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TELEPHONE (202) 872-0060 or (800) 872-0067 FACSIMILE (202) 466-9064 INTERNET [email protected] 1730 K Street, NW, Suite 701, Washington, DC 20006 Do you know someone who was in the Far East between 1945-1980? They may have a small fortune hidden away in the attic!

Amid the destruction of World War II and the rebuilding that followed, an artistic phenomenon took place in the Far East. The artists of the region, struggling to maintain the delicate quality of traditional painting and printmaking, found an unlikely market for their work. Servicemen and women bought thousands of these contemporary paintings and prints, as well as traditional antique artwork. With the outbreak of the Korean War a new generation of military personnel was introduced to these exquisite works of art. The market prospered through the rebuilding years as a growing number of the mili¬ tary, their families, business people and travelers sought mementos of their stays.

Do you know anyone who THESE ARE JUST A FEW OF THE ARTISTS WE ARE CURRENTLY BUYING. was in the Far East between JAPAN GK ikk 33 1945 and 1980? HASUI KUNIYOSHI ONCHI AM0RS0L0 LE MAYEUR HIROSHIGE MIZUFUNE SAITO MAGSAYAY HO AFFANDI It started as a trickle of personnel HOKUSAI MORI SEKINO specializing in security and occupation HOSHI MUNAKATA UTAMARO PARK SOO-KEUN HITCHCOCK related tasks. But soon the military pres¬ JACOULET NAKAYAMA YOSHIDA KIMSOU KELLY ence in the region swelled with civilian specialists helping to rebuild the area. visiting. Now imagine that the same Chances are, all of us know someone who Call today to cash in your painting or print is signed by Norman was there! And if that someone owns a hidden treasure. Rockwell rather than a local artist. Instead painting or print signed by one of the artists of being worth only a few dollars, its value When you call you’ll be listed here, he or she may be hundreds, has soared! That’s the discovery being asked a few questions to even thousands of dollars richer after one made by the servicemen, servicewomen identify and authenticate phone call to Floating World Gallery. and visitors to the Far East who purchased the find. After a prelimi¬ If you locate an authentic Far Eastern artwork to bring home - the passage of time nary review of a mailed painting or print purchased between 1945 has brought fame to the artists who former¬ snapshot or facsimile and 1980, there’s a good possibility that its ly were unknown and unappreciated. copy of the piece, we value has appreciated substantially. The will contact you and artists mentioned in this ad are just a few You may end up hundreds, arrange to examine the work itself. If it’s in of those who have gained fame in recent even thousands of dollars richer. good condition, the owner will be offered a purchase price right then and there! To years. Finding one of their prints or Even the most cherished of mementos submit a print or painting for review, or for paintings is like finding a bank book lose their luster over time. Often they end further information, please call: from a long forgotten savings account! up stored away, eventually sold for a few dollars in a garage sale So think! Is it What was once an inexpensive possible there’s a WWII, Korean War or 1-800-783-4660 souvenir may now be a valuable Vietnam vet in your family who has a print Floating World Gallery P. 0. Box 148200, work of art or painting stored away in his or her home? Chicago, IL 60614. If you find it, there could be a small fortune Imagine you’re a tourist on vacation. FLOATING WORLD You're in a shop that sells paintings and waiting at the end of your phone call. prints of the local attractions you’ve been GALLERY CONTENTS

OCTOBER 1995 I Vol. 72, No. 10

COVER FEATURES

Foc vs ON TERRORISM MAKING A DIFFERENCE / 22 32 / STRENGTHENING US POLICY Former Peace Corps Volunteers Say US Expands Efforts Idealistic Values Still Guide Them at AID To Target Terrorists, By David Arnold Create Global Network THE ACCIDENTAL TREATY / 26 By Karen Krebsbach Though Envoy Trist Negotiated End Of 36 / PROTECTING AMERICANS ARROAD Mexican War, The Act Finished His Career Attacks Declining, By John J. Harter But Embassies Remain IN SEARCH OF NUDE PARADES / 50 Security Conscious Outside UN Womens Conference in Beijing, By Larry Lesser Rumors Persist of Those Elusive Naked Women 39 / TIIE GROWING CRIME WAVE ABROAD By Darien Hsu By Larry Lesser Focus

44 / RELIVING BEIRUT’S HORROR Ex-FSO Recalls '83 Embassy Bomb That Killed 66 By Anne Dammarell

C O L U M N S Page 32 5 / PRESIDENT’S VIEWS Navigating on the Road to Nowhere D E PA JJT M E N T S By EA. “Tex” Harris LETTERS/7

15 / SPEAKING OUT CLIPPINGS / 18 Educating Diplomats in the 21st Century AFSA NEWS / CENTER PULLOUT SECTION By Allan E. Goodman CLASSIFIED / CENTER PULLOUT SECTION

60 / POSTCARD FROM ABROAD BOOKS / 53 Diplopet Love in Kiev IN MEMORY / 55 By Linda Anderson Naranjo INDEX TO ADVERTISERS / 59

Cover Illustration by John O’Conner

THE MAGAZINE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS PROFESSIONALS

Foreign Service Journal (ISSN 0015-7279), 2101 E Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20037-2990 is published monthly by the American Foreign Sendee Association, a private, non-profit organization. Material appearing Editor Editorial Board herein represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent the views of the Journal, the KAREN KREBSBACH Chairman Editorial Board or AFSA. Writer queries are invited. Journal subscription: AFSA Members - $9.50 included SHELDON J. KRYS Managing Editor in annual dues; others - $40. For foreign surface mail, add $18 per year; foreign airmail, $36 per year. Second- NANCY JOHNSON TERRENCE BROWN class postage paid at Merrifield, Va., and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to ANGELA DICKEY Foreign Service Journal, 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. Indexed by Public Affairs Graphic Designer DAVID I. HITCHCOCK Information Service (PAIS). The Journal is not responsible for unsolicited manuscripts, photos or illustrations. TARA DELANEY LEA BOBBIE SCHREIBER HUGHES Advertising inquiries are invited. The appearance of advertisements herein does not imply the endorsement Advertising b Circulation MARK MATTHEWS of the services or goods offered. FAX: (202) 338-8244 or (202) 338-6820. TELEPHONE: (202) 338-4045. © Manager DANIEL O. NEWBERRY American Foreign Service Association, 1995. Printed in the U.S.A. Send address changes for the Foreign JANET G. EMERY ANNE SIGMUND Service Journal to AFSA, 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037-2990.

OCTOBER 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 3 -

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City: State: Zip: EQUAL HOUSNG OPPORTUNITY ixM PRESIDENT’S VIEWS Navigating on the Road to Nowhere

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f | ihe message is being heard alone. Despite the value of diplomats’ loudly by everyone in the often risk)’ work, our inability to pre¬ JL Foreign Service — there will sent gripping examples of the conse¬ be greatly diminished resources quences of major lapses in “diplomat¬ now and in the future for the ic readiness” made us weak competi¬ increasingly important diplomatic tors in an appropriations fight against jobs we are being asked to do. high-priority domestic concerns, such Congress has gutted the pro¬ as law enforcement. grams it abhors — international Given the grim resource picture of organizations and peacekeeping — the future, the Foreign Service must and attacked perceived surpluses in refocus a long-term strategy to foreign affairs operations. Over the and 25 percent less, respectively, ensure that diplomats can perform next four years, budget projections than fiscal 1995; their core responsibilities with excel¬ call for 37 percent less in the opera¬ ■ The Arms Control and lence. We need to be the best and tions and programs of the 150 diplo¬ Disarmament Agency (ACDA) most effective diplomatic sendee in matic account, excluding aid to the receives between $0.4 billion and the world. The “important” activities Camp David signatories. For fiscal $0.22 billion, between 21 and 55 per¬ will no longer be funded, only the 1996, the fight over fine tuning the cent less, respectively, than fiscal 1995. “critical.” We can no longer just trim exact amount of the cuts, complicat¬ ■ Export promotion programs in at the margins, but must make diffi¬ ed by a major struggle over struc¬ the Foreign Commercial Service cult choices: Do we give up our many ture, is still on the political battle¬ (FCS) and the Foreign Agricultural historic but expensive embassies field. They’re rough, but the fiscal Service (FAS) will grow, but numbers around the world or the State 1996 parameters are in: are still unavailable. Departments lead role in diplomatic ■ The State Department gets And sadly, further deep cuts are communications? These are easy between $4 billion (House figure) on line for the next three fiscal years. choices for individuals, but tough and $3.3 billion (Senate), 2.9 per¬ The arguments of the foreign affairs choices for the Foreign Service, as cent and 19.5 percent less, respec¬ agencies and the American Foreign perspectives within the Service differ tively, than fiscal 1995; Service Association about the region¬ widely. ■ The U.S. Agency for Inter¬ al and global challenges facing The Foreign Service must develop national Development (AID) America were drowned out by the a new culture that embraces and receives between $11.9 billion and shouting over ways to balance the rewards positive change. But first, we $12.1 billion, between 12 and 11 budget. In the end, the foreign affairs must develop a collective vision for this percent less, respectively, than fiscal agencies were treated as “domestic nations future diplomacy. Unless we 1995; agencies,” and cut between 10.86 and know where we’re going and what the ■ The U.S. Information Agency 13.9 percent from fiscal 1995. guideposts are to mark our progress, (USIA) receives between $1.08 bil¬ Meanwhile, fiscal 1996 funding we will continue to wander in the lion and $1.05 billion, between 22 requests for other national security unmarked budget-cutting desert in agencies — defense and intelligence which all programs appeal- important F. A. “Tex” Harris is president of the -— were increased to more than $242 and all roads lead to nowhere. The American Foreign Service billion, with a reported 5 percent entire Foreign Service must join Association (AFSA). increase for intelligence operations together to meet this new challenge. ■

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Today, were the world's most experienced moving & storage company. Security's Govern¬ For insurance or storage, call ment Service Policy Corliss Battle or Steve Everett. insures furnishings and When you're posted abroad, you personal effects at can protect your valuables with a century special low rates, while in-transit or at your j^#Since 18900^^1^ residence anywhere outside the U.S. Security's temperature-controlled storage protects rugs, furs and clothing left ^MOVING & STORAGE in Washington—at government expense. Our 2nd Century of Quality Service. 1701 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (202) 234-5600 To the Editor: only sunshine, you make me happy, This brings me to Indykes points Alan Lukens’ “Postcard from when skies are gray....” Their teacher about credentials. I quite agree with Abroad” in the July issue recalled my beamed at them, and then at us, bow¬ him that credentials do not guarantee own most poignant World War II ing in that distinctive display of dedication, integrity or common moment, which occurred half a world Japanese courtesy. sense. But they do assure that the away from his. After congratulating them, we simple possession of these qualities is Mine took place in Hiroshima. turned back to the city, and stared not seen as sufficient in itself to prac¬ After U.S. Army-sponsored Japanese silently ahead for many long minutes. tice a profession. Do Americans still language and area studies at the Alfonso Arenales hire argumentative persons without University of Pennsylvania, I became Retired FSO legal training to represent them as a member of the occupation forces in Bethescla, Md. lawyers? Do we still appoint combat¬ Japan. Stationed in Kobe, I was ive individuals witiiout military train¬ drawn to Hiroshima by the emotional ing to command troops? Before the magnet it became after August 1945. law and the military organized them- I had been slated to become part of To the Editor: selves as professions, we used to do the invasion of Japan, and firmly George Indykes July letter com¬ both. There are still bad lawyers and believed (and still do) that what had menting on my remarks on diplomat¬ bad soldiers, but there are no longer happened there had saved my life. ic professionalism in the March any who practice these professions as Driving along the coast to journal (“Speaking Out”), asks many uncredentialed, unskilled amateurs. Hiroshima from Kobe provided a of the right questions. The fact that Finally, Indyke notes that I did not spectacular display of nature that these questions still have to be asked, mention internal management of added symbolic meaning to the occa¬ however, illustrates the extent to embassies in my catalogue of profes¬ sion. As the sun rose over the sea, its which the Foreign Service has failed sional skills. I did not do so because rays created a perfect rising sun, the to establish tire right of its members these skills are not unique to the emblem on Japans ceremonial flag. to be treated as professionals. Foreign Service. All organizations This imagery made our first sight of A career that cannot define what need skilled people to perform these Hiroshima all the more awesome. unique expertise it professes is clear¬ functions. Office managers, parale¬ The streets of the shattered city were ly not a profession. The Foreign gals and legal secretaries are essential cleared of rubble, but the devastation Service is either something more to the operation of law offices, but was otherwise largely untouched and than a collection of occupations car¬ they do not profess the ability to prac¬ all too visible. After a while, we ried out in embassies or it is not. If tice it themselves. Similarly, a special¬ climbed a small hill for a better view. the Foreign Service cannot explain ist who performs functions within an Completely absorbed in looking what qualifications it brings to its embassy indistinguishable from those and picture-taking, we slowly became work other than the possession of he or she might perform in any office, aware of a familiar tune coming to us diplomatic passports, can it blame and who is neither trained nor expe¬ somewhat off-key. We turned to see a those who suggest that talented men rienced in carrying out the core func¬ dozen or so very young, neatly uni¬ and women drawn from odrer careers tions of diplomacy, is — I think — a formed school children coming up could do anything the Foreign specialist stationed abroad, not a pro¬ the hill to be arrayed by their teacher Service can? What answer does it fessional diplomat. in a semi-circle around us, singing, in have to those who question the need Perhaps, however, as Indyke sug¬ English, “You are my sunshine, my for a separate Foreign Service? gests, all that is required to practice

OCTOBER 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 7 LETTERS

I Welcome Home

diplomacy is “a liberal education and and undervalues the characteristics some experience of the world.” If that that make people effective and suc¬ were really the case, I find it difficult cessful. Sure, it is admirable to have to understand why we need a Foreign lots of dates, names, places and the¬ Don’t lose touch with Service at all. So would most ories in one’s head, but is that what Americans. I believe that both train¬ earns you the respect, trust and con¬ American culture. ing and apprenticeship in the core fidence of your peers and counter¬ skills of diplomacy are as necessary to parts? Help your spouse and form competent diplomats as to form What one person has learned, competent lawyers or soldiers. We’d another can be taught. Unden children make an easy have a more competent and more places considerable weight on qual¬ respected diplomatic establishment if ifications that I would classify as transition hack into the Foreign Service made the effort attainable through instruction. In to define and develop its professional doing so he fails to acknowledge American life. identity that other learned occupa¬ that what is often most critical to Welcome Home has tions have. successful relations between peo¬ Gluts. W. Freeman Jr. ples, and hence governments, are assisted expatriates Retired FSO those qualities that cannot be Washington, D.C. taught. Under such a heading I acclimate to the would list many of the attributes that the oral exam seeks to evaluate: American lifestyle leadership, poise, presentation, To the Editor: maturity. since 1990. This As a prospective Foreign Service Furthermore, it is irrelevant that officer — I am awaiting placement video-audio educa¬ the oral exam is composed of con¬ on the hiring roster — I read with trived diplomatic scenarios. So what tional series deals interest and some amusement if applicants are caught offguard Bernard Undens “Speaking Out” and made to feel uncomfortable? Is with culture shock (April Journal), which was critical of the life of an FSO at times much the Foreign Service hiring process, different? The world is hardly a con- and current themes in and then Conrad Tribbles respond¬ trolled environment with pre¬ ing letter in the July issue. Not yet dictable circumstances. By looking American society. having gone through the complete for attributes that the State training process, I cannot comment Department needs but knows it Call or write us today on U.S. vs. German training, yet 1 cannot teach, the existing hiring think I am somewhat qualified to process identifies candidates who, for a free brochure on comment on the U.S. hiring with suitable language training and the Welcome Home process. Specifically, I would like to a period of orientation, will likely comment on Undens assertion that develop into effective diplomats. By educational series. prospective FSOs should possess at raising the bar to allow only those least a master’s degree and fluency privileged enough to obtain in a foreign language. As a former advanced degrees and additional military officer and a current mem¬ languages, Unden overvalues what ber of the corporate world, I can can be taught and undervalues the Arabesque International verify that degrees are hardly requi¬ potential contributions that many a P.O. Box 9536-503 site to being an effective military bright and motivated, but less for¬ Austin, Texas 78766 officer, executive, manager or mally educated, applicant might 1-800-41M094 leader. That said, it never ceases to bring to diplomacy. 512-794-8030 amaze me how society' overvalues Name withheld such things as advanced degrees at author’s request

8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/OCTOBER 1995 Hungry For News From Home? To the Editor: Africa? Probably. Judgmental? Subscribe to I read with interest the somewhat Perhaps. Insensitive and uncaring? distorted social statement of my Not likely. We living in West Africa Weekly Edition: Foreign Service colleagues, Michele know the good fortune of our place of The Best of NPR News™ Sison and Jeff Hawkins, with their birth — a balanced exposure from our on cassette. short story, “Diallo and the Bob-Yam” co-workers is also a birthright. (August Journal). I also have served in William H. Philo Whether you’re in Brussels or Botswana, Abidjan and Douala, Cameroon. General Services Officer you can enjoy U.S. news from familiar Bob-Yam’s annoyance with street Central Africa Logistics and trusted voices back home. urchins is not unfamiliar to me and Office other FSOs I have met in Africa. My U. S. Embassy Douala Each week, you’ll receive a new cassette experience with FSOs is that unguard¬ with a full hour highlighting the best of ed comments directing local inhabi¬ tants to a “fiery place that has no exit” NPR’s award-winning newsmagazines, may be retil, but are seldom uttered To the Editor: Morning Edition? Weekend Edition f thoughts. In the August issue of die Journal and All Things Considered. If Bob-Yam numbers himself with my old friend and colleague, Jonathan most other FSOs serving in West Dean, weighs in against early expan¬ Special Africa, his automobile has a cup of sion of NATO by extending member¬ Three Month small coins from which he dips fre¬ ship to Poland, the Czech Republic Introductory Offer: quently to give to the fellow scooting and Hungary in the article, “Slowing For just $6.00 a week (including shipping around in four lanes of moving traffic NATO's Growth.” In addition to the and handling), you’ll get three months’ with bits of tires tied to the underside paramount concern he has about not worth of America’s best reporting. Plus a of his knees because they bend in die alienating Russia, he claims that the surprise bonus. wrong direction; or to give to the leper admission of the three Central whose face has no nose. The woman European countries would weaken Fax 202 4l4 3046, e-mail (subscription with the baby slung in rags around her the Western Alliance. @npr.org), or call 202 414 3232, Monday - neck that has just taken her fingers Dean pays little attention to the Friday, 10 am. - 5 p m. ET, with your name, address, phone number, and VISA or from her mouth and made their saliva- strong desire, even overriding foreign MasterCard information. wet presence known on ones arm policy objective, of diese countries. might also receive a coin. I had He does state that they wish to gain between five and 20 “regulars” at vari¬ support from NATO members against ous times in my Abidjan tour — I am any future pressures from Russia and not unusual among my colleagues. Germany. But he feels that they are Bob-Yam knows also diat the coins not in any imminent danger, and that National Public Radio' he gives go not to the beggar himself NATO would come to their rescue if but to die “business man” who, before Russia were to flex its muscle. I agree dawn, packed his track with these that a direct military threat to these unfortunates and dropped them off at countries’ independence is not likely various street comers for a 15-hour in the near term. But their aspirations day of trading their horrendous dis¬ need to be viewed from a historical abilities for as little as a dollar in coins. perspective. Their fear of domination The pesky street urchins are fortunate by dieir Western and Eastern neigh¬ among the poor of Africa. Their mis¬ bors runs tiirough their history, dating fortune of not having a truly mar¬ back centuries, practically a millenni¬ ketable disability is one diey would um. Their tragic experience in this most likely forego. Bob-Yam has his century of being occupied first by the priorities with the majority of the Germans and then by the Russians is expatriate community. Is Bob-Yam only a telescoping and intensification jaded by his experience in West of their historical experience. It is for

OCTOBER 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 9 LETTERS

their long-term future that they wish to be anchored in NATO. The likelihood that NATO would help them, even if it were not bound by treaty obligation, is unlikely to sound credible to these countries. An International Education for the 21st Century They are bound to remember that ♦ Coeducational, boarding, grades 9 -12, PG 13th grade Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, ♦ University-preparatory studies: International Baccalaureate, Advanced who vowed to roll back communism Placement, and US High School Diploma in Europe, stood by, and with him the ♦ Excellent US and International university/college placement Alliance, when Soviet tanks put down Full US and European Accreditation ♦ the Hungarian uprising in 1956, and ♦ Caring family atmosphere in comfortable residences that Secretaiy of State Dean Rusk, ♦ Recreation, Europe-wide educational cultural excursions ♦ Summer and winter sports; "Skiing at the LAS Doorsteps!" when urged to take a finner stand ♦ Located in beautiful, peaceful Alpine resort, above Lake Geneva, against the Soviet invasion of close to metropolitan Lausanne, Geneva, and Montrec Czechoslovakia in 1968, asked what the Czechs have done for us lately on Leysin American School in Switzerland Vietnam. Thomas F. Rouillard, Admissions PO Box 4016, Portsmouth, NH 03802-4016 An equally strong motivation of the Tel: 603.431.7654 Poles, Czechs and Hungarians, who Fax: 603.431.1280 were captive for half a century behind the Iron Curtain, and thereby labeled East Europeans, is to belong to the “West.” They wish to have their cul¬ ture, political traditions and religious affiliation recognized as part of Ev TAYLOR IS A Western civilization, in contrast to RETIRED FSO & their If astern neighbors. GEORGE GRIEVE IS Russia’s future is uncertain, a A RETIRED CIVIL thought not lost on the Central ^ SERVICE OFFICER Europeans. American diplomacy needs to handle the relations with Everard S. Taylor George A. Grieve Russia with considerable care. But is a full-service financial planning Russia’s future will be determined pri¬ organization that is part of an international financial planning group. marily by the Russian people them¬ selves. The last few years have shown Products & services include: Among our specialties: Asset Allocation Financial Seminars For info or appt: that the West has much less influence Mutual Funds* Pre-Retirement Planning 405 Onondio Circle on internal Russian development than Life Insurance Portfolio Diversification Vienna, VA 22180*5927 Variable Annuities* Minimizing Tax Liabilities Tel: (703) 560-2230 originally thought or hoped for. It Hard Assets Overseas Client Services Fax: (703) 560-7718 should not be beyond our diplomatic Stocks and Bonds* EMAIL: [email protected] skills to assure the Russians that Limited Partnerships* NATO was, is and will remain, a We will provide you with a personal, comprehensive financial defensive alliance, and that we are plan that will match your investment objectives and risk seeking a cooperative partnership, tolerance levels with specific even if we cannot accept their veto , recommendations geared toward power over our policies. MONEY CONCEPTS , . .■ ■ , , . INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL PLANNING NETWORK reaching your individual goals. It does not seem to me logical to •Securities products marketed through MONEY CONCEPTS CAPITAL COUP., Member Firm NASD/SIPC 1208 U.S. Highway One North Palm Beach. FL 33408 (407) 327-0700 argue, on one side, that these three European countries face no danger in the foreseeable future and that the

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OCTOBER 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL II LETTERS f How to Buy Auto Insurance Overseas^ There’s really only one way. Select the agent who offers broad experience and a high level of repeat business. Experience that helps you avoid the pitfalls of a highly complex business. Repeat business that results from pro¬ viding what’s best for the customer - not the agent. tries? Probably we should have a better understanding of the main¬ For 34 years Harry M. Jannette International has provided dependable spring of their aspirations than coverage with U.S. carriers to thousands of Foreign Service personnel world¬ Dean demonstrates. We may also wide. Thus, you gain the broadest U.S. terms and conditions and flexible wish to remember that the power value limits often not available from other insurance carriers. vacuum that existed in this region • WORLDWIDE COVERAGE Fire, theft, comprehensive and collision protec¬ was one of the main causes of major tion are available at foreign posts. conflagrations in Europe through¬ • U.S. AUTO LIABILITY Available for short term on home leave, change of out history. assignment, and new auto purchase prior to foreign departure. Anthony Geber • FOREIGN LIABILITY We suggest contacting your post on arrival. Local Retired FSO laws require specific limits and coverage. Pricing is normally best on site. Chevy Chase, Md. • CONTACT US TODAY Let us send you “the Embassy Plan” brochure. It contains all the answers about dependable coverage and low cost premi¬ ums. To the Editor: Harry M. Jannette International I wish to commend you for run¬ 8111 LBJ FREEWAY, SUITE #585 DALLAS, TEXAS 75251 ning the article by George Gedda, TELEPHONE: (214) 783-4915 FAX: (214) 783-0545 “Cuba Policy in Disarray” (August CALL: (800) 256-5141 Journal). It is thorough in its cover¬ A W00D-WILS0N COMPANY age of the various issues and it was welcome news that the administra¬ tion stands up to the emotional tantrums of the team of Jesse Helms and Dan Burton. [Harvard University] professor Jorge 30-Day Rale Dominguez is right that our main for Foreign Service Travelers to Washington, D.C.! goal is “a peaceful and democratic Are you coming to Washington, DC for 30 days or more? Want the benefits of an transition in Cuba.” After all, like apartment without the hassles? The amenities of a hotel without the cost? We have Haiti, Cuba is our neighbor and the perfect solution for you... Hotel Anthony! even President Thomas Jefferson Your stay will include: thought once of annexing it. Foreign Fully equipped kitchen or wet bar • New remote-contol television with w/refrigerator, microwave, stocked HBO, ESPN, & CNN investment will bring the desired coffee/tea maker • FREE use of Bally’s Holiday Spa changes, as in China and Vietnam. New electronic key lock system • FREE weekday Washington Post Unfortunately, it is a smaller market New state-of the art phone system with • 24 hour Fax Service voice mail • Same-day dry cleaning/laundry services and does not capture the eye of American business. I hope you will And you couldn’t ask for a better location! You are within walking distance of most of DC’s best attractions and Washington’s run a follow-up article soon. METRO system, so getting around town is a breeze! 1 also enjoyed the article by Linda Eiehblatt about American Hotel Anthony prisoners in Mexican jails (“Postcard from Abroad,” August Journal). I 1823 L Street, NW • Washington, DC 20036 For reservations call: did the same thing in Bolivia in the Phone: (202) 223-4320 1970s, but my inmates were happier Toll Free: (800) 424-2970 ff \R|£ because they had families and developed crafts, which made some * Per night based on single occupancy. Taxes are not included. Based on availability. Minimum stay of 30 consecutive nights. prosperous. Daily rates also available. Offer expires 9/30/95. GROCERIES!) with this ad** Paul M. Miller * Present this ad at check-in for a Gift Certificate good for S25 in FREE Groceries! Retired FSO Springfield, Va.

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To the Editor: 20% of all Foreign Service junior boarding children attend The budget, and therefore the North Country School. Their parents will be glad effectiveness of the United States to tell you why. Foreign Sendee and the Department of State, are being squeezed unmercifully by the neo¬ An Enriched Education and a Country Childhood isolationist budget cutting of Senator Jesse Helms (R-N.C.) and the Republican-dominated Senate Foreign Relations Committee on the one hand and the weakening dollar on the other. This is not to minimize the deleterious effect of the creeping politicization of senior Foreign Sendee positions such as ambas¬ sadorships. The Department of State has stopped recruiting for Foreign Tel: (518) 523-9329 Fax: (518) 523-4858 Sendee entry-level positions. There P.O. Box 187 are reports that as many as 10,000 Lake Placid, NY 12946 jobs may be pared within the gov¬ ernments foreign affairs community. Secretary of State Warren Christopher is sponsoring a complex “management” task force at the Department of State, a sure sign of more economies to come. Low U.S. Telephone rates These developments are clearly detrimental to morale in a Foreign Service where professionalism and are available overseas! stability are more important than It's GlobalPhone’s "Callback" service, and it allows you to take advantage ever. Foreign Sendee personnel are of low U.S. telephone rates from anywhere in the world. If you travel living and working in a vastly more overseas, or if you have family or business in other countries, intellectually and physically GlobalPhone's new service can save you up to 75% over your existing demanding world abroad, attempt¬ rates. Apply today and we’ll issue you a personal calling card you can use ing to establish a U.S. presence in immediately, plus a complete information package. The following unfamiliar places in, for example, the GlobalPhone rates are for calls from the listed country to the U.S. newly independent states of Central Asia, without the status and authori¬ Call from Per Min. Call From Per Min. ty the United States commanded Australia $0.40 Germany $0.49 during the Cold War years. Brazil $0.89 India $1.05 We can probably do without con¬ sulates, but can we do without Egypt $1.18 Japan $0.53 vibrant, professionally young, dedi¬ England $0.34 Singapore $0.49 cated and competent people who France $0.48 Venezuela $1.01 can look forward to a genuinely rewarding career? Ellis O. Jones GLOBALPHONE Retired FSO 3916 Lincolnshire Street Annandale, Virginia 22003 USA Millbrook, N.Y. ■ Tel: 703.256.3399 Fax: 703.256.1313

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BY ALLAN E. GOODMAN

There is precious little con¬ region will become more signifi¬ nection, it seems, between cant than the relationships between what is happening today and Preparing cities and national capitals. what will be in tomorrow’s head¬ < World politics, as a result, will lines. Countries’ boundaries, lead¬ diplomats come to be shaped far less by ideo¬ ers, and loyalties change almost logical rivalries than by such key overnight. Consequently, it is diffi¬ requires a global issues as the ability of the cult for diplomats, as well as those world trading system to generate in international business, to make vision of what resources for basic human needs in sense out of what is going on in the both the Third World and the world. will emerge in developed world, the need to con¬ The United States is currently serve the environment, and dis¬ between world orders: international putes over the degree to which free Communism is dead and the bipo¬ markets ought to coincide with the larity of the Cold War is over, but relations. expansion of political participation progress towards freer markets and and individual freedom. political systems seems stalled. Consequently, in the post-Cold Superpowers like the United States War era we should expect the bases are seeking to become, as one State on which foreign policy decisions Department official recently put it, are taken and the ways in which “superpartners” rather than “globo- Foreign Affairs Training Center they are implemented to change. cops.” And while democratization are, in fact, effectively preparing As this occurs the role of interna¬ movements are sweeping the future FSOs for this new world. tional and regional institutions will globe, the governments produced One of the most critical features increase substantially, and national by them have not lived up to the that is emerging in the internation¬ power itself will become more dif¬ high expectations they generated. al affairs arena is that the state sys¬ fuse, determined not only by the In such circumstances, even tem more and more will be charac¬ relative position and resources of though diplomats have more edu¬ terized by the declining power of individual states but also by the cation and training than ever governments to control events, outreach and linkages of economic before, there is doubt about especially in the economic and and social forces within states to whether universities and training social areas. Consequently, most those elsewhere. academies such as the Foreign nations will increasingly become The challenge for the diplomat Service Institute in the National part of an ever-expanding web of will be to provide early warning of commercial and cultural networks, trouble spots. Political reporting Allan E. Goodman is academic dean which will allow individuals to will especially have to take account at Georgetown University’s School exchange goods and information of the dynamics mentioned above of Foreign Service. His most recent within an ever-widening circle of by focusing more effectively on: government position was as presi¬ relationships. This will give rise, ■ Issues where domestic needs dential briefing coordinator for the especially in Asia, to “region and requirements drive interna¬ director of central intelligence dur¬ states,” where the links between tional relationships, such as migra¬ ing the Carter administration. some cities and city-states within a tion pushes and pulls, controversies

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OCTOBER 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 17 CLIPPINGS

MEDIA REPORTS ty agent Peter Hargraves, a passenger in the car who survived the crash, as “a LAUD 3 DEAD ENVOYS genuine hero.” Although Hargraves’ “In the main lobby of the State rescue efforts were unsuccessful, he Department there is a large plaque that did pull one of the three victims — now extends across two walls. It con¬ though the article never identified him tains the names of 171 Americans who, — from the car, but was unable to get while serving their country abroad, the other two before “the whole thing ‘died in heroic or other inspirational exploded,” according to the Sun. circumstances’. ... Three more names ‘7 thought the — Robert Frasure, Joseph Kruzel and Samuel Nelson Drew — will likely soon OF POWER, PLANTS American be added to that honored list. They are the negotiators who died in Bosnia.” So & PRINCIPLES people were opened an Aug. 23 editorial in The “Washington has rarely before seen Washington Post. such a paradoxically low-profile trio of more The three government officials were top foreign policy officials: the sweetly in an armored car that plunged off a professorial Secretary of Defense interested rain-soaked mountain road near William Perry, the self-effacing courte¬ Sarajevo on Aug. 19. The editorial ous Secretary of State Warren in law praised all public servants “who endure Christopher and the positively anony¬ enforcement... great hardship, extreme danger and mous National Security Adviser even the loss of liberty and life abroad.” Anthony Lake,” opined an Aug. 28 edi¬ than in Singled out were not only diplomats torial in The Washington Times. but development experts, intelligence The piece refers to a New York building... gatherers, Peace Corps volunteers and Times profile of Lake by Jason DeParle, others whose health and physical safety which calls Lake “surely the only palaces and are routinely at risk in doing their jobs, national security adviser ever to stand the editorial said. beside the president and be described renting;O long- O “Such Americans leave the comfort in a photo caption as an ‘unidentified’ of home not only to advance this coun¬ man.” The editorial continues, “It may coats and try’s economic and national security well be that Mr. Lake enjoys his ‘potted high hats. ” interests but by example and action to plant’ imitations, which allow him to help others achieve the freedom and move in mysterious ways behind the peace valued so highly here,” it said. “It scenes, but it is also a reflection of a — Si.x. Pun. GRAMM, is a moment in which people could use¬ profound unease with questions of fully pause to think about the often power and principle in U.S. foreign (/{-Tex AS), politically abused and rarely publicly policy. ... He continues to try to unite ... appreciated others who labor on in the application of power in the national THE WASHINGTON danger and persist through discourage¬ interest vs. its more caring, sharing ment, as did the three men honored.” POST, SEPT. 13 side. .. The problem is that both those In a related article in the Aug. 26 sides require a certain amount of Baltimore Sun, Assistant Secretary of courage to apply, which is not much in State Richard Holbrook lauded securi¬ evidence.”

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/OCTOBER 1995 CLIPPINGS

ADVICE IGNORED Law Enforcement Officers Association President Victor Oboyski in a July letter to ON VIETNAM WAR Christopher. Former Secretary of Defense Robert The corps of 700 Diplomatic Security McNamara, in his book. In Retrospect: agents have closed 40 percent more crimi¬ The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam, nal cases in die last two years, according to claims there was a lack of reliable infor¬ Diplomatic Security Service Director mation about Vietnam before the war Mark Mulvey. However, budget cuts and YEARS AGO upon which to base decisions. Louis personnel reductions have limited new Sarris, the State Departments research hires to only 14 in die last four years. analyst on Indochina from 1957-67 writes “The U.S. ambassador in the Sept. 5 New York Times to London, John G. “Commentary” page that many cases 19 POSTS TO CLOSE, Winant, receives a sum have been chronicled in which officials of $17,500 [annually], from the State Department, the CIA and BUT WORKERS SPARED the sum fixed for ambas¬ the Defense Intelligence Agency warned Closing 19 overseas posts will not result sadorial salaries by or tried to warn top brass about the dan¬ in direct job cuts, according to State Congress in 1856 and gers of military involvement. But, writes Department officials, since most employ¬ never since changed,” Samis, “They were ignored, silenced or ees will rotate out through the normal reported the Journal in reprimanded. ... Many of those involved process before closures. Work will be October 1945 . in pursuing the war have since acknowl¬ found for all career employees at die 19 “Entertainment edged that the almost willful dependence posts except diose who plan to retire or allowances add another on Pentagon military assessments during leave the Foreign Service because of time- $12,500. This compares this period was a factor which entangled in-class limitations, Chet Bridger reported to the British envoy to us in the war.” in die Aug. 29 Federal Times. Nineteen Washington, Viscount posts, including diree in Africa, fil e in East Halifax, who gets a tax- Asia, seven in Europe and four in Latin free allowance of SECURITY AGENCY America will be closed in fiscal 1996. $70,000 a year. As this is Closing the following posts is expected to not considered a salary, SPARED DEEP CUTS save $12 million annually: Lubumbashi, he pays no income tax.” The State Departments Diplomatic Zaire; Malabo, Equatorial Guinea; These facts come from Security Service appears to have survived Victoria, Seychelles; Apia, Western Samoa; an article in The New' an attempted pruning, writes Chet Bridger Brisbane, Australia; Cebu, Philippines; Republic of Aug. 30, in the Aug. 21 Federal Times. The idea of Medan, Indonesia; Udom, Thailand; 1945. which continues, shifting visa and passport fraud investiga¬ Bilbao, Spain; Bordeaux, France; “This contrast in Anglo- tions from State to die Justice Department Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Florence, American diplomatic pay appears to have died after an appeal from Italy; Poznan, Poland; Stuttgart, Germany; illustrates the singular Diplomatic Security agents to Congress Zurich, Switzerland; Curacao, Nedierlands parsimony of rich Uncle and Secretary of State Warren Antilles; HermosiUo, Mexico; Matamoros, Sam when it comes to Christopher. ‘Transferring the responsibil¬ Mexico; and Porto Alegre, Brazil. foreign representation. ity of investigating the fraudulent produc¬ “As we face increasing pressures on Entertainment costs are tion and use of documents that are issued resources, streamlined staffing of all our high and Americans of by the Department of State to an outside missions becomes an absolute necessity,” low' income just can’t agency makes no sense,” wrote Federal noted States spokesman Nicholas Bums. afford the job." ■

OCTOBER 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 19 CLIPPINGS

FSOs BATTERED page, who commented that he didn't like running obits of FSOs, who “could order IN MEDIA REPORTS sweet-and-sour pork in 12 languages but “The problems The image of the Foreign Service was who did nothing [in their lives]. ” FSO battered in two publications this month. In Alphonse La Porta defended the Foreign that a furlough the Aug. 31 Washington Post, an article on Service in a responding letter to the editor, would create at Ambassador to Ireland Jean Kennedy published in the City Paper on Sept. 8, in Smith quotes Deputy Chief of Mission which he called die remark “gratuitous.” home cue Dennis Sandberg on the reaction of the He pointed out that die Foreign Service staff to the new ambassador, “I had them “plays a vital role ... in assisting Americans compounded stumbling into my office later saying, ‘She overseas in promoting the exports and can’t be serious.’ It was a big shock for facilitating the investments of American them, people who’d spent their days play¬ firms, in executing development projects ... overseas. ” ing computer games and having four-hour and in negotiating agreements to advance — COLUMNIST martini lunches.” I lis quote has been a big [U.S.] national mid economic security.” shock to Foreign Service officers in most In another letter to the editor in the MIKI: CAUSE). posts, where both computers and martinis same issue, FSO Deborah R. Mennuti are in short supply. wrote, “Pearson might sing a different tune THE WASHINGTON The City Paper of Aug. 8 also took a if he ever has the misfortune to fall seri¬ swipe at Foreign Service officers when ously ill, lose his passport or be thrown in a POST, SEPT. 8 they published a profile on Richard foreign jail with no one to turn to but an Pearson of die Washington Post obituary American consular officer.” ■

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FORMER PEACE CORPS VOLUNTEERS SAY IDEALISTIC VALUES STILL GUIDE THEM AT AID

BY DAVID ARNOLD

or former Peace Coips volun¬ tions as the wealthiest people in a world of poor peo¬ F teers, President John F. ple ... and our political obligation as the single largest Kennedy’s challenge, “Ask not counter to the adversaries of freedom.” what your country can do for AID began paying competitive wages to lure you, but what you can do for Americans away from the private sector to complete your country,” is more than just development projects abroad. AID’s 6,912 emplov- inspirational jargon from the '60s. Kennedy’s words ees in 1961 increased to a height of 8,900 in 1968; still inspire many ex-volunteers who are now today, tire agency employs about 3,097 hill-time U.S. employees of the U.S. Agency for International employees and thousands of freelance contractors. Development (AID). Indeed, more than 40 percent Meanwhile, the Peace Coips recruited young of AID’s 3,097 American employees today are ex- Americans, most of whom had just reached voting age Peace Coips volunteers, many heading missions in and had more classroom learning than work experi¬ the same countries they lu st saw as volunteers, peo¬ ence, to become Schoolteachers, health workers or ple who chose to further their development careers advisers to farmers. The Peace Coips taught its in countries in Latin America, Africa, Asia and the recruits technical skills, new languages and respect for emerging democracies of the former Soviet Union. other cultures’ people and values. And in the '60s, at In fact, AID and the Peace Corps share a birth 11 cents an hour, no one could argue that the $900-a- date — 1961. Theirs is an increasingly cooperative year price tag was not a good deal for Americans who relationship, even though AID’s mandate was rooted wanted their tax dollars to aid developing countries. in bringing technology to the developing world and In 1961 the first group of 124 volunteers went to the Peace Coips’ mandate was rooted in establishing Ghana, eager to fulfill the three goals of the Peace cross-cultural relations. Kennedy, in a March 22, Corps’ mandate: providing service in the world’s 1961, message to Congress, spelled out the reasons under-served communities; demonstrating the best for creating a foreign assistance agency: “There is no of American values abroad; and advocating for those escaping our obligations: Our moral obligations as a foreign cultures and people upon returning to the wise leader and good neighbor in the interdependent United States. For most who volunteered, it was rea¬ community of free nations — our economic obliga- son enough. The number of volunteers swelled to 15,556 at its peak in 1966. The Peace Coips’ budget David Arnold is director of communications for the and volunteer numbers were reduced shaiply during Association of Returned Peace Corps Volunteers. He die Nixon years, but have steadily increased since, was a Peace Corps volunteer in Ethiopia from 1968-70. reaching 6,891 in 1995.

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/OCTOBER 1995 The two agencies sent their people to work in they wanted to do development, but because they many of the same countries and, for tire most part, wanted good salaries, a cost-of-living allowance and they avoided each other like the plague. Peace other benefits.” Corps volunteers viewed AID and its govemment- Now that she’s with AID, she believes that both to-govemment projects as empowering not the peo¬ agencies are focused on the same goal, although ple but its government bureaucracies, and AID their methods might diverge. employees often saw the village-based volunteers as naive and inexperienced. Volunteers’ village-level In graduating from tire one-on- understanding of local needs sometimes clashed one development work in the with the aims of AID’s technical projects. Third World countryside to the The Peace Corps and But Peter McPherson, AID administrator from complexity of the U.S. bureaucracy AID sent their people 1981-87, was among those former volunteers who at AID, Peace Coips alumni have saw great potential in AID’s method, mission and brought new attitudes and a differ¬ to work in the same scope. He had served in Peru in the mid-1960s. ent culture to the agency'. McPherson discounts other volunteers’ criticisms of “I’m very proud that 40 percent countries and, for the AID workers, since he found “a potential for great of our agency is former Peace arrogance among volunteers [who felt] if you Coips volunteers,” says AID most part, they weren’t with the Peace Coips, you didn’t know what Administrator Brian Atwood. “I was going on [in the community].” In fact, the per¬ think of dieir dedication, of the avoided each other ception among volunteers that projects developed people who worked at the grass¬ top-down are less successful than bottom-up devel¬ roots level ... who really are tire like the plague. opment has prompted a large number to join the heart and core of dris organization.” legendary development beast in tire last two decades Indeed, many former volun¬ and attempt to change its methodology. teers end up in development work. Those who In the dogma of Peace Coips’ 1960s purists, the choose that route, however, rarely go directly to the shaldng-hands AID logo conjured up images of a government payroll: They work for non-government paternalistic U.S. bureaucracy sending highly paid relief and development agencies overseas or take American engineers to sell concrete dams that no short-term AID contracts. Because the majority of locals are trained to maintain or American-built volunteers return to the lives they left behind in trucks with no sources of spare parts. America two years before, they represent a growing “We were instructed to have no contact with AID constituency for an enlightened foreign policy and a in Bogota,” remembers Kelly Kammerer, Atwood’s bigger role for U.S. foreign assistance in the devel¬ counselor and a lawyer who began his development oping world. career as a Peace Coips volunteer in El Carmen de Others who want to continue in the international Otrato, Colombia, in 1963. Any perceived affiliation arena join die State Department as civil sendee with the “big bucks” government-oriented projects employees or as members of die Foreign Service. would “taint” a volunteer’s small project, he says. Indeed, more dian 10 percent of each class of new Margaret Bonner, a former Peace Coips volun¬ Foreign Service officers are returned Peace Corps teer in Ethiopia and now' AID’s chief of mission in volunteers and more dian a dozen now serve as that country, recalls how she used to think of the ambassadors, including Peter Chaveas in Malawi; government agency when she was just a volunteer. Laurence Pope in Chad; Robert Gribben in the “[Peace Coips volunteers] were people who wanted Central African Republic; Parker Borg in Iceland; to do development work and were committed to ... and A. Peter Burleigh and Elizabeth Raspolic, who trying to increase the well-being of a people,” she have been nominated for ambassadorships, respec¬ says. “We thought that AID was not there because tively, to Sri Lanka and Gabon.

OCTOBER 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 23 And there’s that hard-core group of process leading up to a project must even throughout a nation? development pros who choose to work include its consumers, even if they’re Sugiue learned the hard way as a for AID. “Peace Corps has changed people whose world ends at the next volunteer. After news spread that AID AID,’’ says Bonner. “You have people village. “The influence of former vol¬ was planning to build a road between who are not afraid to go out and mix, unteers was to move us more toward two villages in Ethiopia, many people not afraid to go out on field trips. It people-oriented needs,” Atwood says. without title to their land saw their gives people a different perspective Now president of Michigan State homes bulldozed. So AID sent Sugrue and a willingness to look at what the University', McPherson says his bap¬ to Haiti’s Les Cayes region in 1977, problems are.” tism in development as a volunteer where he helped farmers secure ten¬ Bill Sugrue, acting head of AID’s marked his eight years running AID. ant rights before a road project began. Global Bureaus Office of ‘Tou come to appreciate a culture of Gregg Baker, a volunteer in the Environment and Natural Resources poverty in a way that you just can’t get Philippines from 1985-87, remembers Management, calls it a generational unless you live in it,” he says. the $300 AID gave him to help a local change. “Earlier many came from Indeed, the sheer numbers of ex¬ cooperative buy a rice thresher and technical areas ... whose overseas expe¬ volunteers at AID suggest that much blower to be rented to the poorest rience was winning World War II. Our support for sustainable programs farmers near Mindanao. The success experience was the Peace Corps. [It comes from these employees who have of that project prompted the Dutch to was] humbling and humane.” worked at the community level. finance construction of a rice storage Others describe AID’s effort to The tools picked up in die Peace warehouse. “If we can take a small aid switch to Peace Corps’ more con¬ Coips are useful in working for AID: project and think of it as a policy exper¬ sumer-friendly mission as inevitable. local languages; an ability' to adapt to iment, achieve good results at the local “There seemed to be an understanding different cultures, values and living level, [we can] then engage in dialogue that the former Peace Corps volun¬ standards; and even an endiusiasm for at the policy level and adapt the project teers were the future of AID,” says one these differences. Most volunteers also to other situations. Soon the coopera¬ Peace Corps alumnus. “[It] was as on- bring skills in such areas as forestry, tive wtis providing a full range of agri¬ the-ground as you could get in a less- fisheries, health care delivery' or co-op cultural service to its members,” said developed country. We were the foun¬ management. But a central value to Baker, now a program economics offi¬ dation [AID] could build on.” any grassroots experience is an under¬ cer in AID’s Office of Strategic and The arrival of the first volunteers standing of how small communities Economic Analysis in the Asia and brought minor cultural clashes to the work — and do not work. AID officials Near East Bureau. agency. One senior AID official recalls who studied these little markets say Dennis Panther, a former volunteer the anti-Peace Corps bias in her first they never forgot those first lessons in who now manages agribusiness pro¬ boss’s greeting: “Don't talk to me about Peace Coips service. It’s no surprise jects in seven Asian countries in the being in die Peace Corps.” Many years that ex-volunteers often know better Global Bureau, says, “In every' country later, a residue of that bias lingers with¬ what works when diey schmooze with you always find the officials who are in the political environment of ministry officials in the capital. realfy concerned about tire stagnant Washington. Atwood tells the story of ‘Tou develop a keen sense of what’s economy and the plight of the peasant. another AID official with Peace Coips bull — and what works,” says Sugrue, Many times these people are unable to experience who was told by a who worked on irrigation systems in talk about these issues. I think they Republican staffer on Capitol Hill, southwest Ethiopia as a volunteer from look to outsiders like me to open up ‘Tou know, die problem with you is 1969-71. “People from the ministries the dialogue.” you have a village view? of the world.” come to town in Land Rovers and The learning curve is usually short¬ As a consequence, ex-volunteers learn drive away. You were there before and er for ex-volunteers who arrive at AID to modify dieir grassroots experience after, and you cany that experience with development experience. Indeed, with a thin career mande that Sugrue with you the rest of your life.” those who remember the lessons of describes thus: ‘Tou can’t really trans¬ Many returned volunteers at AID development’s past are less likely to form the world, but you think and learned different styles of reasoning in repeat its mistakes. behave as if you can.” their first overseas work in the Peace Many former volunteers still Corps. As one small project succeeds, In 1968, Margaret and Cameron believe die popular Peace Coips larger ones become apparent. If it Bonner’s first work experience fol¬ notion that the decision-making works in one town, why not elsewhere, lowing Rutgers University eommence-

24 FOREIGN SERVICE ] OU RN AL/OCT OB F.R 1995 ment was as teachers of math, English Margaret Bonner had few textbooks, ment agencies that can deliver democ¬ and science in the Dejazmach Wolde die blackboard was so shiny it rejected racy and small business expertise. Gabriel Aba Seitan secondary school in chalk, and die science lab doubled as Gone are the days of macro projects. Ethiopia. They would wake up each the stage for the morning flag assem¬ Atwood has been reform-minded morning at 5:30 to a cocks crow. Their bly. Today, as AID’s mission director in since he arrived at AID in May 1993. house had oiled wooden floors, white¬ Addis Ababa, she manages $144 mil¬ To date, he has closed 21 missions, washed walls and gray muslin lion in annual assistance, the United reduced project design schedules from stretched across the ceiling. Through States’ fourth-largest aid package two years to six months, and cut the the wooden blue shutters of their front behind Israel, Egypt and India. The agency’s staff of U.S. and foreign windows, they could see the equatorial Bonners’ now live in a neighborhood national employees by 1,200 to 3,693 sun lifting above the branches of the affluent by Ethiopian standards, acces¬ — including slashing 97 senior posi¬ eucalyptus in the schoolyard below. sible by small roads winding between tions, from 302 to 205. These measures The morning light would strike the compound walls. The house is not far summarize intensive efforts to recreate school’s corrugated tin roof and the from AID’s new offices, but their living the $6.5 billion U.S. foreign assistance four large white ostrich eggs impaled room windows look out only on dieir program, including humanitarian on the points of a Coptic cross on a own compound walls. relief, economic support and develop¬ church roof across the valley. Their “It was much nicer in Asbe Teferi,” ment assistance, which Congress has three-minute walk to school was down Bonner says. But if her relationship called wasteful and ineffective. a meandering foot path through a cof¬ with Ediiopia has become more urban, Today, those who push for AID fee grove, and on broken-rock high¬ complex and bureaucratic, she still reform include a small Washington way which eventually led through the incoiporates the same skills she prac¬ public policy organization that recom¬ Rift Valley, the desert and to Addis ticed in a small school in the mountains mended that AID invite development Ababa. The road was crowded each 25 veal's earlier. “I deal frankly with recipients to consult on final project morning with students, and Oromo people and on a one-to-one basis,” she decisions. In 1972, twins Steve and women carrying firewood on their says. “These are people who have to Doug Hellinger created Development heads, babies on their backs and make up their own minds. Students GAP, Group for Alternative Policies. trussed chickens in their arms. and governments have to decide which Both had just returned from two-year At night, tire Bonners prepared les¬ way they want to go. As a teacher in die Peace Corps stints in South America. son plans by the flaring light of Peace Corps and in tiiis position, I tun The brothers have been impassioned kerosene lanterns, hyenas silently in die middle. I can show them the critics of the old AID ways and con¬ picked their way through the dark alternatives and the ramifications of stant advocates of new and more par¬ streets and herdsman played their tiiose alternatives, but it’s die person in ticipatory development policies. flutes over crackling fires. charge who decides.” “Atwood’s done a lot to reform the In the 1960s the Peace Corps’ mis¬ She works with a wider range of agency internally,” Steve Hellinger sion in Etliiopia was education and it people now. “I have a broader sweep says, but he adds that the duo’s pro¬ would become one of the agency’s and die politics of what will happen to posals, which were circulated to biggest sites, with 3,190 volunteers Ethiopia is much more on my mind.” agency leaders and mission directors teaching during the height of its boom, What she does affects diousands, she overseas, have had little or no effect. from 1962 to 1972; the largest number says, but she also knows “I will not have Despite Atwood’s progress, critics at one time was 916 in 1966. These the impact that I [once] had on one and advocates concede it will take Americans taught English, civics and student.” time before the agency looks differ¬ the multiplication tables to young ent. But ex-Peace Corps volunteers Ethiopians who would become As AID’s future as an autonomous continue to see the agency evolve, and bureaucrats in a feudal empire, entity is being debated in they know they’ll see it change again. Marxist revolutionaries who would try Congress, Atwood has announced tiiat Armed with their belief that grass¬ to overthrow the empire, or liberators he will close six more overseas mis¬ roots development can be good devel¬ who would crush die 17-year military sions, including Estonia, die Czech opment, they believe that AID can dictatorship and create a democracy. Republic and Swaziland; toss out half continue to help make the world a The Bonners’ view of Ethiopia has of AID’s bureaucratic regulations; better place in the 21st century, even now changed. When she was a school replace its management systems; and if they have to make do with a smaller teacher in die village of Asbe Teferi, do more business with non-govern¬ agency. ■

OCTOBER 1 995/FORElGN SERVICE JOURNAL 25 THE ACCIDENTAL TREATY

THOUGH ENVOY TRIST NEGOTIATED END

OF MEXICAN WAR, THE ACT FINISHED HIS CAREER

BY JOHN J. HARTER

icholas Philip Trist seemed of conversation, now housed at the Library of N destined for a distinguished Congress, which recorded his frequent chats widr diplomatic career, considering the former president. At Jefferson’s behest Trist the trajectory of his earl}’ life. entered the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in Friend and aide to presidents 1818. He did well academically but resented the Thomas Jefferson, James enforced discipline. He resigned in 1821 before Madison and Andrew Jackson, he would be chosen graduating. This independent spirit would become by President James Polk in 1847 to negotiate a con¬ both his greatest strength and his fatal weakness. clusion to the bloody Mexican War. He finished that Trist then returned to New Orleans to study law. assignment brilliantly, and the consequential Treaty Throughout his years at West Point and in of Guadalupe Hidalgo doubled the size of the Louisiana, Trist bombarded Virginia Jefferson, United States. And Trist s reward? He was arrested Marthas daughter, with almost daily letters reiterat¬ and his State Department career ended. ing his love for her. When she urged him to return Trist’s life began full of promise. His association to Monticello he did so with alacrity and the pair widr Thomas Jefferson was through his grandmoth¬ married in September 1824, settling into the great er, Elizabeth, who occasionally took care of manor house. The union produced three children Jefferson’s daughter, Martha, in Philadelphia and and lasted until Trists death in 1874. eventually settled near Monticello with her son, Trist resumed his law studies under Jefferson’s More Browse Trist. Hore later practiced law and direction, dedicating 14 hours a day to reading married in Charlottesville, Va., where Nicholas was ethics, religion, natural law, history and literature. As bom in 1800. After Hore died his widow, Mary, mar¬ the bonds of respect and affection between the ail¬ ried a prominent New Orleans attorney, who saw to ing octogenarian and his young admirer tightened, it that Nicholas received a classical education and the sage of Monticello grew more frail. Trist served tutoring in French and Spanish. as Jefferson’s private secretary during his last year. When Trist was 17, Jefferson invited him to Shortly before his death in 1825, Jefferson rewrote return to Monticello. Trist wrote many memoranda his will to designate Trist as executor for his estate. When James Madison succeeded Jefferson as

John /. Harter retired from the Foreign Service in rector of the University of Virginia, Trist served as 1983 after 30 years of service. Before joining, he his personal assistant as well. Close associations with taught history at the University of Southern two founding fathers left him with considerable California in Los Angeles. prestige and a lifelong addiction to politics.

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/OCTOBER 1995 In 1828, Secretary of State Henry Clay offered of State James Buchanan was dien endeavoring to Trist an appointment with the State Department reorganize and streamline the department. He wel¬ and, despite the all-pervasive spoils system, Trist sur¬ comed Trist’s assistance and insights and the two vived the political transition to President Andrew became close associates and warm friends. However, Jackson and Secretary of State Martin Van Buren. after two years of heavy responsibilities, long hours Jackson was the third U.S. president to develop a and grueling work, Trist was ready for a change. close relationship with Trist. President Polk, entering the White House as an expansionist, In 1833 Jackson named Trist consul in Havana, a was determined that the United One U.S legislator post he erroneously envisaged as an attractive States should acquire an area sinecure likely to lead to higher honors. Trist much larger dian what is now New complained that the remained in Cuba 12 years, becoming fluent in Mexico, California and substantial peace was negotiat¬ Spanish. But he was appalled at die business prac¬ portions of northern Mexico. That tices of some of the resident Americans and die fre¬ was die period of a wide belief that ed by an unautho- quently raucous and drunken behavior of American the American population was seamen who ran afoul of the law while their ships manifestly destined to implant rized agent, with an were in port. He was even more chagrined at the republican institutions throughout corruption of the Spanish officials in Cuba. The dis¬ North America. unacknowledged gov¬ affection was mutual. In November 1845 the presi¬ Complaints eventually reached Washington that dent appointed prominent lawyer ern in en t, su bin it led Trist did not sufficiendy support U.S. citizens in John Slidell of Louisiana as U.S. Cuba. In addition, Lord Palmerston, the influential commissioner to Mexico to negoti¬ by an accidental British foreign secretary, formally protested to the ate a boundary between Mexico President to a dissat¬ State Department in 1839 that Trist, as U.S. consul, and Texas, to purchase California colluded in deliberate efforts to subvert an Anglo- and New Mexico (which more or isfied Senate. ” Spanish Treaty that outlawed the slave trade. This less included the present states of was during the sensitive period after die British gov¬ Arizona, Colorado, Utah and ernment decreed slavery illegal throughout the Nevada) and to settle U.S. citizens’ longstanding British Empire and before the fratricidal Civil Wai¬ monetary disputes with Mexico. The Mexican gov¬ led to the same end in the United States. ernment refused to recognize Slidell, ostensibly on Congressional committees in both the U.S. die technical ground that his credentials were not in Senate and House of Representatives found it polit¬ order. The fact was, the Mexican government was in ically expedient to investigate the increasingly stri¬ political upheaval, and die tottering Jose Herrera dent complaints about Trist, and the executive administration did not dare negotiate with the U.S. branch conducted a separate inquiry. All three emissary, and the successor regime was opposed to probes exonerated Trist, but took a heavy toll on his any such negotiations. After cooling his heels in public reputation. Mexico City for several mondis, Slidell returned to Trist returned to die United States in 1845. At Washington empty-handed. that time Jackson wrote a letter to die newly elected Even before dispatching Slidell to Mexico, die James Polk, a fellow Tennessean and Jackson disci¬ Polk government began preparations for the war ple, recommending diat his former secretary should with Mexico that it considered inevitable. In June be made chief clerk at the Department of State. The 1845 Polk sent Gen. Zachary Taylor to take up a “chief clerk” in die 1840s was the State position near die mouth of die Rio Grande. The Departments second-ranking officer and served as president received word of a skirmish between acting secretary in the secretary’s absence. Secretary Mexican forces and a detachment of Taylor’s army.

OCTOBER 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 27 Polk saw that incident as proof that instead of the Nueces River — some war was imminent. Prodded by Polk, 150 miles north of the Rio Grande. Congress, in a burst of patriotic fervor, Also, in exchange for $15 million, authorized him to raise a volunteer Mexico was expected to transfer New' army and placed $10 million at his dis¬ Mexico and California to the United posal. States. Finally, the United States By the spring of 1847 Polk lost would consider settled its outstanding faith in Taylor’s ability to win the war. financial claims against Mexico, which He then sent Winfield Scott, the included reparations presumably due country’s senior military' officer, into U.S. citizens for damage to their prop¬ action. He first assembled at New erty' or injuries due to Mexico’s fre¬ Orleans an enormous expeditionary quent and violent revolutions. force that landed in March 1847 at die But from the beginning, President coastal city of Vera Cruz, where he Polk was of tw'o minds: He wanted a Diplomacy established a supply base. The logisti¬ treaty to terminate hostilities, but he cal complexity of this operation was also wanted a clear military victory. In Has its compounded when hundreds of his fact, just as he was pressing Trist to original 10,000 troops were decimat¬ negotiate a treaty, he was also urging Rewards. ed by smallpox and yellow' fever. Scott Scott to pursue more vigorous military drove the remaining men westward action against Mexico. By September, along the same route taken by Cortez heartened by Scott’s military success¬ At American Service some three centuries earlier. Aided by es, Polk decided to tighten his Center, your Al, A2, such outstanding junior officers as demands in Mexico. He wanted to NATO 1, NATO 2, or G4 Capt. Robert E. Lee and Lt. Ulysses punish Mexico for its intransigence in

visa, along with a diplomatic S. Grant, Scott forced his poorly resisting the U.S. onslaught; lie also equipped troops to climb mountains wanted Mexico to cede more territory or official passport, allow and cross jungles, successfully fighting than he earlier had in mind; and he you to purchase a new numerous battles en route against the wanted to reduce the level of com¬ Mercedes-Benz at dramatic Mexican military leader, Gen. Antonio pensation to be paid Mexico. He was Lopez de Santa Anna, who thereupon even tempted to accept the argu¬ savings. Contact Erik lost his reputation as the Napoleon of ments of those who believed the Granholm, our Diplomat Mexico. The final phase of the U.S.- United States should take over and Tourist Sales Manager. Mexican War was bloody. U.S. mortal¬ Mexico as a protectorate.

A native of Munich, ities were estimated to be 11,300 at On Oct. 6, 1847, Buchanan wrote the war’s end; but Mexican casualties Trist that he should break off negotia¬ Germany, Erik has heen were even higher, though no reliable tions with the Mexicans and return to with ASC for 29 years. number exists. By Sept. 13, after an Washington. Indeed, Trist was veiy historic victory at Chapultepec, Scott much aw'are of the growing popular marched his men into the capitulated movement in the United States, sup¬ capital of Mexico City. ported by prominent members of In April, about die time Scott was Congress, which favored incorporat¬ shifting his forces from New' Orleans ing a conquered Mexico as a state to Vera Cruz, Polk was contemplating within the United States. Although sending a new emissary to negotiate a Trist knew that to continue negotia¬ treaty of peace with Mexico. He and tions aimed at ending the war might 585 North Glehe Road, Secretary Buchanan chose Trist, then also finish his diplomatic career, lie Arlington, VA 22203 in the No. 2 position at State. Trist s decided to stick to his original instruc¬

703-525-2100 instructions w'ere detailed and pre¬ tions. A letter of Oct. 30 to his wife cise: He was to insist that Mexico rec¬ revealed his view that continuing Telefax: 703-525-1430 guerrilla warfare would ensure further Mobile: 703-795-1829 ognize the Rio Grande River as the border between Texas and Mexico U.S. and Mexican casualties and pos-

28 FOREIGN SERVICE ] OU RN AL/OCTO BER 1995 sibly reduce the prospect of an honor¬ Meanwhile, Trist knew that more able conclusion to the war. In the let¬ than a month would elapse before his ter, he wrote, “I am willing to make letter to Buchanan would reach Experience the the sacrifice as long as I think tl ie re is Washington, and that an additional comforts of home the least chance of its doing good — month would pass before he could that is to say, leading to a treaty.” receive the secretary’s reply. He Trist received his letter of recall on moved as expeditiously as he could to Nov. 19, 1947. Akhough stunned, conclude the treaty. But negotiations Trist’s immediate impulse was to obey dragged on through most of January. die recall order, but in the ensuing Finally, by Jan. 31, Mexican officials diree weeks, he was persuaded by puqx)rting to represent their govern¬ many people including journalists, ment agreed to the provisions Trist British diplomats and Mexicans, diat had pressed from the beginning, ced¬ his return to Washington would ing New Mexico and California to the reignite hostilities. United States for $15 million. On Dec. 6, he sent an extraordi¬ However, the Mexicans held out for nary 61-page letter to Secretary U.S. guarantees of die civil and prop¬ THE WINSTON HOUSE Buchanan explaining his decision to erty rights of Mexican citizens in the Luxury living ignore the recall: “I place my determi¬ ceded lands. After intensive negotia¬ at its finest nation on the ground of my convic¬ tions, Trist agreed to include two pro¬ tion, first, that peace is still die desire visions in the treaty: Article IX, which -SHORT OR LONG TERM STAY- of my government; secondly, that if would incorporate all Mexicans living Furnished one and two bed¬ the present opportunity not be seized in those territories as American citi¬ room apartment homes at once, all chance for making a treaty zens; and Article X, which would Fully equipped with washer and at all will be lost. ... Thirdly, that this maintain the validity of land grants dryer in each apartment (tiie boundary proposed by me) is the given by the Mexican government to Garage parking available utmost point to which the Mexican Mexicans in the new territory. 24-hour front desk Government can by any possibility Trist and the Mexican negotiators Fully equipped exercise center venture. I also state that the determi¬ signed tire final treaty in the small vil¬ with dressing rooms and saunas nation of my government to withdraw lage of Guadalupe Hidalgo on Feb. 2, Richly decorated library and entertainment suite the offer to negotiate, to which I was 1848, nearly two months alter he had On-site deli, dry cleaners made the organ, has been taken with decided to ignore Polks recall order. and beauty salon reference to a supposed state of tilings The treaty reached Washington on Attractive rooftop sundeck in this country, entirely the reverse of Feb. 19 and was vigorously debated by with lounges that which actually exists.” a split Cabinet the next day. Secretary Short walk to Farragut West, Trist’s letter arrived in Washington Buchanan and Robert J. Walker, the Foggy Bottom Metro, Dupont Circle on Jan. 15, 1848. It was immediately influential Treasury secretary, brought to the attention of President opposed it; but the majority of the Nearby shopping, grocery, restaurants, and theaters Polk, who was at that time extremely department heads supported it. Attentive, service-oriented ill with, as his diary confirmed, President Polk favored the imposi¬ staff to pamper you “derangement of the stomach and tion of more punitive terms on Under per diem rate bowels.” When he heard that Trist was Mexico, but he faced rising opposition 90-day minimum stay still seeking to end the war, he was so in Congress, both from those who furious that he rose from his sickbed wanted to annex all of Mexico and THE WINSTON HOUSE in a rage. He recorded his reaction in those who urged total and immediate 2140 L Street, N.W. his diary: “[Trist’s] dispatch is arrogant, U.S. withdrawal from the war. In Washington, DC 20037 impudent and veiy insulting.... He has January 1848, the House of Tel. (202) 785-2200 acted worse than any man in the pub¬ Representatives, dominated since Fax. (202) 785-5185 lic employ whom I have ever known. 1846 by tiie Whig Party, passed a res¬ His dispatch proves that he is destitute olution by a vote of 85-51 that held the of honor or principle.” Mexican War had been “unnecessarily

OCTOBER 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 29 and unconstitutionally begun by tbe compared with the provisions in 19th- family to West Chester, Pennsylvania, President.” Opponents of the war century treaties the United States where his wife opened a boarding complained of the cost in blood and made with American Indian tribes. school. Trist worked briefly for a law treasure. Also, northerners feared — Hundreds of cases invoking the Treaty firm in New York City, but he was as southerners hoped — that territory of Guadalupe Hidalgo reached U.S. unable to establish a practice. taken from Mexico would form new courts between the 1850s and the Eventually, he found work as a clerk slave states, thus disrupting the politi¬ 1980s, but few were decided in favor with die Wilmington Mid Baltimore cal balance that had prevailed since of former Mexicans and their heirs. Railroad Co., a position he held for 20 the Missouri Compromise of 1820. One U.S. legislator complained years. In 1870, Trist’s circumstances Under the circumstances, Polk publicly that the peace “negotiated by came to the attention of President reluctantly forwarded the treaty to the an unauthorized agent, with an unac¬ Ulysses S. Grant, Mid Trist was named Senate on Feb. 23,recommending knowledged government, submitted by postmaster in Alexandria, Va. He con¬ Article X be deleted. Without taking a ;ui accidental President to a dissatisfied tinued in that capacity until he died position on the treaty, a divided Senate, has, notwithstanding these four years later at age 74. Foreign Relations Committee trans¬ objections in form, been confirmed.” Trist was never formally charged mitted it to the full Senate, which, on widi wrongdoing, and he was never March 10, ratified it — except for Meanwhile, on orders issued by brought to trial. But he was sorely Article X — by a vote of 38 to 14. A Polk on Feb. 24, 1848, the day humiliated, Migry and dejected. His protocol negotiated in May 1848 at after the treaty went to die Senate, career, which had been so full of Queretero, Mexico, assured that the Trist was placed under military arrest promise during his first 47 years, deletion of Article X was not intended in Mexico and put aboard a U.S. ship, ended in shambles. In fact, it would be to annul the grants referred to therein arriving in Washington in mid-June. 25 vearsJ before he would be reim- and that the civil rights guaranteed in The president said that Trist’s bursed for expenses he inclined in the original Article IX would be despatches were disrespectful of the negotiating die treaty — $14,559.90 — respected. The promises made in administration. thanks to a special bill enacted by Articles IX and X have often been In July 1848, Trist moved with his Congress in April 1871. ■

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30 FOREIGN SERVICE ] O U RN A L/O C TO B E R 1995 American Foreign Service Association sTomlG?. MOOSE GIVES MANAGEMENT'S VIEWS

Cl All, Bad timing and a bad decision," State's, USIA's and ACDA's abilities to per¬ form the nation's priorities. Governing Board quipped Under Secretary for President: F.A. "Tex" Harris Management Richard M. Moose about the During a question and answer period it State Vice President: Alphonse F. La Porta budget-cutting actions of the Senate was noted that in spite of the resources used AID Vice President: Garber Davidson Jr. USIA Vice President: Bruce K. Byers Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice and on the Hill, the State Department is not as FCS Vice President: Patrick Santillo State. Moose and Assistant Secretary for effective as DOD and CIA. Moose warned Retiree Vice President: Edward M. Rowell Secretory.Donald R. Norland Legislative Affairs Wendy Sherman against mistaking a lack of visibility for a lack Treasurer: Gail Lecce addressed more than 500 foreign affairs of effort. Sherman encouraged all personnel State Representatives: Marshall Carter, Angela R. Dickey, Valentino E. Martinez, employees at an AFSA-sponsored "Town to support congressional delegations, as they Francis T. Scanlan, Mary Tarnowka Meeting" held at the Department of State on are one of the best means of showing legisla¬ AID Representatives: Gregg Baker, James R. Washington September 9. tors first hand the important work of the for¬ USIA Representative: Jess L. Baily Sherman forecast that the government is eign affairs agencies. She also advocated Retired Representatives: Willard DePree, William Harrop, Arthur A. Hartman, facing two "train wrecks," one at the end of talking to members of Congress and their Dennis Kux September with the threatened furlough of staffs, after receiving an update of the situa¬ FAS Representative:William W. Westman FCS Representative: Tom Kelsey non-essential personnel if appropriations bills tion from the legislative management officer. Staff are not passed, and the second in mid- Questions on a possible RIF were pointed Executive Director: Susan Reardon Business Department November, when Congress puts forth an and frequent. Moose said that a 1996 RIF Controller: Kara Harmon Ebert extension of the debt ceiling to the president. would depend on the budget numbers which General Ledger Accountant: Sheree L. Beane Executive Assistant: Leslie Lehman A letter has been sent to Sen. Mark Hatfield will be finalized in November. The under Administrative Manager: Dianna Dunbrack (R-Ore.) stating that the Senate Appropria¬ secretary also reported that State is working Labor Management General Counsel: Sharon Papp tions Committee actions clearly undermine Continued on page 4 Coordinator: Richard C. Scissors Representative: Peter Gaaserud Staff Attorney: Colleen Fallon USIA Labor Relations Specialist: Carol Lutz Law Clerk: Monica Riva • AFSA Dateline • Grievance Attorney: Audrey F. Chynn Office Manager: Judy Shinn Member Services Director: Janet Hedrick • AFSA was instrumental in the successful Department of State, will be co-sponsored Representative: Yolanda Odunsi outcome of the Foreign Service Grievance by the U.S.-ASEAN Council, the U.S.- Retiree Liaison: Ward Thompson Administration Assistant: Marguerite Madland Board's recent decisions on a diplomatic Vietnam Trade Council, and the Professional Programs security agent's grievance for back overtime Departments of State and Commerce. Professional Issues: Richard S. Thompson Director of Development: Lori Dec pay under the Fair Labor Standards Act. Several hundred American corporate Congressional Affairs Director: Ken Nakamura Although the department prevailed on limit¬ executives are expected to attend a ple¬ Congressional Liaison: Rick Weiss Corporate Relations: Robert F. Krill ing the back pay period to two years, the nary on Vietnam's move to a market econ¬ Outreach Coordinator: Kenneth Longmyer grievant prevailed on the issue of liquidated omy and a series of panels focusing on (double) damages. The grievant was award¬ the opportunities and dilemmas, both polit¬ Internet Addresses: ed damages and an amount equal to the ical and economic, facing U.S. companies [email protected] (Association) back pay award for a two-year period. The in Vietnam. All members of the foreign [email protected] (President) Board's ruling on liquidated damages is affairs agencies are invited to attend the encouraging for the more than 300 special¬ conference. AFSA members can attend for AFSA Headquarters: (202) 338-4045 FAX: (202) 338-6820 ists who have FLSA grievances pending with free, and the special rate for non-AFSA the department. members is $50. The charge for lunch for Labor Management: (202)647-8160 FAX: (202)647-0265 both members and non-members is $60. • Nov. 29 is the date for the 21 st AFSA Call (202) 338-4045 or fax (202) 338- USIA Headquarters: (202) 401-6405 FAX: (202)401-6410 symposium on "Vietnam: Challenges and 6820 to request a conference invitation. Opportunities." The symposium, held at the Continued on page 3

AFSA NEWS •OCTOBER 1995 1 = STATE DEPARTMENT = V.P. VOICE IN MEMORIAM ROBERT C. FRASURE JOSEPH KRUZEL S. NELSON DREW Stop the Genocide The ranks of several groups in the to winnow out less good performers. On Aug. 23 memorial service, Foreign Service are being deliber¬ Consequently, some managers have attended by Secretary of State ately decimated through the sum¬ concluded - erroneously, in AFSA's Warren Christopher and President mary retirement of large and growing view - that the work force profile is all Clinton, honored the three peace numbers of 0-1 and senior officers; wrong and must be energetically envoys who were killed when their the targeting of certain classes of pruned, that we are "spending too vehicle slid off a road in Bosnia on employees misguidedly considered to much" on personnel and not enough Aug. 19. Deputy Assistant Secretary of be "in surplus;" and selective targeting on investment in infrastructure (the State Robert Frasure, Deputy Assistant of some Foreign Service specialist cat¬ Luddite tradeoff), and that more Secretary of Defense Joseph Kruzel, egories. "expensive", hence more experienced, and Col. Nelson Drew, a National One of my former concerns as people must go first - and quickly. Security Council aide, were on their director of the Office of Cambodian We know where this is leading - way to deliver a peace plan when the Genocide Investigations was that mass unmistakably to the weakening of the accident occurred. violence of the Khmer Rouge rulers Foreign Service, to the increasing Christopher described Frasure as "a against the Khmer ethnic majority con¬ inability of the department to staff for¬ remarkable American diplomat who stituted "auto-genocide." We in the eign affairs functions (the number of took risks and found the way to go for¬ Foreign Service are also decimating position vacancies is growing, we are ward." Frasure, 53, was designated as our own ranks by decisions made in told), and a colossal decline in motiva¬ special envoy for the former Yugoslavia Main State. tion, Service discipline, and altruisim and spent much of May negotiating in This year's results of the promotion which led most of us to choose a pro¬ Belgrade. In 1991 he was awarded a panels and the number of generalists fession having primarily psychic rather Presidential Medal for his role in the and specialists facing forcible retire¬ than material rewards. downfall of the Mengistu regime in ment speak loudly in favor of the com¬ It is not possible in this column to Ethiopia and the emigration of more parison with genocide. In the coming specify the remedies, but AFSA is than 15,000 Ethiopian Jews to Israel. year, total Foreign Service attrition is actively addressing them with allied His 21-year Foreign Service career expected to be aboout 340, barring a organizations and interest groups. included postings to Switzerland, reduction-in-force (RIF). Approximately We believe that the key is workforce Germany, Great Britain, Nigeria, South 1 60 of these will be involuntarily sep¬ planning. Since the passage of the Africa, Ethiopia and, most recently, arated through the application of mid¬ 1 980 Act, the department has not had Estonia, where he was the first post- career time-in-class (TIC) limitations, - in defiance of specific language in Communist U.S. ambassador. He is sur¬ and senior TIC's. Increasingly, 0-2 the legislation - a model to forecast vived by his wife, Katharina, and two officers and specialists are being sepa¬ personnel needs by skills, grade, lan¬ daughters, Sarah and Virginia. rated because promotions are not guage and area expertise and other Kruzel, 50, had been a deputy available to higher levels. factors. AFSA is committed to assisting assistant secretary of defense for Combined with high attrition in the management in developing a dynamic European and NATO affairs since last two years, the Foreign Service is personnel model and a strategic work¬ 1 993. He was an Air Force Vietnam suffering an unprecedented hemhor- force planning system. veteran and former political science rage of skills, expertise and career AFSA will be making specific pro¬ professor at Ohio State University. He employees. The seasoned profession¬ posals to stop the hemhorraging, if not is survived by his wife, Gail, and two al talent pool is seen as a problem, genocide, of qualified personnel. We children, John and Sarah. not a treasured national asset. will share these proposals with you, Drew, 47, was an Air Force There are many and complex rea¬ but the mindless and arbitrary TIC sys¬ colonel and European affairs staff sons for this phenomenon, among tem has got to go! director at the National Security them budgetary stringencies, promot¬ Note: This column is dedicated to Council. An Air Force officer since ing too many people in recent years valued colleagues, almost too numer¬ 1 972, he spent six years on the fac¬ ("flow through" is nice but the unin¬ ous to mention, whose careers have ulty of the Air Force Academy and tended consequences have been been sacrificed through forced retire¬ three years as adviser to the U.S. severe), failure to adjust to new reali¬ ment due to grossly misguided policies Mission to NATO. He is survived by ties, and the inability of the perfor¬ and priorities in defiance of the nation¬ his wife, Sandra, and two children, mance review system over many years al interest. Samantha and Phillip.

2 AFSA NEWS -OCTOBER 1995 DATELINE Continued from page 1

• Part II of the AFSA/Harvard pair of conferences on World Trade in Services will take place at Cambridge, Mass, on Oct. 26-28. The Harvard program will focus on the highlights report on the AFSA May 2 conference on this subject. AFSA members who wish to attend the Harvard We are happy to report that field experience can provide. conference should call Harvard University the congressman David Recently the position was changed at (617) 495-3316. Obey (D-Wis.) is alive and from an FS-designated position and well. It is his legislation, which has advertised nationwide as a GS posi¬ been effective since 1 979, that is in tion. In fairness, Human Resources MEMORIAL FUNDS ESTABUSHED extremis and with it the future direc¬ (HR) realized that this designation tion of AID. The Obey amendment was wrong, and AFSA is assured On the wake of the tragic deaths stated, in part, that positions in that HR has now redesignated the of the three peacekeepers, Washington shall be designated FS position FS. However, there are now President Clinton announced the estab¬ (Foreign Service) rather than GS GS candidates who have bid on the lishment of the Federal Diplomatic (Civil service) unless the functions per¬ job. AFSA will demand that this Family Assistance Fund (FDFAF) to bene¬ formed are primarily of a clerical, "recruitment" be terminated and the fit the educational and other needs of administrative or program support bid cancelled so that it can be children of U.S. government employees character and can be performed reopened to the Foreign Service. who have died while performing diplo¬ without significant overseas experi¬ Another position recently "convert¬ matic duties. ence or understanding of the over¬ ed" from FS to GS was the chief of Donors can express a preference seas development process. AID's Commodity Division. When the that their donation be used to provide Under the current administration in FS incumbent retired, the job was for the needs of particular children eligi¬ AID, we have seen a flagrant and redesignated GS. There were several ble to receive assistance. The Federal continuing assault on the letter and qualified and proven commodity offi¬ Employee Education and Assistance spirit of the Obey legislation through cers in the field with the extensive Fund (FEEA), which will administer the numerous conversions of FS positions commodity management and field fund, will make every effort to honor to GS, appointments of political experience which this position has such preferences. appointees and the naming of per¬ traditionally required. The short Those who wish to make a tax sonal service contractors (PSCs) to announcement time and the criteria deductible contribution in honor of our what are clearly FS functions. Not published in recruiting for the posi¬ three fallen diplomats should send only has the Foreign Service been tion in effect prohibited these capa¬ checks payable to FEEA with a note say¬ diminishing in comparison to the Civil ble and qualified commodities offi¬ ing it is intended for a specific family. Service so that there are fewer FS cers from even applying. AFSA has Send donations to the FEEA, Suite 200, employees than there are GS, but previously stated its views on the 8441 West Bowles Avenue, Littleton, there has been a total disregard for position of the Agency's deputy chief CO, 80123. the impact of placing people without economist in the Office of Policy and AFSA is also accepting contributions overseas experience in key positions Program Coordination and advocat¬ to the AFSA Frasure Memorial which require such experience. ed that it remain FS. We lost these Scholarship Fund. This scholarship fund The deputy office director for battles, but, we will continue to fight. will benefit dependent children of the Central America, for instance, has In sum, the Obey amendment is entire American Foreign Service com¬ long been a key FS position, tradi¬ being chipped away by a group of munity by providing financial assistance tionally assigned to a regional Latin managers who are neither informed for college. expert fully conversant with the lan¬ nor properly concerned about the If you would like to remember guage, cultural and economic mores importance of the overseas impera¬ Ambassador Frasure through a contri¬ and issues of the region. It would tives of the agency. Political bution, please make your check have been unthinkable a few years appointees who work almost exclu¬ payable to the "AFSA Frasure back to place someone in that posi¬ sively in Washington often see the Memorial Scholarship Fund" and send tion unfamiliar with the political lead¬ world only in terms of the next it to AFSA, 2101 E Street, N.W., ership in Central America, who does briefer, sound bite, or NYT interview. Washington, DC 20037. All dona¬ not have intimate knowledge of Unfortunately, their ignorance of the tions are tax deductible. For more regional and political integration, agency's greatest strength is serious¬ information on the AFSA Scholarships and who does not have the kind of ly undermining AID's position as the call Lori Dec, scholarship administrator, familiarity with local organizations premier overseas development at (202) 338-4045. and trends which only substantial agency.

AFSA NEWS -OCTOBER 1995 3 MANAGEMENT'S VIEWS RETIREE Continued from page 1

on implementing a new administrative V.P. VOICE support system for all agencies, • BY EDWARD ROWELL • beginning in FY98. Employees expressed concern over the obvious duplication among Better Dialogue with Members agency services, the not-so-cost-effec- tive Fly America Act, and junior offi¬ cer coning. Moose responded that Two-way dialogue retiree associations there will be one travel agency by the with retired col¬ around the country. We end of 1995, but pointed out that to leagues everywhere "Our also have been asking change the Fly America Act would has become even more retirees to take on spe¬ colleagues require a change in the law. Moose critical. We urgently cial assignments. For also pledged to redouble manage¬ need broad-based, are concerned example, Retiree ment's efforts with AFSA to arrive at a informed retiree feed¬ Representative Bill De that our ability better junior officer coning solution. back. Presidential- con¬ Pree is working on ways gressional budget joust¬ to protect to cut duplication and ing is forcing consolida¬ American overhead across the Congressional tions of functions across board - all agencies, not agency lines, some interests abroad just the traditional five • Update • agency mergers, cut¬ is withering." foreign affairs group. Bill backs in representation also is sharing with us his BY KEN NAKAMURA and operations over¬ strong background in Congressional Liaison Director seas, furloughs and management and bud¬ maybe some RIFs. AFSA geting, making sure we The new fiscal year will shortly has been developing its understand early-on the be upon us but the battles fought own views on which cuts to oppose, full implications of every new twist in during FY95 continue on. While the priorities for the unavoidable reduc¬ the daily budget battles. final appropriations numbers for tions, and more efficient ways to Several Washington area retirees FY96 at this time are not known - focus and conduct our foreign rela¬ have already volunteered to use the cuts in the Senate were very tions. I have been lobbying for those their substantial personal access to bad - we do know that there will be AFSA views on the Hill. the Hill to convey our foreign affairs less resources, and fewer people to My August meetings with a num¬ and appropriations messages to do the work and some functions will ber of retirees on the West Coast Congress. This gives us an important be consolidated either through leg¬ were encouraging. Our colleagues additional dimension in our efforts to islative dictate or decreasing funds. are concerned that our ability to preserve retirement benefits, too. Moreover, the concern is not just for protect American interests abroad is Although retirees have been spared FY96, but also for the next few withering. They want more, and in the budget-balancing rounds to years of steadily decreasing more current, details on the institu¬ date, there are proposals on the Hill resources. tional implications of budget cuts. which would increase our health AFSA has tried to influence leg¬ They strongly support greater AFSA care costs or target COLAs. islation affecting the Foreign Service activism in reaching out to the I am happy to report an upsurge through Hill visits, congressional tes¬ Congress and the public. They in local Foreign Service associations. timony, and telephone calls and let¬ acknowledge the need to expand In Texas the established group in ters written by AFSA members to AFSA membership and to involve San Antonio and the new one in congressional offices. AFSA is more retirees in the regional associa¬ Austin will soon be joined by associ¬ engaged in another campaign to tions' activities. And they are ready ations in Houston and Dallas. At educate Congress and the public on to look for allies in foreign affairs AFSA, volunteer Ed Stumpf, an FCS the importance of diplomacy. This advocacy at some "unorthodox" alumnus who heads the newly- effort will serve as the foundation potential sources such as associa¬ formed Maryland Foreign Service for the battles yet to come. tions of retired military or retired Retirees' Association, is helping The Chinese have a wish for a intelligence officers. members who wish to organize new person to "live in interesting times." At the Retiree Standing groups or expand existing ones. He These and the coming years are cer¬ Committee meeting September 21 I and I, as well as Retiree Liaison tainly that for the future of U.S. asked members to help me increase Ward Thompson, are as close as diplomacy, the foreign affairs infra¬ our dialogue with you on a volun¬ your telephone: 1-800-704-2372. structure, and the Foreign Service teer basis. I hope to have a personal If you prefer e-mail, try professionals who implement our point of contact for each of the [email protected] or [email protected] foreign policies.

4 AFSA NEWS • OCTOBER 1995 -s V.P. VOICE ExecuStay, Inc. •BRUCE K. BYERS* 1-800-735-7829 A RIF at USIA? AFSA's Response 301-212-9660 Fax: 301-212-9665 Throughout the sum¬ their separation. Member of the mer USIA/AFSA While Foreign Service Washington waited for manage¬ " The vitality employees may be willing ment's draft proposal on and profession¬ to swallow the bitter pill of Reservation Centre RIF regulations for too few promotion oppor¬ offering over 1,000 fully Foreign Service employ¬ alism of the tunities, based upon furnished locations throughout ees. During this time Foreign Service Selection Board decisions the Washington Metropolitan area AFSA set up a working and jobs, most legitimately for 30 days or longer. group on RIF regulations will be vitiated worry about entrusting their and conducted a dia¬ if its ranks are career futures to a system logue with management which was established for representatives in the spir¬ involuntarily promoting the best officers it of partnership. When decimated. in each class, based upon management finally pre¬ performance evaluations, sented its draft proposal and not for use as a RIF to AFSA for comment, mechanism. Over the past HZ! AFSA studied it and sum¬ two decades the size of marized its key points in the Foreign Service at The Experts In Furnished an August 21 cable to the field, solicit¬ USIA has continued to decline. More Short & Long-Term Housing ing responses from Foreign Service than 200 officers have been involun¬ employees overseas and in tarily separated. And still USIA, like ■ Fully furnished apartments Washington. These came quickly and other agencies, may be forced to RIF and private homes. were substantive, and AFSA's working its Foreign Service professionals. ■ Customized to meet your group analyzed them to determine In the current environment in lifestyle. trends in reaction to management's Washington all of us are faced with ■ Quality housewares including proposal. two simple facts: congressional legis¬ linens, fully outfitted kitchens By the time this column is published lation mandates that each foreign and decorative accessories. USIA's final RIF regulations will proba¬ affairs agency prescribe RIF regula¬ ■ All expenses including phone bly have been issued. The question of tions and congressional budget poli¬ service, utilities and cable the necessity of a RIF of FSOs this cies will necessitate extraordinary television on one bill. year will most likely be under debate. cost-cutting measures in foreign ■ Maid service upon request. In its response to management's draft affairs agencies. These facts notwith¬ ■ Pets accepted at many proposal AFSA stated that it opposes standing, AFSA strongly supports a locations. the use of a RIF as a mechanism for vital, professional corps of Foreign ■ Washers and dryers. downsizing the Foreign Service in Service officers to meet the chal¬ ■ Close to shopping and USIA. It urged management to seek lenges of U.S. diplomacy in an entertainment. buy-out authority from Congress for increasingly unstable world. The vital¬ ■ Many locations on public mid-level and Senior Foreign Service ity and professionalism of the Foreign transportation routes. officers, to grant no new Limited Service will be vitiated if its ranks are ■ Major credit cards accepted. Career Extensions (LCEs), to take in no involuntarily decimated through a new junior officer classes, to renew no RIF, and USIA's ability to conduct Most Importantly... contracts with rehired annuitants, and public diplomacy in countries vital to to provide incentives for early retire¬ the U.S. will be crippled for years. ■ You make the decisions, we ment. Moreover, AFSA urged man¬ The cost to rebuild this capability will provide the service. agement to make better use of long¬ come at a high price in lost good ■ We meet your budget. standing mechanisms for separating will, understanding, and cooperation FSOs from the service: The Selection which Foreign Service officers have 7595 Rickenbacker Drive and Tenuring Boards that should iden¬ built up over decades with influential Gaithersburg, Maryland 20879 tify poorly performing FSOs and direct people in countries around the world.

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£rEQUAL HOUSING OPPORTUNITY Focus: TERRORISM

STRENGTHENING US POLICY

s the worlds borders become all terrorism involves bombing, assassination, armed more permeable and as the assault, hijacking, hostage-taking or kidnapping. But, as United States continues its State officials point out, although the number of interna¬ reign as the globes sole super¬ tional incidents appears to be declining, casualties are power, U.S. citizens, govern¬ escalating as terrorists increasingly seek out less pr otect¬ ment buildings and companies will continue to be tar¬ ed civilian targets. Those include tire 1994 bombing of gets for increasingly more mobile and bold terrorists. tlie Anua Jewish Cultural Center in Buenos Aires tiiat And the ideological, religious and ethnic conflicts that killed 100; the 1993 World Trade Center in New York have spawned terrorism in the last 50 years are not City in which six died and 1,000 were injured; and the expected to dissolve in tire next half century'. recent bombings in France by Algerian militants. So far Indeed, both the State Department and the United in 1995, there have been about 150 international terror¬ Nations have identified terrorism as ist incidents recorded, compared to one of the top four international 321 in 1994; 431 in 1993; and 665 in problems facing the wor lds nations 1987 — the peak in recent years. today, along with drug trafficking, “International terrorists are also nuclear proliferation and the escala¬ becoming increasingly mobile, tion of international crime. sophisticated and technologically “In the future, terrorism may proficient in explosives and become more lethal and disruptive weaponry,” according to Wilcox. because of modem technology and “Using computers, cellular phones because our society’s communica¬ and encryption systems, they are a tions, financial and health systems, more elusive target for law enforce¬ on which we depend, are increas¬ ment efforts and they pose an ingly vulnerable to terrorists,” points increasing danger.” out Philip C. Wilcox Jr., coordinator Though terrorism has been a for counterterrorism at the State tool of political violence for cen¬ Department, in recent testimony turies, it became the international before Congress. weapon of choice between the Although direct attacks by for¬ US EXPANDS EFFORTS 1960s-80s, particularly when propa- eigners on American targets and peo¬ gandists realized the power of the To TARGET TERRORISTS, ple have diminished since the 1980s, tube. “The hot medium of television counterterrorism officials say they CREATE GLOBAL NETWORK has made terrorism a far more effec¬ have found a growing incidence of tive weapon than in fonner times,” terrorist groups that have no known BY KAREN KREBSBACH points out Wilcox. “The indiscrimi¬ state sponsorship. Some 95 percent of nate, random nature of terrorism and

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/OCTOBER 1995 Focus

The collective response of the worlds nations against the th reat of terro rism has also been seen in the growing nu mber of antiterrorism laics and international agreements.

its targeting of innocent civilians is frightening enough, more quickly, especially overseas, in asking foreign gov¬ but the way that TV so vividly conveys the mayhem of ernments to hold suspects for possible extradition; terrorism and its impact on human beings and their fam¬ ■ Prohibiting fundraising in the United States for ilies makes it all the more shocking, and heightens our foreigi organizations that engage in international terror¬ collective sense of vulnerability.” ist activities; ■ Allowing rapid deportation of suspected terrorist U.S. policy toward international terrorism and aliens in the United States by allowing “summary por¬ terrorists has been fairly straightforward and tions” of their terrorist activities to be used in deporta¬ unyielding for die last 20 years, according to tion proceedings; Michael Kraft, legislative director of States Office of ■ Tightening existing money laundering laws to die Coordinator for Counterterrorism. The three sim¬ include terrorist crimes as a predicate offense; ple rales: Don’t make deals widi terrorists or submit to ■ Broadening visa laws against aliens who provide blackmail; treat terrorists as criminals and apply the leadership to terrorist organizations; rale of law; and bring maximum pressure on states that ■ Strengdiening current laws regarding bomb sponsor and support terrorists. threats, die use of wiretapping laws and threats against Indeed, in the last two decades, U.S. counterterror¬ former government officials, though the Senate bill’s ism efforts have made dramatic inroads in fighting polit¬ wiretapping provision has been dropped from die cur¬ ical violence aimed at U.S. targets and Americans rent version; abroad, say officials. But none will sharpen the country's ■ Requiring all plastic explosives to be marked for legislative teeth like die new anti-terrorism bill now easier detection, obliging all states in which such explo¬ being considered by the House. The bill, which sailed sives are made to require manufacturers to include a through the Senate this spring, took on “a new urgency” chemical marking agent that can be detected by sensors after being introduced shortly after the country’s dead¬ or trained dogs; liest terrorist act — the April 19 Oklahoma City bomb¬ ■ Limiting deadi penalty appeals for convicted ter¬ ing that killed 168 — according to Kraft. Aldiough the rorists. bombing was not linked to international terrorists, it dra¬ ■ Strengthening the State Department’s Anti- matically underscored the vulnerability of Americans Terrorism Assistance Program, which so far has trained and U.S. targets, whether on foreign or domestic soil. more dian 18,000 officials in 50 countries over die last Aimed at both domestic and foreign terrorists, die decade. bill — expected to be taken up by die House next month Civil libertarians and some House Republicans are — would specifically aid in combatting international ter¬ fighting the fundraising and wiretapping aspects of the rorism by: bill, saying bodi clauses would give too much authority ■ Expanding and clarifying federal jurisdiction over to the federal government, and Rep. Robert Ban- Jr. (R- terrorist crimes, which will help die United States move Ga.) has circulated a draft bill in the house that would eliminate diose two provisions. Also, an amendment Karen Krebsbach is the editor of the Foreign Service offered by Rep. Barney Frank (D-Mass.) to the original Journal. House bill would allow judicial review of consular deci-

OCTOBER 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 33 Focus

sions rejecting visa applications for suspected terrorists, Africa, Israel and Northern Ireland; and the growing “the first time in 200 years that a routine State cooperation among nations concerning counterterrorism Department decision” could be challenged in court, and law enforcement. points out Kraft. The United States has increasingly expanded its net¬ Treasury Department officials claim $400,000 worth of work of consultation and cooperation of law enforcement assets of 30 Ar ab and Israeli groups involved iir terrorism groups around the world. “It’s critical to approach inter¬ have been frozen since President Clinton signed an exec¬ national terrorism as a cooperative enterprise because ter¬ utive order in January. In August that order was expanded rorists by definition operate across national boundaries,” to include not just organizations, but individuals, specifi¬ Wilcox said in an interview. “All nations need to collabo¬ cally Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook, an alleged rate to catch and prosecute terrorists, especially those fundraiser for Hamas, according to Kraft. countries where they can find safe haven.” And States Office of Diplomatic Security has expand¬ In addition, the United Nations has changed its ed its law enforcement network to include the Internet, “ambivalence about terrorism,” he says. “Today the U.N. which has eclipsed post offices of yore as the place to is addressing terrorism with greater realism and honesty.” find wanted posters of suspected terrorists, reached via He said the U.N.’s attitude change was prompted in part http://www.ciark.net/pub/heroes/, according to Andy by the end of the Cold War, the decline in revolutionary Laine, DS public relations officer. Anyone providing ideology and tire waning of the Arab-Israeli conflict. information leading to the apprehension — though not “More and more countries are becoming involved in necessarily extradition — and/or conviction of Abdul fighting terrorism across boundaries. More nations now Rahman Yasin, a suspect in the World Trade Center view terrorism as a crime, pure and simple, irrespective of bombing believed to be hiding in Iraq, can earn up to $2 the political motives of the terrorists. Fewer are willing to million. Or put $4 million in your pocket if you track excuse acts of terrorism, condone it or look the other way. down either Abdel Basset Ali Al-Megrahi or Lamen That’s a very different situation than we had 10 years ago, Khalifa Fhimah, both wanted in connection with the when some European nations were ambivalent about 1988 Pan Am 103 bombing, who are believed to be tracking down terrorists.” somewhere in Libya. The collective response of the worlds nations against “We have gotten some bites,” admits Laine. “The the threat of terrorism has also been seen in the growing Internet has over 30 million subscribers in 150-odd coun¬ number of international anti-terrorism laws. According tries. And users are in those countries where we’ve had to Wilcox, a decade ago there were five international trouble publicizing the program in the past, such as the treaties and conventions pledging governments to act Sudan, Libya, Cuba — those on die State Department’s against various kinds of terrorism; today there are 11. list of countries that sponsor terrorism.” So far, about The State Department has aggressively pursued various 200,000 logons have been recorded, Laine says. To pro¬ countries on extradition treaties, according to Kraft, and vide a tip to DS, write to [email protected]. in August, that paid off big with Jordan’s signing of a for¬ mal agreement that helped extricate a World Trade Without a doubt there has been progress by Center bombing suspect from that country. He’s now many governments against international ter¬ awaiting trial in a New York jail cell. rorism in the last decade, which can be attrib¬ Another treaty the United States is trying to ratify is uted to a number of factors, according to the State one on plastic explosives, which 50 countries have Department’s annual report, Patterns of Global already signed, though only 15 have formally ratified it Terrorism. Those include the political isolation of Libya with their respective legislatures. One ol the countries and Iraq, which has reduced state-sponsored terrorism by that has not is the United States, though Kraft hopes those two states; the economic problems in Iran; the dis¬ that the passage of the bill will rectify that. Under the solution of the Soviet Union and the ending of the Cold agreement, countries agree to introduce a marking War; the movement towards peaceful settlement in South agent into the manufacturing process of plastic explo-

34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/OCTOBER 1995 Focus

sives, which can be detected via machine. “We’ve made rorism of yesterday, that of the future will be by small this [agreement] part of our diplomatic initiative,” notes cells without organized networks, officials say. Michael Jakub, director for multilateral and technical And while the most frightening scenario used to be a cooperation in States Office of the Coordinator for nuclear showdown between the two superpowers, today’s Counterterrorism. “We’re pressing this hard.” is tiie fear that terrorists may sneak the ingredients for an Other international groups are beginning to lend a A-bomb out of Russia. Although the 170 signatories of hand in the international fight against terrorism, officials the Non-Proliferation Treaty this spring agreed to extend say, including the International Civil Aviation it indefinitely, tens of thousands of nuclear weapons and Organization, which has adopted security standards for tons of bomb-grade plutonium and uranium are still scat¬ civil aviation and certification requirements for airports to tered about the world. Today’s declared nuclear powers reduce aircraft hijacking and bombings. include die United States, China, Russia, France and Britain. Israel, Pakistan and India won’t officially admit to Probably tire most contentious problem facing U.S. it, but have the technology, according to State officials. policymakers is that of state-sponsored terrorism. Libya, North Korea, Iran and Iraq are not as close as they The biggest sinner? Iran, which intelligence offi¬ would hope, but perhaps are within a decade of nuclear cials say gives up to $100 million a year to terrorists whose capability. And it’s unclear who has what in the rapidly primary aim is to foil Mideast peace, including the disintegrating Soviet Union. Lebanese-based Party of God and several Palestine State sources say the Pentagon is spending $100 mil¬ groups such as Hamas. lion this year alone to ferret out rogue nuclear powers or Not only does Iran top the State Department’s list of to track down purveyors of ingredients of the bomb. “It’s the worlds major sponsors of terrorism, which also not the concern about die bomb in the classic sense so includes Iraq, Libya, Syria, die Sudan, North Korea and much,” points out Wilcox. “But more like terrorist groups Cuba, but it’s the only country that consistendy promotes or rogue countries getting enough radioactive material to political violence specifically aimed at Americans, accord¬ put together some kind of dirty device that could be put ing to Kraft. Though its last known U.S. target was in in a van. In terms of probability, the threat of chemical or 1993 of President George Bush, in an assassination biological weapons by terrorists is much greater.” Note attempt in Kuwait, that didn’t stop President Clinton the recent gas attacks on Tokyo’s mass transit system that from slapping the country with comprehensive trade killed 12. sanctions this year for its part in promoting terrorist The best defense so far has been to “focus intelligence activity. collection more carefully on these threats and on [sus¬ Islamic extremism, which is being blamed for the pected terrorists] in specific groups or states,” he says. World Trade Center bombing, is probably the most “And you can also try to strengthen international and threatening ideological impetus behind terrorist groups, domestic laws to control the sale and h ade of these mate¬ which include the Hizballah, Hamas, the Palestinian rials.” Islamic Jihad, the Gamaat al Islamiyya and die Armed But counterterrorism officials are reluctant to talk Islamic Groups in Algeria, according to Kraft. “We need about the terrorists of tomorrow, saying only that new to be careful in defining the threat of Islamic terrorism,” threats are constantly emerging and the only effective he says. “These are deviant elements which operate out¬ way to combat terrorism is “continual effort, coordination side of the mainstream of Islam, which like the otiier and persistence.” Add to that better intelligence, securi¬ great world faiths, abhors violence and teaches peace. ty, terrorism countermeasures, effective international While tiiere are contacts between radical Islamic groups, legislation and cooperation, and research and develop¬ there are also deep divisions, and tiiere is no internation¬ ment to help detect dangerous substances, and you’ve got al structure or guiding hand that binds them together.” the U.S. policy to combat terrorists in the 21st century. Whereas terrorism that is state-sponsored or from Even with all that, Kraft notes, “We’ll never be able to well-established groups appeal's to characterize the ter¬ control terrorism, but maybe we’ll be able to limit it.” ■

OCTOBER 1 995/FORE 1GN SERVICE JOURNAL 35 Focus: TERRORISM

T he U.S. Consulate Karachi gets abroad? According to State documents, yes, employees Jacqueline van although quantitative data are difficult to determine, as Landingham and Gaiy it isn’t always clear which incidents should be counted Durell, murdered in Pakistan as terrorism, and whether the victims are “targeted” or ——last March, were the 42nd just incidental. However, State Department officials and 43rd American government employees abroad to say the Sept. 13 grenade attack on U.S. Embassy lose their lives to terrorists, according to the plaque in Moscow, which came amid fierce Russian criticism of the diplomatic entrance of the State Department. The NATO air raids against Bosnian Serbs, certainly wall be memorial, which commemorates 171 people for losing recorded as a terrorist attack. And Diplomatic Security dieir lives since 1780 “under heroic or other inspira¬ agency Peter Hargraves, who survived the Aug. 19 acci¬ tional circumstances while serving the government dent that killed three State Department peace envoys, abroad in foreign affairs” also told The Washington Post last includes several victims of the 1988 month that americans became Pan Am 103 bombing over prime targets for Serbian terrorists Lockerbie, Scotland; of the 1983 after the U.S. pilot Scott O’Grady bombing of the U.S. embassy in was shot down and rescued this Beirut; two FSOs killed in the summer. crossfire of the 1984 libertarian State’s Bureau of Diplomatic struggle in Namibia; and 36 who Security’s annual publication, died in Southeast Asia between Significant Incidents of Political 1960-75. Violence Against Americans, indi¬ Yet, despite the deaths of the cates that 1991 was the peak year two most recent government vic¬ for the number of anti-U.S. inci- tims, State Department figures - dents, a global total of 334. That indicate that international terror¬ z year’s incidents resulted in a num¬ ism has actually been declining ber of deadis, including U.S. Air since the peak years of 1984-88. Force Sergeant Ronald Stewart, State’s annual report. Patterns of killed in the bombing of his apart¬ Global Terrorism, documents the ATTACKS DECLINING, ment house in Athens; John Hilton trend: 1994 saw 321 international Gandy, manager for an American BUT EMBASSIES REMAIN terrorist attacks, the lowest annual contractor in Istanbul, abducted and total in 23 years, and about half the SECURITY CONSCIOUS assassinated; Bobbie Mozelle, rate of the peak year in 1991. employee of a U.S. contractor in So are U.S. embassy employees BY LARRY LESSER Adana, Turkey, killed by gunmen; and Americans less likely to be tar¬ and U.S. Air Force Staff Sergeant

36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/OCTOBER 1995 Focus

Between 1973-88, five U.S. ambassadors were killed, five times more than the number of generals who were killed in wartime situations during that same period.

Victor Marvick, killed in a car bombing in Ankara. In a guerrilla attack on several helicopters carrying U.S. Lima, two Peruvian employees of the U.S. embassy’s Ambassador Myles Frechette and a visiting defense contract guard force were killed when a bomb explod¬ official. Only 11 of these incidents were directed at ed in the parking area of their employers headquarters. U.S. government targets, and none resulted in death. In Angola, a plane carrying goods for the Angolan gov¬ In 1994, 17 Americans were recorded as having ernment disappeared, and is believed to have been been held in captivity; eight were released before the shot down by UNITA rebels; two Americans were end of the year. Two of the remaining nine — mission¬ among the nine passengers killed in the crash. In addi¬ aries Steve Welsh and Timothy van Dyke — were later tion that year, at least two terrorists were killed by their killed in 1995, reportedly in connection with a firefight own bombs while attempting to attack Americans. Two between the Colombian army and the guerrilla unit Americans’ bodies were recovered in Lebanon: U.S. holding them. None of die other kidnap victims were embassy officer William Buckley, kidnapped in 1984, U.S. government employees. and Lt. Col. William R. Higgins, on detail to the U.N. Of course, the most notorious terrorist incidents Truce Supervision Organization, kidnapped in 1988. against U.S. citizens in the last 30 years were the 1983 That same year, 19 Americans were held captive by ter¬ truck bomb attack on the U.S. Marine barracks in rorists, and except for Buckley and Higgins, all were Beirut, which killed 241 Americans, and the 1988 mid¬ released safely by mid-1992. air bombing of Pan Am 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, The one-a-day rate of incidence of terrorist \ioIence which claimed 189 Americans’ lives. against Americans in 1991 was believed to be influ¬ Even high-ranking diplomats are not immune. enced by or in retaliation for the U.S. Operation Between 1973-88, five American ambassadors have Desert Storm attack in the Persian Gulf. However been killed by political violence: Arnold Raphel in almost two-thirds of the incidents — 210 — occurred Pakistan in 1988; Adolph Dubs in Afghanistan in 1979; in Latin America, including many directed against Francis Meloy in Lebanon in 1976; Rodger Davies in Mormon churches in Chile and Peru, a substantial Cyprus in 1974; and Cleo Noel in Sudan in 1973. That’s number related to an oil pipeline owned by a U.S.- five times more than the number of generals who have Colombia consortium, and attacks by the Shining Path been killed in wartime situations during that same peri¬ terrorists in Peru. od, according to State Department records, making a In 1994, the document lists 110 anti-U.S. incidents, U.S. ambassador’s job perhaps more dangerous than down two-thirds from the 1991 number, including 77 that of a general. in Latin America — 69 in Colombia alone. However, only one of those 69 involved a U.S. government target: Some years ago, when I was visiting the United States, an old friend who had never lived abroad Lamj Lesser, a retired FSO who served in New Delhi, asked me if I feared for my life and the lives of Ouagadougou, Brussels, Kigali and Dhaka, has my family with the violence and terrorism abroad. recently worked for the State Department Inspector Before I could answer she added, “But I guess that’s General’s Office of Security Oversight. what they pay you for.”

OCTOBER 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 37 Focus

I reacted viscerally, heatedly. I said, “No, certainly they are visible strangers. It makes no sense to work not. They could never pay me enough to be a sitting under those conditions unless one has a genuine thirst duck for terrorists.” Life’s a risk wherever you are, what¬ for major, long-lasting challenges. And sure enough, ever you do. When I chose to live in distant lands, speak many Foreign Service folks take an irrepressible delight foreign languages, struggle through repeated cross-cul¬ in the circumstances of their expatriate lifestyle. They’re tural learning experiences, I was responding to my inner like Gen. George Patton, who surveyed the battlefield voice that sought adventure and challenge. It was my during World War II, smelled the stench of war, and way to self-actualization. It energized me. I loved it. I said, “God forgive me, but I love it.” believed in it. Personal security had nothing to do with Furthermore, the Foreign Service has a generous it. I’m not a risk-seeker, and thus I reject the notion that retirement system, justified in part on the basis of risks I was opting for more risk. And I don’t think my govern¬ its personnel are subject to in foreign lands. In addition, ment and employer would take advantage of my desire hardship differentials of up to 25 percent of base pay are to represent America abroad by putting me in harm’s offered for service at difficult posts, not just because of way, without the means to defend myself. danger, but also because of remoteness, health hazards But the years have mellowed me and made my or a lack of the amenities available in the average thoughts more expansive. Maybe in a certain way that is American city. Personnel at such posts as Vladivostoek, what Foreign Service employees are paid for. Foreign Tbilisi and Ulaan Bataar, none of which is particularly Service personnel may encounter hostility, violence and dangerous, receive the maximum in hardship pay. And disease abroad, not to mention the discomfort and dis¬ for those serving at posts likely to be terrorist targets, orientation of adjusting and coping in cultures where there may be danger pay, up to a total of 50 percent

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THE GROWING CRIME WAVE ABROAD

The global crime wave. How serious is the crime that are dangerous at night because of street crime (25 threat at each particular post, and what form points); or within walking distance of high-crime areas does it take? The threat analysis specialists at the which are unsafe because street and residential crimes State Departments Diplomatic Security Bureau contin¬ are common day and night (50 points); or, most danger¬ uously update threat levels at every Foreign Service ous of all, within walking distance of areas where crimi¬ post in four categories. Two of the categories relate to nals freely operate, and where street and residential danger from violence: one is crime and the other is a crime frequently result in violence. broad category, “political violence,” which includes ter¬ The theoretical maximum score, for a post where rorism, civil disorder and natural and man-made disas¬ anarchy rules and criminals operate unfettered, would ter. The other two categories relate to espionage — be 300. The threat analysis staff assigns a score for each either by technical means or by getting information illic¬ answer, and also sets cutoff numbers from level to level, itly from informants, also known as “human intelli¬ from low' to medium, high and critical. At each higher gence.” level the post may be authorized stronger (and costlier) Of all the four direat categories, only crime has countermeasures. In the beginning residential security increased in recent years, but its rise has been dra¬ was designed as a “one-size-fits-all” program. But now, matic. In 1988, just two posts were rated critical for depending on tire crime pattern at a post, different crime — both in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo countermeasures are authorized. — whereas in mid-95 the number is 30, and another For example, Warsaw has a high crime threat, but 54 are rated high. Africa and Latin America together mostly because of street crime, not residential break- account for about three-quarters of the critical and ins. Thus residential guards would have little deterrence high crime threat posts, including tourist centers such effect, so they aren’t authorized there. If gangs invade as Rio de Janeiro, Kingston and Nairobi, as well as restaurants and rob all the customers, residential guards cosmopolitan centers like Abidjan, Belgrade, are not the solution. And if a household servant is some¬ Kinshasa, Lagos and Lima. how influenced to complicity in Iris employers robbery, Every post responds to annual DS questionnaires to there’s no physical security device that would prevent it. evaluate the local crime threat. The questionnaire, As the program evolves, there’s increasingly less reliance introduced in its present form in 1994, includes seven on fixed-post guards and more on mobile patrols, which questions, the answers to which are given varying are also less expensive. weights. The most important categories are crime Recently the most worrisome growth area for crime ambiance in neighborhoods where embassy personnel overseas has been street crime. The official response live, the aggressiveness of criminals in those neighbor¬ thus far has been to step up efforts at increasing securi¬ hoods, and the effectiveness of local police. Other fac¬ ty awareness. tors are the mobility of criminals, whether they are usu¬ The trend in political violence threat has been that ally armed, whether they operate in groups mid whether the places usually change but the number of threats local police are professional and have regular training. remains about tire same. At the end of 1988, for exam¬ For each question, if the post reports a significant ple, five operating posts had critical threat ratings: crime threat, narrative support is required to illustrate Beirut, Bogota, Lima, San Salvador and Sanaa. In 1995, the claim. On crime ambiance, for example, a post may four operating posts are still regarded as “critical threat” say embassy residential neighborhoods are generally for political violence: Beirut is still on the list, as well as surrounded by low-crime buffer zones that deter crim¬ Algiers, Karachi and Sarajevo. ■ inal elements (0 points); or surrounded by buffer zones — L.L.

OCTOBER 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 39 Focus

above an employee’s base pay for both allowances, hard¬ limitations — on whom one could marry or socialize ship and danger pay, combined. As of September L995, with, on where one could be assigned. In those days, the the posts qualifying for danger pay are Algiers, Beirut, embassy security of ficer wasn’t a friend, much less a pro¬ Khartoum and Karachi. tector; watching suspiciously for signs of disloyalty or “Some risk acceptance was always built into the sys¬ untrustworthiness. tem," points out Anthony Quainton, assistant secretaiy of State for Diplomatic Security since 1992, and who has From the turbulent 1960s through the violent been nominated director general of the Foreign Senice. mid-80s, the emphasis changed, and it became “Security is not just something [the State Department] increasingly important to protect embassy provides for [Foreign Service personnel]. [The employ¬ employees in the workplace. The State Department ees] also have to be a part of making it work.” responded to the 1980s wave of terrorism with public According to Quainton, security policy and programs access controls at embassies abroad, measures against have evolved remarkably since World War II. At first, forced entry, vehicle barriers, checkpoints, metal detec¬ officials concentrated not on protecting U.S. personnel tors and ID cards. but on learning “what was in their heads,” he said, and In 1985 a commission, headed by Adm. Bobby whether employees might be disloyal to their country, Inman, was appointed to recommend additional coun¬ and therefore poor security risks. Since the Cold War termeasures to terrorist attacks at embassies abroad. Its bred the fear that U.S. diplomats could be recruited or work yielded a major piece of legislation, the Omnibus entrapped by foreign adversaries and forced to reveal Diplomatic and Anti-Terrorism Act of 1986, which cre¬ classified information, State’s response was a system of ated the Bureau of Diplomatic Security. Previously

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diplomatic security functions had been under the program accounted for more than half the total budget Bureau of Administration. of the DS Bureau — which includes countermeasures Congress reduced the Inman Commissions request to espionage as well as terrorism and political violence. for $3.5 billion for security enhancements to $880 mil¬ But supplemental security funds were never avail¬ lion, and it was disbursed at posts worldwide over sev¬ able again, and by 1993 the number of guards had eral years beginning in fiscal year 1986. Since 1986, 15 dropped to 16,000 abroad, at an annual cost of $104 U.S. embassy buildings abroad have been built to million. Guards still account for half of the DS budget, Inman design and construction standards that empha¬ which in fiscal 1995 is close to $170 million. The gen¬ sized security as much as accessibility. Money was eral strategy is shifting, however, to more cost-effective spent on beefing up residential security abroad, includ¬ mobile patrols, as well as housing strategies that favor ing funds for stronger doors with peepholes, house compounds and clustering. alarms, window grills and exterior lighting. Probably Since the Bureau of Diplomatic Security was creat¬ the most visible measure was local guards at fixed sites, ed, the spending of security funds increasingly has not only at official buildings but also in homes at high- been based on a system of inter-agency standards for risk posts. By 1989 the government was employing threats and countermeasures. Standards were adopted more than 20,000 guards abroad, at a cost of more than covering virtually eveiy corner of the diplomatic mis¬ $92 million annually. There is a general consensus that sion, including security against espionage threats as the guards dramatically helped cut crime against U.S. well as violence. Some security measures, such as brief¬ embassy personnel, particularly compared to crime ings to embassy personnel and the expatriate commu¬ rates against comparable groups in the same cities. This nity on local crime, are considered extremely effective

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and inexpensive. Other measures are more costly: posts in Islamic countries, for example, during the Six armored vehicles at $125,000 each, excluding mainte¬ Day War of 1967, or when there has been a breakdown nance and depreciation or using buildings with 100- of law and order, such as in recent years in Liberia, foot setbacks from vehicle traffic. Somalia or Rwanda. There also has been stepped-up efforts at increasing At extremely dangerous posts the department security awareness at posts abroad. Security officers or weighs the importance of remaining open and con¬ other embassy officers cultivate good relations with the ducting diplomatic business against the risk of exposing local police, gather information about crime patterns, personnel to danger. For example, after the 1983 and disseminate practical advice to U.S. embassy per¬ bombing in Beirut, a bomb shelter was built at the sonnel and the expatriate community. Many embassies ambassadors residence, and military helicopters were issue two-way radios to personnel and establish an used to transport him between home and office. emergency radio network. That can be a lifeline in sit¬ Though an American embassy of sorts kept the U.S. uations of civil unrest and general emergencies, espe¬ flag flying, the staff was reduced to essential personnel cially in places where the phone system is unreliable. only. Sometimes posts are shut down when conditions are The world is still a dangerous place for Foreign too dangerous to justify keeping them open; U.S. Service personnel abroad, as it is for other Americans embassies in Teheran, Tripoli, Kabul and Baghdad who travel and live abroad. Always has been, always will have been closed for a number of vears. Others have be. Dangerous on the front lines, dangerous in the been closed temporarily when the immediate threat to office, dangerous if one takes chances, and dangerous the security of U.S. personnel has become too great — if one plays it safe. ■ The Remington Fits Your Washington Schedule.

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OCTOBER 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 43 Focus: TERRORISM

RELIVING BEIRUT’S HORROR

ot a jot of chef salad remained. this is not what they told me death was like. I can’t take My plate was a circle of white this for eternity. Anger started to fill my isolation. That was N when the bomb exploded. Bob when I was flung out — dong with the side of building — Pearson, a colleague from the across the embassy garden. My body twisted eastward and U.S. Agency for International landed 15 feet away from where I had just finished my Development (AID), and I were having lunch in the salad. I don’t remember the flight. ground-floor embassy snack bar on April 18, 1983. In I snapped awake. Alert. A slab of concrete covered those days, people talked about peace breaking out as if body. Claustrophobic, I panicked. I’ve got to get out of eight years of civil war could blossom into a bunch of for- here. The adrenaline kicked in. The “slab” broke into bits sythia. The Israeli invasion, the PLO’s departure and the of brick as I picked open a window. Calmly, I removed the arrival of the multinational forces had disassembled the rabble from my face and chest. My chest was numb, city’s mafioso-like protection system. weighted down. 1 looked at tire mass Beirut, a sea of anarchy filled with ofpuiple-red blood congealed on my islands of disciplined troops, was on left side. Has my heart been ripped Bob’s mind. Pushing his cup of maas- out? My God, I don’t have long to boot, a “just-right-not-too-sweet” cof¬ live. Hurnj, Anne, touch it to see if it’s fee, across the table, he said, “Anne, still beating. But I couldn’t swing my it’s not just here, it’s all over. This is right arm around ter feel my chest. either the end of the world or the An even breeze blew a long fence Second Coming.” of flames towards my head. BOOM. Imprisoned in my shell, I knew my Encircled in blackness, I felt hair would catch fire first. I had only waves of electricity push through my moments to accept death. I heard body. I was inside heat. My brain tire groans of dying men and the song decoded lightning. The embassy’s of birds. I pleaded with the heavy been hit by lightning. I’ve been elec¬ black cylinder of smoke circling up trocuted! Those damn contractors from behind me to come quickly and cheated. They put thefusebox in the suffocate me. But it began to dissi¬ cafeteria and a live wire hit my head. Ex-FSO RECALLS pate, smudging the soft blue sky. So I had logically mapped out a scenario. this is the end of my life. I felt an ache of '83 EMBASSY BOMB Conscious, I leaned over to tell Bob sadness. No big regrets. Just a sease of that I was dead. No light. No sound. THAT KILLED 66 not taking advantage of everyday tilings. No one to touch. No God. Nothing. I I regretted my small and petty mean¬ was alone. A pain, non-physical, deep BY ANNE DAMMARELL nesses. Remorse for sias of omissions, and psychological, penneated me. No, we Catholics might say.

44 FOREIGN SERVICE J O U RN AL! O C TO B E R 19 95 Focus

I was imprisoned in my shell. I knew my hair would catch fire first. I had only moments to accept death. I heard the groans of dying men and the song of birds.

Again, a strong wish to live pushed me to call for help. Colombo, where I served a three-year tom: It was there I mustered a feeble noise. I heard a loud call: “YaUah, yal- the nightmares began. Always violent, diey frequently lah, ijallah,” which means “Let’s go” in Lebanese. Four involved bombings. I became hypervigilant. At airports, I young Lebanese came running towards me. They surveyed people around me, checking for bombs. brushed several chunks of wall off me and pulled me out. In 1987, when I was transferred back to Washington, I My body became rigid. The pain stopped. remember pulling my desk away from the office window I was taken to the American University Hospital by as a precaution against flying glass. For the next few year's, ambulance. Surrounded by people crying, yelling, moan¬ certain noises made me jumpy — the backfiring of a car, ing, I heard a man telling the nurse what to do with all of a firecracker, the dropping of a heavy object. Struggling to us. I was moved to the side. Then down along the wall. put die bombing episode behind me, I resolved diat it He’s doing triage. Am I beyond repair? Has my heart been would not dominate my life. Had anyone suggested I was ripped out after all? in denial, I would have laughed. Only two people in the embassy snack bar had sur¬ vived tlie blast — my colleague. Bob, and me. 1 sustained Foreign Service officers in Beirut that April 1983 19 broken bones, lacerations and chunks of glass in my have vivid memories of the bombing, when at 1:05 neck. On April 22,1 was medivaced to die U.S. Army hos¬ p.m. a truck weighed down widi more than 2,000 pital in Wiesbaden, Germany. On the third day, I asked to pounds of TNT drove into die front door of the U.S. see a psychiatrist to find out why I was not grieving for my embassy in Beirut and exploded. The core of the building dead colleagues. I also wanted advice on what to expect. pancaked to the ground: It would become the first As I recall, die psychiatrist asked if I had a religious American embassy to be destroyed by political terrorists. upbringing, and said that I would deal with the ramifica¬ Seventeen Americans and 33 Lebanese employees were tions of the bombing after my bones had healed. At die lolled and 16 visa applicants and passers-by also died. A time I did not question him, but I thought his words use¬ message had been sent to Washington: Leave Lebanon. less and impractical. Strangely quiet, not everyone understood at first diat Five days later, I flew to Washington, D.C., on a mili¬ die embassy had been bombed. Thunder? Earthquake? tary transport plane and checked into Georgetown One woman ran to die doorway for shelter before con¬ University Hospital for surgery and months of physical cluding it was not an earthquake. Rockets, perhaps. Only therapy. I had to relearn how to move my body, to walk, a few weeks before, the embassy had been hit by a couple to write and to focus on the printed word. of rocket-propelled grenades. I worried about dying, but paradoxically, my primary Sudden and unexpected, die loud blast jolted everyone. emotion was joy. The giddiness and gratitude of being Some saw a bright light. Yet not everyone heard die explo¬ alive filled me. I had seen and heard the pain of otiiers sion. The economic secretary, Christine Crocker, only felt and knew that I was better off dian diem. I was alive. die heat of hot wind across die back of her head, which die By January 1984 I was well enough to begin work in blast had forced down on her desk. Ambassador Robert Dillon noted that the brick wall silendy blew apart and, in Anne DammareU, who retired as an FSO in 1988, served slow motion, collapsed across him. Several feared a follow¬ in Beirut, Colombo and Washington. This article is up explosion. As anyone living in Lebanon at that time adapted from her recent thesis for her master’s degree at knows, follow-up bombs designed to detonate about 15 Georgetown University.

OCTOBER 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 45 Focus

minutes after the first often killed rescue workers along no one could possibly have survived.” But some of us did. with the originally targeted victims. After the initial stunned Those not badly hurt helped the injured crawl out silence, screams or cadis for help snapped people alert and through windows to the main roof, then onto a smaller roof, they began pulling friends out from under overturned fur¬ down a ladder to the back of the chancery and over a fence niture. As best they could, they stanched the flow of blood into a dirt field. When some moved toward the front of the of those cut by flying glass and debris. Some of the offices building, diey were stopped by armed Lebanese soldiers. clouded with fumes from burst canisters of tear gas; staff Mental pictures of the wounded remain fresh even grabbed paper towels to cover their faces as they locked today. Barham Gregory, a communications officer on tem¬ files or searched for colleagues. porary duty at the embassy, said she was numbed when she Piles of nibble and the lack of a staircase or front wall caught sight of her badly bleeding colleague, Beth Samuel, made exiting difficult. Few grasped the extent of the dam¬ a U.S. Information Service (USIS) secretary, being followed age until they tried to make their way out of the ruins. by a Lebanese colleague who “had been scalped, and the Although dazed, most remained calm. According to the blood was so tliick that you could hardly see the tip of her communications officer, Faith Lee, another survivor, the vic¬ nose. ... I went into this shock-type thing and just sort of tims looked “like zombies.” The enormity of what had hap¬ stayed that way. Then I tried to help out.” pened dawned on the political officer, Ryan Crocker, only At 8:30 the morning after the bombing, Deputy Chief of when he reached the embassy’s main entrance, not far from Mission Bob Pugh held the first of a series of general staff the snack bar, which he recalled was “like walking into hell. meetings at temporary embassy offices a few buildings It was pitch black. The face of the building had collapsed in down. Many found comfort in concentrating on work and on die lobby and fires were burning inside. It was clear that talking to colleagues, people who had shared their trauma.

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46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/OCTOBER 1995 Focus

Although most worked hard and in harmony with others, nose on vacation because she was not botirered by the some developed short fuses. They occasionally became irri¬ smell until months later. For the AID program officer, Tish table and tempers flared. Consciously deferring thoughts Butier, images of bodies and body parts were seared into about tire loss of friends, most set to work immediately. her consciousness. For montirs afterwards she would have They were so busy, according to tire AID program officer, to forcefully, willfully, put them out of her mind. Dave Mandel, that they had no time to stop and drink. They Many remember tire first time they cried. Each person scrambled to set up temporary offices and to find the had a different time frame. For one, it was tire early hours injured and identify the dead. They worked to tire point of of tire morning after the bombing when the U.S. Marines exhaustion, often going without sleep, but the supply of raised tire flag. For anotirer it was five years later when a adrenaline just did not switch off. friend noted drat it was tire fifth anniversary of tire bomb¬ A few specifically wanted to be alone after work. Others ing. Nightmares about tire bombing itself or being buried were afraid to be by drenrselves. Several married personnel under something were not uncommon; some had disturb¬ talked about dre need to be with their spouses and die value ing dreams for only several days, others for several months. of living drrough the trauma together. Several FSOs Away from the embassy, tire bombing became cocktail talk. expressed anger drat State had not notified survivors’ chil¬ “A lot of people talked to you just sort of out of the blue,” dren and parents quickly enough of tireir safety. recalls AID secretary Rikld Smith, who was injured slightiy Visiting tire morgue was taxing. Gray dust from the pul¬ in the blast. “You were a celebrity for a while.” Some found verized cement walls covered the corpses, masking their tlris troubling. After having left Beirut, two surviv ors had a identities. The consular section chief, Diane Dillard, who strong desire to return to Lebanon to try to resolve their spent quite a bit of time there, says she must have sent her emotional reactions to tire bombing. In both cases tire

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return visits proved beneficial. DCM secretary Dorothy The security officer, Dick Gannon, talked of Iris “emotional Pech, who returned to Beirut alter several weeks in vulnerability. ... [It] showed me that you’re not quite as Washington, felt that returning was “absolutely the best tough as you might have envisioned that you were.” psychological therapy” possible. A few employees believe that the bombing did not have Upon reflection, most Foreign Service employees a profound impact on their lives. The AID program officer, placed the incident within the context of living in a war Kurt Shafer, said that it was the single most trying experi¬ zone. Although devastating for some, it was not the only, or ence that he has had, but it was not all that traumatic. The even the worst, experience in Beirut. Several ranked the ambassadors secretary, Dorothy Pascoe, agreed. “1 don’t massacre of hundreds of Palestinian civilians in Sabra- think I was frightened at all,” she says. “Honestly, to tliis day, Shatila in the fall of 1983 as the worst. Others said the 1993 I don’t think I was ever frightened. I think I was more excit¬ shelling of the ambassadors residence and attempted mili¬ ed, die old adrenaline starts pumping away. I know it was tary takeover of West Beimt was the most frightening. horrible, but I certainly wasn’t scared. 1 was really more Those who had left the snack bar shortly before the excited about, ‘My God, what’s going to happen next?’... The explosion marvelled at the often silly reasons for leaving bombing didn’t make any difference in my life.” when they did. A couple had chided their dieting compan¬ ion not to be tempted by dessert, and so left. Another could Some Foreign Service employees who were in not interest anyone in a second cup of coffee. More aware Lebanon in 1983 unknowingly experienced post- of their own mortality, several spoke of a heightened appre¬ traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reactions similar to ciation of life afterward. Some reflected on the meaning of those faced by war veterans and victims of other traumas. their lives, hying to figure out why they had been spared. To their credit, top post management requested three

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regional psychiatrists, including die regional medical doctor most of diem would radier be slowly tortured to deadi dian posted in Cairo, to come immediately to Beirut; authorized see a psychiatrist, especially a department psychiatrist, for paid home leave for those assigned to Lebanon; and offered fear diat it will affect dieir career,” he says. “We psychiatrists FS employees die option of immediate reassignment with¬ do not ignore diis issue, but as usual in the State out career penalty. Department, our response is pretty much ad hoc, and we But for many, working helped, as employees depended have not had specific training in Critical Incident Stress on tiieir Foreign Service “can-do” ediic to pull diem Debriefing. More importantiy, even if we had the training, through the trauma. Psychiatrists say successful trauma the institutional bias is such diat it would not lie taken advan¬ resolution is tiiree-fold: talk, talk, talk. Foreign Service tage of. The institutional expectation is diat people will avoid employees could “officially” talk at die morning manage¬ mental health treatment, or anydiing that looks like it.” ment meetings. Some did. Some did not. They could hash Today, 13 years after the worst terrorist bombing of a out feelings with visiting psychiatrists. Some did. Some did U.S. embassy, States Medical Office still does not have a not. What is not known is how many delayed psychological standard policy or a protocol for handling and following up healing because diey did not acknowledge the bombing on employees who have survived terrorism; rather, it reacts effects. to each situation on a case-by-case basis, according to Dr. That many survivors did not seek psychiatrist counseling Esdier Roberts, associate medical director of States does not surprise Dr. Walter Barquist, a regional psychiatrist Mental Healdi Service. Although no policy exists, States in die Foreign Service now stationed in Pretoria, who has an medical staff regularly conduct stress debriefings for interest in PTSD. “My impression is that the department is employees involved in crisis events, like die Iran hostage loaded with people quietiy suffering from PTSD, but diat situation and the Gulf War, she said. ■ Affordable Luxury N If you are relocating, a business traveler or need temporary housing, we offer the comforts of home.

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OCTOBER 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 49 IN SEARCH OF NUDE PARADES

OUTSIDE UN W OMEN'S CONFERENCE IN BEIJING,

RUMORS PERSIST OF THOSE ELUSIVE NAKED WOMEN

BY DARIEN HSU

n a taxi on the way home from work I Incredible. And even more so when, by the I suddenly notice that all of the old, worn start of the Non-governmental Organizations freeway signs, previously printed in (NGO) Forum on Aug. 30, six other taxi drivers Chinese freehand calligraphy, have been had touted the same story to me with the same replaced by neat-looking, block-letter degree of authority. printed signs. Soon the U.N. 4th World Despite economic reform, China is a country Conference on Women convenes. I point out the where strict censorship on news and the careful new signs to the taxi driver and he shrugs his dissemination of information is still prevalent. shoulders in indifference. “Maybe it’s because of Word-of-mouth is the most effective means of the women’s conference,” I suggest to him in communication and often serves to educate the Chinese. masses, however incorrect the information may He glances sharply at me. “Do they have this be. conference often?” Around Beijing, colorful Hags and red ban¬ “Once every 10 years,” I tell him. “Are you ners commemorating “FWCW 95” and interested in the conference?” “Equality, Development and Peace” are the “I have nothing to do with the conference!” he backdrops to a city that is going about its busi¬ replies indignantly. ness with little interest in the conference or its After a few seconds of silence, he leans toward parallel conference, the NGO Forum. me and says in a low, conspiratorial voice, “But I A Beijing elevator operator in her mid-30s is know, of course, all about the nude parade.” more interested in fashionable clothes and find¬ I am genuinely at a loss for words. ing a new job. “I am sure the conference is good He stares at me as if I am an idiot. “Don’t you thing,” she says uncertainly, “but it does not real¬ know? Every time they have this conference ly affect me.” When pressed, she asks, “I low is it there is always a nude parade.” He turns his eyes supposed to affect me?” back to the road, dismissing me. “Everybody Other residents, when asked about the con¬ knows! Huh? You’re a foreigner and you don’t ference’s purpose, quote the banners around know?” town. One man offered the opinion that women in Beijing seem pretty equal to him. He admits Darien Hsu works for Price Waterhouse ir Co. that it's quite different in the countryside, but, and serves on the Board of Directors of the “Meiyou banfa,” he shrugs. “Nothing can be Chinese-American Chamber of Commerce. She done about it.” has lived in China since 1993. In my office it is lunchtime and several of the

50 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/OCTOBER 199.5 well-educated, fashionably dressed female in the major Chinese cities. Divorce is on the rise employees are leafing through a copy of a Hong and 70 percent of divorces in Beijing are initiated Kong newspaper, interested more in the pictures by women. And recently China’s first wave of and advertisements than the articles. They pause female police officers arrived, 66 making their at a picture of the NGO participants in Husairou. debut during the women’s conference. I ask Diana, one of the administrative assistants, I recall a story shared with me by a delegate, if the conference is helping her find her place in who said that a fellow colleague from Africa com¬ the world. She touches my arm and says, “A con¬ mented that this conference had a very high ference is a conference. Reality is reality.” Her turnout from the African conti- colleagues nod in agreement. This conference nent. One of the reasons, the could be an auto show for all they care. And at delegate explained, was the con¬ He stares at me the moment, womens rights are not at the top of tinued influence of the 1985 the list for these women who are already on their Nairobi Conference on Women. as if l am an way up the career ladder. That conference “opened the idiot. “Don'tyou eyes” of the delegates and Running parallel with the apathetic attitudes prompted a series of grass-roots know? Every time toward the conference is the lack of interac¬ campaigns, in which returning tion between delegates and host-country resi¬ conference participants shared they have this dents. It strikes me as odd that of the 26,000 ideas and perspectives with local women from more than 185 nations attending the women. conference there is NGO Forum and the U.N. conference, only a This conference, held in a handful are seen on the streets. country that is home to one-fifth always a nude Another concern is that the issues argued and of the world’s women, has nearly debated don’t make it off the conference sites. 5,000 Chinese delegates sched¬ parade. ” He turns According to press reports, local residents have uled to attend. That’s by far the been barred from the N GO site, and the Chinese single largest group at the con¬ his eyes back to the media’s token programming does not seem to stir ference. I think the longer-term much interest from Beijing residents. impact of the conference rests road, dismissing The conference’s most immediate impact on with those Chinese. The only local Chinese is one of inconvenience. way the taxi driver, the elevator me. “Everybody Temporary traffic regulations were imposed on operator or my office colleagues local Chinese car owners: Even-numbered will truly understand the issues knows! Huh? license plates were only allowed on the streets on of the conference is to hear from even-numbered days, odd numbers on odd-num¬ those who attended. I do not You 're a fore¬ bered days. A Chinese manager in our office think it is unreasonable to expect igner and you lamented, “How am I supposed to get to work on that the host country’s citizens my off day?” With the conference going on, it was receive benefit from the pro¬ don’t know?” even less likely that he would be able to find a ceedings of a conference of this cab. However, as with any international confer¬ magnitude. ence, such inconveniences are to be expected. There was never a nude parade, much to the It would be a shame if this conference had lit¬ chagrin of the taxi drivers. Time will tell how the tle effect on the people of China, especially the effect of the conference plays itself out among women. The issues dominating the platform the citizens of China, and I am putting my faith affect the Chinese, whether they realize it or not. in the Chinese participants at the conference. Perhaps the lack of interest is perceived by for¬ Sharing the experience with a neighbor is not an eigners that a certain level of satisfaction exists insignificant act. After all, word of mouth goes far with the treatment and rights of women, at least in Beijing. ■

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BATTLING ALONG to open die Japanese semiconductor was die first to cover services and market. Similarly. Dryden peppers the investment comprehensively. BORDERS OF TRADE book widi interesting and vivid por¬ trayals of die various USTRs, from the Todd A. Kushner is an FSO assigned to Trade Warriors: USTR and the elder statesman [ex-FSO and former the State Department’s Economic American Crusade for Free Trade Secretaiy of State] Christian Herter to Bureau, serving on delegations for Steven Dry den, Oxford University President Clintons former campaign NAFTA and the Uruguay Round. Press, 1995, $30, hardcover, 452 pages. manager, die pugnacious and combat¬ ive Michael Kantor. BY TODD A. KUSHNER The audior is also effective in illus¬ SOMALIAN PEACE trating die key role of Congress in cre¬ Is International trade has moved to ating USTR — to wrest policy from a EVER TO RE POSSIBLE? the top of die U.S. foreign policy agen¬ discredited, disenchanted and unre¬ da, and the United States Trade sponsive State — and increasing its Somalia and Operation Restore Representative (USTR) has acquired role and influence. USTR began in Hope: Reflections on Peacemaking unprecedented bureaucratic and polit¬ 1963 as a 12-person office for multilat¬ and Peace ical clout. With die U.S.-Japan auto¬ eral trade negotiations and now is a John L. Hirsch and Robert B. Oakley, mobile dispute in die headlines and cabinet-level mini-bureaucracy. United States Institute for Peace Press, President Clinton touting his success Trade Warriors suffers, however, 1995, $18.50, 256 pages. in winnning enactment of NAFTA and from its superficial treatment of many the WTO, journalist Steve Diyden underlying issues and lack of a clear BY ROY A. HARRELL JR. offers a timely chronicle of U.S. post- message. For example, once readers World War II trade policy and an insti¬ get beyond William Clayton and his Undoubtedly one of die most divisive tutional histoiy of USTR. belief in die links between unfettered issues of die 1992 presidential campaign The book should be read by those world commerce and international was the U.S. intervention in Somalia, a wondering why Congress has steadily peace, Diyden offers no explanations decision made by former President shrunk States role in international eco¬ as to why free trade has been a consis¬ George Bush in die closing months in nomic policy. tent U.S. objective; it seems unlikely office. This book seeks to understand Dryden is most effective in profiling that Claytons successors shared the essence of die Somalia experience, key U.S. attempts in 1948 to create the Claytons motivations. Key issues are whose principal objective was die fulfill¬ International Trade Organization given cursory attention. Dryden men¬ ment of humanitarian needs. The guid¬ while worrying about die “pro-totali¬ tions the U.S. claim that European ing assumptions of die initial interven¬ tarian” sympadiies of odier delegations agricultural policies violate GATT tion phase, die U.N. phase of peace¬ and exposed to congressional com¬ rules but neither describes the keeping and a second U.N. o.peration in plaints about “communist infiltration” European policies nor articulates why Somalia, are all compared. of its own. Readers sit widi Deputy they might be illegal. Similarly, he During die last presidential cam¬ USTR Michael Smith as he studies the gives scant attention to negotiations paign, many candidates felt tiiat the Japanese negotiator — seconds before leading to the U.S.-Canada Free entire U.S. engagement in Somalia was a midnight deadline and widi a portrait Trade Agreement, thus, managing to a cosdy failure of misguided interna¬ of Gen. Douglas MacArthur looking downplay a pact diat created one of tionalism. Given the lack of objectives on — reluctandy signing an agreement die world s largest free trade areas and and goals, diere were no guideposts sig-

OCTOBER 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 53 B O O K s £eaVe your

nailing when die United States might extricate itself after fulfilling its mission. most The autiiors, Robert B. Oakley, who • Furnished studios to served as special envoy in Somalia important 3 bedroom residences under Presidents Bush and Carter, and John Hirsch, who served as political • Minimum 30 days adviser to the multinational coalition in investment • Rates within per diem Somalia, are superbly qualified to pro¬ vide expert analysis. Both raise funda¬ • Fully equipped kitchens mental questions about how to conduct With the • Individual washers/dryers operations as well as delineating die limitations on peacekeepers. • Cable TV. & local phone The future seems virtually hopeless included management for Somalia. Many deatiis ago, diere • Utilities included was talk of a U.N. trusteeship. Mogadishu has been bandit territory • Optional Maid service projessionals since the summer of 1994, when die • On site fitness center & United Nations, like die Americans memberships to local health before them, joined battle wfth you trust. clubs Muhammad Farah Aideed, Somalia’s top warlord. • Pet friendly locations ^Rental and Management It is disappointing that there isn’t • Major credit cards accepted more analysis of events or advice as to of Tine “Properties in • One statement billing how to avoid similar quagmires. And it’s Northwest “DC, CheVy Chase, a pity that more analysis was not given “Bethesda and Potomac • Locations in Virginia, to die failure of the American search- Maryland and D.C. close to and-destroy efforts meant to isolate new NFATC Gen. Aideed. It’s no exaggeration to say iiiiinmm diat this U.S. operation contaminated A A VC>*tv r* < Virginia Locations / Annandale, Arlington, Ballston, the entire aid operation in Somalia, ren¬ Courthouse, Crystal City, dered relief workers vulnerable and '% \ * *tv t>*> Fairfax City, Falls Church drained the international goodwill that had once seen Somalia as an irre¬ Maryland Locations proachable humanitarian course. Bethesda, Gaithersburg, Rockville, Silver Spring At least for die present, a U.N. bid to enforce the peace, as distinct from iiUlil District Locations keeping it, will be possible only, per¬ Dupont Circle, Foggy Bottom, Upper Executive Housing haps, if it serves die interests of die Northwest, Waterfront countries involved. And Somalia is on Consultants, Inc. die blink of renewed civil strife. There 7315 Wisconsin Avenue Inquiries (703) 506-3993 Suite 603 East (800) 776-5057 is, as die authors intimate, a limited mil¬ Bethesda, Maryland 20814 FAX (703) 506-3997 itary role for die United Nations in reconstruction. Ad for Somalia has 301/951-4111 LET US SHOW YOU HOW been dw-arfed by a $1.3 billion military WE OPEN DOORS TO HOMES operation designed to protect it. ■ “We care for your home AWAY FROM HOMES! Rot/ A. Harrell Jr., a retired FSO, has as if it Were our oWn. ” 8230 Old Courthouse Road served in all countries of Africa, excejit Suite 450, Vienna, VA 22182 Somalia and Djibouti. He currently lives in Texas.

54 FOREIGN SERVICE J OU RN AL! OC T OB ER 1995 IN MEMORY

Mary Carmen Bartley, 67, widow biking June 3 in Potomac, Aid. of Rockville; a daughter, Judidi Ann of of die late FSO Oler Ammon Bartley, Mr. Friedman joined die Foreign Manassas, Va.; two sons, John of Silver died of lung cancer on July 2 at her Service in 1962 shortly after he graduat¬ Spring, Md. and James of Germantown, home in Vienna, Va. ed from Cornell University. He seived in Md.; and a great-grandson. Oler Bartley joined the Foreign Chile and later as a human rights officer Service in 1956 and die couple was sta¬ in Argentina. Named ambassador to tioned in Malaysia and Indonesia. Mozambique in 1990, he is widely cred¬ Survivors include her children, Lisa ited widi helping end die country s civil Burton M. Gould 68, died on April Frances Frazee of San Juan, Puerto war. In Rwanda, Mr. Friedman was 13 after a short illness at Manor Pines Rico; Ammon Hurst Bartley of involved in die effort to stabilize and Nursing Facility in Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. Fairmont, W. Va.; and Charles Maureen rebuild die war-tom country. Mr. Gould earned a bachelor of tuts Bartley of Vienna, Va.; her father, He is survived by his wife, Eli, Ills from Roosevelt University in 1949 and a Maureen Eugene Hurst, and her sister, daughters Patricia and Elisa, of master of aits from the University' of Jan Hado, bodi of Bediany, Mo. Potomac; and a sister, Carol Reich, of Chicago in 1951. As a State New York. Department intelligence research spe¬ cialist, and then FSO, he served in Karachi and Lagos. He was with the Philip Bonsai, 92, who served as die U.S. Agency for International last U.S. ambassador to Cuba before T.S. Henderson, a retired FSO, Development (AID) from 1961 until diplomatic ties were severed in 1961, died in Granada, Spain, on May 19 after his retirement, and served in Addis died of pneumonia on June 29 at his a brief illness. Ababa, Alogadishu and Accra. home in Washington, D.C. A native of Everett, Mass., Mr. He is survived by his former wife, He attended schools in die Henderson joined die Foreign Service Margaret Murdock, of Philadelphia. Philippines and Switzerland, and gradu¬ in 1941, serving in Tangier, Warsaw. ated from Yale University He joined die Naples, Berlin, Brunei, Kabul and Foreign Sendee in 1938 and was Jerusalem. He was chief of die immi¬ assigned to Cuba as vice consul and later gration and visa section in London from Roswell D. AIcClelland, 81, died as third secretaiy at die embassy in 1964-69. on May 6 of cancer in Springdale, Ark. Havana. Later assignments included He is survived by his wife, Yolanda, He was educated at the University of Madrid, The Hague, Paris, Geneva and of La Herradura, Spain. California at Los Angeles, Duke ambassadorships to Cuba, Colombia, University and Columbia University. Bolivia and Morocco. He joined die Foreign Service in 1945 Survivors include his wife, Margaret and served in Bern, Madrid, Dakar, Lockett Bonsai, of Washington, D.C. Leo Wheatley Garvey died April Mauritania, Gambia Colony, Port 28 in Bediesda, Aid. Guinea, Salisbury and Adiens. Mr. Garvey worked for the State He is survived by' his wife, Charlene Department for 28 years, starting as a G. of Springdale, Ark.; two sons, Barre Townsend B. Friedman, 55, conference officer. He was posted to of Ketchikan, Alaska, Kirk, of Kansas appointed in January as special coordi¬ Morocco, Japan, Algeria, Haiti, Costa City, Mo.; and two daughters, Alice of nator for U.S. policy on Rwanda, suf¬ Rica and Venezuela. Half Moon Bay' Calif., and Caroline fered a heart attack and drowned while Survivors include his wife, Isabelle Iverson of Alilwaukee, Ore. ■

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TIRED OF PAYING TOO MUCH FOR THE Statement of Ownership, Management and Circulation MANAGEMENT OF YOUR RENTAL PROPERTY? (required by 39 U.S.C. 3685) 1) Publication Title: Foreign Service Journal 2) Publication No: 00157279. 3) Filing OR JUST TIRED OF THE MANAGEMENT? Date: September 15, 1994. 4) Issue Frequency: monthly 5) No. of Issues Published Annually: 12. 6) Annual subscription price: $40.00. 7) Complete Mailing Address of • Multiple Listing Service • Full Service Management Known Office of Publication: 2101 E St. NW, Washington. D.C. 20037-2990. 8) • Rental & Overseeing Property • 6.5% Management Fee Complete Mailing Address of Headquarters or General Business Office of Publisher: of 2101 E St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. 9) Full Names and Complete Mailing Addresses of Publisher, Editor, and Managing Editor, Publisher: American Our Leasing Fee is as Follows: Foreign Service Association, 2101 E St. NW. Washington, D.C. 20037. Editor: Karen • 1/2 one month's rent for a 1 year lease Krebsbach. 2101 E St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. Managing Editor Nancy • 3/4 one month’s rent for a 2 year lease Johnson: 2101 E Street. NW. Washington, DC 20037 10) Owner: American Foreign • 1 month's rent for a 3 year lease Service Association. 2101 E St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. 11) Known Bondholders, Mortgagees, and Other Security Holders Owning or Holding 1 Percent Also specializing in Sales, Buyer Brokerage, or More of Total Amount of Bonds, Mortgages or Other Securities. 12) For comple¬ Investments, & Real Estate Counseling. tion by non-profit organizations authorized to mail at special rates; the purpose, func¬ tion. and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt status for Federal FREE BUYER BROKER SERVICES income tax purposes: (1) has not changed during preceding 12 months. 13) 1% BUYER REBATE PROGRAM Publication's Name: Foreign Service Journal. 14) Issue Date for Circulation Data FREE RELOCATION PACKAGE Below: September 1995 15) Extent and Nature of Circulation: average no. copies SERVING ALL OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA each issue during preceding 12 months: A. Total No. of Copies: 13.000. B. Paid/and OVER 25 YEARS OF COMBINED EXPERIENCE or Requested Circulation: (1) Sales Through Dealers and Carriers, Street Vendors and Counter Sales: 0. (2) Mail Subscription: 11,100. C. Total Paid and/or Requested Circulation: 11,100. D. Free Distribution by Mail (Samples. Complimentary, and Mike Smith Jennifer Wheeler Other Free); 500. E. Free Distribution Outside the Mail: 600. F. Total Free Associate Broker Sales Associate Distribution: 1,100. G. total Distribution: 12.200. H. Copies Not Distributed (1) Life Member NVAR Top Producer B.S. Decision Science Office Use, Leftovers, Spoiled: 800. (2) Return from News Agents: 0. 1. Total: Life Member Million Dollar Sales Club 13,000. Percent Paid and/or Requested Circulation: 90%. Actual No. Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date A. Total No. of Copies: 13,359. B. Paid/and or Requested Circulation (1) Sales Through Dealers and Carriers, Street Vendors and Counter Sales: 0. (2)Mail Subscription: 11,174. C. Total Paid and/or Requested Circulation: 11,174. D. Free Distribution by Mail (Samples, Complimentary, and Other Free); 500. E. Free Distribution Outside the Mail: 760. F. Total Free Distribution: 1,260. G. Total Distribution: 12,434. H. Copies Not Distributed (1) Office Use, Leftovers, Spoiled: 925.(2) Return from News Agents: 0. I. Total: 13,359. Percent Paid and/or Requested Circulation: 89%. 6922-C Little River Turnpike Phone:(703) 354-9200 I certify that the statements made by me above are correct and complete. Annandale, VA 22003 Toll Free: (800) 333-3077 (signed) Karen Krebsbach, Editor.

58 FOREIGN SERVICE J O U RN AL/O C T O B E R 1995 MARKETPLACE 220-VOLT VOLVO EXPORT PRODUCTS Hotel Suites Free LAudioVisual Products Catalog 420 North Van Dorn Street Factory-Set Discounts Il.Computer & Suppplies Catalog, & Alexandria, Virginia 22304 III. Appliances Catalog for EXOs (703) 370-1000 (800) 368-3339 To Diplomats Posted (703) 751-1467 FAX Stateside and Abroad U.S., U.K., European, or RENT OUR Overseas Specs Overseas and Domestic $92.95 SUITES AND Deliveries GET FREE:

JERRY GRIFFIN Alamo Rental Car DIPLOMATIC SALES SPECIALIST Audio-Visual Products, Computers Bilingual keyboards,Printers,Copiers 12 YEARS EXPERIENCE Small & Major Appliances, Electronics PC Modem In All Rooms Multisystem TV/VCR,Fax, Water Distillers Transformers,UPS,Plugs,Supplies,ETC. Continental Breakfast 1231 W. Broad Street Falls Church, VA 22046 EMBASSY USA TODAY Newspaper 5810 Seminary Rd,Falls Church,Va.22041 Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area Fully Equipped Kitchens ©(703) 379-6100 (703) 237-5020 (Washington D. C.Area, 10 minutes from FSI) Exercise Room/Pool Fax:(703) 820-9385 Fax: (703) 237-5028 [email protected] ■■■■CompuServe: 71023,151 x&Hb, Happy Hour wmEmm VISIT OUR SHOWROOM OR SiHi? WRITE,CAU,FAX,0R E-MAIL YOUR ORDER ALL OF THE ABOVE FOR LESS THAN dbDon Beyer Volvo Credit-Card/Purchase Orders Welcome THE GSA LODGING PER DIEM DAILY WE PACK & FREIGHT AP0/FP0/ WORLDWIDE ALLOWANCE FOR WDC!

ADVERTISING INDEX Automobiles Insurance Diplomatic Properties/56 Executive Lodging/57 Automobiles AFSPA/14 &21 J.P. Properties/57 Georgetown Suites/38 American Service Center/28 Clements & Co./l Long & Foster,Comick/52 Hotel Anthony/12 Chrysler/OBC Hirshorn/IBC Long & Foster, Simunek/4 Inn at Foggy Bottom/48 D.B. Volvo/59 Jannette/12 MGMB/58 Lincoln Towers/11 Ford/IFC Professional Property Mass. Ave. Property/40 Martens Volvo/11 Miscellaneous Mgt./AFS AN ews/6 Oakwood/20 Passport BMW/17 Arebesque International/8 Professional Property Remington/42 Book Call/43 Mgt./57 RemingtonCondos/57 Exports Classifieds/AFSA News/7-8 Property Specialist/57 River Inn/46 Embassy Exports/59 Floating World Gallery/2 Re/Max, Central/58 State Plaza/16 General Electric/41 Global Phone Corp./13 Stuart & Maury/56 Towers/59 National Public Radio/9 Virginian/AF SAN ews/6 Security Storage/6 Housing WestPark Hotel/47 Finance Barton House/31 Winston House/29 MCG Financial/43 Real Estate & Chase at Ballston/49 Money Concepts/10 Property Management Chase at Bethesda/30 Schools Smith, Barney, Shearson/16 Management Exclusive Interim/54 Leysin American School/10 State Department Credit Avery Hess, Zerolis/58 Execustay/AFSANews/5 North Country Day Union/43 Century 21 Royal/56 Executive Housing/55 School/13

OCTOBER 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 59 POSTCARD FROM ABROAD Diplopet Love in Kiev

BY LINDA ANDERSON NARANJO

As my husband, a newly minted reception, the Argentine consul FSO, and I recendy arrived in informed me that her St. Bernard con¬ Kiev for our first tour abroad, I sumes five kilos of meat a day. worried about many things. Where It fascinates me drat such a pet would we live? Would I be able to find fancy exists among Foreign Service a job? And would people drink we officers — the very people that should were insane to be flying our two cats heed the age-old “travel light” axiom. across dre Adantic to die Ukraine? In Kiev, however, we foreign pet own¬ Well, we moved into our perma¬ ers have discovered the key to quickly nent quarters after only two weeks; I transcending many cultural barriers. found a great job; and, much to my Ukrainians adore their pets. They, amazement, transporting cats turned inhabiting tiny apartments, should out to be quite commonplace in die Washington to New York and through show a predisposition for Chihuahuas; Foreign Service. When I phoned the Austria to Kiev, 1 have to admit 1 did nevertheless, they own great Danes airlines on which we would travel, I feel like I was traveling witii my tod¬ and German shepherds. found that jet-setting pets represented dlers, Murphy and Corky. However, Ukrainians are always happy to stop no problem in dre friendly skies. I our cats were in good company at the in tire park and chat with a fellow dog knew I would learn some new diings as hotel in New York. Various animals owner. Could a new form of diplomacy a Foreign Service spouse — rules of from the Cincinnati Zoo, including a be developing here in Kiev? Doggy protocol, tidbits about foreign cultures panther, a lynx and a flock of penguins, detente? An animal accord? M any — but I never imagined I would were also spending die night. The Ukrainians also love cats. After helping become an expert on which hotels menagerie appeared the following us to light tire gas heater in tire shower accept pets, or on obtaining health cer¬ morning on die ‘Today” show. Our cats of our temporary apartment, our tificates from the U.S. Agriculture were suitably impressed, but retained a Ukrainian neighbor insisted drat we Department. modicum of dignity befitting their new accompany her downstairs. She had While attending classes at the Diplocat status. seen our cats, and wanted to introduce National Foreign Affairs Training Upon our arrival in Kiev, tire wife of us to her beloved Siamese. Aldrough Center, I met the political officer and the general services officer met us at stray animals represent a serious prob¬ his wife who also would be talcing their Borispol Airport, toting an actual baby. lem in Kiev, it is heartening to realize two cats to Kiev, and the tandem cou¬ However, she understood our relief at that most Ukrainians who adopt pets ple who would fly tireir two cats to arriving with cats intact, since she and become very devoted to tirem. Moscow, ft was very comforting, com¬ her husband have two of then own. 1 When my husband and I leave Kiev, paring logistical problems and soon met additional Foreign Service we will fly to our next post with yet exchanging information. I think some animal lovers in Kiev. It seemed that if another addition to our mini-zoo. We people who overheard us still must people had not brought pets with are now the proud parents of an drink we were discussing our children. them, they adopted them here. This English springer spaniel who somehow As we maneuvered from fetish for fur extends even beyond the snuck into our locked car this winter. U.S. embassy. The Canadian commer¬ The Marines call her Spy Dog because Linda Anderson Naranjo is the cial officer has an ancient cocker of her breaking and entering skills. We spouse of FSO Brian Naranjo, a spaniel, Hildy, whom he acquired in call her Lucy. Oh well, what’s one more junior officer in U.S. Embassy Kiev. Romania many years ago. At a recent piece of excess baggage? ■

60 FOREIGN SERVICE ] O U RN A L / O C T O B E R 1995 As a member of the American Foreign Service Association, you know you can’t always select the post to which you are assigned. That’s why you can t afford a picky insurance company And while the Claims Act has so many exceptions that the government recommends private insurance, many of those plans are very picky indeed. Some won’t cover you at any of the territories listed on this page. And other plans will cover you, but will do so for a large premium. North Korea

That’s why you need coverage like that afforded by the AFSA NAME Plan. Designed specifically for | you, the AFSA Plan covers you no matter where you go — and

I always at the same low rate. For more information and an application, return this form via mail or fax, or call our AFSA desk directly for immediate answers to your questions.

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As a member of the Diplomatic Corps, you are eligible for special privileges when you order a vehicle through Chrysler’s Diplomatic Purchase Program. They include preferred savings, fast personalized ordering assistance and uncompromising service with Chrysler’s worry-free world¬ wide warranty. Perquisites appropriate to your office. Choose from the full line of 1995 Chrysler Motors products: Chrysler, Plymouth and Dodge cars and minivans, Eagle cars and Jeep and Dodge trucks. Phone for personalized service. Your Personal Advisor will order the model and color you want with the equipment you want, and quote the official Diplomatic price including all applicable rebates. Your Personal Advisor can also arrange delivery anywhere in the U.S. or to most overseas locations. In other words, we set you free of tedious details. If you’d rather, fill out and mail or telefax the card on Page 11. You’ll quickly receive a cata¬ logue for the vehicle(s) of your choice. The Diplomatic Purchase Plan. It’s the easy, money-saving way to start enjoying Chrysler’s many advantages.

^ CHRYSLER W INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMATIC SALES IN THE U.S., PHONE YOUR PERSONAL ADVISOR AT 1-800-877-7C83 or (516) 496-1806. TELEFAX: (516) 677-3701