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Nitrogen Isotopes in Zostera Marina Bates College SCARAB Honors Theses Capstone Projects Spring 5-2011 Nitrogen Isotopes in Zostera marina: a Potential Indicator of Anthropogenic Nutrient Loading in Casco Bay, Gulf of Maine Gregory Edward Flynn Bates College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scarab.bates.edu/honorstheses Recommended Citation Flynn, Gregory Edward, "Nitrogen Isotopes in Zostera marina: a Potential Indicator of Anthropogenic Nutrient Loading in Casco Bay, Gulf of Maine" (2011). Honors Theses. 2. http://scarab.bates.edu/honorstheses/2 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Capstone Projects at SCARAB. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of SCARAB. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nitrogen Isotopes in Zostera marina: a Potential Indicator of Anthropogenic Nutrient Loading in Casco Bay, Gulf of Maine An Honors Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Geology Bates College In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts by Gregory Flynn Lewiston, Maine March 25, 2010 Table of Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................................... v Abstract .................................................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction .................................................... 1 1.1 Summary of Objectives ...................................................................................... 2 1.2 The Nitrogen Cycle in Marine Environments .................................................... 2 1.2.1 Nitrogen Isotopes ............................................................................................ 7 1.2.2 Fractionation ................................................................................................... 8 1.2.3 Anthropogenic Influence ................................................................................ 9 1.3 Previous Studies ................................................................................................. 11 1.3.1 Previous Studies in Casco Bay ......................................................................... 12 1.4 Purpose ............................................................................................................... 15 1.4.1 Site Description ............................................................................................... 15 1.4.1.1 Geology ......................................................................................................... 16 1.4.1.2 Land Use........................................................................................................ 21 2. Methods ........................................................... 24 2.1 Field .................................................................................................................... 25 2.1.1 Mackworth Island and Maquoit Bay ............................................................... 25 2.1.2 Rivers ............................................................................................................... 29 2.1.3 Open Ocean .................................................................................................... 29 2.2 Laboratory .......................................................................................................... 30 2.2.1 Grain Size Analysis .......................................................................................... 30 2.2.2 Chlorophyll ...................................................................................................... 30 2.2.3 Nitrogen Isotope Analysis using the IRMS ..................................................... 31 2.2.3.1 Eelgrass ........................................................................................................ 31 2.2.3.2 Sediment ....................................................................................................... 31 i 2.2.3.3 Particulate Organic Matter ......................................................................... 31 2.2.3.4 Inorganic Nitrogen in Water ........................................................................ 32 2.2.4 Statistic Analysis .............................................................................................. 38 3. Results .............................................................. 40 3.1 Standards ........................................................................................................... 41 3.2 Mackworth Island versus Maquoit Bay .............................................................. 45 3.2.1 Nitrate .............................................................................................................. 45 3.2.2 Ammonium ..................................................................................................... 45 3.2.3 Producers ......................................................................................................... 48 3.2.3.1 Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes ..................................................................... 48 3.2.3.2 C/N Ratios ..................................................................................................... 48 3.2.3.3 Chlorophyll .................................................................................................. 48 3.2.3.4 Grain Size Analysis ....................................................................................... 48 3.3 Inputs: Rivers and Open Ocean ......................................................................... 51 3.3.1 POM ................................................................................................................. 51 3.3.2 Chlorophyll ...................................................................................................... 51 3.3.3 Nitrate .............................................................................................................. 51 4. Discussion ........................................................ 54 4.1 Source of DIN to Mackworth Island and Maquoit Bay ..................................... 55 4. 2 Quantifying for Enriched Nitrogen in Eelgrass and Nitrate ............................ 55 4.2.1 Possible Causes of 15N Enrichment in Eelgrass and Nitrate ........................... 60 4.3 Temporal Variability of Eelgrass Isotope Data .................................................. 66 5. Conclusions ..................................................... 70 References ................................................................................................................. 73 ArcGIS Layers ........................................................................................................... 77 ii Appendix 1 ................................................................................................................ 78 Appendix 2 ................................................................................................................ 79 Appendix 3 ................................................................................................................ 80 Appendix 4 ................................................................................................................ 81 Appendix 5 ................................................................................................................ 82 Appendix 6 ................................................................................................................ 83 iii Acknowledgments I would like to start by thanking the Bates College Geology Department, some of the most enthusiastic, intellectual, and fun people I have spent time with. To Dysktra Eusden: thank you for supporting my love for the outdoors and showing me the incredible powers of education in the Field. To John Creasy: thank you for getting me through my first big Geology project and being supportive of my thesis work from the start. To Michael Retelle: thank you for being the teacher of my first college Geology class, and fostering my interest in the subject. It is my privilege to thank Beverly Johnson, who my thesis would not have been possible without. She spent endless hours with me in her office, in addition to the countless hours correcting my drafts. Her patience and knowledge helped me throughout the process, and she was always there for me, being more than willing to take time out of her night, weekend, or holiday. Her commitment to me and my project got me over even the worst times in the past year, only for the best. In addition, her enthusiasm and excitement promoted my interest in stable isotope geochemistry, introducing me to a field that I would have never found myself interest in without her. To Phil Dostie: thank you for taking care of me in the geochemistry lab, helping me with everyday tasks, bandaging my wounds from failed lab work, and cleaning up my messes. To William Locke: thank you for being great assistance to me in the field, and helping me understand instrumentation used in this thesis. To Matt Duvall and William Ash of the Bates College Imaging Center, thank you for helping me with GIS and InDesign tasks, and organizing my thesis. Thank you, Curtis Bohlen and the Casco Bay Estuarine Partnership for being a great support to this project, providing funding, data, and the opportunity to test samples from the outer Casco Bay. Thank you to the crew of the OSV Bold EPA ship for collecting ocean water sample for this project and giving me a great
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