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Dupleix and Clive; the Beginning of Empire

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^T!i \^. ,U Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/dupleixclivebegiOOdodwuoft DUPLEIX AND GLIVE DUPLEIX AND GLIVE THE BEGINNING OF EMPIRE BY HENRY DODWELL M.A.(OXON.), F.R.HIST.S. CURATOR OF THE MADRAS RECORD OFFICE C'KST SE FAIRE UHE CONCEPTION PAUSSE OS NOTRB NATURE QUE DS LA CROIRE CAPABLE DE VOIR filBN LOIN ET DE VOULOIR SANS D^PAILLANCE . PROS?ER CULTRU METHUEN & CO. LTD ^ 36 ESSEX STREET W.C. LONDON First Published in ig20 PREFACE THE following pages are based principally upon the East India Company's records preserved under my own care at Madras, the Bengal Records preserved at the India Office, and the Orme MSS., also preserved at the India Office. I have further consulted the Admiralty and War Office papers at the Public Record Office, various MS. collections at the British Museum, with the Miscellaneous Letters Received and the Home- Miscellaneous series at the India Office, and papers lodged in the archives of the French Ministry of the Colonies and at Pondi- ch6ry. I must acknowledge with great gratitude the unvarying courtesy and ready help I received from the various custodians of these papers. Perhaps M. Martineau, late Governor of the French Establishments in India, and Mr. W. Foster, C.I.E., of the India Office, will allow me thus publicly to announce my special debt to their wide knowledge and experience. I am also under great obligations to Mr. S. C. Hill, not only for numerous suggestions, indications, and references in the course of my research, but also as the editor of Bengal iT56-57, a collection of documents which I have found it impossible to supplement. Above all, I am obhged to Mr. Mark Hunter, of the Indian Educational Service, who was to have been the author of the present work. When he found his other engagements too pressing, he not only suggested my undertaking it, but also gave me with the greatest generosity his MS. collections, of which I have made extensive use. My indebtedness to printed works is too extensive to be here particularised, but is, I hope, fully indicated in my footnotes and the appended Bibhography. CONTENTS PACE Preface vii Bibliography XI Introduction XV PART I THE FRENCH EFFORT CilAP. I. The War of the Austrian Succession 3 II. The Successes of Dupleix 3' III. The Failure of Dupleix . 54 IV. BUSSY IN THE DECCAN 84 V. The Policy of Dupleix 103 PART II THE ENGLISH ACHIEVEMENT I. The Overthrow of Siraj-ud-daula 117 II. Clive's First Government . 138 III. The Supremacy of the Carnatic 158 IV. The Policy of Non-intervention 190 V. The Downfall of Mir Kasim 213 VI. Clive's Political Settlement 238 VII. Clive's Administrative Settlement 252 Conclusion .... 270 : : BIBLIOGRAPHY UNPUBLISHED MS. COLLECTIONS The Orme MSS. (India Office Library). The Madras Records (Madras Record Office). The Bengal Records (India Office Library). The Admiralty Records (Public Record Office). The War Office Records {ibid.). The Archives de PondichAry. The Archives du MiNisxfcRE colonial, Paris. PRINTED DOCUMENTS The Records of Fort St. George (folio, Madras) Country Correspondence, 1740, 1748-49. ITS'. 1753-58 (1908-15)- Military Consultations, 1752-56 (5 vols. 1910-13). French Correspondence, 1750-52 (3 vols. 1914-16). The Siege Diary, 1758-59, Public Sundry No. 13 (l vol. I9I5)- Publications of the Socifixf de l'histoire de l'Inde Fran^aise : Pondich^ry en 1746 (191 1). Deliberations du Conseil Superieur, 1701-39 (3 vols. 191 1-14). Lettres et Conventions, 1666-1793 (i vol. 1914). Correspondance du conseil supdrieur de Pondichery avec le conseil de Chandernagore, 1728-57 (3 vols. 191 5-18). Hill, S. C—Catalogue of the Orme MSS. Oxford, 8vo, 1916. Nazelle, le Marquis de.—Dupleix et la defense de Pondichdry. Paris, 8vo, 1908. Ananda Ranga Pillai—Diary (Madras, 8vo) Vols. i.-iii., 1736-1747 (ed. Sir FREDERIC PRICE). Vols, iv.-vi., 1747-1750 (ed. H. Dodwell). {In progress.) xii DUPLEIX AND CLIVE Love, Colonel H. D.—Vestiges of Old Madras. (Indian Record Series.) 3 vols. 8vo, 1918. DODWELL, H.—Calendar of the Madras Records, 1740-44. Madras, 8vo, 1917. D'ACH^.—Despatches, ap. La vie priv^e de Louis XV, par Moufle d'Angerville. Paris, 8vo, 1781. La Farelle.—Mdmoires et Correspondance. Paris, 8vo, 1896. Lettres edifiantes et curieuses (ed. Aim£-Martin), vol. ii. Paris, 8vo, 1839. Parliamentary Reports of the Secret and Select Committees. Folio, 1772-73. Long, J. —Selections from the Unpublished Records of Government, 1748-67. Calcutta, Svo, 1869. Hill, S. C.—Abstract of the Early Records of the Foreign Department Calcutta, folio, 1901. Bengal in 1756-57. (Indian Record Series.) 3 vols. Svo, 1905. Calendar of Persian Correspondence, 1759-67. Calcutta, Svo, 191 1. Law, J. —Mdmoires sur quelques affaires de I'empire mogul (ed. A. Martineau). Paris, Svo, 1913. CONTEMPORARY CONTROVERSY {a) FRENCH Memoire pour La Bourdonnais [and supplement]. Paris, 4to, 1750-51. M^moire pour La Gatinais. Paris, 4to, 1750. Memoire pour la famille de Dupleix. Paris, 410, 1751. Histoire de la demi^re revolution des Indes Orientales, par M. L. L. M. Paris, i2mo, 1757. Relation du sifege de Pondich^ry, ap. Collection historique . pour servir k I'histoire de la guerre terminde [en 1748]. London, i2mo, 1758. Mdmoire pour Dupleix contre la Compagnie des Indes. Paris, 410, 1759. Lettre de Godeheu k Dupleix. Paris, 410, 1760. Memoire pour la Compagnie des Indes contre Dupleix. Paris, 4to, 1763. Plainte du Chevalier Law. Paris, 4to, 1763. Rdponse de Dupleix k la lettre de Godeheu. Paris, 4to, 1763. Refutation des faits imputes k Godeheu. Paris, 4to, 1764. Mdmoire pour Bussy expositif de ses cr^ances sur la Compagnie des Indes. Paris, 4to, 1764. BIBLIOGRAPHY xiii M^moire pour Bussy au sujet du mdmoire que Lally vient de r^pandre dans le public. Paris, 4to, 1 766. M^moire pour Bussy centre la Compagnie. Paris, 410, 1767. M6moire pour Lally contre le Procureur-gfo^rale. 3 parts. Paris, 410, 1766. Lettres de d'Ach6 k Lally. Paris, 4to, 1766. Lettres de Leyrit k Lally. Paris, 4to, 1766. M^moire pour d'Ach^. Paris, 4to, 1 766. (6) MADRAS [MoNSON, William].—A Letter to a Proprietor of the East India Company. 8vo, n.d., 123 pp. (I.O. Tracts). Narrative of the Transactions of the British Squadrons in the East Indies . by an Officer who served in those Squadrons. 8vo, 1751. Journal ... of the Boscaweris Voyage to Bombay ... by Philalethes. 8vo, 1750- {c) BENGAL [Watts, William].—Memoirs of the Revolution in Bengal in the Year 1757. Svo, 1760. An Authentic Account of the Proceedings of . the States of Holland and West Friesland on the Complaints laid before them by Sir Joseph Yorke. [With appendix of original letters.] 4to, 1762. A Defence of the United Merchants of England . against the Complaints of the Dutch East India Company . 4to, 1762. ''[Caillaud, John].— Narrative of what happened in Bengal in the Year 1760. Svo, n.d. HOLWELL, J. Z.— India Tracts. 4to, 1764 (2nd ed.). Vansittart, H.—Narrative. 3 vols. Svo, 1766. Address from . Holwell . to . Scrafton in reply to his . Observa- tions on Mr. Vansittart's Narrative. Svo, 1767. Strachey, H.— Narrative of the Mutiny of the Officers in Bengal. Svo, 1773. Proceedings of the Court-Martial on Sir Robert Fletcher. Svo, n.d. Bolts, W.— Considerations on Indian Affairs. 3 vols. 4to, 1772-75. Caraccioli, C—Life of Robert, Lord Clive. 4 vols. Svo [1777]. xiv DUPLEIX AND CLIVE OTHER WORKS Cambridgk, R. O.—Account of the War in India. 4to, 1761. Orme, R.—History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan. 3 vols. 410, 1803 (4th ed.). Malcolm, Sir J.—Life of Lord Clive. 3 vols. 8vo, 1836. Forrest, Sir G.—Life of Lord Clive. 2 vols. 8vo, 1918. Grant, J. —Sketch of the History of the East India Company. 8vo, 1813. Waddington.—La Guerre des Sept Ans. 4 vols. Paris, 8vo, 1899. CORBETT, J.—England in the Seven Years' War. 2 vols. 8vo, 1907. WiLKS, M.—Historical Sketches of the South of India. 2 vols. Madras, 8vo, 1869. Gentil.—Mdmoires sur Hindustan. Paris, 8vo, 1822. Hamont, T. —Dupleix d'apr&s sa correspondance inddite. Paris, 8vo, 1881. Cultru, p.— Dupleix, ses idees, sa politique et sa chute. Paris, 8vo, 1901. Hamont, T.—Lally-ToUendal. Paris, 8vo, 1887. Grant, C.— History of Mauritius. 4to, 1801. Lacour-Gayet, G.—La marine militaire de la France sous le r^gne de Louis XV. Paris, 8vo, 1910. Du Teil, J. Baron.—Une famille militaire au i8« sifede. Paris, 8vo, 1896. Ives, E.—Voyage to India. 8vo, 1773. Broome, A.—Rise and Progress of the Bengal Army. Calcutta, 8vo, 1850. Hyde, H. B.—The Parochial Annals of Bengal. Calcutta, 8vo, 1901. Klerk de Reuss.—De expeditie naar Bengale en 1759 {ap. Indische Gids, 1889, vol. ii., p. 2093 ; and 1894, vol. ii., pp. 27 and 247). Hill, S. C—Three Frenchmen in Bengal. 8vo, 1903. INTRODUCTION is not my purpose in the following pages to attempt ITwriting the personal history of the two great though essentially different men whose names I have placed upon my title-page, but rather to sketch the history of the ideas and conditions which under their impulse resulted in the establish- ment of the English Company as the principal power in India, and to trace out the obUgations of the EngUsh to the French. Those obhgations have conamonly been minimised by the historians of the first, and exaggerated by the historians of the second nation. And the last considerable English writer on this subject. Colonel Malleson, abounds in gross mistakes and crude generalisations.
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  • Courtesans in Colonial India Representations of British Power Through Understandings of Nautch-Girls, Devadasis, Tawa’Ifs, and Sex-Work, C

    Courtesans in Colonial India Representations of British Power Through Understandings of Nautch-Girls, Devadasis, Tawa’Ifs, and Sex-Work, C

    Courtesans in Colonial India Representations of British Power through Understandings of Nautch-Girls, Devadasis, Tawa’ifs, and Sex-Work, c. 1750-1883 by Grace E. S. Howard A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Grace E. S. Howard, May, 2019 ABSTRACT COURTESANS IN COLONIAL INDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF BRITISH POWER THROUGH UNDERSTANDINGS OF NAUTCH-GIRLS, DEVADASIS, TAWA’IF, AND SEX-WORK, C. 1750-1883 Grace E. S. Howard Advisors: University of Guelph Dr. Jesse Palsetia Dr. Norman Smith Dr. Kevin James British representations of courtesans, or nautch-girls, is an emerging area of study in relation to the impact of British imperialism on constructions of Indian womanhood. The nautch was a form of dance and entertainment, performed by courtesans, that originated in early Indian civilizations and was connected to various Hindu temples. Nautch performances and courtesans were a feature of early British experiences of India and, therefore, influenced British gendered representations of Indian women. My research explores the shifts in British perceptions of Indian women, and the impact this had on imperial discourses, from the mid-eighteenth through the late nineteenth centuries. Over the course of the colonial period examined in this research, the British increasingly imported their own social values and beliefs into India. British constructions of gender, ethnicity, and class in India altered ideas and ideals concerning appropriate behaviour, sexuality, sexual availability, and sex-specific gender roles in the subcontinent. This thesis explores the production of British lifestyles and imperial culture in India and the ways in which this influenced their representation of courtesans.