky Falleti 12 that have been made and it is readable. The Pinckneyville Cache by Jim Beckman 13 Of significance, Dr. Tankersley, acknowledges the discoveries the The Paleo Site in Knox County amateurs have made in archaeology and towards the paleo cul­ by Robert N. Converse 16 tures in particular. That is one reason we should be aware of this The Troy, Ohio Pipe Tomahawk work. Another reason to read this book would be to bring the by Jeff Dearth 18 reader up to speed. This book should be a prerequisite for our Broken Drills by Carl Harruff 18 upcoming symposium, titled "Peopling of the New World". I have Slate & Hard Stone Artifact Collection from Northeastern let the word get out earlier, but let it be said that this is the first offi­ Summit County by Michael Rusnak 19 cial announcement of this symposium that the ASO will sponsor. Artifacts From the Sam Speck Collection by Sam Speck 22 You will not want to miss this event. There are some details in this Slate Pendants, Gorgets and From Ohio issue. Please note the date, May 22, 2004, the day before our by Mick Van Steen 23 annual meeting, 2004. How about world class speakers! This will Twin Points From The Village Site be a one day, all day affair. And the seating is limited. by Hal Povenmire 24 Not only will the subject be about what we know today, read cut­ An Interesting Salvage by Kenneth E. Simper 24 ting edge, about the paleo cultures, but it will have an Ohio and The Alligator , Granville, Licking County, surrounding states flavor. After all Ohio has a lot of Paleo material. Ohio by Hal Povenmire 25 We will be hearing from the experts in the field and there will be The Archaeological Exhumation of Damascus Friends time to ask questions. My intention is to pack so much information Burying Ground #17 by John Robert White 26 and fun into one day that you will say "uncle" at the end. And don't A Recently Found Unfluted Fluted Point From forget the next day will be our annual meeting. Franklin County, Ohio by George H. Colvin 32 So what do you, the member, need to do? You better plan, Lead Creek Chert by Dr. William C. Meadows 33 budget and get to Columbus on May 22, 2004 and in fact, we will Classic Archaic Bevel by Jack I. Rosenfeld 38 be doing something Friday May 21, in the evening. Make sure you An Adena from Licking County get a ticket, even if you are not sure if you can come. You will by Jack Rosenfeld 39 The Archaeological Society of Ohio Presents want to stay at the Concourse Hotel, or one of the several hotels First Annual Symposium 40 that are within walking distance, and you will want to be here American Indian Ancestry Task Force 40 Friday night, because you just don't know what I have planned. Annual ASO Officers Dinner 41 We have rooms reserved for the ASO at a discount. As for Sat­ Mahoning Valley Hosts Summer Show urday I forgot to tell you that there will be a banquet with a key by Michael Rusnak 41 note address to follow. Did I say we would take care of you? This Treasurer's Report for 2002 event will be open to anyone who is interested, but as ASO mem­ by Gary J. Kapusta, Treasurer 42 bers you will get first choice. Artifact Show This is all I have for now. I will keep you updated as we move by King Beaver Chapter 42 along. Save the weekend of May 21, 22 and 23 for the ASO Sym­ Finding the Expanded Center Gorget 43 posium. You might also check out our web site as it will be ESAF 2003 43 updated. Donors to the Silent Auction at the Annual May Meeting 43 Brian Foltz, President

Front Cover . NOTCHED OVATE by Chris Shoe Fletcher, Ohio This highly stylized notched ovate bannerstone was found in Branch County, Michigan, in the early 1900s. Notched ovates are among the most unique of all slate or stone artifacts and are rarely unbroken or undamaged. In whole condition, this notched ovate is one of the finest of the type. It was originally published in Bannerstones of the North American Indian (Knoblock -1939) page 381. Figure 1 (Shoe) a 53A by 33A inch banded slate notched ovate.

3 DEPRESSION ERA ARCHAEOLOGY: THE REDDING MOUND AND THE LOEWENDICK MOUND IN LICKING COUNTY, OHIO by D.R. Gehlbach

In earlier articles I have mentioned the original locations in the mound to prevent August 24th. It never yielded the riches important role of Augustine T. Wehrle in looting. It is important to note that expected by onlookers. sponsoring burial mound exploration in throughout his many excavations, Subsequently Loughman relocated his central Ohio during the Great Depression Loughman re-buried skeletal material and field camp to the site of his next project - of the 1930s. Wehrle, a Newark, Ohio, restored mounds to their original form. His the Loewendick Mound near Newark. industrialist, was also one of the most objective was limited to adding to the ambitious collectors of artifacts in Ohio Wehrle artifact collection. The Loewendick Mound and had added to his assemblage by The Redding Mound was 43 feet in The mound was situated one mile south acquiring several Ohio collections and by diameter and 5 feet 8 inches in height. of Newark in Licking Township. It meas­ having his employees excavate mounds on Loughman conducted the excavation in his ured 52 feet north and south and 45 feet his behalf. usual way by digging a trench through the east and west with a maximum height of It was fortuitous that much of this mate­ middle of the mound from one side to the 5% feet. Exploration began October 21, rial came at a time when only a minimal other. He eventually deepened the trench 1930, and ended on October 28th. investment was needed. It was also a time to 8 feet or about two feet below the The primary was an east-west when the financial resources of landowners mound floor. postmold pattern consisting of four molds were limited. However, Wehrle, whose The mound was found to contain a in a line on the south side and an equal Wehrle Stove Company prospered, was series of burials consisting of 13 inhuma­ number on the north side. Each three-foot financially secure. His company was sold tions in nine separate crypts. All were deep cavity was filled with charcoal. The in 1935 and he retired to his summer extended except for one fragmentary re- scant field notes do not provide additional estate at Thornport on Buckeye Lake burial. Most interments were within 18 information such as the distance between where he shared his substantial collection inches above or below the mound floor. molds or between mold groups, nor does with many fascinated visitors. Skeletal preservation was poor due to the it give their position within the mound. It is John Loughman, a Wehrle factory sandy soil used for mound construction. surmised that these are the remains of a employee and self-proclaimed "curio There were few associated grave ceremonial structure which was purposely hunter", conducted most of Wehrle's goods. A small celt and a flint hammer- incinerated prior to mound construction. excavations during the early 1930s. He stone were found with Burial 3, and a Although no burials were found, it is con­ gladly traded mound digging for factory bone spatula with Burial 7. In the mound ceivable that one or more work at the same wages. From informa­ fill were 28 sherds. All were were overlooked by Loughman since he tion available in the archives at the Ohio coarse and undecorated and of a variety was focused on locating artifacts. It is Historical Society, it appeared that Wehrle called Fayette Thick. They ranged in curious that there is no mention of a pre­ supplied funds to Loughman to either thickness from % to V? inch and were grit pared mound floor, a log crypt, or pos­ purchase or lease sites for excavation as tempered. They had a orange or yel­ sible covering materials within the soon as they could be identified. His lowish cast (Fig. 1). Other finds were an postmold enclosure. efforts were largely successful because of undrilled, flat-based, expanded center A limited number of artifacts were found. the lean economic era. gorget which was heavily patinated. A The fill produced several Upper Mercer flint One of the sites Loughman acquired - slate tablet or whetstone, roughly rectan­ scrapers. Other finds included an Adena following other unsuccessful attempts - gular in outline, has a number of fine type slate one-hole pendant with charac­ was the mound on the John Redding scratch marks on one side (Fig. 2). The teristic Adena drilling, and an Adena farm north of Thornville, Ohio. It was previously mentioned flint undrilled expanded center gorget of shale obtained following Redman's death for along with two celts, one of granite and (Fig. 6). There was no data on their position $25.00 from his widow. The mound was the other of mica schist, were found in in the mound. situated three miles northeast of the mound fill (Fig. 3). Several points were recovered - all Thornville in Bowling Green Township Figure 4 shows unassociated Upper Adena weak-shouldered and square and was thought by locals to contain Mercer flint points found during the exca­ stemmed types. One Adena type cache unlimited riches. Area pundits had long vation. The three examples on the left are (Fig. 7) completes the assemblage. expressed the opinion that the mound typical Adena stemmed points but the next There is no mention of their placement in was the burial place for war victims of the three suggest a Middle Woodland or the mound. "lost children of the tribes of Jacob." The Hopewell affiliation. Whether the latter notoriety regarding its origins had grown points were incidental to the site or were Conclusions to such an extent that by the time gathered in mound fill is unknown. The brief description of the excavation of Loughman and his family arrived at the The Hopewell type points suggest that the Redding and Loewendick Mounds pro­ site, curio dealers "by the hundreds" the Redding Mound may be a transitional vides little more than empirical evidence. were hovering at its margins to observe Early Woodland - Late Woodland ceme­ Loughman's cursory field notes are of little the recovery of the expected bounty. The tery. The lack of contextual information in help but the artifacts in the OHS archives onlookers were forced to remain beyond the field notes prevents a more definitive indicate that both mounds are Adena. a roped-off area surrounding the interpretation. There were other diagnostic Thanks to Martha Otto, Curator of perimeter of the mound. artifacts including a hollow bone bead and Archaeology, and the Ohio Historical When burial remains were recovered and Flint Ridge bladelets (Fig. 5) the latter of Society for access to the Redding and placed in a nearby bank, curiosity seekers which may be indicative of a Hopewell Loewendick notes and materials for prepa­ tried to pry teeth out of some of the skulls presence at Redding. ration of this article. as souvenirs. Loughman quickly removed Loughman began his examination on the remains and re-buried them in their August 11, 1930, and completed it on

4 Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Undrilled expanded center slate gorget, 4'A" Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Fayette Thick Early Woodland potsherds, Redding Mound. and slate tablet or whetstone, Redding Mound.

Figure 3 (Gehlbach) Flint hammerstone, mica schist celt and gran- Figure 4 (Gehlbach) Upper Mercer points, Redding Mound, ite Celt, Redding Mound.

o Figure 5 (Gehlbach) Flint Ridge bladelets and bone bead, Redding Mound.

Figure 6 (Gehlbach) Anchor slate pendant, 2V and undrilled expanded center shale gorget, 4W\ Loewendick Mound.

Figure 7 (Gehlbach) Flint Ridge stemmed points and oval blade, Loewendick Mound. TROPHY AXES by Ensil Chadwick Mount Vernon, Ohio

Fourteen trophy axes from my collec­ tion are shown in Figures 1 and 2. These rare objects are found primarily in the Mid­ west - the bulk of them having been found in Ohio. They are nearly always made of colorful stone such as quartzite, porphyry, granite or other fine stone. Although they have been reported from many parts of Ohio, there seems to be a particular con­ centration in northeastern Ohio.

Figure 1 (Chadwick) Clockwise from top - Portage Co., Portage Co., Noble Co., Knox Co., Delaware Co.

NECROLOGY Ens/7 Chadwick

On July 8th, 2003, the Archaeological Society of Ohio lost one of its oldest and best known members. Ensil Chadwick passed away at the age of 86. Ensil had been a Trustee and Vice President of our Society and had been a member for more than fifty years. He was a veteran who served in the Marines in WWII. Our con­ dolences go to his wife Monica and his son Dan. Ensil was a personal friend who I first met in the War Room of the old Ohio His­ torical Society Museum in the early 1950s. He and Monica were regular fixtures at our meetings and he will be remembered by his many, many friends. We lost Ensil as this article was in preparation. Robert N. Converse, Editor Monica and Ensil Chacwick

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Figure 2 (Chadwick) From top left - Adams Co., NWOhio, Washington Co., -Jackson Co., Licking Co., Michigan - Erie Co., Rich­ land Co., Wayne Co.

7 PLUM RUN FLINT, A NEW PERSPECTIVE by Gary J. Kapusta 3294 Heriff Road Ravenna, Ohio 44266

The name Plum Run was given to a oxide presence in Plum Run flint. References/Reading Material local flint by avocational archaeologist Plum Run comes in many distinct 1998 Converse Robert N. Willis McGrath, probably in the early colors, red, yellow, gray, tan, black, white, Ohio Flint Types 1940s. The name is derived from a small and pink. I have not observed the pres­ Archaeological Society of Ohio stream which runs through the quarry ence of crystalline inclusions in the Plum 1945 Stout W. and R.A. Schoenlaub area. Stout and Schoenlaub make Run flint, however color amalgamation The Occurrence of Flint in Ohio passing mention of a Van Port flint and spicules are a common trait. The Ohio Geological Survey Bulletin #46 deposit in the area (1945). Murphy and actual colors are made up of many thou­ sands of individual color dots which trick 1970 Murphy J.L. and J.E. Blank Blank visited the quarries in the late Ohio Archaeologist Pgs. 198/9/217 1960s and published an article in the the eye into perceiving it as a solid color. Vol. 20 No. 2 1970 Ohio Archaeologist (1970). The numerous In the accompanying color plates are citations by other writers who have men­ artifacts and of Plum Run . 1986 Prufer Olaf H. and Dana A. Long The Archaic of Northeastern Ohio tioned Plum Run flint, mostly relied on Kent State Research Papers in published information and not their own Archaeology No. 6 work. Because of this there is a good deal of misinformation in the literature 1998 DeRegnaucort Tony and Jeff Georgiday regarding Plum Run flint. I would like to Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest clarify some of the assumptions made 2002 Adams Jeff about this stone. Personal Communication/ Continuing Explorations Nearly all citations on Plum Run pre­ sume that it originated from a single 2002 Osborne Chris Personal Communication source at a brick yard near State Route Figure 1 (Kapusta) Plum Run flint debitage. 62 near the Stark/Mahoning County line on Mahoning Avenue in Alliance, Ohio. Although the distribution of Plum Run flint is confined primarily to the tri-county Stark, Portage, Mahoning area in prox­ imity to the Alliance quarries, there is |A4,I* M ,v more than a single source. Over several years, Jeff Adams and I have amassed a large collection of arti­ facts and debitage made of Plum Run flint. In view of the concentrations of this colorful stone we have found in Stark, Portage, Mahoning County area, it is apparent that there are a number of Plum Run sources. Compared to Upper Mercer material in this area, Plum Run Van Port flint is a minority but its purity and extraordinary color variations make it easily distinguishable. The varieties of Plum Run are often mistaken for Flint Ridge flint thought to have been traded into the area. There is some Flint Ridge flint in local collections but it is minimal. Some distinguishing differences between Flint Ridge and Plum Run flints are its color compositions. Flint Ridge is ' • very translucent, often with numerous crystal inclusions. Its colors are vibrant in 1 contrast to the dull opaque appearance of Plum Run. Plum Run, however, 9 **# A. m £kt~ becomes very colorful when it is wet, as ^ w W aft mr it dries, it reverts back to its dull appear­ P ance. Flint Ridge flint has a long lasting clarity and rarely patinates heavily. Plum Run patinates readily with a faint yel­ lowish haze, most noticeable when wet. This is because of the iron present in its # * Si composition. Yellow, gold and tan are V":'; ' 1 common. Hematite (native anhydrous • ferric oxide) is found extensively throughout this area in one form or another, hence the reason for the iron

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^m ft\ ft: A L^J (j F/gure 2 (Kapusta) Artifacts of Plum Run flint. THE SENECA OIL SPRING FIRST PETROLEUM DISCOVERED ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT by Robert H. McNinch 1 Wilderness Lane, Box 113 Belmont, NY 14813

Located in Southwestern New York area was passed from the Oil Producers to State, on the boundary of Cattaraugus and Allegany County for preservation. Allegany Counties, is a one mile square In 1969, Allegany County decided to Seneca . At the center improve the area and found the area of the reservation is what has come to be reserved for parking was swampy. A trade known as the Seneca Oil Spring. This loca­ was made with the Seneca Nation at that tion has an interesting history. time. The Nation was paid $500 and the While the Indian use and development of half-acre parking area on the north side of this spring goes back into unrecorded the right of way was exchanged for equal time, it wasn't until after Samuel de Cham- land on the south side. The lot on the plain founded Quebec in 1608 that south side is on higher ground and is now explorers traveled up the St. Lawrence used for parking. River, along Lake Ontario, to the interior of The bronze plaque on the boulder the country. In 1627, one of the mission­ located near the spring carries the fol­ aries who traveled from Quebec to Niagara lowing information: was Franciscan Friar Joseph de la Roche Its history forms the first chapter d'Allison. He heard of an oil spring six days in development of petroleum travel south of Niagara. In America. A gigantic This spring of water floated a heavy layer world enterprise transforming of oil on the surface. In the primitive Indian modern life. economy, this oil was a sought after com­ 1627 - Oil on American continent modity. It was used for tanning and water­ first recorded in this proofing skins, medicine, and mixing war region by Franciscan Friar paint, as as for light and burning. Joseph de la Roche When Father d'Allison visited the spring d'Allison in 1627, as recorded in John S. Minard's 1650- Spring mentioned by Allegany County History (1896), the "spring Jesuit Father Paul le was about 30 feet across and welled up Jeune like a ". This was a focal point 1721 - Oil from Spring sent to Sir around which Indians gathered. William Johnson as cure In 1797, when the Holland Land Com­ for his wounds pany received title to the western lands of 1797- Spring permanently New York State at the "Treaty of the Big reserved by Indians at Tree", in Geneseo, NY, the Indians reserved Treaty of Big Tree certain areas, one of which was the ancient 1833 - Description of Spring by location known as the Seneca Oil Spring. Professor Benjamin Sil- The description of the Oil Spring Reserva­ liman of Yale University tion ceded a square mile to the Senecas. 1927- Dedication by tercente­ This paper was "lost" and this land being nary memorial committee, in the Holland Land Company was sold to June 23, 1927 by Univer­ persons owning adjoining land. In 1801, it sity of State of New York developed that a map made by surveyor and New York State Oil Joseph Elliott showed that the Indians, at Producers Association the Big Tree Treaty, had retained the Oil The Allegany Stamp Club, ABS Chapter Spring Reservation. This map is on file at 1130, Houghton NY, has embarked on a the Cattaraugus County Clerk's office in project to have the Seneca Oil Spring fea­ Little Valley, NY. Title to this land had not tured on a special postage stamp. been questioned since that time. Endorsements have been obtained from In 1927, the tercentennial of the dis­ the New York State Assembly, Cattaraugus covery of the Oil Spring by the Jesuit mis­ and Allegany County Boards of Legislators, sionaries, the New York Oil Producers and the Allegany County Historian, as well Association bargained with the Indians and as villages and individuals in the area. The received title to the spring, a right of way to information has been forwarded to the Citi­ the spring and a half-acre lot of land that zens Stamp Advisory Committee urging might be used as a parking area. At that them to issue the stamp. time, an iron fence was constructed around The Seneca Oil Spring is located two the spring, and a bronze plaque, telling the miles off the Southern Tier Expressway (I- story of the Oil Spring, was placed on a 86) Exit 28, and about 20 miles south of large boulder. Negotiation of this sale the Caneadea Indian Village that was required the approval of the Department of known as the Western Door of the Figure 1 (McNinch) Scenes from Seneca Oil the Interior and approval by Congress. Title Confederacy. Spring. to the spring, right of way, and the parking

10 I A CANNEL COAL ORNAMENT FROM GREENUP CO. KENTUCKY

by Terry Bohm Palmer, Alaska

Back in April of 1997, I was fortunate (canine). It measures V/?" long x 1V tall x ornament. Although similar ornaments enough to obtain this very fine artifact from V?" thick. It is decorated on both sides at have been found in pairs, this was the only my good friend Mort Fetters. He excavated the top with a 5 dot design. It also has 4 one recovered. the piece back in the mid '70s from the pairs of very faint lines on the very top of Hardin Village site, a well-known Ft. the piece and also on the front of the Ancient site in Greenup County, Kentucky. tooth. The tooth was also drilled for sus­ It is made from cannel coal, in what I pension. I'm assuming from its location in believe is the effigy of a bear tooth the excavation it was most likely an ear

Figure 1 (Bohm) Two views of cannel coal ornament from the Hardin Village site in Kentucky.

11 AN EXPANDED CENTER HOPEWELL GORGET

by Franklin P. Everman North Vernon,

This fine Hopewell expanded center found but their whereabouts are now is grooved as though to accommodate a gorget was found near Brookville, unknown. It was rumored that the road thong. The gorget has been on Indiana, in the early 1900s by Edward foreman called the state highway head­ loan to the Indiana State Museum in Indi­ Petty when he and other laborers were quarters and asked for an archaeologist anapolis and has been given to Bret working to improve the roadway now to survey the site, but apparently nothing Caldwell of North Vernon, Indiana. The known as US RT 52. He and several other was done. Pettys are moving to Texas and want the men were grading with teams of horses The gorget is made from banded slate piece to remain in the state of Indiana. using slip pans when several burials were with shades of gray and black banding. encountered. Other artifacts were also The space between the two perforations

Figure 1 (Everman) Expanded center Hopewell gorget found near Brookville, Indiana, in the early 1900s. It is 6% inches long and nearly 1% inches wide.

THE FREDERICK VOGEL ASHTABULA CACHE

by Rocky Falleti Youngstown, Ohio

I was asked recently to look at a cache of Ashtabulas found in 1936 by Frederick Vogel. Mr. Vogel, who was in the 8th grade at the time, was asked by his father to get some dirt from the field so he could repot some plants in the house. He loaded the dirt in a wooden ­ barrow and took it to his father. The next day when he came home from school his father handed him 4 from the load of dirt. He took his father to where he dug the soil and retrieved a total of 32 Ashtabulas and one Archaic corner notch and a large pottery shard. These 33 arti­ Figure 1 (Falleti) Cache of facts were found on Prospect Street in Ashtabula points Girard, Trumbull Co., Ohio. found in 1936.

12 THE PINCKNEYVILLE CACHE Found by Henry Budd between 1923-1935

by Jim Beckman Dayton, OH

Henry Budd was a black farmer who indicating that most of the knappers were ufactured it? Learned archaeologists moved from Indiana to Kentucky in the skilled artisans. have not as yet determined the answers late 20s after spending many years to these questions . . . which leaves the During the Great Depression of the sharecropping other people's land. He subject open to multiple theories and 30s, Henry Budd lost the Pinckneyville had a curiosity about Indian artifacts opinions. farm and ended up moving his family to since childhood and accumulated many New Jersey in 1935 where he had rela­ • A stockpile of "turkeytail" preforms, pieces from farmers and other collectors tives. He spent his waning years doing perhaps (for whatever the purpose wherever his sharecropping talents took custodial work there. him and his family. Over his lifetime he of turkeytail blades) amassed a sizeable collection from This collection of 371 blades, along • A stockpile of preformed blades to across the entire Midwest. with many other of his fine artifacts, were be turned into weapons/utility tools passed down to his son, Henry Jr., and when required? In about 1923 he purchased a piece of subsequently were divided between a land along the north side of the Cumber­ • A "City Treasury" to be recovered granddaughter and grandson upon Henry land River just northeast of Paducah, KY, as needed and used as trade items Jr's passing. near the small town of Pinckneyville in for other trade goods? Livingston County. As he and his son For the past several decades they've • A stockpile of preforms to be labored at clearing the land he cut many been packed away in cardboard boxes in reworked into meaningful symbols. huge trees and pulled the stumps, often the grandchildren's respective basements . . possibly even images of partici­ dynamiting them to split them down to in New Jersey, as neither of these grand­ pants at the death/burial of an manageable size. While pulling one of the children, nor their children, exhibited any important village elder ... to be sections of a blasted stump from the interest in "those moldy old boxes of "killed" and buried to accompany ground, he uncovered a cache of bi- rocks in the basement." that person on his/her journey. pointed blades that the roots of the tree Only through a chance encounter by had grown through and around. Some of Whatever their intended purpose, it's the grandson (now retired) with a local the larger blades were apparently on top clear that the answer was very important collector in Newark, New Jersey, did of the cache and were broken and scat­ to those special people who knew these blades again see the light of day. tered by the blast . . . but the balance of exactly what it was . . . those many, many Bobby Sharp, a collector from Oakridge, the cache appeared intact. years ago. NJ, was talking to another person about Henry and his son retrieved most of the Indian artifacts when the grandson over­ blades at that time, although they did find heard the conversation. He approached some scattered blades and broken pieces Mr. Sharp and invited him to come over in proximity for several years after that. and look at his half of "Grandpa Henry's Occasionally, matching broken pieces collection". Mr. Sharp did so and ended were glued together when they "fit". up acquiring the majority of Henry Budd Sr.'s collection, including the Pinck­ Altogether, they retrieved at least 371 neyville Cache blades, from both the blades from this cache. All the blades grandson and his sister. I acquired the were made from Indiana Hornstone, with Pinckneyville Cache from Mr. Sharp in about half of them exhibiting cortex on late 2002. the ends indicating the knapper had used the entire width of the geode. Most of the Caches of bi-pointed blades are 1 blades measured between 4 /2 and 6V2 believed to date from the Red Ochre Cul­ inches in length. The largest blade recov­ ture and in all probability were knapped ered (in three pieces) measured 8Va and cached in their resting place along inches. There are several over 7 inches, the Cumberland River during the Late two of which are unbroken. Archaic Period 3000 to 2500 years ago.

Workmanship on the blades was well What was this cache really meant to above average as can be seen by the represent - and what was it to become number of long, thin, symmetrical pieces, when recovered by the society that man­

13 Figure 1 (Beckman) The Pinckneyville Cache found by Henry Budd, Sr., Pinckneyville, Livingston Co., KY 1927-1937.

14 Figure 2 (Beckman) Top - Three blades over 7" long Bottom - The largest blade at 8'/?"

15 THE WELLS PALEO SITE IN KNOX COUNTY by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

Paleo sites in Ohio are not plentiful The Wells site was first discovered by now under cultivation. It is reportedly despite the fact that numerous Paleo ASO Trustee Chris Rummell when he sur­ slated for development. points have been found in the state. One face hunted a small site south of Mt. The fluted points from the Wells site of the first to be reported was the Welling Vernon in 1991 (Fig. 1). His search suggest two possibilities. The preponder­ site discovered by collector Carroll revealed a blade with a graver ance of broken fluted point bases may Welling in Coshocton County near the vil­ spur and the bases of three fluted points mean that it was a habitation site where lage of Nellie which was later excavated all made of Coshocton flint. The Wells Paleo hunters returned from hunts and by Olaf Prufer and Norman Wright (Prufer family were unaware of the site and had discarded their broken points. It could be and Wright 1970). The Sandy Springs site no previous interest in archaeology or further speculated that at least some of in Adams County has received itinerant artifacts. After Rummell showed them these fragmentary projectiles were attention from professionals and avoca- what he had found and explained the broken during manufacture, which would tionalists but has never been properly potential importance of his discoveries, indicate a small manufacturing location. reported. The in they became ardent surface hunters. A The base in Figure 4 is an example of Medina County and Nobles Pond have chance find of a fluted point by one of what is known as a "hinge-through" in both received professional and/or avoca- the Wells children further spurred their which the flute hinged through the blade tional attention. Sheriden in interest. Cindy Wells and her family regu­ and split it in two pieces making the point Wyandot County has revealed tantalizing larly surface hunted the small site from useless. This piece was obviously manu­ bits and pieces of Paleo artifacts as well 1991 to 1996 and accumulated a large factured on the site. as a large inventory of Pleistocene bone inventory of projectile points and tools material. The recent report on Mielke site from many prehistoric periods. Included There is a likelihood that a combination in Shelby County revealed a strong Paleo in this collection, as well as that of Rum­ of the two above suggested scenarios presence in northwestern Ohio. Other­ mell, were fluted point bases and frag­ took place at the Wells site - Paleo wise the list of Paleo-American sites in ments of several more (Fig. 2). people not only lived at the site but also Ohio is rather meager. manufactured fluted points of flint In addition to the uniface found by obtained from the nearby quarries at Knox County, Ohio, has long been Rummell, a number of Coshocton flint Coshocton or Flint Ridge. known among surface collectors as a scrapers found by the Wells family prob­ Despite its small size - and the prolific area for Paleo-American material. ably originated with the Paleo occupation unhappy fact that it will probably never Numbers of Paleo points as well as sites of the site (Fig. 3) Two of them appear to be excavated - the Knox County Wells with two or three fluted points are known be identical to trapezoidal shaped end site can now be added to the small list of for this part of Ohio. Knox County's prox­ scrapers reported from several Paleo Paleo-American locations reported for imity to the Coshocton flint quarries is locations. Others are small uniface Ohio. undoubtedly the prime reason for this blades or tools. concentration of Paleo material. Never­ The site is small - less than an acre - Reference theless, with the exception of the site in and is adjacent to Delano Run in south- Prufer, Olaf and Norman Wright this report, few actual legitimate Paleo central Knox County. The Wells family no 1970 The Welling Site, Vol. 20, No. 4 Ohio Archaeologist, Columbus locations have come to light. longer owns the property and it is not

«&C% &4SSS

" '

Figure 1 (Converse) Two views of the Wells site, Knox County, Ohio.

I6 Figure 2 (Converse) Fluted point bases collected from the Wells site.

Figure 3 (Converse) Paleo endscrapers and tools.

Figure 4 (Converse) Enlargement of "hinge-through" fluted point base. Initial flute removal hinged through the blade rather than out­ ward and ruined the piece.

17 THE TROY, OHIO PIPE TOMAHAWK

by Jeff Dearth Hilliard, Ohio

Charles E. Hager was a prominent House located in Troy, Ohio. The building or whether Mr. Thorton was the finder or Dayton, Ohio attorney. In addition to stands on a rise approximately 150 yards a later owner is unknown. Mr. Hager had being a successful lawyer Mr. Hager west of a bend in the Great Miami River. owned the tomahawk for well over 50 enjoyed the great outdoors, was an avid The characteristics are typical of an early years and the history then becomes hiker and collector of indian relics. English pipe tomahawk dating to the mid obscure. The pictured pipe tomahawk is from his 18th Century. What is for certain is its provenience collection and was found in 1885 during Mr. Hager purchased the artifact from a and importance as an Indian accou­ excavation for the Miami County Court Mr. Russ Thorton. The time of purchase trement from the distant past.

Figure 1 (Dearth) Pipe Tomahawk from Troy, Ohio.

BROKEN DRILLS

by Carl Harruff Sparta, Ohio

As any surface collector knows, unbroken drills are hard to find. Large and heavy farm machinery has taken its toll of these fragile tools and it is rare to find even a small complete drill. In the accompanying photo are some of the numerous broken drills I have found in Knox and adjacent counties.

Figure 1 (Harruff) Fragments of broken drills.

18 SLATE & HARD STONE ARTIFACT COLLECTION FROM NORTHEASTERN SUMMIT COUNTY by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, Ohio 44224

Every now and then a special collection of prehistoric arti­ slate is still, even as fragmented as the piece is, quite artfully facts comes to light, a collection found in one specific area, an selected by the prehistoric craftsman who made it. area now largely transformed by development. A record of Interestingly, single notched winged bannerstones are not such artifacts is valuable evidence of the prehistoric people only rare, but most have been found in western Ohio and who once lived in Ohio, and their preservation insures the arti­ Indiana. The Wetmore banner may be the only one yet facts will be available for future study. recorded in the Eastern part of Ohio. In the Summer 2001 issue Recently, such a collection of slate and stone artifacts was of Ohio Archaeologist (Vol. 51, No. 3), Elaine Holzapfel pre­ donated to the Stow Historical Society in Summit County. All of sented a study of the distribution of single notched winged the artifacts in the collection were found by Elton Wetmore bannerstones in Ohio. Holzapfel's map (figure 17), which was prior to 1960 on what was then his property in Stow, Ohio. His assembled from a variety of sources, charts the locations of family kept the collection together over the years before known single notched pieces. None are recorded in either donating it to the society. Summit or Portage Counties, as well as most of eastern Ohio - indicating the rarity of the piece. Provenience Mr. Wetmore's property was located in northeastern Summit Prehistoric Presence County near the border with Kent in Portage County. This area The artifacts represent occupation or a prehistoric presence is rolling, but fairly level land above the steeply sided ravine of in the area during several different time periods. The banner­ Fish Creek within a mile of its confluence with the Cuyahoga stone is the earliest of the group from early archaic, the full River. Figure 1 shows a portion of the USGS map marking grooved axes and the atlatl weights from the middle archaic, where Wetmore's property was located - note the close topo­ and the gorgets and celts from the early to late woodland graphic lines along Fish Creek, indicating the steep slope of periods. its banks. Some of the artifacts in the Wetmore Collection were similar to those contained in other documented collections in the area. Collection Summary Full grooved axes, Adena celts and two holed gorgets were all The major artifacts in the collection is the center portion of a present in both the Hanson (Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 51 No. 2) single notched winged bannerstone, a two-hole gorget, a bar and Stow Historical Society collections (Ohio Archaeologist, atlatl weight, celts and other slate objects. Additionally, there Vol. 50 No. 3). Slate celts were numerous in the Hanson collec­ were four full grooved axes, and six hardstone celts and four tion, and there were similar Adena celts and an Adena style slate celts. Some of the artifacts are difficult to identify. Below . It is also worth noting that the Lukens Cache of 343 is a chart containing notes on the Wetmore artifacts, pictured Adena blades (Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 34 No. 3 and Vol. 46 in figures 2 to 10. No. 4), as well as the two other collections noted above were all found in the Fish Creek drainage area. Much thanks to Mr. Wetmore's family members, Harry and Artifact Type Figure No. Si/.e (inches) Material Period Cum me nts Anita Wohlwend, who donated to the Stow Historical Society, 2 Winged Bannerstone 3.5 x 2.75 Banded slate Middle Archaic Thin, broken ends and shared these artifacts with me for this article. 3-Fu|] Grooved Axes 3&4 4 to 5 Hardstone Archaic All heavily battered Ellipsoidal Bar Weight 5 5.25lo 1.5 Hardstone Archaic- No transverse groove References: Chisel or Bar Weight 5 5.87 x 1.25 Hardstone Archaic Appears to have hit end Converse, Robert Bar Weight/Effigy/.' 6 7x 1.6 Slate All sides highly polished Ohio Slate Types Archaeological Society of Ohio, 1978 Gnrget-2 hole rectangular 7 2.5 x 2.6 Slate, brown Gl Kame, Adena Broken-boih ends Pendant 7 4.5 x 2.25 Slate, gray Adena. Hopewell Possible hole/salvaged Converse, Robert 3-Celts 8 3 to 3.75 Slate, gray Adena Ohio Stone Tools Tapered celt 9 4.5 Hardstone Hopewell Battered bit Archaeological Society of Ohio, 1966 Cell, large 10 6.5 Slate, dark gray Adena Battered hit & pole

Adena Celt II 4.5 x 2.25 Hardstone Adena polished bit. high quality Holzapfel, Elaine "Distribution of Single-Notched Winged Bannerstones in Ohio, Adena Celt II 3.5 x 1.5 Hardstone Adena damaged bit Michigan and Indiana" Ohio Archaeologist, Volume 51, Number 3 Adena Celt 12 3.5 Hardstone. Adena Summer 2001, p. 8-9 Adena Celt 13 4.5 Hardstone Adena battered

Gonge/Wcdge/tool 14 2.5 x 2.25 Granite D shaped cross section Hotham, Lar

Adena style knife 15 2.75 x 2.85 Black Upper Merc er Adena broken Ancient Art of Ohio Hotham House, 1994 Blade 16 vhil Black Upper Mercer

Blade 16 3.5 x 1.5 Gray Plum Run

Rare Single Notched Banner One of the most interesting objects in the collection is the single notched wing bannerstone. The bannerstone, shown front and side in figure 2, is missing the two ends, which - if whole - are typically elliptical in outline. As can be seen in the photo, the piece is fairly thin on the end, polished and drilled completely through on its side. Additionally, the banding in the

19 Figure 2 (Rusnak) Top and end views of single notched banner.

Figure 1 (Rusnak) Map of Wetmore Property.

Figure 3 (Rusnak) Full-grooved axes. Figure 4 (Rusnak) Bar atlatl weights.

Figure 5 (Rusnak) Various types of celts.

20 Figure 7 (Rusnak) Three celts.

Figure 6 (Rusnak) Two large celts.

Figure 8 (Rusnak) Gorget and pendant.

Figure 9 (Rusnak) Distribution map of single- notched winged bannerstones (after Holzapfel) 2001.

Figure 10 (Rusnak) Two blades, Adena point and two views of granite .

21 ARTIFACTS FROM THE SAM SPECK COLLECTION by Sam Speck Fredericktown, Ohio

In the accompanying photograph are near Gambier by Ray Titus in the 1920s. A County by George Shamburger in 1929. documented artifacts which have been Mrs. Miller found the 3V2 inch engraved Rick Craver found the large ball banner found in the Knox County area. The 4Va boatstone in Holmes County. The bar atlatl near Brinkhaven, Union Twp., in Knox inch banded slate birdstone was found weight was discovered on the Crouse County while hunting wild turkeys May 12, many years ago by Ray Fulton on his farm Farm adjacent to Rt. 586 by Mr. Mont­ 1990. The expanded center Hopewell in southern Washington Twp., Richland gomery in Knox County. The 6% inch tube gorget is 4 inches long and is a personal County. The disk pipe is of red catlinite, is banner of banded slate was found along find near Fredericktown on the Kokosing engraved and was found in College Twp., Black Fork River near Mifflin, Ashland River in Knox County.

22 SLATE PENDANTS, GORGETS AND BANNERSTONE FROM OHIO by Mick Van Steen 5303 Wildman Road S. Charleston, Ohio

Artifacts from several cultural periods Miami Co., pentagonal pendant from back or humped gorget, Athens Co., are shown in the color plate. From top left Brown Co., pick bannerstone, Logan Co., tubular bannerstone, Crawford Co., bell - semi-keeled Adena gorget, Williams double-notched winged bannerstone of pendant, Seneca Co., and anchor pen­ Co., Adena quadriconcave gorget from red slate, Wayne Co., Glacial Kame spine- dant, Shelby Co.

23 TWIN POINTS FROM THE CORNSTALK VILLAGE SITE by Hal Povenmire Florida Institute of 215 Osage Dr. Indian Harbour Beach, Florida 32937

In Vol. 51, Number 3 of the Ohio References Archaeologist I wrote about the location 2001 Povenmire, Hal - The Search For the Village and nature of artifacts found at the Corn­ Site of Cornstalk and Grenadier Squaw - stalk Village site. In general there were the Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 51, No. 3, 2001 many different types found which indi­ 1994 Converse, Robert N. - Ohio Flint Types th-e cated that while the site was occupied by Archaeological Society of Ohio the Chief Cornstalk in historic times, many other cultures had visited there over a long period of . Most of the artifacts were damaged by farm implements and other than a small , no other stone artifacts were found. In April, 1998, I returned to the site to do some surface hunting and was sur­ prised to discover a small quality point which had escaped the plow. Shortly thereafter another similar point was found. These points are described as bird points. It seems apparent that perhaps these two pieces came from the same core of flint and may have been produced by the same individual. The points are manufactured of Delaware chert, a locally abundant earth- colored material which occurs in the Columbus-Delaware limestone formation of central Ohio. Bird points have been dated to around Figure 1 (Povenmire) Two bird 2,500 BO points from Cornstalk Village site

AN INTERESTING SALVAGE

by Kenneth E. Simper Hamilton, Indiana

In the photograph is a fine Glacial Old notes say it was found three miles Indiana in 1937. First collected by Mr C Kame birdstone with an ancient repair for south of Moscow, Decatur County, O. Tevis then to Earl Townsend. the rear hole. When the hole in the back broke out, the original owner valued the bird so much he repaired the damage for continued use. A wide groove was sawed around the entire body at the front of its tail. Then a notch was cut in the central ridge approximately one-quarter inch in front of the groove. To further the repair, one more step was completed. A "V" type notch was cut on each side of its narrow fan tail about two-thirds up from the base. Whatever object this bird was tied to must certainly have had to been secured tightly for this much repair. The birdstone measures four and three-quarters inches long and is made of gray slate with black bands forming a nice circular eye on the head.

24 THE , GRANVILLE LICKING COUNTY, OHIO by Hal Povenmire Florida Institute of Technology 215 Osage Dr. Indian Harbour Beach, Florida 32937

About 700 years ago, native Americans done in 1999 which resulted in improved Now, perhaps, is the time to get a better of the Culture constructed radio carbon age determination. analysis of the Tremper or Tapir Mound in an effigy mound on a hilltop just east of The mound is protected now, but up Scioto County - a site of major impor­ Granville, Ohio. The mound is located in until about 1980, it was used as pasture tance, but little understood. It is almost the Byrn du Woods Estate. When it was and grazing animals seriously degraded certainly not an effigy mound. It was exca­ surveyed by Squire and Davis about it. I visited this mound several times in vated by W.C. Mills in 1915 and today, it is 1848, it was given the name "Alligator the late 1950s and early 1960s. It was still used as a pasture and is undeveloped. Mound" even though alligators were much better defined then. Today, it is dif­ never native to Ohio. There has been ficult to accurately trace the borders. References much speculation about what this mound Does this mean that it is impossible to Woodward, S.L and McDonald J.N. (2002) represents over the years and this was make better determination of what animal Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio Valley. Pp. 172-176. The McDonald Woodward discussed in a recent issue of Ohio this represents? No, the proportions and Publishing Co., Blacksburg, VA. Archaeologist. Several possible animals ratios of animal body and tail length are a mentioned were the cougar, raccoon, matter of excellent statistical record. Squire, E.G. and Davis, E.H. (1848) Ancient lizard and the opossum. Can we go From these, the proportions clearly indi­ Monuments of the Mississippi Valley pp. 98- beyond simple speculation? This cate that the closest match would be that 100. researcher believes we can. of the opossum. The secondary mound­ This mound caps a hilltop in Raccoon like structure where the pouch would be Fleming, George (1940) American Wild Life - Valley. The mound is about 250 feet long. is the final indication. Prehistoric people Illustrated Wise and Co., Inc. New York. The body is about 40 feet long with the were very aware that this animal had a different reproductive anatomy than Mills, W.C. (1916) Exploration of the appendages about 36 feet in length. The Tremper Mound. height of the body at the shoulder is normal mammals and this may have been approximately 6 feet and the appendages mystical to them. about 4 feet. Some recent excavation was

Figure 1 (Povenmire) The Alligator Mound as it was surveyed by Squier and Davis in the 1840s.

25 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHUMATION OF DAMASCUS FRIENDS BURYING GROUND #17 by John Robert White Youngstown State University March 2003

Introduction in Butler Township, approximately midway loam with common pebbles; On October 11, 2001, this archaeologist on a line between Salem and Alliance in slightly acid to neutral pH and his associate, A. Charles Mastran, were Columbiana County. It sits immediately 56" + Olive brown, friable coarse approached by Mr. Clarence Sekerak and a west of, and adjacent to, the Damascus loam till; calcareous contingent of interested citizens from Friends Church and faces directly on One should note at the outset that the Damascus, Salem, and Lisbon representing Walnut Street. A ten-foot cinder driveway uniformly strong acidic soils dictates that the interests of the Damascus Friends separates the burying ground from the wooden coffins and skeletal materials are Church in Damascus, Ohio. The meeting church building itself. The cemetery tract doomed to quick dissolution. was to discuss the feasibility of excavating measures about 454 square meters (.112 A stratigraphic profile pit dug into the an old Quaker burying ground in Damascus acres or .0454 hectares) in area. east wall of the main pit of the burying which was in imminent danger of being Lot #17 was established in the same year grounds supports the accuracy of the geo­ submerged beneath a modern parking lot. that Damascus was platted and Lots 17 logical survey done in 1968 by the United It was finally agreed that the job could along with 15,16, and 18 were conveyed to States Department of Agriculture. be done and would, in its doing, be of ben­ the Friends Society. It served as the Friends efit to both the Quaker community and Burying Ground from 1807 until 1843. Research Aims Youngstown State University. The Friends While the primary goal of the Burying would ultimately see their ancestor's Deposit Description Ground #17 was the respectful exhumation remains properly removed for later re­ The soils of the project area belong to the of the human remains of those interred interment in a more suitable setting and Canfield-Wooster association: moderately there, the work also had as its aims to col­ the archaeology students at Youngstown well-drained to well-drained soils on medi­ lect and analyze archaeological and histor­ State University would have the rare um-textured glacial till. This soil association ical data relating to sectarian mortuary opportunity of working firsthand with I generally characterized by gently sloping practices in the early 1800's. human skeletal material. uplands along major streams. Some of the Specifically, the archaeological research A rough timeframe was agreed upon. best farmland in Columbiana County is in aims included: The in field project completion date was this association (Lessig et al 1968). 1. Examination of the coffin and set at two years (or 2 complete field sea­ The dominant site soils of the burying human remains to determine what sons) with another year set aside for pro­ ground itself are characterized as Canfield changes in mortuary practice were duction of the site report. The Damascus series, specifically Canfield silt loam 2 to 5 discernible and how, if any, did they Friends Church would have the final say as percent slopes, moderate, eroded (CaB2). change over time. to the ultimate disposition of the human According to Lessig ef al (1968) a typical 2. The close study of the skeletal remains and artifacts and ecofacts recov­ profile of a soil of this series would be: remains with an eye to determining, ered. All that was requested by the where possible, sex, age, stature, archaeologist was for adequate time of 0-7" Dark, grayish brown friable etc. and other forensic issues. possession to carry out what analyses, silt loam, neutral pH 3. The collection of ossific material for etc. were deemed necessary. 7-14" Yellowish-brown friable DNA determination from local Actual archaeological work at the site loam, strongly acid descendants with the specific goal began on March 31, 2001 under cold but 14-30" Yellowish-brown loam mot­ of identifying interees by name. clear and sunny conditions. On that day an tled with gray very strongly The goals and aims along with the ques­ archaeological crew of more than a dozen acid tions in the cause of site excavation were students showed up. Heavy equipment 30-47" Brown, firm dense loam mot­ initially designed to be the principal deter­ (and operator Roger Phillips) was also on- tled with gray; strongly acid minants of the field methods and strategies site. Earth was broken about 10 AM and for employed during the excavation and in the the first hour or so, a large front loader was The soils immediately adjacent to, and subsequent post-seasoned analysis of the the sole excavator. Once the top two feet south of the Canfield series are of the recovered data, however subvening fac­ of overburden were removed, the archaeol­ Wooster series, specifically Wooster soil, tors like the preemptory shortening of both ogists went to work at the job of schnitting 15 to 20 percent slopes moderately eroded the excavation and post-seasonal analysis with picks, shovels, and trowels (Fig. 1). (WtE2). According to Lessig ef al (1968) a schedule and unusually wet dig conditions On and off (dictated primarily by the typical Wooster profile shows: necessitated severe abbreviating of the weather) for the next two seasons a group archaeological goals and created a situa­ of archaeological volunteers composed of 0-5" Dark grayish-brown, friable tion wherein the hoped-for archaeological Youngstown State University students and silt loam with a few pebbles, methodology was transformed into no a loyal cadre of local volunteers carried out slightly acid more than the careful exhumation of the laborious task of exhuming 118 burials 5-19" Yellowish-brown friable loam Quaker remains. - often in the face of floods of seemingly with a few pebbles; strongly Noachian proportions. acid Excavation Methodology 19-25" Dark yellowish-brown firm The methodology employed in the Location and Setting loam with common pebbles; excavation of the Burying Ground #17 The Friends Burying Ground #17 is slightly acid to neutral pH. was dictated in large measure by the located in the Damascus, Ohio quadrangle, 25-56" Dark yellowish-brown firm character and size of the site, the number

26 of crew members, the time allotted for the established, the graves were divided into ciate Denise using a Pentax laser total sta­ project, the weather, and ultimately, by the five partitions for ease of data recording. tion. Figure 2 is the completed site map. questions to be answered and the goals Partition A consisted of the cranial portion sought. Of course, the natural vagaries of of the individual. Partition B consisted of The Site Taphonomy nature can always be relied upon to lend a whatever was preserved of the upper left Taphonomy is the study of the process copious hand in shaping the excavator's portion of the body, from the shoulder to that precedes death and causes the differ­ strategy. These factors will be discussed above the hip. Partition C consisted of the ential preservation and distribution of the in turn. upper right side of the body, from the deceased's remains. It wasn't until the The fact that the site was a cemetery or shoulder to above the hip. Partition D con­ 1970s that it became recognized as a seri­ burying ground, led to the first major field sisted of the lower left side of the body, ous discipline. Taphonomic processes can decision i.e. the removal of the top 2+ feet from the hip to the foot. Partition E consist­ be broken down into categories, the num­ of topsoil and overburden by front loader. ed of the lower right side of the body, from ber of which depends largely on the cate- Since western burials are traditionally - but the hip to the foot. gorizer's needs (Andrews and Cook 1985). often for different reasons - dug to a depth Each grave shaft was carefully hand- The taphonomic history of a burying ground of 5 feet or more, it was deemed a genuine troweled until the top and bottom of each can be observed from at least two levels, to timesaver to allow heavy equipment to do coffin was exposed. The bottom of each wit, different areas of individual skeletons this time-consuming and fruitless labor. coffin was further defined by troweling circa may decompose at different rates leading Freedom such as this is usually disallowed 10-20 cm (4-7.9 in) into the bottom of the to the overrepresentation of some bones on a normal archaeological site where the grave shaft fill in order to insure accurate (femora, for example) over others (like trade off between time saved and artifacts identification of the burial depth. Initially carpals); and the differential loss of entire and features destroyed is not worth even thought was given to excavating a one- burials due to different factors such as age, the slightest consideration. At the Burying meter (3.3 foot) deep by .5 meter (19.7 inch­ placement area, etc. Awareness is the key. Ground #17 literally months of valueless es) wide trench on both sides of the coffin. I prefer to meld the taphonomic cate­ work were eliminated by this methodologi­ This pair of trenches would serve the dual gories with the transformational processes cal choice. function of a drainage ditch to keep the defined by Michael Schiffer (1983). When Given the size and shape of the parcel to pedestalled coffin relatively dry and allow that is done you get two major processes be dug - an almost square tract of land - the archaeologist to work at the coffin from operating after the death and burial of a and the limited availability of space for two directions - vertically and horizontally. person. First there are the non-cultural for­ storing the enormous backdirt pile, it was The shrinking time factor forced us to aban­ mation processes (N-Transforms), or those decided to dig the cemetery in halves. First don this approach in favor of the standard effects which are entirely the result of natu­ the eastern half of the burying ground was horizontal, or top-to-bottom, approach. ral processes. These would include such dug down to the hexagonal coffin marks, After the outline of the entire coffin was external factors as climate, wetness, soil the burials systematically removed; and the defined careful excavation of the top half of acidity and biota (animals, plants, and dirt returned to cover the emptied graves. the coffin fill was initiated. It was generally insects). Cultural formation processes (C- This procedure was then repeated for the presumed, and later verified, that the upper Transforms) or processes that are cultural­ western half of the burying ground. half of the coffin fill contained only soil ly determined and which would include mortuary practices such as embalming, Graves were excavated generally in the matrix and no bones or artifacts. After the coffins, ritual paraphernalia, etc. may also order of their discovery. Because of poor removal of the upper half of the coffin fill affect the taphonomic picture. drainage of the clayey silt into which the was complete, trowel and dental pick exca­ burying ground was dug, graves situated in vation commenced on the lower, or data- The coffin is an important contributor to the south end of the plot were excavated laden, half. the condition of the remains. Studies car­ first. Weather, and the concomitant flood­ The bone material at Burying Ground ried out by Mant (1987) found that bodies ing of opened grave shafts, was a prime #17 was extremely soft and fragile, and buried in coffins decayed much more dictator of the order of burial removed. was usually waterlogged at the time of quickly than those buried without. Coffins, Each grave was marked with a yellow excavation. In fact, the bone preservation without protecting vaults, such as those at flag bearing a number designating its order was so poor that it was softer than the Burying Ground #17 fill with ground water of excavation. grave fill itself, and in many cases, some of and in so doing rush the decomposition Once the grave shaft excavations began the bone disintegrated entirely upon han­ process. If straw or wood shavings or other (with trowels and smaller hand tools) all dirt dling. All in situ artifacts (e.g., nails, but­ plant material was used as a mattress or was sifted through V steel mesh screen. tons, coffin hinges, etc.) encountered dur­ padding - at least one incident of which is All material was hosed and a careful look­ ing the identification of skeletal elements indicated for Burial 61 - the temperature in out kept for artifacts and human remains were plotted, mapped, and sometimes the coffin is raised appreciably thereby escaping the excavator's dental pick or photographed as they appeared. speeding the decomposition process. brush. Tooth enamel was the most com­ Once all of the clearly identifiable skele­ monly recovered screen material. tal components had been located and as The Human Remains A series of 21 shovel-width trenches let­ much soil had been removed as was pos­ A total of 121 burials were identified for tered Trench A through U were dug in areas sible without destroying the remains, the Damascus Burying ground #17. Of this where it was thought that burials might be bones were extracted. As the bone was number, three graves were recognized only located that were missed in the schnitting removed, a skeletal inventory was made by their wood and soil stains as they unfor­ process. This technique led to the discov­ and measurements were taken whenever tunately had been destroyed by the heavy ery of eleven graves which might otherwise bones were positioned in such a way that equipment used to remove overburden have gone undetected. recognized anatomical points could be and move backdirt. All of the burials were All data on the burial matrix, coffin, bone, identified. In addition, all, possible obser­ from the pre-embalmment era. and artifacts were recorded on standard­ vations - which, unfortunately were few - From 118 graves a total of 702 human ized form. All artifacts and human remains on age, sex, and pathology were recorded bones were removed and anatomically from each burial were segregated and during excavation. identified. The most frequently recovered placed together in a separate bag uniquely The grave pit and each individual grave bone was the femur (95, left and right), fol­ designated for that particular burial. shaft was mapped in by professional engi­ lowed by the ribs (85, nonspecific) and tibia Once the outline of the coffin had been neer/surveyor Bob Lane and his wife/asso­ (84, left and right). The femora and tibiae

27 owe their dominance on the list because of could have been the result of differential the lid so that the stay provided by the arch their size and thickness. Stoutness of the preservation - as all of the thirty graves are was only temporary and for the most part substantia compacta, or outer bone wall, is in the same eastern sector of the burying illusory. Only the Quakers themselves can a deterrent to rapid deterioration. The rib ground (See Figure 2 map). It also could be tell us why only seven coffins were selected fragments are represented in such relative­ the result of sampling error wherein a hur- for such special consideration. ly high frequency because of their initial ried-up schedule caused us to overlook high frequency. There are, after all, 24 per the often hard-to-spot fasteners in the Buttons body to begin with. graves dug after the initial "careful" phase Twenty-four clothing buttons were Of the 118 graves located, 47 had no represented by graves #1 -30. found, comprising 3.4% of the total artifact bones present at all. Of this number, 28 inventory. These buttons all came from just were subteen or infant burials. Undevel­ Screws four graves; #1 (4), #42 (5), #100 (7), and oped skeletal systems are much more Seven screws were purportedly recov­ #115 (8). All were of a copper alloy and all prone to rapid destruction than are those of ered representing 1 % of the total artifact were eyed rather than pierced for attach­ a fully developed young adult. inventory. This scholar is personally dubi­ ment (Fig. 6) Twenty-four of the graves had more than ous of this identification. Screws are late­ One hundred and fourteen graves with­ a dozen bone remains in each, ten had comers in the fastener business. Unlike out buttons dating from a period in which more than 20, and one, Burial #16, had a nails, screws were all machine-made and buttons of lasting material - milk glass and maximum 42. All of the twenty-four were mass-produced. The common wood porcelain - were common would seem to adult burials. screw did not become common in coffin- indicate that the deceased were wrapped There was no opportunity to do any fur­ making until the late 19th century and was in shrouds or otherwise swaddled rather ther laboratory examination of these bones certainly out of reach during the years than clothed. therefore determination of age, sex, and between 1807 and 1838 when our Table 2 is a concise listing of the grave individual paleopathology, if any, was not Damascus burying ground was being furniture by individual burial. possible. actively used. A thin wrought iron nail can Table 1 shows a concise listing of the be easily mistaken for a screw when heavy Burial #61 individual burials and the specific bones oxidation imparts a helical-like appearance One Quaker burial stood apart from the which they contained. to the fibrous nail. rest in its contents. Burial #61 was found to contain, in the stomach area, a tight col­ The Artifacts Hinges lection of unknown seeds or, more accu­ An artifact is properly defined as any Seventy-one coffin hinges were recov­ rately, pyrenes. Pictures of these pyrenes portable object used, modified, or made by ered comprising 10% of the artifact inven­ (Fig. 7) were published on the Texas A & M humans. Portability is added only to effi­ tory. Behind coffins and nails it was the web page and the response was both ciently separate hammers from buildings. most plenteous artifact found. They were quick and in agreement. Dr. Hugh Wilson A total of 700 artifacts were recovered all of the buff type. Made from thin white and a diverse group of plant taxonomists, divisible into two major classes: Grave metal and copper alloy, they were simple archaeobotanists, and palynologists were Furniture and Personal Items. rectangular in design (Fig. 4) and made to uniform in their identification of the receive either four or six nails. They were unknown specimens as pyrenes of Rubus Coffins much more like those recovered from the sp. or blackberries/raspberries of the Of course, the most ubiquitous and at Quaker Burying Ground in Alexandria, Rosaceae or Rose family. the same time most ephemeral artifact Virginia (Bromberg, ef al 2000: Fig. 92). One can only guess why such a concen­ from Burying Ground #17 was the coffin. Hinges were found in twenty-eight of the tration of blackberry/raspberries would Found in a range of preservational condi­ graves; Burial #105 had the most (5) while come to occur as they did in only one cof­ tions from semisolid to deep gray stain, Burials #32, #78, #98, #104, #108, #112 fin. Was it a last and ultimately undigested there were 118 individual coffins or parts each had four. Interestingly, graves #41 to meal? A poultice perhaps? It is this archae­ thereof. This number represented 17% of #75 had no hinges present. The absence of ologist's opinion that it represented a sea­ the artifact inventory. hinges would indicate that these coffins sonal cache created by some small bur­ Of the 118 coffins identified, at least had a removable top and were nailed shut. rowing animal who earlier had found a con­ nineteen (6, 10, 14, 15, 32, 40, 42, 76, 78, The question of genuine interest is based venient nesting area in the soft earth of the 89, 98, 101, 103, 104, 105, 108, 110, 112, on the observation that almost all (only 6 coffin interior? Unfortunately we will never and 114) were gabled (Fig. 3). Fifty-two exceptions) of the unhinged coffins come know for sure. others were side-hinged (and therefore, by from the central section, rows 4, 5, 6, and A sampling of the pyrenes (and accom­ necessity, rectangular) and forty-seven 7. These all almost entirely infant burials. panying coffin soils) sent to Dr. John Jones, were the type simply nailed shut. Such an occurrence belies coincidence Texas AM palynologist, led to an even more and begs explanation. Fortunately, this provocative discovery. According to Jones Nails might be a question that can be answered (personal communication), the percentages The most frequently found artifact was, despite the disposal (reburial) of the pri­ of various grass pollens present in the cof­ as might be expected, the coffin nail. A mary evidence. fin soils were so high (75%+) that the coffin total of 416 fasteners positively identified would have had to be packed with grass to as nails were recovered comprising 59% of Grave Arches have achieved this volume. Can we assume the total artifact inventory. Twenty-six Seven graves with definable grave arch­ that the corpse was laid on a mattress or coffins had no nails associated with them es were identified (Fig. 5), representing 1 % bedding of wild grasses? Unfortunately we while ten others had more than ten in each of the artifact inventory. A grave arch is a collected no pollen samples from other and one, Burial #22, had a high of twenty. stout roofing or piece of timber placed graves with which to make comparisons. The average was 3-4 per coffin. One very across the coffin just above the lid and interesting observation: Burials #1-30 car­ designed to provide extra support and Never Quite a Casket: A Very Brief ried a total of 198, or 48% of the total; that delay the collapse of the weighty soil onto History of the Coffin amounts to 25% of the burials carrying the human remains when the coffin lid dete­ The earliest coffin used in burial cere­ almost 50% of the nails. Why such a dis­ riorates. Time and its destructive agents, monies in America were rectangular and crepancy is an interesting question? It would, of course, destroy the arch as it did traditionally cut from available wood

28 appropriate to the social standing of the but dying itself was relatively merciful on poultice, a final meal, or the nest of a small deceased (Bromberg, Shephard, ef al the wallet. burrowing rodent. 2000). By the end of the seventeenth cen­ Due to constraints placed upon the prin­ tury, the hexagonal coffin shape came into Summary and Conclusions cipal investigator an in-depth analysis of common use. Virtually all 118 of the coffins During the spring and summers 2001 the human remains, coffins, or coffin furni­ recovered from Burying Ground #17 were and 2002 archaeological excavations ture could not be carried out. hexagonal. There were a few of indetermi­ were undertaken at the Damascus nate shape or ones not so well defined Burying Ground #17, a Quaker burying References Cited against the yellow clayey soil. The hexago­ ground located in Damascus, Ohio. The Andrews, P and J. Cook nal shape gave rise to the common terms cemetery tract which operated between 1985 Natural Modifications to Bones in a "shouldered" (LeeDecker 1994) or "pinch- 1807 and 1843 was in the process of Temperate Setting. Man (20): 675-691. toed" (Parrington, et al 1989). being disturbed by the building of a modern church parking lot. Plans were Bromberg, Francine W, Steven Shephard, Coffin furniture are a later addition. The Barbara Magid, et al to locate and exhume all of the earliest coffins were put together with a 2000 Find Rest From All Trouble: The Archae­ minimum number of nails and nothing unmarked graves, study them, and then ology of the Quaker Burying Ground else. Lids were nailed down flat against re-inter them in a mass grave at a near­ Alexandria, Virginia. Alexandria Archae­ the straight vertical sides. Hexagonal- by burying ground. ology Museum: Alexandria, Va. shaped coffins with flat lids were common In the course of excavations 121 graves at Burying Ground #17. It goes without were identified and 118 dug. Of the 118 Garrett, Wendell saying that such flush-lid coffins obviated graves located, 47 had no bones present. 1975 The Price Book of the District of the need for coffin hinges. Later coffins Of the graves with ossic remains, 28 were Columbia Cabinet Makers, 1831. undergo a subtle change by adding more subteen or infant. The less bone mass of Antiques 107(5), pp. 888-897. nails to the finished product. Toward the infants would account for this discrepan­ end of the 19th-century screws begin to cy. A total of 702 bones were recovered. LeeDecker, Charles H. replace nails giving the finished product All were in a decrepit state. Graves pro­ 1994 The Coffin Maker's Craft. Paper given at Middle Atlantic Archaeological Confer­ an even more professional look. Several duced between zero and 42; with 24 ence, Ocean City, Maryland. fasteners that appear at first glance to be graves having more than a dozen bones screws would seem to be far too early and and ten having more than 20. Differentials Lessig, Haben D., William Hales and J. Leslie might instead be corroded wrought iron could be accounted for by any number of Yohn nails with the appearance of having a hel­ reasons including time in the ground, 1968 Soil Sun/ey of Columbiana County, Ohio ical shaft. placement with respect to soil moisture, 1968. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, U.S. Gabled coffins are well-represented at depth, temperature of the coffin interior, Government Printing Office: Washington Burying Ground #17 and handily and care given to retrieval. The most fre­ D.C. appeared to have the maker's initials quently recovered bone was the femur scratched on them, are quite similar in followed by the tibia and ribs. The femora Mant, A.K style and material to those advertised in and tibiae owe their frequency to the fact 1987 Knowledge Acquired From Post-War the Russell Ervin hardware catalog (1981) that they are the biggest, densest bone in Exhumations. In Boddington, A, Garlan, the body while ribs appear so often A.N. and R.C. Janaway (eds.) Death, and dating circa 1865. Decay, and Reconstruction, pp. 65-78. Upholstery tacks make an entrance onto because there are more to begin with. Unfortunately there was no time allowed Manchester University Press: Man­ the funereal scene late in the mid-1900s chester. when the euphemistic transition from coffin to carry out any laboratory studies of the to casket takes place. No upholstery tacks human remains. Parrington, Michael, Daniel Roberts, Stephanie were found among the Burying Ground #17 The most far ranging artifact was the Pinter, ef al coffins. Such "beautification" of death was coffin itself, while the most frequently 1989 The First African Baptist Church Ceme­ just never a part of the Quaker mindset. recovered was the coffin nail itself. Four tery: Bioarchaeology, Demography and How deep did one bury the deceased? hundred and sixteen nails were retrieved, Acculturations of Early Nineteenth Cen­ "Six feet under" was a good figure, but an comprising 59% of the artifact inventory. tury Philadelphia Blacks, Vols. I and II. arbitrary one. Some say it represents the The average was 3-4 per coffin. At least John Milner Associates: Philadelphia. height of a man. This principal investiga­ 19 of the coffins were of the gabled type. The absence or presence of a gable may Russell and Erwin tor has dug "modern" burials at depths 1865 Illustrated Catalogue of American Hard­ ranging between 4 and 7 feet deep. While be the result of either a differential status ware (1980 reprint). Association for it is true that, to a point, the deeper one is of the interees or a difference in time peri­ Preservation Technology Pub Press: buried the longer they resist decomposi­ od - the gables coming later than the sim­ Baltimore. tion - because there are fewer attacking pler nail-down type. If the latter were true insect predators - it is also doubtful this it would fly in face of the time-honored Schiffer, Michael had anything to do with the mythic "six tradition of burying in order of decedence. 1983 Towards the Identification of Site For­ foot" number. In all likelihood the coffin Seventy-one butt-type coffin hinges were mation Processes. American Antiquity, depth of the coffin in a cemetery was recovered from 28 graves with a maxi­ 48(4), pp. 673-706. determined by the personal preference of mum of 5 coming from Burial #105. Seven the gravedigger, the season of the year, graves with definable grave arches were and hardness of the soil. exhumed. These, as with the gabled How much did a typical coffin cost? A coffins, were randomized about the site. coffin for a six-foot Quaker, made from On a more personal note, 24 clothing but­ mahogany with a hard wax finish, and with tons were found. All of the buttons were a a hinged, gabled top would cost all of copper alloy. $4.00. That's unlined; if you wanted to go One burial, #61, was found to contain, in fancy - which, of course, the Friends did the stomach area, a concentration of not - it cost an extra 31$ for lining (Garrett seeds identified as blackberry or raspberry. 1975). Hard on the heart and soul perhaps It was hypothesized that this might be a

29 (• LEGEND NORTH m U| II 1* •• U.««f fl"— •»!•»««• ) 1 "11 HAND DUG EXPLOflATOtTr" TflCNCH GffAVE ACCOENTALLY RE MOVE 0 Lot 17 1 1 i 11 DURING OvF:UHUI((lfcN EXCAVATION i III $8£ ROCK CLUSTER • as i» : :» Jf| + SUBfACE BOCK •0 »llt< • *»C«*M Hi*

WEST EDGE OF LOT 17

i------R--- N: r"""o" Figure 1 (White) Preliminary excavation at the site. '§ B Qefl-QQ esS P

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97 86

80 78 \ 77 75 82 ft Qs IIZI Jll3 l"a

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LOT 17 VILLAGE OF DAMASCUS,OHIO FRICNDS BURYING GROUNDS BURIALS I807-I843

FINAL REVISION 7/22/0?

10 FEET

OATUU EUVATXW 1222 * EDGE OF LOT 17 , MAP BY BOB I DENSE LAME ,*_ —* "" ~* POST Moil ' |_P»OFJLE J^-POST BOLE Figure 2 (White) Map of Damascus Friends Burying Ground.

Figure 3 (White) Gabled coffin. Figure 4 (White) Wood with hinge attached.

30 TABLE 1 -• HUMAN BONES PRESENT f af •tUfcr i n m c V o a 1 e s t s h m C n a r c a t u r f f a s d t V t a r e m a n e t i r k i e i e P r s r e d u a m 1 b P u b e c b u i a n r i t U b u a 1 t 1 r 1 b 1 U u u n e r i 1 Grave t e h e a a s s m s s a s a a s Totals 1 2 2 2 2 2 11 2 1 + 1R 1R 4t 6 2 a 4 7 It ? 2 6t 8 1R 1R 1R 2 2 2 I 12 9 1t It 1 2 2 1R 2 2 2 16+ 10 It 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 20+ 11 1t H 2 2 2 2 12+ 12 1+ 1t 2 ? 2 2 2 2 2 17+ 13 2 2 2 2 9 15 1L 2 2 2 1L 8 16 ? 13 11 1 2 1R 2 2 1L 2 3 42 17 It 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 19 19 2 2 2 7 20 1R 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 23 21 1R 1R 1R 2 2 9 22 2 2 1L 2 2 1L 10 23 2 2 6 24 It ? 1 1t 1t 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22+ 25 1t 1 2 2 8 26 ? It 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1+ 22+ 27 1R 6 1R 10 23 It 2 3 1+ 2 2 2 2 2 18+ 29 1R 1R 4 30 1t 1 It 3 2 2 1R 2 2 2 19+ F/'gure 5 (Wfi/feJ Typical arched grave. 31 2 1L 3 32 1t 2 1t 5 1t 2 2 2 2 2 2 2t 26+ 33 It 1R 1R 2 2 9+ 34 2 2 35 It 2 4 36 2 1R 3 37 ? 1R 2 2 8 36 It 1+ 39 2 2 4 40 1 1 6 It 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 23+ 41 1 1 ? It 1 2 2 2 1L 14+ 42 2 It 1 2 2 2 2 2 16+ 43 2 2 4 44 2 2 45 1 1 46 1 It 2 2 2 2 10+ 48 1L 2 2 2 7 49 2 2 50 1 1 1t 3+ Figure 6 (White) Eyed button from graves. 59 1 1 61 It 1+ 62 1t It 2 1R 5+ 63 2 2 71 1, It 74 1t 1t 75 ? 2 76 It It 77 1R 1R 1R 4 79 It 4 2 12 83 1t ? Ml 1 2 2 2 12+ 84 It 1R 1R 1R 1R 6+ 85 1t 1+ 69 ? 1+R 1 2 1R 2 2 2 15+ 91 It 1+ 97 1 2 1R 7 98 1 1t 1 It It It 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22 100 1t 7 8 2 2 a 2 2 21+ 101 It 2 1R 1R 2 2 12+ 103 1 104 1 2 1R In 2 2 10 105 2 a 2 2 7 107 It 1 10 2 2 ? 2 2 2 26+ 108 It 2+ 109 1t 2+ 111 It 1R 1R 4+ 113 It 2+ 114 11 2 2 2 8 116 1 1R 8 2 ? 2 2 2 2 2 25 117 1L a 2 1R 1L 7 Figure 7 (White) Pyrenes from blackberry/raspberries. Tola 51 21 36+ 35 11, 2 85+ 22+ 10 67+ 61 34 42 95 84 16 10 702+

31 A RECENTLY FOUND UNFLUTED FLUTED POINT FROM FRANKLIN COUNTY, OHIO by George H. Colvin 220 Darbymoor Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

This Unfluted Fluted Point (after Con­ as the median basal concavity depth of plowing. Other culturally identifiable verse, 1994) was found by the author on fluted points identified within the recent material found at the site over several September 29, 2001. The point is made Darke County fluted point survey years of surface collecting include a of a low grade of Upper Mercer (Holzapfel, 2001). The point is relatively Hafted Shaft and a Large Bifur­ (Coshocton) flint. According to Converse thin, with a maximum thickness of 7 mm. cate (after Converse), both of Early (1994), this point type is often made of Given the material, workmanship is mod­ Archaic Time Period. poor quality cherts which likely con­ erately good, exhibiting primarily pres­ tributed to the lack of fluting. sure flaking. Grinding is light and occurs References Cited The point is broken, with approximately within the basal concavity and laterally the upper one third of the point missing. along the basal 23 mm of the undamaged Converse, Robert N. The recovered mid-section and base is side. The base is thinned through either 1994 Ohio Flint Types, Archaeological 43 mm long. The break is an ancient incipient fluting or thinning strikes. Society of Ohio, Columbus. based on the presence of mineralization The point was found in Norwich Town­ Holzapfel, Elaine as viewed under 30X magnification. ship, Franklin County, Ohio on a south­ 2001 Fluted Point Survey of the Darke Recent damage to one edge from agri­ east facing slope approximately 400 ft. County, Ohio, Area, Ohio Archeologist cultural equipment is also evident. Basal from a perennial stream which drains into 51 (2):6-10. width is 26 mm. The basal concavity is 4 the Scioto River. The point was found mm deep. This measurement is the same completely exposed after a deep fall

Figure 1 (Colvin) Obverse and reverse of Unfluted Fluted point from Franklin County, Ohio.

32 LEAD CREEK CHERT by Dr. William C. Meadows Southwest Missouri State University Department of Sociology and Anthropology Springfield, MO

Lead Creek chert is a slightly lustrous to Subsequently, in order to avoid confusion west edge of the bed exhibited extensive dull black chert that outcrops sporadically with another re-defined chert type previ­ hackling and was so heavily and internally in a linear section of southwest Indiana, ously known as Ferdinand and now known fractured into small fine segments as to be extending from southern Putnam through as Holland Dark Phase chert, the name useless for lithic tool production. Directly Spencer Counties. Due in part to such a Lead Creek was chosen for this chert. across the stream, the author found the geographically large outcrop area, several Based on geologic provenience, Lead continuation of the bed, exposed in a large names have been given to this chert by var­ Creek is the true Ferdinand type, as Holland rock wall of shale, and continuing down the ious archaeologists. Kellar (1956) appears and Holland Dark Phase cherts have been south bank of the stream for some fifty to have been the first to refer to this chert in determined to originate from the Holland meters. The quality of the portion of the bed his survey of Spencer County. Tomak Limestone Member of the Staunton was similar to that of the upper portion of (1970, 1981) later located a large lithic Formation, Raccoon Creek Group, the outcrop across the stream. In addition reduction site (12Gr393) near the town of Pennsylvanian System (Shaver et al. large blocks of the chert intermixed with Plummer in east-central Greene County, 1986:60-61; Cantin and Tankersely 1988:4- layers of shale as well as separated lenticu­ where this chert was heavily utilized. He 9). Henceforth, the taxon Lead Creek has lar masses of the chert lay strewn through­ subsequently named the chert after that been used by archaeologists for the chert out the creek proper and down its northern community. Pace (1980) encountered this discussed here. edge and slope. Samples of the chert from chert during a survey of Lieber Park this site were collected and placed in the Recreation Area in the Own-Putnam Numerous residual deposits have been Indiana State University Archaeology County area, and labeled the chert "Lieber". documented in multiple RP-3 data surveys Laboratory (Access #0301). Additional out­ Bassett (1980) identified the chert in in Clay, Putnam, Greene (Site 12Gr393). crops along this stream valley are expect­ Spencer and Perry Counties, and labeled it Dubois, Spencer (sites 12Sp360, 519, and ed. as "Mariah Hill". 522). and Perry Counties (Pace 1987; Stafford et al. 1988; Cantin 1994:23). Directly above the outcrop and less than The problem in accurately identifying this However these deposits consist of varying thirty meters away is evidence of consider­ chert has been that while these "types" concentrations of remnant blocks of the able of this chert. Cores and have a wide geographic distribution, the chert from the erosion of its former parent large reduction flakes extended the adja­ exact stratigraphic provenience in which geologic layer. To date the only document­ cent crop fields. Examination of the adja­ the chert is located was uncertain. In addi­ ed outcrop of Lead Creek chert has been cent crop fields on the north side of the tion, extensive coal mining in this region of Bassett's (1980:89) "site #23", which is stream located due east and northeast of Indiana has eradicated the geological considered the type-site. However more site 12Da345 was limited due to heavy crop stratigraphy in many parcels of land con­ recent attempts by other archaeologists to residue, but indicated that at least five large taining this chert type, which has compli­ locate this source have not been success­ sites exhibiting lithic debitage, including cated studies of Lead Creek chert as well ful, and thus a defined outcrop of Lead heavy amounts of Lead Creek chert, are as those of Holland and Holland Dark Creek Chert for research purposes has not present. Resurvey under better conditions Variety cherts found in the same general been reported until now. will be needed to determine the exact size region. Bassett (1980) placed the chert and characteristics of these adjacent sites. above the Pennsylvanian Hill Coal Bed in a A Definitive Outcrop (Site 12Da1341) - In While most sources of Lead Creek are potential horizon extending up through the June of 2002, the author and Allen Hovis of known through residual blocks from geo­ Ferdinand Bed. Existing geological litera­ Shoals, Indiana, discovered a large outcrop logically eroded layers, this source is clear­ ture (Shaver et al. 1970:56-57) indicates of Lead Creek chert in extreme southern ly in situ geologically, is of considerable that the so-called "Rockport" chert Daviess County, now recorded as Indiana size, and was extensively used as reflected deposits near Grandview, in Spencer state site 12Da1341, The Lead Creek Chert in the heavy debitage across a number of County, are located in the Ferdinand Bed of Outcrop Site. This outcrop is about equidis­ sites on the bluff top directly above it. This the Grandview Limestone. Shaver (et al. tance between, but farther to the west of site (12Da1341) now provides a geological­ 1970:56-57) reports a "black white-spotted the previously mentioned residual outcrops ly intact and documented outcrop of Lead fossiliferous chert" up to one foot in thick­ which run in a north-south direction through Creek chert for archaeological and geolog­ ness, and that the unit is nearly all chert in a west central transect of southern Indiana. ical studies. some places (Shaver et al. 1986:46). The chert is exposed on both sides of a Resembling the chert in question, this geo­ slight bend in a stream. On the north side of Varieties - Cantin (1994:24) identifies two logic unit offered the possibility of deter­ the stream all geological layers above the variations of Lead Creek chert, distin­ mining an exact provenience, which was chert bed had been eroded, leaving a large guished primarily by color. These two vari­ confirmed through petrographic analysis exposed residual patio-like protrusion of eties are contained in the same geologic (Tankersley 1989, Cantin and Tankersley the chert bed that extended out into the level, and thus are not actually varieties in 1988). Their results now provide the geo­ streambed. At its widest dimensions, this the strictest sense. Examination of surface logic designation of the chert in the bed measured approximately twenty collections indicates the presence of a third Ferdinand Bed of the Lead Creek meters in length, nine meters in width, and variety, based solely on color. Limestone Member, Mansfield Formation, ranged between ten and twelve inches in Type One - The first variety is character­ Raccoon Creek Group, Pennsylvanian thickness. While the northeast end of the ized by medium light grey shades that System (Shaver et al. 1986:74-75; Cantin bed exhibited large masses of the chert range from N6 to N4 on the Munsell scale. 1994:24). with limited internal fracturing, the south- This form, frequently exhibits variegated

33 portions of darker and lighter shades of tions, this form appears to be the least linear, geographical outcrop distribution, grey, giving it a marbled appearance. common grade of the chert. The author artifacts made from it are most commonly Orange-tan-grey patches and streaks has personally recovered two Karnak encountered in a band extending from (Munsell color 10YR 6/3) are occasionally Unstemmed points of this sub-variety from Putman, Parke, Vermillion, and Vigo found in this form, and are probably Lawrence County and one Kirk Corner Counties to the north through southern leached-out fossils or weathered areas. Notched point of this sub-variety from Spencer, Vanderburg, Warrick, and Posey This form also regularly contains a profu­ Vermillion County, Indiana. Other samples Counties. Debitage and tools of this chert sion of white specks in the form of uniden­ have been seen in collections from are regularly found in a two to four county- tifiable fossil fragments is also found Vermillion and Parke Counties. All speci­ wide band extending north to south throughout this type. Cortex is often mens so far examined exhibit an overall through this portions of southwestern absent or thin, but when developed, bluish-gray-black matrix. Some specimens Indiana. Once outside of this band, the exhibits a chalky texture and the same contain thin to widely banded bluish quantity of debitage and tools of this chert 10YR 6/3 orange-tan-grey Munsell color. stringers, similar to those commonly found rapidly decrease. For example, Lead Creek This form is opaque, and exhibits a dull to in Holland and Wyandotte cherts, which debitage is common on sites in central and slightly glossy luster, and a medium course are separate from the matrix color and western Greene County along the West to medium-fine texture. As a bedded chert, mottled portions and appear as quartz Fork of White River. But in adjacent Lead Creek is well consolidated, but con­ inclusions. All samples presently available Lawrence and Martin Counties, Lead tains irregular, unpredictable fracture, for examination have been tool forms and Creek debitage is only occasionally causing it to break into angular splinters no debitage or lenticular masses have yet encountered, while points of Lead Creek and shards when struck with a hard ham- been encountered. As this form has not yet chert found throughout this region are merstone. In portions lacking internal frac­ been encountered in situ geologically, its miniscule in number. Examination of a large tures, conchoidal fracture ranges from correlation as simply a variation of the two surface collection primarily from Vermillion hackly to good. Fracture produces very previously described sub-varieties appears and Parke Counties demonstrated an sharp and strong edges. This sub-variety, likely, but must remain a hypothesis, until overall small, but well represented quantity often known by the vernacular name definitively sourced. of tools made of Lead Creek chert. "Rockport," is common in Spencer County Examinations of two large surface collec­ (Cantin 1994:24). Characteristics - The luster and texture tions representing materials from all of the chert are highly variable, depending archaeological time periods from Lawrence Type Two - The second, and perhaps upon the content and degree of weather­ and surrounding counties, indicated that more common sub-variety of Lead Creek ing. As most samples are highly weathered, tools made of Lead Creek chert represent­ chert is the dull black form, exhibiting they exhibit a dull luster and a coarse-medi­ ed less than one quarter of a percent of Munsell values of N3 to N1 (very dark grey um texture. Less weathered samples exhib­ those collections. Recent excavations of to black). This form may contain subtle it a slightly glossy luster and a medium to Late-Woodland Oliver Sites to the east of banding, variegated, or mottled patterns, fine-medium texture. Both forms are the Lead Creek chert zone reflect the with slightly darker or lighter shades of opaque. The predominating black color of declining use of this lithic resource towards grey/black. If developed, cortex contains the chert is likely from pyrite and carbona­ this direction. No Madison points of Lead the same tan-orange-grey (10YR 6/3) color ceous minerals disseminated throughout Creek were recovered at the Cox's Woods as the lighter variety, however in this form, the chert matrix. Because of extensive Site (120M) (Redmond and McCullough samples tend to weather to a duller black. weathering, fossil inclusions, and internal 1996:50), while only one Madison point of Small white specks of various shapes are fractures, the chert produces poor to fair "Lieber" or Lead Creek chert was recov­ numerous in this form and are interpreted fracturing, and thus the knapping quality of ered from the Clampitt Site (12Lr329), as unidentifiable fossil fragments. Occa­ this chert is typically poor. Samples (Redmond 1994:24). Occasional tools of sionally, brachiopod and crinoid molds are obtained from the outcrop discussed above Lead Creek have been found in more dis­ present in this form. Cantin (1994:24) (12Da1341) exhibit a somewhat dry, pasty, tant locales, including one point from east- reports that, "Chalcedonic "stringers" are coal-like texture and, despite producing central Illinois. also present, and may represent fossilized sharp edges when struck, when two flakes burrow structures incurred while the chert are rubbed together, produce a lowered Temporally, samples examined in collec­ was still in the form of a silica cone." pitched sound that that of higher quality tions indicate that Lead Creek Chert was cherts such as Wyandotte and Holland, and used from the Late Paleo through the Late Type Three - This sub-variety exhibits a is similar to the sound of abrading two Woodland-Mississippian Periods, although matrix color of greyish-blue-black, with pieces of coal together. Overall it is a low some utilization in all time periods is likely. considerable variable mottling of light pale quality chert. Tankersly (1989) and Cantin From collections viewed by the author in blue to dark navy-blue-black, often sur­ and Tankersley (1988:14) report dolomite, Lawrence, Martin, Daviess, and Vermillion rounded by linear border areas of an off- limonite, pyrite, organic, and undetermined and Parke Counties, tools made from Lead greyish-blue-white color. One tool form opaque minerals in the chert. For the bio- Creek are overall relatively few compared to exhibits this mottled area giving way to the clast assemblage, they report sponge other cherts. In addition the heavy amount dull-grey banded matrix of the type two spicules, brachiopod fragments, echino- of primary and secondary debitage near sub-variety. Munsell colors range from derm plates, bryzoan colonies, and fusulin- 12Da1341 suggests that in addition to Gley 2, 3/5PB to 6/5PB. Based on a limit­ ids. The author observed these fossil forms reduction to facilitate transportation of ed number of samples available, this form and a complete small brachiopod shell in bifaces, some reduction may have been appears to contain a finer texture with little one sample collected from Site Da1341. related to use of the chert for the rapid pro­ or none of the white specks and inclusions duction of expedient edge tools for brief found in the other types. This forms con­ Spatial and Temporal Use - Spatially, the activities. However a systematic collection tains a dull to slightly glossy luster, and a heaviest archaeological use of Lead Creek and edge-wear analysis of site debitage is medium coarse to medium-fine texture chert was typically confined to a short needed in order to confirm this hypothesis. that is considerably greater than that of radius around source areas, although it type two, and equal to and in some was more heavily utilized in chert-deficient Although by no means comprehensive, instance greater than that of type one. areas such as Clay County, Indiana. observations of several surface collections Based on examination of surface collec­ Because the chert has such a long, albeit in west-central and southwestern Indiana

34 reflect that some use of this chert used for the rapid production of expedient 2002 An Archaeological Survey of High occurred in nearly all time periods. The edge tools. Regarding finished bifacial Priority Areas in Greene and Daviess author has observed one Dalton hafted tools such as and projectile points, Counties, in South Central Indiana. INDNR-DHPA Grant #18-01 -16414-13. scraper; Kirk, Palmer, and Pine Tree as with most cherts in southern Indiana, Indiana State University Laboratory of Corner Notched; Thebes, Raddatz, Godar, the heaviest use of Lead Creek chert Archaeology, Terre Haute, In. Report of Brewerton Eared Notched, Merom appears to have been during the Late and Investigations 02-09. Expanding Stemmed, Benton Stemmed, Terminal Archaic Periods, when subsis­ Karnak Unstemmed, Terminal Archaic tence strategies typically focused upon Barbed Cluster; Ledbetter, Saratoga and greater utilization of locally available Munson, Patrick J., John Bassett, and Cheryl Ann Munson. Adena Stemmed; Affinis Snyder, Jacks resources. Reef Corner Notched, Raccoon Notched, 1983 Cherts and Cave Minerals of the Mississippian Carbonate Rocks of and Madison points; as well as endscrap- South-Central Indiana and Their ers, hafted scrapers, drill-perforators, Bibliography Uses by Prehistoric Indians. In bifaces, blades, and miscellaneous flake Archaeological Geology of the tools made from this chert. From a sample Bassett, John L. Wyandotte cave Region, South Central studied from Greene County, Indiana, Indiana (Field Trip 14). Robert Shaver 1980 Chert Resources of the Upper Patoka Tomak (1987) reports small numbers of a and Jack Sunderman (editors). In Drainage Basin. In Archaeological Field Trips in Midwestern Geology. wide variety of point types including; Kirk Salvage Excavations at Patoka. Lake, Stemmed and serrated, Fox Valley, Geological Society of America, the Indiana. Cheryl Ann Munson ed. Indiana Geological Survey and the Decatur, Raddatz, Matanzas, Karnak, Research Reports Np. 6, Glenn A. Black Department of Geology, Indiana McWhinney, Riverton, Dixon Cluster, Buck Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana University, , Indiana. Creek Barbed, Lowe, Raccoon Notched, University, Bloomington, In. and Madison. Justice (1987:218-219, 224- Munson, Patrick J. and Cheryl Ann Munson 225) also reports two Raccoon Notched Cantin, Mark points of "Lieber" chert and a Fort Ancient 1984 Cherts and Archaic Chert Exploitation in 1994 Provenience, Description, and South-Central Indiana. In Prehistoric point of "Rockport" chert. In the samples Archaeological Use of Selected Chert examined by the author, Kirk, Godar- Chert Exploitation: Studies From the Types of Indiana. Unpublished Midcontinent, edited by B. M. Butler Raddatz, Matanzas, Raccoon Notched, Manuscript. Indiana State University and E. E. May, pp. 149-166. Occasional and Madison points were the most com­ Archaeology Laboratory, Terre Haute, In. Paper 2, Center for Archaeological monly encountered points made from Investigations, Southern Illinois Lead Creek. Tomak (1980:109) also Cantin, Mark, and Kenneth B. Tankersley University, Carbondale. reports 1 Modesto (Karnak Unstemmed) 1988 "Redefinition of Several Upper point and 7 Scherschel (McWhinney Mississippian and Lower Pennsylvanian Pace, Robert E. Heavy Stemmed) points of "Plummer" or Chert Types of Southern Indiana." Paper 1980 Archaeological Survey of Lieber Lead Creek chert from a sample studied in presented at the 104th Annual Meeting State Recreation area. Indiana State of the Indiana Academy of Science. Greene County. In an analysis of a sample University Anthropology Laboratory South Bend, In. of points from site 12Mo152, farther east Technical Report. Terre Haute, In. in Monroe County, no Karnak Unstemmed or McWhinney Heavy Stemmed were DeRegnacourt, Tony and Jeff Georgiady made of Lead Creek chert. 1987 "Archaeology Data Centers Project, 1998 Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest. Southwest Indiana, Interim Report, Occasional Monographs Series of the 1987." Paper presented at the Indiana While use of Lead Creek appears mini­ Upper Miami Valley Archaeological University Historical Society, mal in the Middle , a large Research Museum, No. 7. Western Ohio Indianapolis, In. number of Lead Creek bifaces were Podiatric Medical Center, Greenville, Oh. encountered in the Mount Vernon Site Redmond, Brian G. (12Po885) through examination of those Justice, Noel D. 1994 The Archaeology of the Clampitt Site obtained by collectors as well as through 1987 and Points of (12Lr329): An Oliver Phase Village in Indiana Department of Highway (IDOH) the Midcontinental Eastern United Lawrence County, Indiana. Indiana excavations of undisturbed portions of the States. Indiana University Press, University. Glenn A. Black Laboratory of mound. Tomak (1990:14-15) reports recov­ Bloomington. Archaeology, Research Reports 16. ering 13 bifaces and chert debitage of Plummer (Lead Creek) Chert from IDOH Kellar, James H. Redmond, Brian G. and Robert G. McCullough excavations. Tomak (1990:14) also reports 1956 An Archaeological Survey of Spencer that of the over 1900 blades returned for 1996 Excavation at the Cox's Woods Site County, Indiana. Indiana Historical (120rl), a Late Prehistoric Oliver repatriation to the site and several hundred Bureau, Indianapolis, In. Phase Village in the Pioneer Mothers others that had been collected by another Memorial Forest, Orange individual, "They are like the ones we col­ County, Indiana. Indiana University, lected from the site, and they are made Meadows, William C. and Charles E. Bair Glenn A. Black Laboratory of from the same kinds of chert. Most are 2001 An Archaeological Survey of High Archaeology, Research Reports 17. made from Burlington/Crescent Quarry Priority Archaeological and Historical Areas in the East Fork White River chert, many from Plummer chert, and some Shaver, Robert H., Ann M. Burger, Garry R. from other cherts which are thought to have Watershed in South Central Indiana. INDNR-DHPA Grant #15317-13. Indiana Gates, Henry C. Gray, Harold C. Hutchison, been obtained from the Spencer-Dubois State University Laboratory of Stanley J. Keller, John B. Patton, Carl B. county area of Indiana." Archaeology, Terre Haute, In. Report of Rexroad, Ned M. Smith, William J. Wayne and Investigations 01 -25. Charles E. Wier. Although concentrations in the early and 1970 Compendium of Rock-Unit Stratigraphy Late Archaic are observable, overall, Lead in Indiana. Indiana Geological Survey, Creek was not a primary chert source in Bulletin No. 43, Bloomington, In. any of these periods. It appears that Lead Creek may have been most commonly

35 Shaver, Robert H., Curtis H. Ault, Ann M. Tankersley, Kenneth B. 1981 "Cherts and Their Utilization in an Burger, Donald D. Carr, John B. Droste, Donald 1989 A Close Look at the Big Picture: Area of Southwestern Indiana." Paper L. Eggert, Henry H. Gray, Denver Harper, Nancy Early Paleoindian Lithic Resource presented at the Indiana Historical R. Hasenmuller, Walter A. Hasenmuller, Alan S. Procurement in the Midwestern United Society Meeting, Indianapolis, Indiana. Horowitz, Harold C. Hutchison, Brian D. Keith, States. In Eastern Paleoindian Lithic Stanley J. Keller, John B. Patton, Carl B. Resource Procurement. C.E. Ellis and 1987 Association of Cherts and Point Rexroad, and Charles E. Wier. J.C. Lathrop eds. Investigations in 1986 Compendium of Paleozoic Rock-Unit Types in Greene County, Indiana. American Archaeology Series, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting Stratigraphy in Indiana - A Revision. Westview Press, Boulder, Co. of the Indiana Academy of Science, Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis. Geological Survey Bulletin 59, Bloomington, In. Tomak, Curtis H. 1970 Aboriginal occupations in the Vicinity of 1990 The Mount Vernon Site: A Hopewell Greene County, Indiana. M.A. Thesis, Ceremonial/Burial Site in Posey Stafford, C. Russell, C. Michael Anslinger, Mark Department of Anthropology, Indiana County, Indiana. Indiana Department of Cantin, and Robert E. Pace. University, Bloomington. Transportation, Division of Program 1988 An Analysis of Data Center Site Surveys Development, Indianapolis, In. in Southwestern Indiana. Submitted to the Indiana Division of Historic 1980 Scherschel: A Late Archaic Occupation Preservation and Archaeology, in Southern Indiana With Appended *My thanks to Elmer Guerri, Mark Cantin, Indianapolis. Indiana State University Chert Descriptions. Central States and Allen Hovis who contributed signifi­ Anthropology Laboratory Technical Archaeological Journal 27:3:104-111. cantly to this paper. Report #3, Terre Haute, In.

Profile and top of patio-like Lead Creek Chert outcrop at Site 12Da1341.

Close up of Lead Creek chert layer at Site 12Da1341.

36 • ill* —;~ •

Tools of Lead Creek Chert; Lawrence, Jackson, and Daviess Counties, Indiana. Top, L-R: Benton Stemmed hafted scraper (12Lr400), Kirk Corner STfffJV Notched, Late Archaic Stemmed, and Adena Stemmed (12U370), Kirk Serrated and Triangular blade (found near 12Lr370). Bottom, L-R: Kirk Tools of Lead Creek Chert from Parke and Vermillion Counties, Indiana. Top, Stemmed (La. Co.), Snydars (Ja. Co.), Big Sandy (12Lr72), Brewerton Eared L-R: Pa., Pa., Ve., Pa., Pa., and Ve. Counties. Bottom, L-R: Thebes (In.), Kirk Notched (12Da1289), Madison (12Da291). Corner Notch (Parke Co. In.), Lost Lake (Pa. Co.), Sidenotched blade and Pinetree Corner Notched (In.), Raddatz and Palmer (Pa. Co., In.), Dalton Hafted Scraper (In.) Courtesy of Elmer Guerri, Midwest Archaeolgoical Consortium.

Tools of Lead Creek Chert from Parke, Sullivan, and Vermillion Counties, Indiana, and Illinois. Top, L-R: Merom, Stemmed Point (III.), Lowe Flared base (12Ve4), 2 Raccoon Notched points (Su. Co.), Jacks ReeffVe. Co), 2 Madison points (12Ve4), endscrapers (IN. or III.). Middle Row: 2 Late Archaic stemmed points (Pa. Co.), Stemmed point (Ve. Co.), Terminal Archaic Barbed Cluster, Side Notched variety. Bottom, L-R: Kirk Corner Notched (Ve. Co.), Brewerton eared Notched (Parke Co.), Ledbetter Stemmed and Saratoga Stemmed (Ve. Co.), Adena (In.), Saratoga Stemmed (Ve. VtltV, Co.), lanceolate form. Courtesy of Elmer Guerri, Midwest iflAWW Archaeological Consortium. All photos by Dr. William C. Meadows - Southwest Missouri State University (u

Tools of Lead Creek Chert from Vermillion and Clay Counties, Indiana. Large side notched knife (Ve. Co.), courtesy of Elmer Guerri, Midwest Archaeological Consortium; Thebes (CI. Co.), courtesy of Indiana State University Laboratory of Archaeology.

37 CLASSIC ARCHAIC BEVEL by Jack I. Rosenfeld Columbus, Ohio

This Archaic Bevel was acquired by the author in January of 1983 from the Bob White collection. This type has an approx­ imate date of 5000 BC to 7000 BC. Archaic Bevels can be found over most of the Valley. These tools would be hafted with a relatively small handle. This example may have little or no beveling. The beveling process is the result of continual resharpening, thus pro­ ducing a steeper bevel which eventually results in greatly reducing the size of the blade. Many were sharpened to exhaustion and then worked into hafted scrapers (See Fig. 1). The base is concave on this specimen, but many other bases are fan- shaped. (See Fig. 2) The basal grinding is heavy enough to appear as polished. Some minimal grinding extends to the notches and barbs. This bevel has some serration from pressure flaking, the blade is covered with large percussion scars. The juncture of the bevel and blade is sharp and produces a rhomboidal cross section. The artifact is 2 inches in width from barb to barb and 3Va inches in length. The Figure material is semi-glossy, high quality black Coshocton flint.

References

1973 Converse, Robert N. Ohio Flint Types, Archaeological Society of Ohio Columbus, Ohio

Waldorf, D.C. Waldorf, Valerie 1987 Story in Stone

Figure 2

38 AN ADENA CELT FROM LICKING COUNTY by Jack I. Rosenfeld Columbus, Ohio

On March 27th I hunted a small plowed Associated artifacts include two end References area about the size of a football field in scrapers, three uniface blades, one trian­ 1973 Converse, Robert N. Licking County where I found the artifacts gular point, one drill which shows exten­ Ohio Stone Tools, illustrated in Figure 1. The celt, shown in sive wear, and a broken - the Archaeological Society of Ohio Figure 2 as it lay in the field, has wear on all made of Flint Ridge flint. the edge of the bit but is otherwise per­ fect. It is made of dark gray granitic stone and is 4J4 inches long.

Figure 2 (Rosenfeld) Celt as it was found.

Figure 1 (Rosenfeld) Artifacts from Licking County.

Figure 3 (Rosenfeld) Side view of celt.

39 The Archaeological Society of Ohio presents First Annual Symposium "Peopling of the New World" May 22, 2004 Concourse Hotel, Columbus, Ohio Featured Speakers Dr. Thomas Dillehay - U of Kentucky Dr. James Adovasio - Mercyhurst College Dr. Dennis Stanford - Smithsonian Dr. Douglas Owsley - Smithsonian Dr. Michael Gamley - Am Society for Am Arch Mr. Robert Converse - ASO And More This one day seminar will be held prior to and in conjunction with our 2004 annual meeting in Columbus. There will also be a banquet with a keynote speaker. This will be a sun-up to sun-down affair. You want PALEO? This is it. World Class Researchers, cutting edge information about the first people in the Western Hemisphere. We'll keep you posted.

AMERICAN INDIAN ANCESTRY TASK FORCE The Archaeological Society of Ohio has our Society who have Indian ancestors who wish to become part of this group recently created an American Indian but who are not represented by other should contact Executive Secretary Frank Ancestry Task Force. Its purpose is to organizations or who do not agree with Otto. make known the wishes of members of the aim of other groups. ASO members

GOALS 1. To represent a segment of Ohio resi­ To change or remove all old legislation To insure all American Indian burial dents with American Indian heritage that is discriminatory against archaeol­ remains are kept from public display who are not represented by other ogists, artifact collectors, or American and associated artifacts are treated in groups or organizations. Indians in the State of Ohio. a respectful and educational manner in 2. To monitor and scrutinize all new bills To make and distribute educational the State of Ohio. presented by the state legislature per­ materials demonstrating how all sides taining to archaeology, artifact col­ of any American Indian controversy lecting, or American Indian affairs in can go forward in complete agreement the State of Ohio in the State of Ohio.

40 ANNUAL ASO OFFICERS DINNER

Attendees At President's Dinner Prior to the ASO Annual Meeting, May 17, 2003. Top Row, Left to Right: Dr. Brian Foltz (current President), Bob Converse, Dana Baker, Frank Otto, Martha Otto, Don Casto and Jim Hovan. Bottom Row, Left to Right: Mike Kish, Don Gehlbach, Steve Parker, Walt Sperry and Dr. Jeb Bowen.

MAHONING VALLEY HOSTS SUMMER SHOW by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, OH 44224

The Mahoning Valley Chapter of the County area. Additionally, Ron Reesh fea­ banded slate pendants, gorgets, banner- ASO sponsored a well-attended summer tured an impressive display of cord stones and other artifacts, including rare show in Boardman, Ohio this past June. marked and Monongahela pottery miniature slates. Members of the Mahoning chapter pre­ shards, mostly from Pennsylvania (figure Awards were given in several cate­ sented a variety of local Ohio and western 2). David Hilliard Poland, Ohio had a dis­ gories. John Sites received the honors for Pennsylvania artifact displays, as well as play of personal finds which included a the best overall display and Pay Layshock interesting pieces from other areas of Ohio. human effigy pendant he found in received second place in the best overall There were many excellent displays of Coshocton County in 1993. category. Mike Barron was first and Carl locally found artifacts. Mahoning Valley Ohio displays also brought much atten­ Storti was second for the Most Diverse and ASO member Bob Bennett, pictured tion at the show. Both Richard Calai and Displays. Richard Calai and John Mocic in figure 1, presented a table of 20 John Mocic exhibited Hopewell cores and won recognition for Flint Ridge Cores. Len frames, mostly of recent personal finds bladelets from Ohio. These delicate, col­ Weidner was first and William Piatt from Mahoning, Trumble and Coshocton orful blades and the faceted cores from second in the Exotic items category. Counties. Pat Layshock of Newton Falls which they were struck are a diagnostic David Hilliard, Norm Fox, Bob Bennett had a large grouping of personally found artifact of the Hopewell Culture. Mike and Jan and Fran Fusco won for Best artifacts, many from the Mahoning Barron brought his terrific collection of Field Finds.

Figure 1 (Rusnak) ASO and Mahoning Valley Figure (Rusnak) Display Chapter member Bob of pottery shards by ASO Bennett with field finds. member Ron Reesh.

41 TREASURER'S REPORT FOR 2002

We did quite well for the fiscal year 2002. the best deals available. Due to the contin­ that come with the yearly membership Our expenses totaled $50,500.00. The uing poor economy we are down in full dues and back issues of the Ohio Archae­ budget estimate for the year was set at paid single memberships by approximately ologist available from our Business Man­ $56,000.00. We are able to continue the 125 members. More than ever we need to ager. Recommend they visit the A.S.O. four shows per year in Columbus due boost our membership to continue the Web Site www.ohioarch.org. Explain to largely to the success of the table charges, type of services you have come to expect. them all of the items the Society has for 50/50 and the silent auction. This combi­ Please, by all means sign up a new sale can easily be found there. Do your nation helps to keep the costs of the member when you are out hunting artifacts part to insure the continual operation of shows down. We however are experi­ and meet someone or in conversation with your Society. encing cost increases in doing daily others who share your interest in archae­ yrf/y J. fCafiusta - Treasures- Society business. Don Casto, our Business ology who are not current members. Men­ Manager and I are trying our best to keep tion the educational books the Society has Society expenses in line by searching for for sale, or the four magazines per year

ARTIFACT SHOW King Beaver Chapter of the Archaeological Society of Ohio Sunday October 5, 2003 9:00 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. (set-up) 10:00 a.m. - 3:00 p.m. (show)

Lawrence County Historical Society 408 N. Jefferson Street Newcastle, PA 16101 Call (724) 658-6228 for more information.

42 FINDING THE EXPANDED CENTER GORGET

In 1928 Frank M. Setzler, acting Archaeologist of the Scott Slater or any other, please include them. The closer I'm Indiana Historical Society, began a state wide survey of 1708 West Main St., Apt. B able to document the location of recovery, the Indiana. As a guide to this substantial project he relied on Muncie IN 47303 higher the quality of the report. The pattern of distri­ information provided by local collectors. For a survey of Email Address bution may be significant such geographic scope, he attested, "there is no one so [email protected] • Have any other diagnostic artifacts been found near valuable to an archeologist as the private collector. He is What are the artifact, dimensions (preferably in metric) the site where the expanded center gorget was the storehouse, not only for facts concerning the location • Length recovered? If so, how close? of prehistoric earthworks, but also for evidence found on • Width and thickness at each end and the center (To • Are there any known archaeological sites of impor­ the surface" (Setzler 2928,192). Setzler asserted that, by maintain a uniform perspective, the end of the tance near the artifact recovery site? If so, please the cooperation of collectors and archaeologist, there gorget with the narrowest width will be designated name the site and state the approximate distance would be no limit to archaeological work in the state. the left end) and direction of its proximity. Like Setzler, I too need the assistance of private col­ • Number of perforations (finished and unfinished) • Year the artifact was found, if known. lectors. I am researching the diagnostic value of the • Direction from which the perforation were drilled • Name of person who found the gorget, if known expanded center bar gorget to prehistoric cultures and (Were the holes started from a single side, or from • Is the expanded center gorget still in your collec­ wherever this artifact can be found, I want to know about both) tion? If not, do you know who has it now? it. (GOTO CONCLUSION 1 OR 2) • Distance between holes • Pictures of the artifact's top, bottom and sides CONCLUSION #1: If any of the readers have • Distance of holes from nearest end • Tracing of the expanded bar gorget. expanded center gorgets in their collection and wish • Diameter of holes top and bottom, and middle if the • Have pictures of the gorget been published? to add what they know to the project, please contact holes are drilled from both sides. • If so, please include information on where it was me, and I will send back a list of questions I need • Weight of the expanded center gorget published. Information such as the publication answered. I can be reached at either of the following • Are there any unusual markings on gorget name, year, volume, issue, page, which artifact pic­ addresses. • Is the gorget whole, or broken? If broken, where are tured on page Scott Slater the breaks? The information you have shared is a valuable addition 1708 West Main St., Apt. B > Are there any man made marks on the artifact? to the completeness of a comprehensive analysis. If you Muncie IN 47303 > What material is the gorget made from have any questions or concerns, please let me know, and Email Address: [email protected] « Color of the expanded center gorget I will address them to the best of my ability. CONCLUSION #2: If any of the readers have 1 Please describe in as much detail as possible the expanded center gorgets in their collection and wish context of recovery (surface, backfill, cache, burial, Works Cited to add what they know to the project, please answer purchase, trade, unknown, other...) Setzler as many of the following questions as possible and • Please provide the most precise provenience pos­ 1928 Indiana Archaeology. Indiana Historical bulletin, Vol. 5, mail it to one of the following addresses. If you don't sible. Though the minimum provenience useful for #10, pp. 191-194. have the time or the tools to answer these questions, I the parameters of this project is county, if you know may be able to come to you and take the pictures and of more precise coordinates, such as the name of measurements myself. the township, map coordinates, longitude & latitude, ESAF 2003 PRELIMINARY ANNOUNCEMENT AND CALL FOR PAPERS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NEW JERSEY invites you to the 70TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE EASTERN STATES ARCHEOLOGICAL FEDERATION NOVEMBER 13-16, 2003 Wyndham Hotel, 1111 Rt. 73, Mt. Laurel, NJ (Exit 4 on the New Jersey Turnpike)

Abstracts: for proposed presentation should be sent Presenters: must be individual members of ESAF Bethlehem CT 06751-0386 [email protected] or to the Program Chair before June 1,2003. for 2003. Suggested Symposia topics and ideas for Local Arrangements, David Mudge Hotel: Guest room reservations must be made presentations: www.siftings.com/symposia.html [email protected] or directly with Wyndham Hotel, 1111 Route 73, Mt. Tours: The Battleship USS New Jersey and others Book Room and Exhibits Laurel, NJ 08054 by October 7. They can be reached TBA on Thursday. Ronald A. Thomas [email protected] at (856) 234-7000. Mention ESAF to guarantee the Hospitality Room: Sponsored by ASNJ on Thursday Updates will be made as they become conference rate. evening. available on the web site Saturday Banquet: will be preceded by a cash bar For further information contact: Program Chair, and will be followed by a speaker to be announced. Roger Moeller, PO Box 386 www.siftings.com/esafmt.html

DONORS TO THE SILENT AUCTION AT THE ANNUAL MAY MEETING

Dr. Curry Rocky Hall Robin McAbee Mike Baron Dan Rhoades Mike and Sherry Steele Linda Falleti Doug Hooks Lar Hothem Jerry Dickey Gene Edwards Jim Bennett Garry Mumaw

Back Cover: Fluted points and Paleo tools from the collection of Gilbert Cooper, Winchester, Ohio. Many areas of the Midwest are represented in one of the largest Paleo collections in Ohio.

43 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.