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بررسی تنوع ریختی درون گونه ای ماهی سبزوگ (Cyprinion Watsoni Day

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بررسی تنوع ریختی درون گونه ای ماهی سبزوگ (Cyprinion Watsoni Day بررسی تنوع ریختی درونگونهای ماهی سبزوگ.... دانشگاه گنبد کاووس نشریه "پژوهشهای ماهی شناسی کاربردی" دوره دوم، شماره دوم، تابستان 39 http://jair.gonbad.ac.ir بررسی تنوع ریختی درونگونهای ماهی سبزوگ (Cyprinion watsoni Day, 1872) در حوضههای آبریز جنوب و جنوب شرق ایران بر اساس ریختسنجی هندسی منوچهر نصری 1، سهيل ایگدری2، حميد فرحمند9 1دانشجوي دکتري گروه شيﻻت، پرديس کشاورزي و منابعطبيعي، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ايران 2استاديار گروه شيﻻت، پرديس کشاورزي و منابعطبيعي، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ايران 3دانشيار گروه شيﻻت، پرديس کشاورزي و منابعطبيعي، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ايران تاريخ ارسال: 11/1/33 ؛ تاريخ پذيرش: 33/3/7 چکيده1 این تحقيق با هدف بررسی تنوع ریختی درون گونهای ماهی سبزوگ )Cyprinion watsoni( بر اساس روش ریختسنجی هندسی در جنوب و جنوب شرق ایران بهمنظور درک برخی قابليتهای سازشپذیری ریختی این ماهی نسبت به عوامل محيطی انجام شد. طی عمليات نمونهبرداری در تابستان 1931، تعداد 3 جمعيت شامل 272 قطعه ماهی سبزوگ از چهار حوضه آبریز جنوب و جنوب شرق ایران توسط الکتروشوکر صيد و بﻻفاصله پس از بيهوشی در عصاره پودر گل ميخک یک گرم در ليتر، در فرمالين 4 درصد تثبيت و به آزمایشگاه منتقل شدند. از نيمرخ چپ تمامی نمونهها تصاویر دیجيتال تهيه شد. تعداد 11 لندمارک همساخت بر روی تصاویر تعریف و با tpsDig2 استفاده از نرمافزار رقومیسازی شدند. دادههای شکل بدن با استفاده از روشهای تجزیه و تحليل Downloaded from jair.gonbad.ac.ir at 22:59 +0330 on Thursday September 23rd 2021 مؤلفههای اصلی )PCA(، تغييرات شکلی متعارف )CVA( و تحليل خوشهای )Cluster Analysis( مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. تفاوتهای شکل بدن بين ماهیهای تمامی ایستگاههای مورد مطالعه معنیدار بود )P>2/21(. براساس نتایج جمعيت ماهيان، رود بستک از نظر شکل بدن از سایر جمعيتها متمایز بودند. نمونههای قنات سرزه، ایلود، جگين و سرباز دارای ارتفاع بدن بيشتری بودند، جمعيتهای رودخانههای ایلود، کش، ماشکيل، هليلرود و جگين نسبت به سایر جمعيتها دارای طول سر بيشتری بوده و نمونههای رودخانههای ایلود، هليلرود و جگين نسبت به بقيه ارتفاع سر بيشتری داشتند. اما صفاتی که جمعيت رودخانه بستک را از سایرین متمایز کرد، داشتن کمترین ارتفاع بدن، طول سر بيشتر، موقعيت دهان باﻻتر و ساقه دمی کوتاهتر بود. نتایج این مطالعه *نويسنده مسئول: [email protected] 1 نشریه پژوهشهای ماهیشناسی کاربردی/ دوره دوم، شماره دوم، تابستان 39 جنبههایی از پاسخهای ریختی ماهی سبزوگ به فشارهای گزینشگر محيطی را آشکار ساخت که میتواند در مطالعات تبارشناسی و سيستماتيک این جنس بسيار مفيد باشد. واژگان کليدی: انعطافپذیری ریختی، تنوع شکلی، کپورماهيان، کپورماهیشکﻻن، ریختسنجی هندسی مقدمه واژه ريختشناسي به عنوان مطالعه تغييرات شکل و همبستگي آن با ساير تغييرات تعريف شده است )Dryden and Mardia, 1998; Bookstein, 1991(. ريخت يا شکل بدن از جمله ويژگيهاي مهم زيستشناسي ماهيان محسوب ميشود، چرا که ميتواند مستقيماً بر کارايي تغذيه، توليد مثل و بقاء آنها در بومسازگانهاي آبي اثر بگذارد )Guill et al., 2003(. روشهاي ريختسننجي هندسي، مبتني بر موقعيت و شکل هندسي اجزاء بدن بوده و بر اساس ابزار و روشهناي مورد اسنننت ناده در ايی تکنيک، امکان اندازهگيري انواع خطاها از قبيل انسننناني، ابزاري و محاسننباتي در ايی روش وجود دارد. از ايی طريق ميتوان دريافت که نتايج حاصننله از مقايسننهها تا چه اندازه قابل اطمينان هسنتند. با پيشنرفت علوم، روشهاي جديدي براي مقايسه و مطالعه ريختشناسي ماهيان ابداع شننده که نننمی ح ا تواناييهاي روشهاي سنننتي و امکان تجزيه و تحليلهاي آماري پيشنرفته، قابليت ح ا ماهيت زيسنتي اندازهگيريها را داشنته و ميتواند شنکل هندسي سازوارگان را مقايسه کند )Eagderi et al., 2013(. در تکنيک ريختسنجي هندسي، الگوهاي شکل نمونهها بر اساس جابجايي مختصننات فیننايي نقان )لندمار ها( به عنوان بازتابي از تغييرات شننکل در بيی سنناختارهاي زيستي بررسي و مقايسه ميگردد ) ,.Ghanbari et al., 2013; Tabatabaii et al., 2013; Adams et al .)2004 جنس Cyprinion متعلق به خانواده کپورماهيان بوده و داراي 3 گونه معتبر در ايران و جهان است. دامنه پراکنش آن رودخانههاي حونه سند، رودخانههاي شمالي و جنوبي منتهي به خليج فارس و درياي Downloaded from jair.gonbad.ac.ir at 22:59 +0330 on Thursday September 23rd 2021 عمان و حونه دجله ميباشد ) ,Coad, 1995; Coad, 1996; Eschmeyer, 1998; Abdoli, 2000; Coad Froese and Pauly, 2014 ;2014(. اعیاي ايی جنس داراي توانايي باﻻيي در تحمل شوري و دما هستند و با توجه به دامنه پراکنش باﻻي آنها، مطالعه ت اوتهاي ريختي بيی جمعيتها و گونههاي مختلف آنها ميتواند حائز اهميت باشد )Daştan et al., 2012(. چرا که جمعيتهاي ايزوله شده ماهيان ممکی است از نظر ريختي ت اوتهاي قابلمﻻحظهاي را نشان دهند. حتي در بسياري از موارد ايی ت اوتهاي ظاهري موجب ظهور اسامي مترادفي نيز براي جمعيتهاي مختلف يک گونه شده است ) ,Coad, 2006; Coad 2014(. غير از کارهاي اخير در ايران و محققيی غير ايراني ) Durand et al., 2002; Gaffaroğlu and Yüksel, 2004; Esmaeili and Piravar, 2006; Nasri, 2008; Nasri et al., 2010; Nasri et al., 2013(، 2 بررسی تنوع ریختی درونگونهای ماهی سبزوگ.... عمﻻً بررسي جامعي در مورد ريختشناسي اعیاي ايی جنس صورت نگرفته است. بنابرايی با توجه به پراکنش و تنوع ريختي نسبتاً باﻻ در بيی گونههاي مختلف جنس Cyprinion در منطقه جغرافياي زيستي ايران )Kafuku, 1969; Nasri, 2008; Nasri et al., 2013(، ايی مطالعه به منظور بررسي الگوهاي تنوع ريختي ماهي سبزوگ )Cyprinion watsoni( با است اده از تکنيک ريختسنجي هندسي در دامنه پراکنش آن يعني جنوب و جنوب شرق ايران به اجرا درآمد. نتايج ايی تحقيق ميتواند به در الگوهاي بالقوه سازشپذيري ريختي در بيی ماهيان کمک کرده و براي مطالعات مشابه در مورد تنوع ماهيان روشنگر باشد. مواد و روشها طي تابسنتان 1331، تعداد 3 جمعيت شنامل 272 قطعه ماهي سبزوگ از چهار حونه آبريز جنوب و جنوب شنرق ايران با اسنت اده از الکتروشوکر نمونهبرداري گرديد. نمونهها بﻻفاصله پس از بيهوشي در عصناره پودر گل ميخک 1gl-1، در فرماليی 1 درصند تثبيت و به آزمايشگاه منتقل شدند. براي استخراج دادههاي شنکل بدن در روش ريخت سننجي هندسني، از نيمرخ چپ نمونهها تصاوير ديجيتال دوبعدي تهيه گرديد. سپس تعداد 11 لندمار همساخت بر روي تصاوير دوبعدي تعريف و با است اده از نرمافزار tpsUtil از تصنناوير ديجيتالي، فايل tps تهيه و لندمار ها نيز با اسننت اده از نرمافزار tpsDig2 رقومي شنندند )Rohlf, 1993( )شننکل 2(. دادههاي لندمار پس از رويهمگذاري براسنناس آناليز پروکراسننت )General Procrust Analysis( براي حذف اثرات اندازه، موقعيت و جهت، با است اده از روشهاي تجزيه و تحليل مؤل ههاي اصنلي )PCA(، تغييرات شنکلي متعارف )CVA( و خوشهاي با ارزش P حاصل از ده هزار بازنمونهگيري )Permutation test( مورد تحليل قرار گرفتند. مصننورسننازي ميانگيی شننکل بدن هر جمعيت نسنبت به شنکل اجماع )Consensus( تمامي جمعيتها در شنبکه تغيير شنکل انجام شد و در مقابل دندوگرام آناليز خوشنننهاي ارائه گرديد. تمامي تجزيه و تحليل آماري همراه با رسنننم نمودارها در Downloaded from jair.gonbad.ac.ir at 22:59 +0330 on Thursday September 23rd 2021 نرمافزارهاي PAST 2.15 )Hammer et al., 2001( ،SPSS-20.0 و )MorphoJ )Klingenberg, 2011 1.02 انجام شد. 3 نشریه پژوهشهای ماهیشناسی کاربردی/ دوره دوم، شماره دوم، تابستان 39 شکل 1- چهار حوضه آبریز و ایستگاههای نمونهبرداری ماهی سبزوگ )Cyprinion watsoni( در جنوب و جنوب شرق ایران Downloaded from jair.gonbad.ac.ir at 22:59 +0330 on Thursday September 23rd 2021 شکل 2- لندمارکهای تعيين شده بر روی نمای چپ ماهی سبزوگ )Cyprinion watsoni( به منظور استخراج دادههای شکل بدن. 1- ابتداییترین بخش فک باﻻ، 2- محل اتصال سر به تنه، 9- ابتدای قاعده باله پشتی، 4- انتهای قاعده باله پشتی، 1- لبه باﻻیی محل اتصال باله دمی به دم، 6- انتهای خط جانبی در قاعده باله دمی، 7- لبه پایينی محل اتصال باله دمی به دم، 8- انتهای قاعده باله مخرجی، 3- ابتدای قاعده باله مخرجی، 12- بخش پایينی شکاف آبششی )گلو(، 11- لبه پایينی حدقه، 12- مرکز حدقه، 19- لبه باﻻیی حدقه، -14 انتهاییترین بخش سرپوش آبششی، 11- ابتدای قاعده باله سينهای 4 بررسی تنوع ریختی درونگونهای ماهی سبزوگ.... نتایج آزمون همبستگي فواصل پروکراست و تانژانت با است اده از نرمافزار )tpsSmall 1.20 )Rohlf, 1993 تناسب دادههاي رويهمگذاري شده براي انجام تجزيه و تحليلهاي آماري را تأييد کرد )با همبستگي معادل 1(. بررسي الگوهاي ت اوت بالقوه بيی جمعيتهاي مورد مطالعه با است اده از تجزيه و تحليل مؤل ههاي اصلي )PCA( انجام شد. در مجموع تعداد هشت مؤل ه اصلي مؤثر استخراج گرديد که بر اساس مقدار جداکننده Jolliffe cut-off، دو مؤل ه اصلي اول با مجموع واريانس 223/51 درصد، بيشتريی بار عاملي را به خود اختصاص دادند )جدول 2(. براساس بارهاي عاملي دو مؤل ه اول، مؤثرتريی لندمار ها در تمايز بيی جمعيتها شامل لندمار هاي 2، 8، 3، 11 و 11 بود که به ترتيب نشانگر تغييرات در طول سر، قاعده باله مخرجي، موقعيت باله سينهاي و طول سر ميباشند. نتايج تجزيه و تحليل مؤل ههاي اصلي حاکي از وجود ت اوتهاي بالقوه بيی جمعيتهاي مورد مطالعه بر اساس جايگاه لندمار ها بود. براي سنجش فرض شباهت شکلي جمعيتها از تجزيه و تحليل تغييرات شکلي متعارف )CVA( است اده شد. آزمون P>2/21( Wilks’ lambda(، تناسب دادهها براي آزمون CVA را تأييد کرد. نتايج آزمون P>2/21( CVA( بر اساس فواصل ماهاﻻنوبيس )جدول 3( نشان داد که بيی شکل بدن تمامي جمعيتهاي ماهي سبزوگ مورد مطالعه ت اوت آماري معنيدار وجود دارد )شکل 3(. هر چند ايی آزمون بيی تمامي جمعيتها ت اوت آماري معنيدار نشان داد، اما جمعيتهاي بستک و ايلود نسبت به بقيه تمايز بيشتري را نشان دادند. جدول 1- مشخصات جمعيتها و ایستگاههای نمونهبرداری ماهی سبزوگ )Cyprinion watsoni( تعداد طول کل )ميليمتر( وزن کل )گرم( رديف حونه رودخانه طول جغرافيايي عرض جغرافيايي نمونه )انحراف معيار±ميانگيی( )انحراف معيار±ميانگيی( A 32 52/7±52/12 13/1±73/2 جازموريان هليلرود N 17˚ 11´ 33˝E˝8/1 ´11 ˚28 B 37 11/3±51/58 35/2±82/1 جازموريان قنات سرزه N 52˚ 13´ 2/2˝E˝18 ´12 ˚27 C 32 13/5±13/12 88/2±33/1 ماشکيل ماشکيل N 51˚ 21´ 1/7˝E˝11 ´23 ˚27 Downloaded from jair.gonbad.ac.ir at 22:59 +0330 on Thursday September 23rd 2021 D 35 12/8±37/57 35/2±21/1 مکران نهنگ N 51˚ 31´ 28˝E˝35 ´12 ˚25 E 33 21/15±32/72 31/3±77/7 مکران سرباز N 51˚ 11´ 31˝E˝11 ´37 ˚25 F 23 87/5±21/51 23/1±33/3 مکران کش N 17˚ 11´ 18˝E˝17 ´21 ˚25 G 32 12/3±12/75 73/2±13/7 مکران جگيی N 17˚ 13´ 13˝E˝11 ´23 ˚25 H 13 71/12±18/51 22/3±13/1 هرمز ايلود N 11˚ 12´ 23˝E˝28 ´12 ˚27 I 35 53/3±31/52 72/2±1 هرمز بستک N 11˚ 32´ 22˝E˝13 ´21 ˚27 نتايج تجزيه و تحليل خوشهاي دادههاي شکلي با تعداد بازنمونهگيري 12222 و بر اساس فاصله اقليدسي بيش از 12 عﻻوه بر تأييد نتايج PCA و CVA، نشان داد جمعيت رودخانه بستک به طور مشخصي با ساير جمعيتها مت اوت است.
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