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Biological Assessment of Water Pollution Using Periphyton Productivity: a Review

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Biological Assessment of Water Pollution Using Periphyton Productivity: a Review Nature Environment and Pollution Technology p-ISSN: 0972-6268 Vol. 16 No. 2 pp. 559-567 2017 An International Quarterly Scientific Journal e-ISSN: 2395-3454 Review Research Paper Open Access Biological Assessment of Water Pollution Using Periphyton Productivity: A Review Shweta Singh†, Abhishek James and Ram Bharose Dept. of Environmental Science, School of Environment and Forestry, SHIATS, Naini-211 007, Allahabad, U.P., India †Corresponding author: Shweta Singh ABSTRACT Nat. Env. & Poll. Tech. Website: www.neptjournal.com Periphyton is an entire community of organisms and its productivity is quite significant in relation to total Received: 12-05-2016 primary production, which is often equal to or exceeding as biomass (ash free dry weight) in terms of Accepted: 16-07-2016 phytopigment content (chlorophyll-a) to assess water pollution. Productivity is caused by increased nutrient enrichment due to sewage and agro-industries. Periphyton is useful as biological indicator of Key Words: water pollution. Several biotic and abiotic environmental factors are affected due to periphyton growth. Bioassessment Its growth depends upon some factors such as temperature, light, pH, DO and nutrients (N and P). Biological indicator Productivity is often limited by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability as periphyton use N Periphyton compounds and phosphorus for their growth. Chlorophyll-a alone is an inadequate predictor of the Water pollution relative contribution of different algal communities to the total primary production. Periphyton production is associated with various factors and can be evaluated by physico-chemical, chlorophyll and biomass estimation and causes several deleterious effects to water quality. INTRODUCTION isms are used to determine the situation of the environment Water is very important for the survival of all life forms and (Clements et al. 2000). Bioassessment can be made by is necessary for every action of human beings (Dhar et al. benthic large scale spineless creatures, fish and periphyton; 1986). Water pollution is foreword of chemical, physical however benthic full scale spineless creatures are regularly and biological agents into water that degrades water qual- the array of decision. They have a few attributes that make ity and negatively affects the organisms. It is a significant them especially helpful for bioassessment: (1) Benthic large problem in our country as approximately 70% of its surface scale spineless creatures unfold in a wide range of freshwa- water and an upward percentage of its groundwater reserves ter territory. (2) There are numerous classes of benthic large are unhygienic by biological, toxic, organic and inorganic scale spineless creatures, and among these classes there is pollutants (Murty & Kumar 2011). The effects of anthropo- an extensive variety that affects the ability to contamina- genic activities in the receiving systems can be assessed by tion and natural anxiety. (3) They have generally stationary measuring changes in population structural parameters with propensities so they are liable to be presented to contami- biodiversity indicators (diversity, species and taxonomic nation or ecological anxiety. (4) Their life cycles are ad- richness), biotic indices, community structure (multivariate equately long and the group will not recuperate so rapidly methods) or changes in functional parameters such as en- that the effect will go undetected. (5) Sampling the benthic ergy allocated to development (Metcalfe & Smith 1996, full scale invertebrate array is moderately basic and does Naylor et al. 1989). River pollution in India has currently not require confused gadgets or incredible exertion. (6) The reached a peak of disaster due to unexpected urbanization taxonomic recognizable proof is quite often the simplest to and fast growth of industrialization (Saksena et al. 2008). the family level and generally moderately simple to the sort The water quality deterioration is mostly due to human ac- level (Voshell et al. 1997). Various hypothetical and useful tions such as release of industrial and sewage wastes and considerations on the utilization of exact groups in bio- agricultural overflow which are the main reasons of eco- logical assessment methods are obtainable as mentioned in logical injure, which pose serious health hazards (Meitei et Table 1. al. 2004). Biotic indices and biotic scores are functional to assess the biological water quality of flowing water, and mainly BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT belong to macroinvertebrate population. Biotic indices and Biological assessment is a method in which living organ- scores can measure various types of environmental stress, 560 Shweta Singh et al. Table 1: Various groups used for biological assessment of water PERIPHYTON quality. Periphyton comprises principally of connected green growth, Group References yet can likewise incorporate rotifers, protozoa and microbes Bacteria De Zwart & Slooff (1983); Ross & Henebry (1989) appended to seagoing substrates alongside free living mi- Algae Tubbing et al. (1994); Steinberg & Schiefele (1988) croorganisms found among the joint structures. Periphyton Macrophytes Hellawell (1986); Rademakers & Wolfert (1994) contain a collection of creatures developing on free sur- Macroinverte- Hellawell (1986), Metcalfe (1989), De Pauw & faces of any articles, for example, plants, old leaves, woods, brates Hawkes (1993) Fish Hellawell (1986) stones, rocks and plastic sheets submerged in water (Rashid et al. 2013a), and it is an imperative part of numerous lotic frameworks, impacting supplement and carbon cycling, in- Table 2: Main features of bioindicators in the assessment of environ- vertebrate piece and different parts of the framework and mental change (Adams 2005). progress (Lock et al. 1984). Major features Bioindicator Biological indicator: The periphyton is valuable as natu- Types of response Individual community ral pointer of contamination, as they are for the most part Primary indicator Effects sessile and consequently cannot keep away from contact Sensitivity to stressors Low with the waste effluents (Rashid et al. 2013b). Natural Relationship to cause Low Response variability Low groups are great markers of water quality (Whitton & Rott Specificity to stressors Low-moderate 1996, Hill et al. 2000). Diatoms, specifically are valuable Timescale of response Long natural markers since they are found in abundance in most Ecological relevance High lotic biological systems. Diatoms and numerous other green Analysis requirement Any time after collection (fixed sample) growths can be distinguished to species by experienced algologists. The immense quantities of the species give numerous pointers of ecological change and the particular organic pollution, acid water, etc. The biotic indices are states of the environment. Diatom species are differentially based upon two principles: a) that macroinvertebrate groups adjusted to an extensive variety of environmental condi- Plecoptera (stoneflies), Ephemeroptera (mayflies), tions. Small period sign of coverage to ecological pressure, Trichoptera (caddisflies), Gammarus, Asellus, red is usually expressed at suborganismal levels, including bi- Chironomids and Tubificidae disappear in the order molecular, biochemical and physiological responses (Adams mentioned, as pollution increases; b) the number of 2005). taxonomic groups is reduced as organic pollution increases (Knoben et al. 1995). Main features of bioindicators in the Periphyton productivity: Periphyton assumes a notewor- assessment of environmental change are given in Table 2. thy part in the working of the amphibian biological system, Biotic indices and biotic scores of periphyton and diatoms delivering huge standing yields and subsequently contrib- communities are depicted in Table 3. utes much to the productivity of crisp water environments Table 3: Biotic indices and biotic scores of periphyton and diatoms communities (References cited from De Pauw et al. 1992). A = Periphyton, D = Diatoms Biotic indices Communities References Cemagref Diatom Index (IDC) PAD Cemagref (1984) Diatom Index (IDD) AD Descy (1979) Diatom Index (ILB) AD Lange-Bertelot (1979) Diatom Index (IPS) AD Cemagref (1982-1984) Diatom Index (IFL) AD Fabri & Leclerq (1984-1986) Diatom Index (ILM) AD Leclerq & Maquet (1987) Diatom Index (CEC) AD Descy & Coste (1991) Generic Diatom Index (IDG) AD Rumeaux & Coste (1988) Median Diatomic Index (MI) AD Bazerque et al. (1989) Diatom Index(PI) AD Palmer (1969) Diatom Index(GDI) AD Coste & Ayphassorho (1991) Diatom Index(IADP) AD Prygiel et al. (1996) Diatom Index(TDI) AD Kelly & Whitton (1995) Vol. 16, No. 2, 2017 Nature Environment and Pollution Technology BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER POLLUTION USING PERIPHYTON PRODUCTIVITY 561 Sampling / analysis Determine biological status Reference state Numerical evaluation scientific Index calculation Classification arbitary Quality classes Judgement on quality level Compliance testing political Standards Subjective Colour coding Graphics /presentation Fig. 1: Elements of biological assessment methods. (Kaul et al. 1980, Pandit 1980, 1984, Pandit et al. 1985, biomass (Kelly & Whitton 1995). Periphyton productivity Sarwar 1999). Investigations of essential productivity in can be assessed as biomass (dry and powder free dry weight), oceanic frameworks frequently focus on phytoplankton phyto-colour substance, determination of chosen compo- groups and disregard conceivable commitments from nents or component proportions, natural matter, and caloric periphyton
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