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Birds (last update September 2013) Philippa Horton, vs Inland Thornbills ( pusilla and A. apicalis), have meant that in regions where these abut Senior Collection Manager, , or overlap some relatively arbitrary decisions have Australian Museum been made to include certain records or not. Other species show seasonal or irregular dispersive movements Brian Blaylock, that are not yet reliably established or depicted on South Australian Museum; the maps. Finally, it should be noted that while the distribution maps are reasonably comprehensive, they Secretary, Birds SA do not include all records such as the numerous sight records in observers’ personal field books and others Andrew Black, that are not on any of the databases accessed for this Honorary Research Associate, list. There may also be some records that have been South Australian Museum accidentally overlooked. The maps give a good indication of where species The following list includes all species of birds reliably might be encountered routinely, but on rare occasions recorded as free-living forms from South during any species may be seen well outside its known the period of European settlement. Recorded are 303 range as depicted. In such instances the observer is non- (of which seven are introduced) and 179 encouraged to contact Birds SA, SAM or DEWNR and passerines (six introduced), totalling 482 species for the to supply a description, and if possible photographs, so state. Appendix 1 at the end of this chapter includes: that the record can be assessed for possible inclusion in a) species for which records are unconfirmed or the BDBSA. Use of Birds SA’s Rare Bird Committee Record rejected, b) introduced species for which there are Report Form or BirdLife Australia’s Unusual Record Report no current, established, feral populations. Form (URRF) is encouraged. Maps and Nomenclature As in the first (Aslin 1985), second (Watts 1990) and Since the third edition (Robinson et al. 2000), a large third (Robinson et al. 2000) editions of this list, the volume of research, principally DNA-based, has distributional information (maps only in third edition) contributed to numerous changes in the taxonomy of has been compiled from several sources. These include Australian birds. The landmark work of Christidis and specimen data from the South Australian Museum, Boles (2008) summarised this research up to the time (SAM), and sight records from BirdLife Australia and from of its publication and we have used it as the basis for the SA Department of Environment, Water and Natural revising our list of SA species. Following Christidis and Resources (DEWNR), principally the Biological Database Boles (2008), the flow of newly published phylogenetic of (BDBSA), as detailed in the general and related studies has continued. We have assessed Introduction. For this edition a major improvement in those relevant to the SA avifauna and have made the data set has been the inclusion of all currently taxonomic and nomenclatural changes accordingly. databased records held by Birds SA (The South We have also made extensive use of web-based Australian Ornithological Association Inc). resources in making our decisions, including Zoonomen The bird distribution maps have been extensively – Birds of the World (Peterson 2011), Avibase (Lepage scrutinised in to correct mistakes either due to 2013) and the IOC World Bird List (Gill and Donsker 2013). incorrect identification or, more frequently, to mistakes in The IOC List is a particularly useful resource because it entering data and assigning geographical coordinates. is frequently updated and provides references and links This work has largely been undertaken by members of to further information. The species and names we Birds SA Vetting Subcommittee (Andrew Black, Chair, use closely follow the IOC List; where they differ from the Graham Carpenter and Lynn Pedler with Colin Rogers IOC List and/or from Christidis and Boles (2008) we have and John Hatch for sea- and shore-birds), and for SAM provided explanations in Appendix 2. Notable changes records by Philippa Horton and Brian Blaylock. Sight from Christidis and Boles (2008) include the restoration records from beyond the usual range of a species are of several shearwaters from Ardenna back to Puffinus, shown on the map if adequate corroborative evidence splitting of the genus into could be obtained; if this was not available they are several genera, and raising two quailthrush not shown but are retained as unconfirmed. In other to species level. instances difficulties arising from field identification, Within each family we have arranged genera and such as the crows and ravens (Corvus spp.) and Brown species in alphabetical order. With the exception of

Census of South Australian Vertebrates - SECTION 3 BIRDS Page 1 FIS 92159 Laridae and Hydrobatidae, within which subfamilies are a rapid radiation of taxa. They found several well- clearly defined, we have elected not to use subfamilies supported cladistic groupings that diverge at or because in so many instances the placement of genera near the base of the and that ‘’ within subfamilies is uncertain. Because the scope is supported only when the ß-fibrinogen gene is of this list covers species only, we have not included included in the analysis. Of interest is the consistently subspecies for most. Exceptions are those species or supported close relationship between falcons, subspecies that are included on the threatened species and passerines, also found by Ericson et al. (2006). schedules of the SA National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. Using retroposon insertions Suh et al. (2011) also found We also include subspecies if they are widely recognised that parrots are the closest relatives of passerines, and have their own English name, e.g. Ringneck and falcons the second closest (retroposons are and Port Lincoln . jumping genetic elements that insert almost randomly in the genome and provide evidence of relatedness Higher-level Classification detectable for more than 100 million years). Morgan- Higher-level classification of birds continues to present Richards et al. (2008) tested the Metaves-Coronaves challenges but recent studies have resolved some hypothesis by analysing the complete mitochondrial major relationships. There is widespread agreement that genomes of 35 species including seven ‘metavian’ modern birds (subclass Neornithes) fall into two groups: species. They found these seven species separate into the ( and ) and the four different and there is no support for the (all remaining groups), and that within the Metaves as a monophyletic group. They suggested Neognathae there is a major, early division between the that the high number of insertions/deletions within the Galloanserae (, , geese, seventh intron of ß-fibrinogen resulted in artefacts during and allies) and all other birds – the Neoaves. analysis, while Mayr (2010) suggested this gene is subject to homoplasy (similarity arising from convergence). Several recent molecular studies have investigated Morgan-Richards et al. (2008) did not include parrots in relationships within the Neoaves. Fain and Houde their study but did not find a sister relationship between (2004) sequenced the seventh intron (non-coding passerines and falcons. Pratt et al. (2009) added nine region) of the nuclear ß-fibrinogen gene in one of more mitochondrial genomes to those investigated by the first studies to include representatives from most Morgan-Richards et al. (2008) and improved techniques families. They found a major division of the Neoaves for elucidating divergences and groupings. They found into two groups: Metaves (caprimulgiforms, pigeons, a major diversification of at least 12 neoavian lineages , , swifts, , and in the Late , with parrots possibly as a a few other small groups) and Coronaves (remaining split, falcons sister to a containing other diurnal groups). Ericson et al. (2006) looked at the same gene raptors and the , and passerines in another well- region along with four additional ones and also found separated lineage. the same division within Neoaves. Christidis and Boles (2008) accordingly adopted this division with the result These studies plus others each provide a different that their sequence of orders is significantly different picture of neoavian phylogeny. Mayr (2010) made a from traditional classifications in placing tropicbirds, comprehensive review of morphological and molecular grebes, pigeons, caprimulgiforms and swifts in sequence studies and found that some neoavian groupings have between ducks and . widespread support (e.g. a sister relationship between owlet- and swifts with nightjars sister to both, Livezey and Zusi (2007) expressed concern that both and a close relationship between grebes and flamingos) molecular and morphological investigations were while for others their position remains uncertain (e.g. hampered by small character sets and limited pigeons, and a clade containing caprimulgiforms, sampling. They made a phylogenetic analysis of 150 swifts, hummingbirds and allies). His summary hypothesis taxa of Neornithes, plus 35 outgroup taxa including shows several major clades arising from near the base of Mesozoic birds, using almost 3000 morphological Neoaves. One clade is a ‘landbird assemblage’ (minus characters. Their resulting phylogeny is closer to more pigeons and nightjars and allies) and another includes ‘traditional’ arrangements with, for example, parrots a ‘waterbird assemblage’ (with a rearrangement and pigeons as closely related groups. They found of , Ciconiiformes and ), no evidence for a separation into ‘Metaves’ and both assemblages being supported by many studies. ‘Coronaves’, with the first major division of Neoaves Research published in the last two years describes yet being between a -waterbird assemblage and a further evidence for phylogenetic relationships and shorebird-landbird assemblage. novel methods for detecting them (e.g. Suh et al. 2012) Hackett et al. (2008) investigated nuclear DNA and as Mayr (2010) concluded ‘If the numbers of new sequences from 19 independent loci (including analyses continue to be as high as during the past years, ß-fibrinogen) and found extremely short internodes we can indeed be confident that a robust phylogenetic between divisions near the base of Neoaves, indicating framework will be available in the near future.’

Page 2 SECTION 3 BIRDS - Census of South Australian Vertebrates It is clear that the higher-level classification presented in Christidis and Boles (2008) does not adequately reflect current interpretations of avian phylogeny. We therefore elected to follow the classification given in the IOC List (Gill and Donsker 2013) which, while still fairly ‘traditional’, does reflect recently established groupings. English Names English names of birds follow those used in the IOC List (Gill and Donsker 2013) with a few exceptions (enclosed in square brackets) as explained in the text. Where the IOC name differs from that used in Christidis and Boles (2008) the latter name is included in round brackets. A significant departure from common name usage in Christidis and Boles (2008) is that most hyphens have been dropped from compound bird group names. It has been customary in the past to hyphenate compound names (such as Storm-Petrel, Sea-Eagle and - ) but an increasing consensus is to delete the hyphens in accordance with the sound arguments given by Gill et al. (2009). Note however that hyphens remain for descriptive epithets for example in Long- tailed Jaeger or Buff-rumped Thornbill. Rules for spelling of compound bird group names are detailed in Gill and Wright (2006) and are reiterated in the IOC website (Gill and Donsker 2013) at www.worldbirdnames.org/english- names/spelling-rules/

The rules can be summarised thus:

Compound names of two words are spelled as single, unhyphenated words if the second word is not a group name to which that species belongs taxonomically; examples are , , Nativehen, , Greenshank, Flycatcher, Fairywren, Grasswren, Quailthrush. A compound name may only be hyphenated if it would appear odd spelled as one word. For South Australian birds we make four such exceptions: Bee-eater (because of the repeated vowel), Owlet- and Plains-wanderer (because as one word they have four syllables and are unwieldy) and Painted-snipe (because as one word it appears odd).

Only if the second name is a group name to which that species belongs taxonomically are two words used, each capitalised (for example Storm Petrel, Sea Eagle, Golden , Black , Bronze , Reed Warbler). If the first name is also a bird group name then a hyphen should be used (Hawk-, Parrot-Finch). Long established names such as Skylark, Goldfinch and Sparrowhawk (each of which should be two words) and (which should be hyphenated) are exceptions to these rules.

Census of South Australian Vertebrates - SECTION 3 BIRDS Page 3 FIS 92159 AVES - Birds Order Struthioniformes - Ostriches Family - Ostriches 1. * Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1758 Common Ostrich

See Appendix 2.1. Order - Family - and emus See Appendix 2.2. 2. baudinianus S.A. Parker, 1984 AU: EX SA: E

See Appendix 2.3.

3. Dromaius novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790) Emu

Introduced to Kangaroo and Wedge Islands. Order - Megapodes, pheasants, and allies Family Megapodiidae - Megapodes 4. *Alectura lathami J.E. Gray, 1831

5. Leipoa ocellata Gould, 1840 AU: VU SA: V Family - Pheasants, quails and allies 6. Coturnix pectoralis Gould, 1837

7. Coturnix ypsilophora Bosc, 1792 Brown Quail SA: V

One subspecies in SA: C. y. australis (Latham, 1801).

8. Excalfactoria chinensis (Linnaeus, 1766) King Quail SA: E

One subspecies in SA: E. c. victoriae Mathews, 1912.

9. *Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 Indian Peafowl Order - Geese, ducks and allies Family - Magpie Goose 10. Anseranas semipalmata (Latham, 1798) Magpie Goose SA: E

Current population at Bool Lagoon re-introduced from the . See Appendix 2.4. Family - Geese, swans and ducks 11. Anas castanea (Eyton, 1838) Chestnut Teal

12. Anas clypeata Linnaeus, 1758 Northern Shoveler

13. Anas gracilis Buller, 1869 Grey Teal

14. *Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 Mallard (Northern Mallard)

15. Anas querquedula Linnaeus, 1758 Garganey

16. Anas rhynchotis Latham, 1801 Australasian Shoveler SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in Australia. See Appendix 2.5.

17. Anas superciliosa J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Pacific Black

Hybrids between Mallards and Pacific Black Ducks are found in the wild.

18. Aythya australis (Eyton, 1838) Hardhead

19. Biziura lobata (Shaw, 1796) SA: R

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Page 4 SECTION 3 BIRDS - Census of South Australian Vertebrates 20. Cereopsis novaehollandiae Latham, 1801 Cape Barren Goose SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA.

21. Chenonetta jubata (Latham, 1801) Maned Duck (Australian Wood Duck)

22. Cygnus atratus (Latham, 1790) Black Swan

23. Dendrocygna arcuata (Horsfield, 1824) Wandering

24. Dendrocygna eytoni (Eyton, 1838) Plumed Whistling Duck

25. Malacorhynchus membranaceus (Latham, 1801) Pink-eared Duck

26. Nettapus pulchellus Gould, 1842 Green Pygmy Goose

One vagrant bird photographed at Dalhousie Springs, northern SA, Oct. 2006, by D. Borchardt (A. Silcocks, BirdLife Australia, pers. comm.).

27. Oxyura australis Gould, 1837 Blue-billed Duck SA: R

28. Stictonetta naevosa (Gould, 1841) SA: V

29. Tadorna tadornoides (Jardine & Selby, 1828) Australian Shelduck Order Sphenisciformes - Family Spheniscidae - Penguins 30. Aptenodytes patagonicus J.F. Miller, 1778 King

31. Eudyptes chrysolophus (Brandt, 1837) Macaroni Penguin

Only vagrants of E. c. schlegeli Finsch, 1876 Royal Penguin have been recorded in SA. See Appendix 2.6.

32. Eudyptes moseleyi Mathews & Iredale, 1921 Northern Rockhopper Penguin

See Appendix 2.7.

33. Eudyptes pachyrhynchus G.R. Gray, 1845 Fiordland Penguin

34. Eudyptes robustus Oliver, 1953 Snares Penguin

See Appendix 2.8.

35. Eudyptes sclateri Buller, 1888 Erect-crested Penguin

36. Eudyptula minor (J.R. Forster, 1781) Little Penguin

See Appendix 2.9. Order - Tubenoses Family Diomedeidae - See Appendix 2.10.

37. Diomedea epomophora Lesson, 1825 Royal AU: sspp. SA: sspp. Includes two subspecies: D. e. sanfordi Murphy, 1917 (Northern Royal Albatross) AU: EN SA: E, and D. e. epomophora (Southern Royal Albatross) AU: VU SA: V.

38. Diomedea exulans Linnaeus, 1758 Wandering Albatross AU: sspp. SA: V This species has several subspecies recognised globally; D. e. exulans (Wandering Albatross) is the main subspecies that occurs in SA, AU: EN. The SA Museum holds a specimen of another subspecies, as yet unidentified (B31791 from Goolwa, either D. e. gibsoni Robertson & Warham, 1992 Gibson’s Albatross or D. e. antipodensis Robertson & Warham, 1992 Antipodean Albatross, both AU: VU).

39. Phoebetria fusca (Hilsenberg, 1822) Sooty Albatross AU: VU SA: E In SANPW Act as Diomedea fusca.

40. Phoebetria palpebrata (J.R. Forster, 1785) Light-mantled Albatross (Light-mantled Sooty Albatross) SA: V In SANPW Act as Diomedea palpebrata.

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Census of South Australian Vertebrates - SECTION 3 BIRDS Page 5 FIS 92159 41. Thalassarche bulleri (Rothschild, 1893) Buller’s Albatross AU: VU SA: V In SANPW Act as Diomedea bulleri.

42. Thalassarche cauta (Gould, 1841) Shy Albatross AU: VU SA: V Only the nominate subspecies has been recorded in SA (but given their similarity both it and T. c. steadi Falla, 1933 (White-capped Albatross) may occur in SA waters); in the SANPW Act it is listed as Diomedea c. cauta. See Appendix 2.11.

43. Thalassarche chlororhynchos (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Yellow-nosed Albatross AU: ssp. SA: sspp.

Both subspecies occur in SA and the SANPW Act lists them as: Diomedea chlororhynchos carteri and D. c. chlororhynchos. T. c. chlororhynchos Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross SA: E and T. c. carteri (Rothschild, 1903) Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross AU: VU SA: E.

44. Thalassarche chrysostoma (J.R. Forster, 1785) Grey-headed Albatross AU: EN SA: V

SANPW Act lists this species as Diomedea chrysostoma.

45. Thalassarche melanophris (Temminck, 1828) Black-browed Albatross AU: VU SA: ssp.

Includes two subspecies T. m. melanophris and T. m. impavida Mathews, 1912 Campbell Albatross; both occur in SA. T. m. impavida (as Diomedea m. impavida in SANPW Act) SA: V.

46. Thalassarche salvini (Rothschild, 1893) Salvin’s Albatross AU: VU SA: V

Only the nominate subspecies has been recorded in SA; in the SANPW Act it is listed as Diomedea cauta salvini. See Appendix 2.12. Family - Shearwaters and petrels 47. Aphrodroma brevirostris (Lesson, 1831) Kerguelen Petrel

See Appendix 2.13.

48. Daption capense (Linnaeus, 1758) Cape Petrel

49. Fulmarus glacialoides (A. Smith, 1840) Southern Fulmar

50. Halobaena caerulea (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Blue Petrel AU: VU

51. Macronectes giganteus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Southern Giant Petrel AU: EN SA: V

52. Macronectes halli Mathews, 1912 Northern Giant Petrel AU: VU

53. Pachyptila belcheri (Mathews, 1912) Slender-billed Prion

54. Pachyptila desolata (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Antarctic Prion

55. Pachyptila salvini (Mathews, 1912) Salvin’s Prion

56. Pachyptila turtur (Kuhl, 1820) Fairy Prion

57. Pachyptila vittata (G. Forster, 1777) Broad-billed Prion

58. Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus, 1758 White-chinned Petrel

59. Procellaria cinerea J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Grey Petrel

60. Pterodroma cookii (G.R. Gray, 1843) Cook’s Petrel

61. Pterodroma inexpectata (J.R. Forster, 1844) Mottled Petrel

62. Pterodroma lessonii (Garnot, 1826) White-headed Petrel

63. Pterodroma leucoptera (Gould, 1844) Gould’s Petrel

SAM specimens from SA have been identified previously as P. l. caledonica Imber and Tennyson, 1981, the subspecies breeding in . However, because there is much overlap in variation between this and the nominate subspecies (D. Portelli pers. comm.), it is possible that SA specimens may be referable to the latter. The nominate subspecies is AU: EN.

64. Pterodroma macroptera (A. Smith, 1840) Great-winged Petrel

Two subspecies, both occurring in SA waters: the nominate subspecies and P. m. gouldi (F.W. Hutton, 1869) Grey-faced Petrel; regarded by some recent authors as separate species (e.g. Onley and Scofield, 2007, Howell, 2012). Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Page 6 SECTION 3 BIRDS - Census of South Australian Vertebrates 65. Pterodroma mollis (Gould, 1844) Soft-plumaged Petrel AU: VU

66. Puffinus assimilis Gould, 1838 Little Shearwater

67. Puffinus carneipes (Gould, 1844) Flesh-footed Shearwater SA: R

See Appendix 2.14.

68. Puffinus gavia (J.R. Forster, 1844) Fluttering Shearwater

69. Puffinus gravis (O’Reilly, 1818) Great Shearwater

70. Puffinus griseus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Sooty Shearwater

71. Puffinus huttoni Mathews, 1912 Hutton’s Shearwater

72. Puffinus pacificus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Wedge-tailed Shearwater

Observed by J.A.F. Jenkins in 1971 (Hatch and Cheshire 2000; N. Cheshire pers. comm.).

73. Puffinus puffinus (Brünnich, 1764) Manx Shearwater

74. Puffinus tenuirostris (Temminck, 1836) Short-tailed Shearwater

75. Thalassoica (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Antarctic Petrel Family Pelecanoididae - Diving petrels single column layout for species names See Appendix 2.15.

76. Pelecanoides georgicus Murphy & Harper, 1916 South Georgia Diving Petrel

77. Pelecanoides urinatrix (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Common Diving Petrel Family Hydrobatidae - Storm petrels See Appendix 2.16.

Subfamily Hydrobatinae

78. Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot, 1818) Leach’s Storm Petrel

See Appendix 2.17.

Subfamily Oceanitinae

79. Fregetta tropica (Gould, 1844) Black-bellied Storm Petrel

80. Garrodia nereis (Gould, 1841) Grey-backed Storm Petrel

81. Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl, 1820) Wilson’s Storm Petrel

82. Pelagodroma marina (Latham, 1790) White-faced Storm Petrel Order Podicipediformes - Grebes Family Podicipedidae - Grebes 83. cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Great Crested SA: R

Only one subspecies in Australia: P. c. australis Gould, 1844.

84. Poliocephalus poliocephalus (Jardine & Selby, 1827) Hoary-headed Grebe

85. Tachybaptus novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) Australasian Grebe Order - Tropicbirds Family Phaethontidae - Tropicbirds 86. Phaethon rubricauda Boddaert, 1783 Red-tailed Tropicbird Order Ciconiiformes - Family Ciconiidae - Storks 87. Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus (Latham, 1790) Black-necked

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Census of South Australian Vertebrates - SECTION 3 BIRDS Page 7 FIS 92159 Order Pelecaniformes - Ibises, , bitterns, pelicans Family Threskiornithidae - Ibises and spoonbills 88. Platalea flavipes Gould, 1838 Yellow-billed Spoonbill

89. Platalea regia Gould, 1838 Royal Spoonbill

90. Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus, 1766) Glossy Ibis SA: R

91. Threskiornis moluccus (Cuvier, 1829)

Species name spelling change required because Threskiornis is masculine (David & Gosselin, 2011).

92. Threskiornis spinicollis (Jameson, 1835) Straw-necked Ibis Family Ardeidae - Herons and bitterns 93. alba Linnaeus, 1758 Great Egret

See Appendix 2.18.

94. Ardea ibis Linnaeus, 1758 SA: R

The Eastern Cattle Egret A. i. coromanda (Boddaert, 1783) is the form that occurs in Australia.

See Appendix 2.19.

95. Ardea intermedia Wagler, 1829 Intermediate Egret SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in Australia. See Appendix 2.20.

96. Ardea pacifica Latham, 1801 White-necked

97. Botaurus poiciloptilus (Wagler, 1827) Australasian Bittern AU: EN SA: V

98. garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766) Little Egret SA: R

Only one subspecies in Australia: E. g. nigripes Temminck, 1840.

99. Egretta novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790) White-faced Heron

100. Egretta picata (Gould, 1845) Pied Heron

101. Egretta sacra J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Pacific Reef Heron (Eastern Reef Egret) SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in Australia.

102. Ixobrychus dubius Mathews, 1912 Australian Little Bittern [Black-backed Bittern] SA: E

103. Nycticorax caledonicus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Nankeen Night Heron Family Pelecanidae - Pelicans 104. Pelecanus conspicillatus Temminck, 1824 Australian Pelican Order Suliformes - , , , and See Appendix 2.21. Family Fregatidae - Frigatebirds 105. Fregata ariel (G.R. Gray, 1845) Lesser Family - Gannets and boobies 106. Morus serrator (G.R. Gray, 1843) Australasian Family Phalacrocoracidae - Cormorants 107. Microcarbo melanoleucos (Vieillot, 1817) Little Pied

108. Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus, 1758)

109. Phalacrocorax fuscescens (Vieillot, 1817) Black-faced Cormorant

110. Phalacrocorax sulcirostris (Brandt, 1837)

111. Phalacrocorax varius (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) [Australian] Pied Cormorant

See Appendix 2.22.

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Page 8 SECTION 3 BIRDS - Census of South Australian Vertebrates Family Anhingidae - Darters 112. novaehollandiae (Gould, 1847) Australasian SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in Australia (Schodde et al. 2012). Listed in the SANPW Act as A. melanogaster, Darter. Order - Osprey, hawks, eagles and allies Family Pandionidae - Osprey 113. Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758) Osprey SA: E

See Appendix 2.23. Family Accipitridae - Hawks, eagles and allies 114. Accipiter cirrocephalus (Vieillot, 1817) Collared Sparrowhawk

115. Accipiter fasciatus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827)

116. Accipiter novaehollandiae (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) SA: E

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in Australia. See Appendix 2.24.

117. Aquila audax (Latham, 1801) Wedge-tailed Eagle

118. Circus approximans Peale, 1848 Swamp Harrier

119. Circus assimilis Jardine & Selby, 1828 Spotted Harrier

120. Elanus axillaris (Latham, 1801) Black-shouldered Kite

121. Elanus scriptus Gould, 1842 Letter-winged Kite SA: R

122. Haliaeetus leucogaster (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) White-bellied Sea Eagle SA: E

123. Haliastur sphenurus (Vieillot, 1818) Whistling Kite

124. Hamirostra melanosternon (Gould, 1841) Black-breasted Buzzard SA: R

125. Hieraaetus morphnoides (Gould, 1841) Little Eagle

126. Lophoictinia isura (Gould, 1838) Square-tailed Kite SA: E

127. Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783) Black Kite Order - Falcons Family Falconidae - Falcons 128. Falco berigora Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 Brown Falcon

129. Falco cenchroides Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 Nankeen Kestrel

130. Falco hypoleucos Gould, 1841 Grey Falcon SA: R

131. Falco longipennis Swainson, 1838 Australian

132. Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 Peregrine Falcon SA: R

Only one subspecies occurs in Australia: F. p. macropus Swainson, 1838.

133. Falco subniger G.R. Gray, 1843 Order Otidiformes - Family Otididae - Bustards 134. Ardeotis australis (J.E. Gray, 1829) Australian SA: V Order - Cranes, rails and allies Family Rallidae - Rails, crakes and allies 135. Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 Eurasian Coot

136. Gallinula tenebrosa Gould, 1846

137. Gallirallus philippensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Buff-banded

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Census of South Australian Vertebrates - SECTION 3 BIRDS Page 9 FIS 92159 138. Lewinia pectoralis (Temminck, 1831) Lewin’s Rail SA: V

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA.

139. Porphyrio porphyrio (Linnaeus, 1758) Purple Swamphen

140. fluminea Gould, 1843 Australian Crake (Australian Spotted Crake)

141. Porzana pusilla (Pallas, 1776) Baillon’s Crake

142. Porzana tabuensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Spotless Crake SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in Australia.

143. ventralis (Gould, 1837) Black-tailed Nativehen Family Gruidae - Cranes 144. rubicunda (Perry, 1810) SA: V Order - Plains-wanderer, sandpipers, and other waders, , gulls and allies Family Turnicidae - Buttonquails 145. Turnix pyrrhothorax (Gould, 1841) Red-chested Buttonquail SA: R

146. Turnix varius (Latham, 1801) Painted Buttonquail SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA.

147. Turnix velox (Gould, 1841) Little Buttonquail Family Burhinidae - Stonecurlews Common name traditionally spelled with hyphen or as two words; see Introduction for spelling rules.

148. Burhinus grallarius (Latham, 1801) Bush Stonecurlew SA: R Family Haematopodidae - Oystercatchers 149. Haematopus fuliginosus Gould, 1845 Sooty Oystercatcher SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA.

150. Haematopus longirostris Vieillot, 1817 (Australian) Pied Oystercatcher SA: R Family Recurvirostridae - Avocets and stilts 151. Cladorhynchus leucocephalus (Vieillot, 1816) Banded Stilt SA: V

152. Himantopus leucocephalus Gould, 1837 White-headed Stilt

See Appendix 2.25.

153. Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Vieillot, 1816 Red-necked Avocet Family - Plovers and dotterels 154. Charadrius bicinctus Jardine & Selby, 1827 Double-banded Plover

155. Charadrius dubius Scopoli, 1786 Little Ringed Plover

156. Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus, 1758 Common Ringed Plover

157. Charadrius leschenaultii Lesson, 1826 Greater Sand Plover SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in Australia.

158. Charadrius mongolus Pallas, 1776 Lesser Sand Plover SA: R

The nominate subspecies migrates to SA (Rogers 2002).

159. Charadrius ruficapillus Temminck, 1821 Red-capped Plover

160. Charadrius veredus Gould, 1848 Oriental Plover

161. Elseyornis melanops (Vieillot, 1818) Black-fronted Dotterel

162. Erythrogonys cinctus Gould, 1838 Red-kneed Dotterel

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Page 10 SECTION 3 BIRDS - Census of South Australian Vertebrates 163. Peltohyas australis (Gould, 1841) Inland Dotterel

See Appendix 2.26.

164. Pluvialis dominica (Statius Müller, 1776) American Golden Plover

See Appendix 2.27.

165. Pluvialis fulva (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Pacific Golden Plover SA: R

166. Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758) Grey Plover

167. rubricollis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Hooded Plover [Hooded Dotterel] SA: V

See Appendix 2.28.

168. miles (Boddaert, 1783) Masked

Two subspecies, both occurring in SA: the nominate subspecies in northern SA and V. m. novaehollandiae Stephens, 1819 Spur-winged Plover in southern SA, with a broad intergradient zone between.

169. Vanellus tricolor (Vieillot, 1818) Banded Lapwing Family Rostratulidae - Painted-snipes 170. Rostratula australis (Gould, 1838) Australian Painted-snipe AU: EN SA: V

Listed in the SANPW Act as R. benghalensis, Painted Snipe. Family Jacanidae - Jacanas

171. Irediparra gallinacea (Temminck, 1828) Comb-crested Jacana Family Pedionomidae - Plains-wanderer 172. Pedionomus torquatus Gould, 1840 Plains-wanderer AU: VU SA: E Family Scolopacidae - Woodcock, sandpipers and allies 173. Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Sandpiper SA: R

174. Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus, 1758) Ruddy Turnstone SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in Australia.

175. Calidris acuminata (Horsfield, 1821) Sharp-tailed Sandpiper

176. Calidris alba (Pallas, 1764) SA: R

177. Calidris bairdii (Coues, 1861) Baird’s Sandpiper

178. Calidris canutus (Linnaeus, 1758) Red Knot

179. Calidris ferruginea (Pontoppidan, 1763) Curlew Sandpiper

180. Calidris fuscicollis (Vieillot, 1819) White-rumped Sandpiper

181. Calidris melanotos (Vieillot, 1819) Pectoral Sandpiper SA: R

182. Calidris minuta (Leisler, 1812) Little Stint

183. Calidris ruficollis (Pallas, 1776) Red-necked Stint

184. Calidris subminuta (Middendorff, 1853) Long-toed Stint SA: R

185. Calidris tenuirostris (Horsfield, 1821) Great Knot SA: R

186. Gallinago hardwickii (J.E. Gray, 1831) Latham’s Snipe SA: R

187. Limicola falcinellus (Pontoppidan, 1763) Broad-billed Sandpiper

188. Limnodromus griseus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Short-billed Dowitcher

189. Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus, 1758) Hudsonian Godwit

190. Limosa lapponica (Linnaeus, 1758) Bar-tailed Godwit SA: R

Only one subspecies recorded in SA: L. l. baueri J.F. Naumann, 1836.

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Census of South Australian Vertebrates - SECTION 3 BIRDS Page 11 FIS 92159 191. Limosa limosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Black-tailedGodwit SA: R

Only one subspecies occurs in Australia: L. l. melanuroides Gould, 1846.

192. Numenius madagascariensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Far Eastern Curlew SA: V

193. Numenius minutus Gould, 1841 Little Curlew

194. Numenius phaeopus (Linnaeus, 1758) Whimbrel SA: R

Probably only one subspecies occurs in SA: N. p. variegatus (Scopoli, 1786).

195. Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus, 1758) Red Phalarope (Grey Phalarope)

196. Phalaropus lobatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Red-necked Phalarope

197. Philomachus pugnax (Linnaeus, 1758) Ruff SA: R

198. Tringa brevipes (Vieillot, 1816) Grey-tailed Tattler SA: R

199. Tringa flavipes (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Lesser Yellowlegs

200. Tringa glareola Linnaeus, 1758 Wood Sandpiper SA: R

201. Tringa nebularia (Gunnerus, 1767) Common Greenshank

202. Tringa stagnatilis (Bechstein, 1803) Marsh Sandpiper

203. Tringa totanus (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Redshank

204. Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot, 1819) Buff-breasted Sandpiper

205. Xenus cinereus (Güldenstädt, 1775) Terek Sandpiper SA: R Family Glareolidae - Pratincoles and coursers 206. Glareola maldivarum J.R. Forster, 1795 Oriental Pratincole

207. Stiltia isabella (Vieillot, 1816) Australian Pratincole Family Laridae - Gulls, and noddies Subfamily Sterninae – Terns and noddies

208. Chlidonias hybrida (Pallas, 1811) Whiskered

209. Chlidonias leucopterus (Temminck, 1815) White-winged Tern

210. Gelochelidon nilotica (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Gull-billed Tern

211. Hydroprogne caspia (Pallas, 1770) Caspian Tern

212. Onychoprion anaethetus (Scopoli, 1786) Bridled Tern

213. Onychoprion fuscatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Sooty Tern

214. Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758 SA: R

215. Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763 Arctic Tern

216. Sterna striata J.F. Gmelin, 1789 White-fronted Tern

217. Sterna vittata J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Antarctic Tern

The subspecies recorded from SA are not confirmed. The SA Museum holds the only specimen from SA (B36933) and from the descriptions given in Higgins and Davies (1996) it fits best with either S. v. vittata (AU: VU) or S. v. bethunei Buller, 1896 (AU: EN). Birds observed off the SW coast of Kangaroo Island in 2006 fitted best with S. v. tristanensis Murphy, 1938 (Baxter 2010) (this subspecies is not listed on AU or SA schedules).

218. Sternula albifrons (Pallas, 1764) Little Tern SA: E

One subspecies in SA: S. a. sinensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789).

219. Sternula nereis Gould, 1843 Fairy Tern AU: VU SA: E

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA.

220. Thalasseus bergii (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) Greater Crested Tern

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Page 12 SECTION 3 BIRDS - Census of South Australian Vertebrates Subfamily Larinae - Gulls

221. Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826)

222. Larus dominicanus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein, 1823) Kelp Gull SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in Australia.

223. Larus pacificus Latham, 1801 Pacific Gull

224. Leucophaeus pipixcan (Wagler, 1831) Franklin’s Gull

225. Xema sabini (Sabine, 1819) Sabine’s Gull Family Stercorariidae - Skuas and jaegers 226. Stercorarius antarcticus (Lesson, 1831) Brown Skua SA: V

One subspecies in SA: S. a. lonnbergi (Mathews, 1912). Listed in the SANPW Act as Catharacta skua lonnbergi, Great Skua.

227. Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot, 1819 Long-tailed Jaeger

228. Stercorarius maccormicki H. Saunders, 1893 South Polar Skua

229. Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Parasitic Jaeger (Arctic Jaeger)

230. Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck, 1815) Pomarine Jaeger [Pomarine Skua]

See Appendix 2.29. Order Columbiformes - Pigeons and doves Family - Pigeons and doves 231. *Columba livia J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Feral Pigeon [Rock Dove]

See Appendix 2.30.

232. Geopelia cuneata (Latham, 1801) Diamond Dove

233. Geopelia placida Gould, 1844 Peaceful Dove

See Appendix 2.31.

234. Geophaps plumifera Gould, 1842 Spinifex Pigeon SA: R

Only one subspecies in SA: G. p. leucogaster (Gould, 1867).

235. Ocyphaps lophotes (Temminck, 1822)

236. chalcoptera (Latham, 1790) Common Bronzewing

237. Phaps elegans (Temminck, 1809) Brush Bronzewing

238. Phaps histrionica (Gould, 1841) Flock Bronzewing SA: R

239. Ptilinopus regina Swainson, 1825 Rose-crowned

240. *Spilopelia chinensis (Scopoli, 1786) Spotted Dove

See Appendix 2.32.

241. *Streptopelia risoria (Linnaeus, 1758) Barbary Dove

See Appendix 2.33. Order Psittaciformes - and parrots Family Cacatuidae - Cockatoos 242. galerita (Latham, 1790) Sulphur-crested Cockatoo

243. Cacatua leadbeateri (Vigors, 1831) Major Mitchell’s Cockatoo SA: R

See Appendix 2.34.

244. Cacatua sanguinea Gould, 1843 Little

245. Cacatua tenuirostris (Kuhl, 1820) Long-billed Corella

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Census of South Australian Vertebrates - SECTION 3 BIRDS Page 13 FIS 92159 246. Callocephalon fimbriatum (J. Grant, 1803) Gang-gang Cockatoo

Kangaroo Island population introduced in 1940 and 1956.

247. banksii (Latham, 1790) Red-tailed AU: ssp. SA: ssp.

Includes C. b. graptogyne Schodde, D.A. Saunders & Homberger, 1989 (South-East SA) AU: EN SA: E, and C. b. samueli Mathews, 1917 (far north of SA)

248. Calyptorhynchus funereus (Shaw, 1794) Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo SA: V

Represented in SA by C. f. whiteae Mathews, 1912 (following Schodde 1997b who separates the SA birds from Tasmanian C. f. xanthanotus Gould, 1838; in Higgins 1999 the SA birds are included in C. f. xanthanotus). The Eyre Peninsula population of C. f. whiteae is considered to be endangered.

249. Calyptorhynchus lathami (Temminck, 1807) Glossy Black Cockatoo AU: ssp. SA: E

C. l. halmaturinus Mathews, 1912 from Kangaroo Island is the only South Australian subspecies AU: EN.

250. Eolophus roseicapilla (Vieillot, 1817)

251. Nymphicus hollandicus (Kerr, 1792) Family Psittacidae - Parrots and allies 252. Aprosmictus erythropterus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Red-winged Parrot SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA.

253. Barnardius zonarius (Shaw, 1805) Australian Ringneck

Two subspecies occur in SA: B. z. zonarius Port Lincoln Parrot (W of Flinders Ranges) and B. z. barnardi (Vigors and Horsfield, 1827) Mallee Ringneck (E of Flinders Ranges); the two are intergradient through the Flinders Ranges.

254. Glossopsitta concinna (Shaw, 1791) Musk Lorikeet

255. Glossopsitta porphyrocephala (Dietrichsen, 1837) Purple-crowned Lorikeet

256. Glossopsitta pusilla (Shaw, 1790) Little Lorikeet SA: E

257. Lathamus discolor (Shaw, 1790) Parrot AU: EN SA: E

258. Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw, 1805) Budgerigar

259. Neophema chrysogaster (Latham, 1790) Orange-bellied Parrot AU: CR SA: E

260. Neophema chrysostoma (Kuhl, 1820) Blue-winged Parrot SA: V

261. Neophema elegans (Gould, 1837) Elegant Parrot SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA.

262. Neophema petrophila (Gould, 1841) Rock Parrot SA: R

263. Neophema pulchella (Shaw, 1792) Turquoise Parrot

264. Neophema splendida (Gould, 1841) Scarlet-chested Parrot SA: R

265. Neopsephotus bourkii (Gould, 1841) Bourke’s Parrot

266. Northiella haematogaster (Gould, 1838) SA: ssp.

Includes N. h. narethae (H.L. White, 1921) Naretha Bluebonnet in the Nullarbor region SA: R, N. h. pallescens (Salvadori, 1891) in NE SA, and N. h. haematogaster (eastern and central SA).

267. Pezoporus occidentalis (Gould, 1861) Night Parrot AU: EN SA: E

268. Pezoporus wallicus (Kerr, 1792) Eastern Ground Parrot SA: E

May still occur in lower South-East; extinct in Mt Lofty Ranges-Adelaide Plains region. Recently recognised as being distinct from the Western Ground Parrot P. flaviventris North, 1911 (Murphy et al. 2011).

269. Platycercus elegans (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Crimson Rosella

Includes Adelaide Rosella (P. e. fleurieuensis Ashby, 1917, P. e. subadelaidae Mathews, 1912, and a hybrid swarm between these), Yellow Rosella (P. e. flaveolus Gould, 1837 on the River Murray), and Crimson Rosella (P. e. elegans in the South-East and P. e. melanopterus North, 1906 on Kangaroo Island).

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Page 14 SECTION 3 BIRDS - Census of South Australian Vertebrates 270. Platycercus eximius (Shaw, 1792) Eastern Rosella

271. Polytelis alexandrae Gould, 1863 Princess Parrot AU: VU SA: V

272. Polytelis anthopeplus (Lear, 1831) Regent Parrot AU: ssp. SA: V

Represented in SA by P. a. monarchoides Schodde, 1993 (eastern subspecies) AU: VU.

273. Psephotus haematonotus (Gould, 1838) Red-rumped Parrot

274. Psephotus varius A.H. Clark, 1910 Mulga Parrot

275. Psitteuteles versicolor (Lear, 1831) Varied Lorikeet

276. Trichoglossus haematodus (Linnaeus, 1771) Rainbow Lorikeet

See Appendix 2.35. Order Cuculiformes - Family Cuculidae - Cuckoos 277. Cacomantis flabelliformis (Latham, 1801) Fan-tailed Cuckoo

278. Cacomantis pallidus (Latham, 1801) Pallid Cuckoo

See Appendix 2.36.

279. Cacomantis variolosus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Brush Cuckoo

280. Chalcites basalis (Horsfield, 1821) Horsfield’s Bronze Cuckoo

See Appendix 2.37.

281. Chalcites lucidus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788)

282. Chalcites osculans Gould, 1847 Black-eared Cuckoo

283. Cuculus optatus Gould, 1845 Oriental Cuckoo

284. Eudynamys orientalis (Linnaeus, 1766) Pacific Koel (Eastern Koel)

285. Scythrops novaehollandiae Latham, 1790 Channel-billed Cuckoo Order Strigiformes - Owls Family Tytonidae - Barn owls 286.  delicatula (Gould, 1837) Eastern

See Appendix 2.38.

287. Tyto longimembris (Jerdon, 1839) Eastern Grass Owl SA: R

Listed in the SANPW Act as T. capensis, Grass Owl.

288. Tyto novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) SA: E

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA. See Appendix 2.39. Family Strigidae - Typical owls 289. boobook (Latham, 1801) Southern Boobook

See Appendix 2.40.

290. Ninox connivens (Latham, 1801) Barking Owl SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA.

291. Ninox strenua (Gould, 1838) SA: E Order - and nightjars Family Podargidae - Frogmouths 292. Podargus strigoides (Latham, 1801) Tawny

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Census of South Australian Vertebrates - SECTION 3 BIRDS Page 15 FIS 92159 Family Caprimulgidae - Nightjars See Appendix 2.41.

293. argus (Hartert, 1892) Spotted Nightjar

294. Eurostopodus mystacalis (Temminck, 1826) White-throated Nightjar Order - Swifts and owlet-nightjars Family Aegothelidae - Owlet-nightjars 295. Aegotheles cristatus (Shaw, 1790) Australian Owlet-nightjar Family Apodidae - Swifts 296. pacificus (Latham, 1801) Pacific Swift (Fork-tailed Swift)

Most Apus species have forked tails (Leader, 2011); ‘Pacific’ reflects the distribution of this species.

297. Hirundapus caudacutus (Latham, 1801) White-throated Needletail Order - , bee-eaters and rollers Family Coraciidae - Rollers 298. Eurystomus orientalis (Linnaeus, 1766) Oriental Dollarbird Family Alcedinidae - Kingfishers See Appendix 2.42.

299. Ceyx azureus (Latham, 1801) Azure SA: E

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA. Listed in the SANPW Act as Alecdo azurea.

300. Dacelo novaeguineae (Hermann, 1783) Laughing Kookaburra

301. Todiramphus pyrrhopygius (Gould, 1840) Red-backed Kingfisher

302. Todiramphus sanctus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Sacred Kingfisher Family Meropidae - Bee-eaters 303. Merops ornatus Latham, 1801 Rainbow Bee-eater Order Passeriformes - Family Ptilonorhynchidae - Bowerbirds 304. Chlamydera guttata Gould, 1862 Western Bowerbird SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA. See Appendix 2.43.

305. Chlamydera maculata (Gould, 1837) Spotted Bowerbird SA: E Family Climacteridae - Australo-Papuan treecreepers 306. affinis Blyth, 1864 White-browed Treecreeper SA: R

Two subspecies, both occurring in SA: C. a. superciliosa North, 1895 (central eastern SA) and the nominate subspecies (NW SA).

307. Climacteris picumnus Temminck, 1824

308. Climacteris rufus Gould, 1841 Rufous Treecreeper

309. Cormobates leucophaea (Latham, 1801) White-throated Treecreeper Family Maluridae - Fairywrens, emuwrens and grasswrens 310. Amytornis barbatus Favalaro & McEvey, 1968 Grey Grasswren SA: R

One subspecies in SA: A. b. diamantina Schodde & Christidis, 1987.

311. Amytornis goyderi (Gould, 1875) Eyrean Grasswren

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Page 16 SECTION 3 BIRDS - Census of South Australian Vertebrates 312. Amytornis merrotsyi Mellor, 1913 Short-tailed Grasswren

Includes two subspecies, both restricted to SA: A. m. merrotsyi (Flinders Ranges Short-tailed Grasswren) and A. m. pedleri Christidis, Horton & Norman, 2008 (Gawler Ranges Short-tailed Grasswren).

313. Amytornis modestus (North, 1902) Thick-billed Grasswren AU: V

Recently shown to be a species distinct from A. textilis Western Grasswren (Black et al. 2010). Represented in SA by A. m. indulkanna (Mathews, 1916) (W of Lake Eyre and Lake Torrens), A. m. raglessi Black, 2011 (northern periphery of the Flinders Ranges), A. m. curnamona Black, 2011 (south-western Lake Frome Basin), and a population in the NE for which the taxonomic status is not yet established (Black, 2011).

314. Amytornis purnelli (Mathews, 1914) Dusky Grasswren

315. Amytornis striatus (Gould, 1840) Striated Grasswren SA: R

Represented in southern regions of SA by the nominate subspecies and in the NW by A. s. oweni Mathews, 1911. See Appendix 2.44.

316. Amytornis textilis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Western Grasswren

Recently shown to be a species distinct from A. modestus Thick-billed Grasswren (Black et al. 2010). Represented in SA by A. t. myall (Mathews, 1916) (NE Eyre Peninsula and eastern Gawler Ranges).

317. Malurus cyaneus (Ellis, 1782)

318. Malurus lamberti Vigors & Horsfield, 1827

319. Malurus leucopterus Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 White-winged Fairywren

320. Malurus pulcherrimus Gould, 1844 Blue-breasted Fairywren

321. Malurus splendens (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830)

Two subspecies occur in SA: M. s. melanotus Gould, 1841 Black-backed Fairywren (Murray Mallee) and M. s. musgravi Mathews, 1922 Turquoise Fairywren (northern Eyre Peninsula and NW SA); the two are intergradient through the Flinders Ranges.

322. Stipiturus malachurus (Shaw, 1798) Southern Emuwren AU: sspp. SA: sspp.

Includes S. m. polionotum Schodde & Mason, 1999 (South-East SA) SA: R; S. m. halmaturinus Parsons, 1920 (Kangaroo Island) SA: R; S. m. intermedius Ashby, 1920 (Mt Lofty Ranges) AU: EN SA: E; and S. m. parimeda Schodde & Weatherly, 1981 (southern Eyre Peninsula) AU: VU SA: E. See Appendix 2.45.

323. Stipiturus mallee A.J. Campbell, 1908 Mallee Emuwren AU: EN SA: E

324. Stipiturus ruficeps A.J. Campbell, 1899 Rufous-crowned Emuwren SA: R Family Meliphagidae - and Australian chats 325. Acanthagenys rufogularis Gould, 1838 Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater

326. Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris (Latham, 1801) Eastern Spinebill

327. Anthochaera carunculata (Shaw, 1790)

328. Anthochaera chrysoptera (Latham, 1801)

329. Anthochaera phrygia (Shaw, 1794) Regent Honeyeater AU: EN SA: E

330. Ashbyia lovensis (Ashby, 1911) Gibberbird

331. chrysops (Latham, 1801) Yellow-faced Honeyeater

See Appendix 2.46.

332. Certhionyx variegatus Lesson, 1830

333. whitei (North, 1910) SA: R

334. Entomyzon cyanotis (Latham, 1801) Blue-faced Honeyeater SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA.

335. albifrons (Jardine & Selby, 1828) White-fronted

336. Epthianura aurifrons Gould, 1838 Orange Chat

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Census of South Australian Vertebrates - SECTION 3 BIRDS Page 17 FIS 92159 337. Epthianura crocea Castelnau & E.P. Ramsay, 1877 Yellow Chat SA: E

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA.

338. Epthianura tricolor Gould, 1841 Crimson Chat

339. Gavicalis virescens (Vieillot, 1817)

See Appendix 2.46.

340. Gliciphila melanops (Latham, 1801) Tawny-crowned Honeyeater

341. Grantiella picta (Gould, 1838) Painted Honeyeater SA: R

342. Lichenostomus cratitius (Gould, 1841) Purple-gaped Honeyeater SA: ssp.

Includes L. c. occidentalis Cabanis, 1851 (mainland population) SA: R and the nominate subspecies on Kangaroo Island.

343. Lichenostomus melanops (Latham, 1801) Yellow-tufted Honeyeater

344. Lichmera indistincta (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA.

345a. Manorina flavigula (Gould, 1840) Yellow-throated Miner

Includes the nominate subspecies (central eastern SA, mid-North, Yorke Peninsula, Flinders Ranges), M. f. wayensis (Mathews, 1912) (northern and western SA), and the following:

345b. Manorina flavigula melanotis (F.E. Wilson, 1911) Black-eared Miner AU: EN SA: E

For a discussion of the taxonomic status of the Black-eared Miner, see Appendix 2.47. Listed in the SANPW Act as Yellow-throated Miner (Black-eared subspecies).

346. Manorina melanocephala (Latham, 1801)

347. brevirostris (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Brown-headed Honeyeater

348. Melithreptus gularis (Gould, 1837) Black-chinned Honeyeater SA: sspp.

Includes two subspecies in SA: M. g. laetior Gould, 1875 Golden-backed Honeyeater (far NE of SA) SA: R, and M. g. gularis (Mount Lofty Ranges and South-East SA) SA: V.

349. Melithreptus lunatus (Vieillot, 1802) White-naped Honeyeater

350. Nesoptilotis leucotis (Latham, 1801) White-eared Honeyeater

See Appendix 2.46.

351. Philemon citreogularis (Gould, 1837) Little Friarbird SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA.

352. Philemon corniculatus (Latham, 1790)

353. Phylidonyris novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790) New Holland Honeyeater

354. Phylidonyris pyrrhopterus (Latham, 1801)

355. Plectorhyncha lanceolata Gould, 1838 SA: R

356. Ptilotula fusca (Gould, 1837)

See Appendix 2.46 and 2.48.

357. Ptilotula keartlandi (North, 1895) Grey-headed Honeyeater

358. Ptilotula ornata (Gould, 1838) Yellow-plumed Honeyeater

359. Ptilotula penicillata (Gould, 1837) White-plumed Honeyeater

360. Ptilotula plumula (Gould, 1841) Grey-fronted Honeyeater

361. Purnella albifrons (Gould, 1841) White-fronted Honeyeater

362. Sugomel niger (Gould, 1838)

See Appendix 2.49.

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Page 18 SECTION 3 BIRDS - Census of South Australian Vertebrates Family Dasyornithidae - 363. Dasyornis broadbenti (McCoy, 1867) Rufous SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA. Family Pardalotidae - See Appendix 2.50.

364. Pardalotus punctatus Shaw, 1792 Spotted

Includes P. p. xanthopyge McCoy, 1866 Yellow-rumped Pardalote, as well as the nominate subspecies.

365. Pardalotus rubricatus Gould, 1838 Red-browed Pardalote

366. Pardalotus striatus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Family - Thornbills, scrubwrens and allies 367. Acanthiza apicalis Gould, 1847

368. Acanthiza chrysorrhoa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) Yellow-rumped Thornbill

369. Acanthiza iredalei Mathews, 1911 Slender-billed Thornbill AU: ssp. SA: sspp.

Includes three subspecies across SA: A. i. hedleyi Mathews, 1912 (south-eastern) SA: R; A. i. iredalei (western and northern) AU: VU SA: R; A. i. rosinae Mathews, 1913 Dark Thornbill (Gulf St Vincent) SA: V.

370. Acanthiza lineata Gould, 1838

371. Acanthiza nana Vigors & Horsfield, 1827

372. Acanthiza pusilla (Shaw, 1790)

373. Acanthiza reguloides Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 Buff-rumped Thornbill

374. Acanthiza robustirostris Milligan, 1903 Slaty-backed Thornbill

375. Acanthiza uropygialis Gould, 1838 Chestnut-rumped Thornbill

376. leucopsis (Gould, 1841)

377. Aphelocephala nigricincta (North, 1895)

378. Aphelocephala pectoralis (Gould, 1871) Chestnut-breasted Whiteface SA: R

379. (Calamanthus) campestris (Gould, 1841)

Three subspecies in SA including the nominate subspecies, which is extinct in the Mount Lofty Ranges and uncommon elsewhere.

380. Calamanthus (Calamanthus) fuliginosus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827)

381. Calamanthus () cautus (Gould, 1843) SA: R

Two subspecies in SA: C. c. halmaturinus (Mathews, 1912) (Kangaroo Island) and the nominate subspecies (Eyre Peninsula, Murray Mallee, upper South-East, Yorke Peninsula, Flinders Ranges). See Appendix 2.51 for notes on generic arrangement.

382. Calamanthus (Hylacola) pyrrhopygius (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Chestnut-rumped Heathwren AU: ssp. SA: sspp.

Includes three subspecies: C. p. parkeri Schodde & Mason, 1999 (Mt Lofty Ranges) AU: EN SA: E; C. p. pedleri Schodde & Mason, 1999 (Flinders Ranges) SA: V; C. p. pyrrhopygius (South-East SA) SA: V.

383. olivacea (Gould, 1838) White-throated Gerygone SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA. See Appendix 2.52.

384. Gerygone fusca (Gould, 1838) SA: R

The nominate subspecies occurs on Eyre Peninsula and G. f. mungi Mathews, 1912 in NW SA. The subspecific identity of birds occasionally observed in eastern SA is not known.

385. brunneus Gould, 1841

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Census of South Australian Vertebrates - SECTION 3 BIRDS Page 19 FIS 92159 386.  frontalis (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) White-browed Scrubwren

Includes the nominate subspecies in the South-East and S. f. rosinae Mathews, 1912 in the Mount Lofty Ranges (both White-browed Scrubwren), plus S. f. ashbyi Mathews, 1912 on Kangaroo Island and S. f. mellori Mathews, 1912 in the gulf region and further west (both ).

387. Smicrornis brevirostris (Gould, 1838) Family Pomatostomidae - Australo-Papuan Babblers 388. Pomatostomus ruficeps (Hartlaub, 1852) Chestnut-crowned Babbler

389. Pomatostomus superciliosus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) White-browed Babbler

390. Pomatostomus temporalis (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Grey-crowned Babbler SA: sspp.

Includes two subspecies: P. t. temporalis (South-East SA) SA: E, and P. t. rubeculus (Gould, 1840) Red-breasted Babbler (NW of SA) SA: R. Family - Quailthrushes and allies See Appendix 2.53.

391. Cinclosoma alisteri Mathews, 1910 Nullarbor Quailthrush

See Appendix 2.54.

392. Cinclosoma castanotum Gould, 1840 Chestnut-backed Quailthrush (Chestnut Quailthrush) SA: ssp.

According to Schodde and Mason’s (1999) analysis this species includes three subspecies: C. c. castanotum. (Murray Mallee and Flinders Ranges) SA: R; C. c. clarum Morgan, 1926 (NW of SA); and C. c. fordianum Schodde & Mason, 1999 (SW of SA), with all three intergrading on Eyre Peninsula. See Appendix 2.55. The SANPW Act lists C. c. castanotum as C. castanotus castanotus, Chestnut Quail-thrush (eastern subspecies).

393. Cinclosoma cinnamomeum Gould, 1846 Cinnamon Quailthrush

394. Cinclosoma marginatum Sharpe, 1883 Western Quailthrush

See Appendix 2.56.

395. Cinclosoma punctatum (Shaw, 1794) Spotted Quailthrush AU: ssp. SA: sspp.

Includes C. p. anachoreta Schodde & Mason, 1999 (Mount Lofty Ranges) AU: CR SA: E and C. p. punctatum (South-East SA) SA: E, both subspecies possibly extinct in SA. Family - Whipbirds and allies 396. cristatus (Gould, 1838)

397. Psophodes nigrogularis Gould, 1844 Western Whipbird AU: ssp. SA: sspp.

Includes two subspecies in SA: P. n. lashmari Schodde & Mason, 1991 (Kangaroo Island) SA: R; and P. n. leucogaster Howe & J.A. Ross, 1933 (southern Eyre Peninsula and Yorke Peninsula, and Murray Mallee) AU: VU SA: E.

398. Psophodes occidentalis (Mathews, 1912) Family - , and allies See Appendix 2.57.

399. Artamus cinereus Vieillot, 1817 Black-faced

400. Artamus cyanopterus (Latham, 1801)

401. Artamus leucorynchus (Linnaeus, 1771) White-breasted Woodswallow

402. Artamus minor Vieillot, 1817

403. Artamus personatus (Gould, 1841) Masked Woodswallow

404. Artamus superciliosus (Gould, 1837) White-browed Woodswallow

405. Cracticus nigrogularis (Gould, 1837) Pied

406. Cracticus torquatus (Latham, 1801) Grey Butcherbird

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Page 20 SECTION 3 BIRDS - Census of South Australian Vertebrates 407. Gymnorhina tibicen (Latham, 1801)

See Appendix 2.58.

408. Strepera graculina (Shaw, 1790) Pied SA: E

One subspecies in SA (South-East) but its taxonomic affinities are uncertain. It is listed in the SANPW Act as S. g. ashbyi Mathews, 1913 but its identity is yet to be confirmed.

409. Strepera versicolor (Latham, 1801) SA: ssp.

Includes four subspecies in SA: S. v. melanoptera Gould, 1846 Black-winged Currawong (South-East SA, Mount Lofty Ranges, Murray Mallee); S. v. halmaturina Mathews, 1912 Black-winged Currawong (Kangaroo Island); S. v. intermedia Sharpe, 1877 Brown Currawong (Eyre Peninsula, Yorke Peninsula and into SW arid lands); S. v. plumbea Gould, 1846 (NW of SA and W Nullarbor) SA: E. Family Campephagidae - and allies 410. maxima (Rüppell, 1839) Ground

411. Coracina novaehollandiae (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Black-faced Cuckooshrike

412. Coracina papuensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) White-bellied Cuckooshrike SA: R

Only one subspecies occurs in SA: C. p. robusta (Latham, 1801).

413. Lalage tenuirostris (Jardine, 1831)

See Appendix 2.59.

414. Lalage tricolor (Swainson, 1825) White-winged

See Appendix 2.60. Family Neosittidae - 415. Daphoenositta chrysoptera (Latham, 1801) Varied Family - and allies 416. Oreoica gutturalis (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Crested Bellbird

See Appendix 2.61. Family - Whistlers, shriketits and allies 417. Colluricincla harmonica (Latham, 1801) Grey

Two subspecies occur in SA: the nominate subspecies in eastern SA and C. h. rufiventris Gould, 1841 Western Shrikethrush in western SA.

418. Falcunculus frontatus (Latham, 1801) SA: R

Only the nominate subspecies occurs in SA.

419. inornata Gould, 1841 Gilbert’s Whistler SA: R

420. Pachycephala olivacea Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 Olive Whistler SA: E

Represented in SA by P. o. hesperus Schodde & Mason, 1999.

421. Pachycephala pectoralis (Latham, 1801) Australian Golden Whistler (Golden Whistler)

Two subspecies in SA: P. p. fuliginosa Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 (southern regions except lower South-East) and P. p. youngi Mathews, 1912 (in the South-East and disperses further N and W during autumn-winter). See Appendix 2.62.

422. Pachycephala rufiventris (Latham, 1801) Rufous Whistler

423. Pachycephala rufogularis Gould, 1841 Red-lored Whistler AU: VU SA: R Family Oriolidae - Orioles 424. sagittatus (Latham, 1801) Olive-backed Oriole SA: R

Represented in SA by the nominate subspecies.

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Census of South Australian Vertebrates - SECTION 3 BIRDS Page 21 FIS 92159 Family Dicruridae - 425. Dicrurus bracteatus Gould, 1843 Spangled Family - Fantails 426. Rhipidura albiscapa Gould, 1840

427. Rhipidura leucophrys (Latham, 1801) Willie Wagtail

428. Rhipidura rufifrons (Latham, 1801) Rufous Fantail Family Monarchidae - Monarch flycatchers and magpielarks 429. cyanoleuca (Latham, 1801) Magpielark

430. melanopsis (Vieillot, 1818) Black-faced Monarch

431. cyanoleuca (Vieillot, 1818) SA: E

432. Myiagra inquieta (Latham, 1801) SA: R

433. Myiagra rubecula (Latham, 1801) Family - Crows 434. Corvus bennetti North, 1901 Little Crow

435. Corvus coronoides Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 Australian Raven

436. Corvus mellori Mathews, 1912 Little Raven

437. Corvus orru Bonaparte, 1850 Torresian Crow

438. Corvus tasmanicus Mathews, 1912 Raven Family Corcoracidae - Australian mudnesters 439. Corcorax melanorhamphos (Vieillot, 1817) White-winged Chough SA: R

Possibly two subspecies, both occurring in SA: C. m. melanorhamphos (South-East, Murray Mallee) and C. m whiteae Mathews, 1912 (Mount Lofty Ranges, Eyre Peninsula, Gawler Ranges). See Appendix 2.63.

440. Struthidea cinerea Gould, 1837 Apostlebird Family Petroicidae - Australo-Papuan robins and allies 441. Drymodes brunneopygia Gould, 1841 Southern Scrub Robin

442. Eopsaltria australis (Shaw, 1790) Eastern Yellow Robin

443. Eopsaltria griseogularis Gould, 1838 Western Yellow Robin

444. Melanodryas cucullata (Latham, 1801) Hooded Robin SA: ssp.

According to Schodde and Mason (1999) the following subspecies occur in SA: M. c. westralensis (Mathews, 1912) (western SA west of Lakes Eyre and Torrens and including Eyre Peninsula), and M. c. cucullata (South-East SA to Port Augusta, including Yorke Peninsula but not Kangaroo Island) SA: R. A third subspecies, M. c. picata Gould, 1865, found mainly in and Northern Territory, may form an intergradient zone with both of the preceding subspecies in the Olary Spur and Flinders Ranges.

445. Microeca fascinans (Latham, 1801) SA: ssp.

Three subspecies occur in SA: M. f. fascinans (South-East SA, Mount Lofty Ranges) SA: R; M. f. assimilis Gould, 1841 (Murray Mallee, Flinders Ranges and further W); M. f. pallida De Vis, 1885 (NE of SA).

446. Petroica boodang (Lesson, 1837) Scarlet Robin SA: sspp.

Two subspecies occur in SA: P. b. boodang (South-East SA, Mount Lofty Ranges, southern Flinders Ranges) SA: R, and P. b. campbelli Sharpe, 1898 (Eyre Peninsula) SA: V. The population on Kangaroo Island is intermediate between the two subspecies, and that on the southern tip of Yorke Peninsula is not yet identified to subspecies.

447. Petroica goodenovii (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Red-capped Robin

448. Petroica phoenicea Gould, 1837 Flame Robin SA: V

449. Petroica rodinogaster (Drapiez, 1819) Pink Robin

450. Petroica rosea Gould, 1840 Rose Robin Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Page 22 SECTION 3 BIRDS - Census of South Australian Vertebrates Family Alaudidae - Larks 451. *Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758 Eurasian Skylark

452. Mirafra javanica Horsfield, 1821 Horsfield’s Bush Lark Family Hirundinidae - and martins 453. Cheramoeca leucosterna (Gould, 1841) White-backed

454. Hirundo neoxena Gould, 1842 Welcome Swallow

455. Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758 Barn Swallow

456. Petrochelidon ariel (Gould, 1842) Fairy Martin

457. Petrochelidon nigricans (Vieillot, 1817) Martin Family Acrocephalidae - Reed warblers 458. Acrocephalus australis (Gould, 1838) Australian Reed Warbler Family - warblers, grassbirds and allies See Appendix 2.64.

459. cruralis (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Brown Songlark

See Appendix 2.65.

460. Cincloramphus mathewsi Iredale, 1911 Rufous Songlark

461. Eremiornis carteri North, 1900 Spinifexbird SA: E

462. Megalurus gramineus (Gould, 1845) Little Grassbird

463. Megalurus timoriensis Wallace, 1864 Tawny Grassbird

Species recently observed in north-eastern SA, June 2013, by J. Reid (pers. comm.; paper in preparation). Family Cisticolidae - Cisticolas 464. Cisticola exilis (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Golden-headed Cisticola Family Timaliidae - Asian babblers, white-eyes and allies See Appendix 2.66.

465. Zosterops lateralis (Latham, 1801) Silvereye Family Sturnidae - Starlings 466. *Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758 Family Turdidae - Thrushes 467. *Turdus merula Linnaeus, 1758 Common Blackbird

468. Zoothera lunulata (Latham, 1801) Bassian Thrush SA: R

Kangaroo Island, Mount Lofty Ranges and southern Flinders Ranges populations belong to the subspecies Z. l. halmaturina (A.G. Campbell, 1906). Those in the South-East are not yet identified but may be intergrades between halmaturina and the nominate subspecies (Schodde and Mason, 1999). Family Dicaeidae - Flowerpeckers Included as a subfamily within Nectariniidae by Christidis and Boles (2008).

469. Dicaeum hirundinaceum (Shaw, 1792) Mistletoebird Family Passeridae - Old World sparrows 470. *Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) House Sparrow Family Estrildidae - Waxbills (grass finches) and allies 471. Emblema pictum Gould, 1842 Painted Finch SA: R

472. Neochmia modesta (Gould, 1837) Plum-headed Finch

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Census of South Australian Vertebrates - SECTION 3 BIRDS Page 23 FIS 92159 473. Neochmia temporalis (Latham, 1801) Red-browed Finch

474. Stagonopleura bella (Latham, 1801) Beautiful Firetail SA: R

Two subspecies in SA: S. b. samueli (Mathews, 1912) (Mount Lofty Ranges and Kangaroo Island) and S. b. interposita Schodde and Mason, 1999 (South-East).

475. Stagonopleura guttata (Shaw, 1796) Diamond Firetail SA: V

476. Taeniopygia guttata (Vieillot, 1817) Zebra Finch Family Motacillidae - Wagtails and pipits 477. Anthus australis Vieillot, 1818 Australian Pipit

See Appendix 2.67.

478. Motacilla cinerea Tunstall, 1771 Grey Wagtail

479. Motacilla citreola Pallas, 1776 Citrine Wagtail

480. Motacilla tschutschensis J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Eastern Yellow Wagtail Family Fringillidae - Finches 481. *Carduelis carduelis (Linnaeus, 1758) European Goldfinch

482. *Chloris chloris (Linnaeus, 1758) European (Common) Greenfinch

See Appendix 2.68.

Australian EX = Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable South Australian E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; R = Rare

Page 24 SECTION 3 BIRDS - Census of South Australian Vertebrates Appendix 1 These are species that are not included in the main list for the following reasons (as indicated in brackets after the family name):

1. Either they have not established a feral population in South Australia, or they appear to have died out or have been exterminated in this state, or the status of the feral population is uncertain.

2. Records are unconfirmed or have been rejected.

Further details for some of these species may be found in SAOA (2008).

*Numida meleagris (Linnaeus, 1758) Helmeted (NUMIDIDAE) (1)

* californica (Shaw, 1798) California Quail (ODONTOPHORIDAE) (1)

*Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758 Wild (PHASIANIDAE) (1)

Listed by SAOA (2008) as occurring on Kangaroo Island but it is not established as a feral breeding species in native bushland (C. Baxter pers. comm.).

*Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus, 1758 Common (PHASIANIDAE) (1)

*Anser anser (Linnaeus, 1758) Greylag Goose, domestic variety (ANATIDAE) (1)

Reported to have been breeding on western shore of Lake Alexandrina for more than 20 years and has been culled but not eliminated (J. Eckert pers. comm. 2006).

*Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) Muscovy Duck (ANATIDAE) (1)

*Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas, 1764) Ruddy Shelduck (ANATIDAE) (1)

Tadorna radjah (Lesson, 1828) Raja (Radjah) Shelduck (ANATIDAE) (2)

Pagodroma nivea (G. Forster, 1777) Snow Petrel (PROCELLARIIDAE) (2)

Procellaria westlandica Falla, 1946 Westland Petrel (PROCELLARIIDAE) (2)

Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 Grey Heron (ARDEIDAE) (2)

Sula dactylatra Lesson, 1831 Masked (SULIDAE) (2)

*Tribonyx mortierii Du Bus de Gisignies, 1840 Tasmanian Nativehen (RALLIDAE) (1)

Calidris alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) Dunlin (SCOLOPACIDAE) (2)

Calidris paramelanotos Parker, 1982 Cox’s Sandpiper (SCOLOPACIDAE) (2)

Shown to be hybrid C. ferruginea x C. melanotos (Christidis et al. 1996).

Sterna dougallii Montagu, 1813 Roseate Tern (LARIDAE) (2)

*Agapornis roseicollis (Vieillot, 1818) Rosy-faced (Peach-faced) Lovebird (PSITTACIDAE) (1)

Apus nipalensis (Hodgson, 1837) House Swift (APODIDAE) (2)

See Appendix 2.69.

Pyrrholaemus sagittatus (Latham, 1801) (ACANTHIZIDAE) (2)

See Appendix 2.70.

*Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Red-whiskered Bulbul (PYCNONOTIDAE) (1)

*Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus, 1766) (STURNIDAE) (1)

See Appendix 2.71.

*Turdus philomelos C.L. Brehm, 1831 Song Thrush (TURDIDAE) (1)

*Euplectes orix (Linnaeus, 1758) Southern Red Bishop (PLOCEIDAE) (1)

See Appendix 2.72.

*Lonchura cataneothorax (Gould, 1837) Chestnut-breasted Mannikin (ESTRILDIDAE) (1)

*Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus, 1758) Scaly-breasted Munia (Nutmeg Mannikin) (ESTRILDIDAE) (1)

Census of South Australian Vertebrates Page 25 Appendix 2 2.1. The molecular work of Miller et al. (2011) supports the elevation of the Somali Ostrich from subspecies to species Struthio molybdophanes Reichenow, 1883. The English name of the Ostrich S. camelus therefore requires qualification. Common Ostriches in SA are derived from the southern subspecies S. c. australis Gurney, 1868 (Condon 1975).

2.2. Gill and Donsker (2013) separate cassowaries and emus into different families but the two groups are closely related as detailed by Christidis and Boles (2008) and Mayr (2010) so we follow the latter two authorities in retaining them in the same family.

2.3. The dwarf Emu Dromaius ater Vieillot, 1817 has recently been shown to be closely related to the mainland Emu D. novaehollandiae and is better regarded as a subspecies of the latter (Heupink et al. 2011). The extinct is similarly a dwarf form and so morphological and genetic studies will be informative in reviewing its taxonomic status.

2.4. Recent molecular studies (Morgan-Richards et al. 2008, Hackett et al. 2008) have demonstrated that Anseranas forms a sister group to both the geese and the ducks and is therefore neither a goose nor a duck sensu stricto. Given that the second part of its common name is not a group to which this species belongs taxonomically, the name should be spelled Magpiegoose (see Introduction). However, we follow Gill and Donsker (2013) in making an exception in favour of the long established Magpie Goose.

2.5. The year of publication of Latham’s Supplementum Indicis Ornithologici is not entirely certain, either 1801 or 1802. The arguments of Schodde et al. (2010) and Dickinson (2011) are followed here in using 1801.

2.6. Vagrant records for SA are of the subspecies Eudyptes c. schlegeli which breeds on Macquarie Island. This and the nominate subspecies (which breeds on subantarctic islands of the South Indian, South Atlantic and Southern Oceans) are often regarded as separate species (e.g. Marchant and Higgins 1990, Checklist Committee 2010). The main distinguishing feature is coloration of the face (white in E. c. schlegeli, black in E. c. chrysolophus) but both populations are polymorphic with white-faced individuals in black-faced colonies and vice versa, and intermediate forms, as well as mixed breeding pairs. There are some differences in measurements but the calls and diet are similar (Marchant and Higgins 1990). The genetic results of Baker et al. (2006) indicate that this pair is the most recently diverged of all the penguin taxa they examined. The populations are therefore better regarded as distinct taxa but still at the subspecies level.

2.7. Evidence given by Jouventin et al. (2006) indicates that the northern and southern populations of Rockhopper Penguin are genetically and reproductively distinct and should be regarded as sibling species, Eudyptes moseleyi and E. chrysocome (J.R. Forster, 1781) (Southern Rockhopper Penguin) respectively. This taxonomic arrangement is followed here. Only the Northern Rockhopper Penguin has been recorded in SA to date.

2.8. This is a sister species to Eudyptes pachyrhynchus and often treated as a subspecies of it (e.g. Christidis and Boles, 2008). However, E. robustus has a significantly larger bill, longer tail and shorter feet than E. pachyrhynchus, calls that are harsher, a significantly different diet (mostly crustaceans; E. pachyrhynchus eats mainly squid and fish), and a breeding season that overlaps with but is two months later than in E. pachyrhynchus (Marchant and Higgins 1990). These factors, combined with differences in (including head plumes) and bare parts (Marchant and Higgins 1990), suggest that the two taxa should continue to be regarded as separate species.

2.9. There are suggestions that Australian populations and populations of Little Penguin may represent separate species (e.g. Tavares and Baker 2008). The comprehensive study of Peucker et al. (2009) found two distinct clades, one containing all Australian and some New Zealand individuals, and the second all other New Zealand individuals. They also found shared haplotypes among different populations both within and between countries, as may be expected for a species that can disperse widely. In view of this it seems appropriate to consider all Little Penguin populations as the one species.

2.10. Chambers et al. (2009) demonstrated that the genetic divergence between subspecies within most albatross species is low, so Christidis and Boles (2008) are followed here in maintaining most of these taxa at subspecies level, contra Gill and Donsker (2013). Only the Shy Albatross sensu lato is split into two species.

2.11. The phylogenetic analysis of Chambers et al. (2009) demonstrated that this taxon, including the nominate subspecies and closely related Thalassarche c. steadi, is specifically distinct from T. salvini.

2.12. The phylogenetic analysis of Chambers et al. (2009) demonstrated that this taxon, including the nominate subspecies and closely related Thalassarche s. eremita Murphy, 1930 Chatham Albatross, is specifically distinct from T. cauta.

Page 26 SECTION 3 BIRDS - Census of South Australian Vertebrates 2.13. The generic placement of the Kerguelen Petrel is a nomenclatural issue, not a taxonomic one. Christidis and Boles (2008) retained the species in Lugensa but noted that ‘this issue still requires resolution’. Olson (2000) argued that Lugensa is invalid and his reasoning is accepted here.

2.14. Christidis and Boles (2008) separated the large shearwaters into the genus Ardenna, following Penhallurick and Wink (2004) who based their decision on the cytochrome-b data of Nunn and Stanley (1998). These data indicated that the small Puffinus species are sister to Calonectris while the large Puffinus are sister to both, i.e. Puffinus is not monophyletic. The decision to split off Ardenna has not however been widely accepted to date and may be premature given that it is based only on a single gene. Further genetic studies and detailed analyses of morphological and life history characters may support the split but until these are published we take the conservative view and follow Gill and Donsker (2013), Checklist Committee (2010) and others in retaining all species within Puffinus.

2.15. Genetic data of Cracraft et al. (2004) and Ericson et al. (2006) indicate that the diving petrels may be embedded within the Procellariidae, while other genetic studies indicate a close sister relationship between the two groups (Nunn and Stanley 1998, Paterson et al. 2000, Hackett et al. 2008). Some authors e.g. Christidis and Boles (2008) combine the diving petrels within the Procellariidae but most recent authorities continue to treat the diving petrels as a separate family (e.g. Clements et al. 2012, Gill and Donsker 2013, South American Classification Committee 2013). Because the diving petrels form a morphologically distinctive group (e.g. Livezey and Zusi 2007 who placed the Pelecanoididae in a separate suborder within the Procellariiformes), they are here regarded as a separate family pending further evidence supporting their inclusion within Procellariidae.

2.16. The genetic studies of Cracraft et al. (2004) and Hackett et al. (2008) indicate that the storm petrels do not form a monophyletic group, with the northern species (Hydrobatinae) sister to the Procellariidae- Pelecanoididae and the southern species (Oceanitinae) basal to all other procellariiformes including the albatrosses. The cytochrome-b study of Nunn and Stanley (1998) also showed the two groups to be divergent but placed the Hydrobatinae basal to all other procellariiformes. Christidis and Boles (2008) recognised the two groups as separate families and this may prove to be appropriate, also reflecting the morphological and behavioural differences between them (see Marchant and Higgins 1990). However, most recent authorities combine them within the one family (e.g. Clements et al. 2012, Gill and Donsker 2013, South American Classification Committee 2013) and are followed here, pending further evidence to support separation into two families.

2.17. This species has generally been placed in the genus Oceanodroma. However, on the basis of cytochrome-b DNA analysis Nunn and Stanley (1998) found that Oceanodroma is paraphyletic. Penhallurick and Wink (2004) proposed four genera within the family, and in their arrangement this species becomes Cymochorea leucorhoa. Given the lack of supporting evidence for this split, Christidis and Boles (2008) preferred a conservative approach and combined all species in Hydrobates, which has priority over Oceanodroma. Most other current authorities continue to retain all but one species in Oceanodroma, including O. leucorhoa (e.g. Checklist Committee 2010, Clements et al. 2012, Gill and Donsker 2013, South American Classification Committee 2013) because evidence from one gene only is inadequate. Until there is further evidence to resolve this problem, leucorhoa is here retained in Oceanodroma.

2.18. The Australasian and southern Asian form Ardea a. modesta J.E. Gray, 1831 has recently been elevated to species status by some authors (e.g. Christidis and Boles 2008, Kushlan and Hancock 2005), but because genetic studies on the are incomplete a conservative approach is taken here (also see Gill and Donsker 2013, Pratt 2011).

2.19. Many recent authorities place this species in the genus Bubulcus (e.g. Checklist Committee 2010, Peterson 2011) and some split the Eastern Cattle Egret Ardea (Bubulcus) i. coromanda (Boddaert, 1783) and Western Cattle Egret Ardea (Bubulcus) i. ibis into separate species (e.g. Gill and Donsker 2013). The reasoning of Kushlan and Hancock (2005) and Christidis and Boles (2008) is followed here in maintaining one species within Ardea.

2.20. On the basis of genetic evidence Christidis and Boles (2008) and Kushlan and Hancock (2005) retained the Intermediate Egret in Ardea, and they are followed here. Other authorities place it in Egretta (e.g. Gill and Donsker 2013).

Census of South Australian Vertebrates - SECTION 3 BIRDS Page 27 FIS 92159 2.21. This order was listed as Phalacrocoraciformes by Christidis and Boles (2008). Both Sulidae and Phalacrocoracidae were named in the same publication by Reichenbach (1849-50) but as explained by Bock (1994) the action of a first reviser in using Suloidea as a superfamily name means that Sulidae takes precedence for any taxon above family that contains both Sula and Phalacrocorax.

2.22. Gill and Donsker (2013) added ‘Australian’ to Pied Cormorant but this is inappropriate given that the nominate subspecies is from New Zealand while the Australian population is a separate subspecies (Phalacrocorax varius hypoleucos (Brandt, 1837)). If an epithet is required to distinguish it from the then ‘Greater Pied’, ‘Large Pied’ or ‘Yellow-faced’ have all been in use (Lepage 2013).

2.23. Christidis and Boles (2008) elevated the Australian form of the Osprey, Pandion h. cristatus (Vieillot, 1816) Eastern Osprey, to species status based on the cytochrome-b results of Wink et al. (2004).There is as yet no corroborative molecular evidence however and there is little morphological variation between subspecies of the Osprey (Marchant and Higgins 1993). A conservative approach is therefore taken here and the Australian form is retained as a subspecies, following Dickinson (2003) and Clements et al. (2012).

2.24. Some recent authorities (e.g. Christidis and Boles 2008) separate the Variable Goshawk Accipiter hiogaster (S. Müller, 1841) of , Solomons and Lesser Sundas from A. novaehollandiae in which case the latter is a monotypic species.

2.25. Within the genus Himantopus there are six widely recognised taxa that are largely allopatric but together are distributed through much of the world (Pierce 1996). Variation between taxa mostly involves the amount and pattern of black on the head, neck and mantle of breeding adults, and size and relative proportions (Cramp and Simmons 1983). Ranking these taxa is difficult because there are insufficient genetic and morphological data; among recent authors between one and six species-level taxa are recognised, although most agree that the Black Stilt H. novaezelandiae Gould, 1841 should be recognised as a separate species. The Australasian form leucocephalus is regarded as a subspecies of H. himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758) Black-winged Stilt by Christidis and Boles (2008), Checklist Committee (2010), Marchant and Higgins (1993) and Pierce (1996) while it is regarded as a separate species by Gill and Donsker (2013) and Clements et al. (2012). The DNA barcoding results of Tavares and Baker (2008) indicate that species status may be justified and so we here list it as a separate species while noting the continued need for a rigorous assessment of the whole complex.

2.26. The genetic study of Baker et al. (2007) lends clear support to the separation of Charadrius australis into the genus Peltohyas and this separation is adopted by most recent authorities (e.g. Gill and Donsker 2013).

2.27. There has been confusion regarding the ending of the specific epithet: Pluvialis dominicus or P. dominica. AOU (1997) corrected the spelling to dominica.

2.28. This species was long known as the Hooded Dotterel (e.g. RAOU 1926, Condon 1975) until the names of all members of the genus Charadrius (at that time including C. rubricollis) were uniformly changed to Plover, with the name Dotterel reserved for small species of other genera (RAOU 1978). Later, the Hooded Plover was separated into the genus Thinornis, e.g. Marchant and Higgins (1993), and so could justifiably be called Hooded Dotterel again. Hooded Plover has remained in common usage in Australia however and is now widely known in the public domain because of efforts to conserve the species in its beach . In addition, the name ‘plover’ is not restricted to the genus Charadrius (Gill and Donsker 2013). For these reasons we are reluctant to revert to Hooded Dotterel as used by Gill and Donsker (2013).

2.29. Relationships among species within this family are complex and not yet well understood, with Stercorarius pomarinus apparently more closely related genetically to the larger skuas (for a detailed summary see Christidis and Boles 2008). This creates difficulty with common names. Gill and Donsker (2013) named S. pomarinus a skua but it is here called a jaeger because in size and plumage it resembles the other jaegers. An alternative is to call all members of the genus skuas (e.g. Condon 1975).

2.30. Australian populations are derived from domesticated forms of the Rock Dove (Common Pigeon) that have become wild, and so are best named Feral Pigeon.

2.31. This species is considered by some authors, including Christidis and Boles (2008), as a subspecies of the SE Asian Geopelia striata (Linnaeus, 1766). This list follows Schodde (1997a) in maintaining it as a separate species. In addition, there is disagreement (McAllan 2007) as to whether the species name should be placida or tranquilla Gould, 1844, published in the same work. The reasoning of Schodde et al. (2007) in using placida is followed here, and this name has been conserved by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) (Opinion 2240, The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 66(4), 2009).

Page 28 SECTION 3 BIRDS - Census of South Australian Vertebrates 2.32. In their molecular study of Streptopelia Johnson et al. (2001) found that S. chinensis and S. senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766) form a clade separate from other species. Cheke (2005) separated these two species into the genus Stigmatopelia Sundevall, 1872 as the oldest valid name. However, Schodde (1997a), while treating these two species as Streptopelia, placed them in a separate subgenus and chose the name Spilopelia Sundevall,1873, published on the same page of the same work (although on a later line). As first reviser Schodde’s (1997a) decision must stand (ICZN (1999) Article 24.2) so Spilopelia becomes the genus name. Sundevall (1872-3) published his book in two installations (see Peterson 2011); both Stigmatopelia and Spilopelia appeared on page 100 in the second part published in 1873, thus Cheke’s (2005) date of 1872 was in error.

2.33. This is a long-domesticated form of the African Collared Dove. There is a localised population in metropolitan Adelaide probably founded on escaped aviary birds. An application (Case 3380) was put to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to conserve the name Streptopelia roseogrisea (Sundevall, 1857) for the African Collared Dove, against its senior S. risoria, which has been in use for the domesticated form. However, the ICZN has ruled that priority is maintained for S. risoria (Opinion 2215, The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 65(4), 2008).

2.34. The generic position of the Major Mitchell’s Cockatoo is debatable, and Christidis and Boles (2008) placed it in a separate genus as Lophochroa leadbeateri (Vigors, 1831). White et al. (2011) found in their molecular analysis that leadbeateri falls in a clade with the remaining Cacatua species while the Galah and Gang- gang Cockatoo form a separate clade. They concluded however that because leadbeateri is a sister to the remaining species of Cacatua, the generic status of Lophochroa is supported. Schodde (1997b) is followed here in retaining leadbeateri in Cacatua, subgenus Lophochroa, as morphologically it is clearly a .

2.35. The Trichoglossus haematodus complex comprises several groups of taxa that are variously regarded as separate species (e.g. Gill and Donsker 2013) or as subspecies within T. haematodus (e.g. Christidis and Boles 2008). Schodde (1997c) considered that moluccanus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) (the form found in Australia) is linked with nominate haematodus by a morphologically intermediate population in the Trans- region of southern New Guinea and maintained the former as a subspecies. In the absence of new evidence this decision is followed here.

2.36. The generic placement of the Pallid Cuckoo outside Cuculus was discussed by Christidis and Boles (2008); it is better placed either in a separate subgenus within Cacomantis or in a separate genus.

2.37. Most current authorities continue to retain Australo-Papuan bronze cuckoos within Chrysococcyx (e.g. Gill and Donsker 2013, Checklist Committee 2010). However, the duller Australo-Papuan species are distinct morphologically and genetically from the brighter, more sexually dimorphic Afro-Asian species, and the arguments for separating them given by Christidis and Boles (2008) are followed here.

2.38. Christidis and Boles (2008) regarded the Australasian-South-East Asian barn owls as a separate species T. javanica (J.F. Gmelin, 1788), which they named Eastern Barn Owl, with the Australian form being a subspecies T. j. delicatula. Here however we follow Wink et al. (2008) who retained javanica as a subspecies of T. alba (Scopoli, 1769) (which they called Common Barn Owl) but found that delicatula is genetically distinct from the T. alba group and raised it to species level (named Australian Barn Owl by König and Weick 2008). T. delicatula has several subspecies in the Australo-Pacific region (König and Weick 2008); the nominate subspecies occurs in Australia. For English names we follow Gill and Donsker (2013): Eastern Barn Owl for T. delicatula and for T. alba.

2.39. There are several other masked owl species in the Indonesian-New Guinea region (König and Weick 2008) so the Australian species should be identified as such in its common name.

2.40. The Southern Boobook is listed as N. novaeseelandiae (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) by Christidis and Boles (2008), but the arrangement of Schodde (1997d) is followed here, in separating Australian mainland populations from those in New Zealand. Wink et al. (2008) found that the DNA of mainland owls is closer to that of the Barking Owl than to that of New Zealand (N. novaeseelandiae) and Tasmanian boobook owls.

2.41. The evidence supporting the separation of the eared nightjars as a family Eurostopodidae (e.g. by Christidis and Boles 2008) or their retention as a subfamily (Eurostopodinae) with the rest of the nightjars (family Caprimulgidae) is equivocal. Some authorities prefer the latter treatment as the eared nightjars are not equivalent in rank to other families in the Caprimulgiformes (Gill and Donsker 2013, Clements et al. 2012). The most recent and detailed study of Han et al. (2010) indicates that Eurostopodus species are basal taxa within the Caprimulgidae and are therefore retained therein.

Census of South Australian Vertebrates - SECTION 3 BIRDS Page 29 FIS 92159 2.42. Whether to separate the tree (wood) kingfishers Halcyoninae from the river kingfishers Alcedininae (represented in SA only by Ceyx azureus) is a moot point (Schodde 1997e). Some authorities maintain them as separate families (e.g. Christidis and Boles 2008) while others combine them (e.g. Clements et al. 2012, Gill and Donsker 2013).

2.43. Christidis and Boles (2008) combined Chlamydera species with the closely related Satin Bowerbird in Ptilonorhynchus, but here they are retained in the former genus following Frith and Frith (2009).

2.44. Schodde and Mason (1999) considered that only the nominate subspecies of Amytornis striatus occurs in SA, with a broad, clinal zone of intermediates between the larger, greyer birds in the SE and the smaller, rufous birds in the NW. However, the genetic results of Christidis et al. (2010) demonstrate that the rufous form in western central Australia is distinctive and should be considered as a separate subspecies A. s. oweni Mathews, 1911. The population in NW SA is referable to this subspecies; in previous editions of this list it was given as A. s. rufus A.J. Campbell & Kershaw, 1913 but this is a synonym of A. s. oweni.

2.45. The mitochondrial DNA study of Donnellan et al. (2009) indicates that Stipiturus malachurus parimeda and S. m. halmaturinus are barely divergent genetically, as are also intermedius and polionotum. However, all four are distinct phenotypically as detailed by Schodde and Mason (1999) and are isolated geographically so are regarded here as distinct subspecies.

2.46. Gardner et al. (2010) found that Lichenostomus is polyphyletic. Nyari and Joseph (2011) made a comprehensive revision of the genus and its relationships within the family and they split Lichenostomus into seven separate genera. Five of these genera are represented in SA and they closely follow the subgeneric arrangement within Lichenostomus given by Schodde and Mason (1999); they are: Lichenostomus (L. cratitius and melanops), Caligavis (C. chrysops), Gavicalis (G. virescens), Nesoptilotis (N. leucotis) and Ptilotula (P. fusca, keartlandi, ornata, penicillata and plumula). We follow this arrangement although we note that Gavicalis and Ptilotula represent sister groups and could be recognised at the subgenus level: Ptilotula (Gavicalis) virescens and Ptilotula (Ptilotula) spp. Indeed Nyari and Joseph (2011) themselves stated that recognition of just the one genus (Ptilotula, being the older name) is a taxonomically valid alternative.

2.47. This taxon is listed here as a subspecies within Manorina flavigula, following Schodde and Mason (1999), and not a separate species as in e.g. Christidis and Boles (1994, 2008).

On current evidence the arguments for elevation of melanotis to species status are equivocal. Phenotypically melanotis is distinct from but most closely similar to flavigula including the dark form from , the Dusky Miner M. f. obscura (Gould, 1841) (Schodde and Mason 1999, Higgins et al. 2001). Both melanotis and flavigula are distinct from the Noisy Miner M. melanocephala, with which they form a superspecies (Schodde and Mason 1999). Eight clutches of of melanotis held in SAM indicate that eggs of melanotis and flavigula are similar, and different from those of melanocephala in ground colour and pattern. In areas of contact, greatly expanded by clearing of the dense mallee habitat of melanotis, interbreeding between melanotis and flavigula is extensive with apparently complete interfertility, resulting in phenotypic swamping of melanotis by flavigula (Joseph 1986, Schodde and Mason 1999). This indicates a close genetic relationship between the two taxa. Before extensive clearing however, differences in preferred habitat are considered to have largely isolated the taxa. Studies of remaining populations of melanotis show that they have ecological requirements that are different from those of flavigula (Clarke et al. 2001, Clarke et al. 2005).

Christidis and Holderness (1998) discussed unpublished results of Christidis and Norman’s mitochondrial DNA analysis of Manorina. They found that DNA sequences from the Noisy and Bell Miners, with their distinctive patterns, were easily recognised, and that among Yellow-throated Miner samples variations in DNA largely corresponded to subspecies (M. f. flavigula, lutea, pallida and obscura). They also analysed 17 hybrid specimens (not specified but presumably all of Yellow-throated x Black-eared) and found the mDNA of 15 corresponded with Yellow-throated while two were different and were assumed to represent the Black-eared. Unfortunately DNA they extracted from old skins of Black-eared Miners was too degraded so they were unable to compare known Black-eared mDNA with that from the hybrids. They also found that the DNA of the two presumed Black-eared samples was even more divergent from Yellow-throated than was the Noisy Miner DNA, and concluded therefore that the Black-eared Miner deserves separate species status.

Resolution of taxonomic status is hampered by the paucity of museum material of ‘pure’ melanotis. Recent assessments regard the large-scale land clearances in the 1950s as precipitating the major decline in melanotis, and therefore use pre-1945 or pre-1950 specimens in their analyses. However, the existence of six early SAM skins that are readily identifiable as intermediates, one from Marmon Jabuk 1918, two from Moorook 1919, and three from NW 1933-5, suggests that at least in these regions melanotis coexisted and interbred freely with flavigula much earlier than the 1950s. In contrast, all 11 SAM skins collected around the

Page 30 SECTION 3 BIRDS - Census of South Australian Vertebrates Karoonda district 1914-1937 are phenotypically pure melanotis or nearly so. But eggs (held at SAM) collected as melanotis at Karoonda in 1921 and nearby Borrika in 1922 were from in Callitris, a common nesting site for flavigula but not for melanotis, the latter generally preferring mallee (Higgins et al. 2001), and the Karoonda 1921 clutch was in a lined with ‘fine rootlets and a small quantity of horsehair’. This indicates that the birds were not nesting within dense, unbroken mallee and suggests that the ecological preferences of melanotis were not as clearly differentiated from flavigula as presumed. On the other hand, it is possible that these clutches were from intermediate birds and that collectors of the adult Karoonda birds targeted the darkest, most melanotis-like individuals (contra Joseph 1986 and Clarke et al. 2001 who considered targeted collecting unlikely). Three SAM melanotis clutches collected in NW Victoria in 1933-4 were also from nests ‘lined with horsehair’, but in that region there were intermediate adults collected around the same time.

In an attempt to resolve the status of melanotis, Clarke et al. (2001) assessed and scored 39 (only 38 shown in their table) characters (mostly of plumage) for a large number of melanotis, flavigula and intermediates from the Murray Mallee, both museum skins and live individuals. Cluster analyses on the complete data set failed to reveal clusters within the sample, indicating a continuum of phenotypes between the two taxa. They then performed cluster analyses on data only from specimens collected before 1950 and found two distinct clusters, one containing more melanotis-like birds (including the six early hybrid skins mentioned above) and the other more flavigula-like birds. They concluded that this separation of early specimens supported separate species status. Certainly these results support separate taxonomic status, but at what level is debatable particularly in light of the conflicting evidence presented here. What the full data set does demonstrate is that we now have one species with intermediates between two end points.

Most current authors favour species status for melanotis (e.g. Clarke et al. 2001, Higgins et al. 2001, Christidis and Boles 2008). In contrast obscura, which is also distinctive morphologically (Schodde and Mason 1999) and is genetically distinct from other subspecies of flavigula (Christidis and Holderness 1998), is generally considered as a subspecies (e.g. Clarke et al. 2001, Higgins et al. 2001). While the situation of obscura is not entirely comparable with melanotis, it is clear that a critical phylogenetic analysis of Manorina is required, and detailed molecular analyses of all populations within Manorina published in a peer-reviewed journal are needed. On current evidence the arguments of Schodde and Mason (1999) in retaining melanotis within flavigula remain compelling. The taxonomic status of the critically endangered melanotis is pertinent to its conservation. As Clarke et al. (2001) remarked ‘priority setting in species conservation management favours taxa with unambiguous taxonomic status’. Regrettably the taxonomic status of melanotis remains ambiguous. Fortunately though, as noted by Garnett and Christidis (2007), most national (including Australian) and international conservation legislations include taxa below species level. Indeed the Black-eared Miner is currently listed as a subspecies in Schedule 7 of the South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act (1972; 2008 update).

Regardless of its taxonomic status, the Black-eared Miner is a distinct taxon and the results of Clarke et al. (2001) give a clear demonstration that its decline was a direct result of widespread clearing of the Murray Mallee. The recovery plan for the Black-eared Miner must therefore be maintained as a specific goal in conservation.

2.48. In their Figure 2 Nyari and Joseph (2011) accidentally left the species name endings as masculine for species of Ptilotula, as they were when still in Lichenostomus, but the genus Ptilotula is feminine so the endings change accordingly.

2.49. There has been recent discussion as to whether the species name of the Black Honeyeater should be niger or nigrum. LeCroy (2011) clearly explains why niger should be used.

2.50. The molecular study of Gardner et al. (2010) found that the pardalotes could equally be included in an expanded Acanthizidae; the decision to split or combine them is arbitrary. In morphology and behaviour however the pardalotes are distinct (Schodde and Mason 1999) so Christidis and Boles (2008) are followed here in separating them as Pardalotidae.

2.51. Whether the species pairs of heathwrens and fieldwrens should be combined in a single genus or separated into two genera is still debated. Schodde and Mason (1999) combined them in Calamanthus (heathwrens subgenus Hylacola, fieldwrens subgenus Calamanthus), citing morphological and other similarities. Christidis and Boles (2008) remarked that this merger may well prove valid but more evidence was desirable before accepting it. The phylogenetic analysis of Gardner et al. (2010) supported these genera as sister taxa and the authors remarked ‘Whether Hylacola needs to be retained as a separate genus appears to be a matter of choice’. Here the species are combined, following the arguments of Schodde and Mason (1999); such a combination is comparable with, for example, the congeneric status of wedgebills and whipbirds.

Census of South Australian Vertebrates - SECTION 3 BIRDS Page 31 FIS 92159 2.52. There has been disagreement (McAllan, 2007) as to whether the species name of the White-throated Gerygone should be olivacea or albogularis (Gould, 1838), published in the same work. The reasoning of Schodde et al. (2007) is followed here in using olivacea, and this name has been conserved by the ICZN (Opinion 2240, The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 66(4), 2009).

2.53. Norman et al. (2009) and Jønsson et al. (2011) demonstrated that the Psophodidae sensu Christidis and Boles (2008), including both Psophodes and Cinclosoma, is not monophyletic. Christidis and Boles (2008) themselves flagged the possibility that separate families would be warranted and we follow Norman et al. (2009) in separating the Cinclosomatidae and Psophodidae.

2.54. Toon et al. (2012) demonstrated that Cinclosoma c. cinnamomeum and C. c. alisteri are sister taxa, divergent and reciprocally monophyletic. Given their isolation in distinctive biogeographical regions and their morphological differences, we follow Toon et al. (2011) in elevating the latter to species status.

2.55. Named Chestnut-backed Ground-Thrush by Gould (1840-1848), this species has long been known as the Chestnut Quailthrush (e.g. RAOU 1926, RAOU 1978). We follow Dickinson (2003) and Gill and Donsker (2013) in using the more accurately descriptive Chestnut-backed Quailthrush, as recommended by Schodde and Mason (1999). Toon et al. (2012) found significant genetic divergence between eastern and western populations, greater than that between the Cinnamon and Nullarbor Quailthrushes. They made no taxonomic changes but recommended further phylogeographic studies.

2.56. Toon et al. (2012) demonstrated that Cinclosoma c. castaneothorax Gould, 1849 and C. c. marginatum are not sister taxa as has long been assumed, showing the latter as sister to the C. cinnamomeum - C. alisteri pair and castaneothorax sister to all three. Their molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that castaneothorax and marginatum should be recognised as taxonomic species under any modern species concept.

2.57. Gill and Donsker (2013) separate the woodswallows as the family Artamidae from the remaining genera, family Cracticidae. However, Norman et al. (2009) demonstrated that there is no support for separating woodswallows as a family so we follow Christidis and Boles (2008) in combining them.

2.58. Christidis and Boles (2008) lumped the Australian Magpie in the genus Cracticus, but Schodde and Mason (1999) maintained it in Gymnorhina and are followed here. The magpie has a complex social structure, and various morphological and plumage characteristics are distinctive (Schodde and Mason 1999, Schodde 2010). In addition, the eggs of magpies are usually streaked or blotched, occasionally spotted, while those of butcherbirds are always spotted or speckled (SA Museum clutches). Subspecies limits are complex and not fully resolved but in general the White-backed Magpie is found in southern SA and the Black-backed Magpie in more northern and inland regions.

2.59. Listed as Coracina tenuirostris by Christidis and Boles (2008) and Gill and Donsker (2013). The phylogenetic study of Jønsson et al. (2010) showed however that Coracina is not monophyletic. Several species including tenuirostris and other cicadabirds clustered with Lalage and should be treated within that genus.

2.60. Christidis and Boles (2008) conservatively retained tricolor as a subspecies of Lalage sueurii (Swainson, 1825). See Schodde and Mason (1999) for separation of these taxa as members of a superspecies. Among other differences, L. tricolor is the only member of the genus with a male eclipse plumage.

2.61.  The phylogenetic analyses of Norman et al. (2009) and Jønsson et al. (2011) have shown that the Pachycephalidae is not monophyletic. They also demonstrated that the Crested Bellbird and the Rufous- naped Whistler (Aleadryas rufinucha) and Crested (Ornorectes cristatus) both of New Guinea are each other’s closest relatives but not part of the core pachycephaline assemblage. We follow the proposal that they be treated as a separate family, the Oreoicidae.

2.62. Gill and Donsker (2013) added ‘Australian’ to the common name of this species to distinguish it from the Mangrove Golden Whistler P. melanura Gould, 1843. Jønsson et al. (2008) studied the of the P. pectoralis/melanura complex and found that melanura and eastern Australian populations of pectoralis are more closely related to each other than to Western Australian pectoralis, which is sister to both. This suggests that eastern and western Australian populations may represent separate species. Their study did not include South Australian P. p. fuliginosa so its affinities are as yet unknown.

2.63. The original spelling of the specific epithet was melanoramphos without the first ‘h’ (Vieillot 1817). Prevailing usage over the last 50 years however has been melanorhamphos and this spelling can be preserved under Article 33.3.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

2.64. Alström et al. (2011) have pointed out that the subfamily name Locustellinae Bonaparte, 1854 pre-dates Megalurinae Blyth, 1875, as listed in Bock (1994). Since both Locustella and Megalurus are included in this family (sensu Alström et al. 2011, Christidis and Boles 2008) the earlier name must be used as the family name.

Page 32 SECTION 3 BIRDS - Census of South Australian Vertebrates 2.65. From their molecular study of members of this family Alström et al. (2011) found that Cincloramphus and Eremiornis are both closely related to Megalurus and should be placed within that genus. However, Megalurus is not monophyletic in their arrangement and, as they point out, their classification is tentative. Given that there is doubt concerning generic placements, the arrangement of Christidis and Boles (2008) is followed here until the situation is clarified.

2.66. Some recent authors (for example Moyle et al. 2009) continue to retain white-eyes in the separate family Zosteropidae, which group has now been expanded to include various Asian babbler genera (Gelang et al. 2009, Moyle et al. 2009). However, the molecular studies of Gelang et al. (2009), and the review of babblers and related groups by Cibois et al. (2010), indicate that the group is best regarded as a subfamily Zosteropinae within the Timaliidae.

2.67. Schodde and Mason (1999) separated two groups of subspecies of the Australasian Pipit as the Australian Pipit A. australis Vieillot, 1818 and the New Zealand Pipit A. novaeseelandiae (J.F. Gmelin, 1789). The DNA study of Tavares and Baker (2008) lends support to this division, although as the authors pointed out increased sampling is required to properly test this.

2.68. Christidis and Boles (2008) placed the Greenfinch in the genus Chloris tentatively, but recent molecular evidence indicates that this placement is justified (Nguembock et al. 2009).

2.69. The House Swift is now recognised by most authorities (e.g. Gill and Donsker 2013) as a species separate from the Little Swift Apus affinis (J.E. Gray, 1830). The single Australian specimen falls within the nipalensis group (Christidis and Boles 2008) so in the absence of corroborating evidence the SA sightings are tentatively assigned to this species.

2.70. Christidis and Boles (2008) retained the Speckled Warbler in the monotypic Chthonicola, pending further evidence regarding its generic status. Gardner et al. (2010) provided molecular evidence to support Schodde and Mason’s (1999) combination of this species within Pyrrholaemus on morphological grounds.

2.71. Listed by Christidis and Boles (2008) as Sturnus tristis. The molecular study of Lovette and Rubenstein (2007) indicated that Sturnus was not monophyletic, with two species more closely related to Acridotheres; one option therefore was to lump Acridotheres within Sturnus. Lovette et al. (2008) and Zuccon et al. (2008) refined this study and included additional specimens; their preferred treatments were to retain Acridotheres and to split Sturnus into several genera, and this is followed here.

2.72. The Northern Red Bishop Euplectes franciscanus (Isert, 1789) is now regarded as a species separate from the Southern Red Bishop E. orix, following the molecular study of Prager et al. (2008) that showed they are not closely related. One wild caught specimen in the South Australian Museum (B16764, an adult male from McLaren Flat, 10 March 1933) is a Southern Red Bishop so we assume that all feral populations in SA have been this species.

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