FLOOD CONTROL MEASURES in PUNJAB- a CASE STUDY Himanshu Jaiswal M.Tech, Water Resources Engg, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh

International Journal of Technical Innovation in Modern Engineering & Science (IJTIMES) Impact Factor: 5.22 (SJIF-2017), e-ISSN: 2455-2585 Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2018

FLOOD CONTROL MEASURES IN PUNJAB- A CASE STUDY Himanshu Jaiswal M.Tech, Water Resources Engg, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh

Abstract - Flood control refers to all methods used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of flood waters. Some of the common techniques used for flood control are installation of rock berms, rock rip-raps, sandbags, maintaining normal slopes with vegetation or application of soil cements on steeper slopes and construction or expansion of drainage channels. Other methods include levees, dikes, dams, retention or detention basins. At present, 97% of the arable land in the Punjab is irrigated, 27% from surface water (canal) irrigation and the remaining 73% met from the ground water resources. Rejuvenation and revamping of canal network is the thrust area of state government. The canal surface water distribution system consists of 14500 km of canals/distributaries covering six major systems in the State namely: Sirhind Canal system, Bhakra Main Line, Bist Doab Canal, Upper Bari Doab Canal, Sirhind feeder and Eastern canal. Keywords ; Flood, Warning System, Canal

1. Introduction

Floods are caused by many factors: heavy precipitation, severe winds over water, unusual high tides, tsunamis, or failure of dams, levels, retention ponds, or other structures that contained the water. Periodic floods occur on many rivers, forming a surrounding region known as the flood plain. During times of rain or snow, some of the water is retained in ponds or soil, some is absorbed by grass and vegetation, some evaporates, and the rest travels over the land as surface runoff. Floods occur when ponds, lakes, riverbeds, soil, and vegetation cannot absorb all the water. Water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried within stream channels or retained in natural ponds, lakes, and man-made reservoirs. About 30 percent of all precipitation is in the form of runoff small and that amount might be increased by water from melting snow. River flooding is often caused by heavy rain, sometimes increased by melting snow. Aflood that rises rapidly, with little or no advance warning, is called a flash flood. Flash floods usually result from intense rainfall over a relatively small area, or if the area was already saturated from previous precipitation.

2. Canal Administration In Punjab

Canal Administration is primarily responsible for operation and maintenance of a very well developed and widespread 14500 Kms long canal system and 5 Head Works. Total cultivable command area in Punjab is 42.90 lac hectare out of which 30.88 lac hectare has been brought under command of canals networks (In addition to pre- partition utilization of 32MAF in Shahnehar Canal System). Canal irrigation systems in Punjab comprise of : • Sirhind Canal system • Bist Doab Canal system • Bhakra Main Line (BML) Canal System • Upper Bari Doab Canal system, Kashmir Canal • Ferozepur Feeder/Sirhind Feeder system • Eastern Canal system • Makhu Canal System • Shahnehar Canal system • Kashmir Canal system. • The Rajasthan Feeder and Bikaner Canal which carry Ravi-Beas water exclusively for Rajasthan run a considerable length over Punjab Territory.

IJTIMES-2018@All rights reserved 1135 International Journal of Technical Innovation in Modern Engineering & Science (IJTIMES) Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2018, e-ISSN: 2455-2585,Impact Factor: 5.22 (SJIF-2017)

3. Flood Forecasting In Punjab

Arrangements are made with the Local Office of the Meteorologicaldepartment, Govt. of India, for weather forecast report. These reports will beconveyed to the SEs of Drainage Administration through the Sinchai Bhawan Control room for the safety of the embankment/dhussies. The present level of Bhakra Dam, Pong Dam, RSD Dam as on 9.4.2010 are 1516.48 ft.(maximum level 1680.00ft.), 1297.69 ft.(1390.00 ft.), and 497.34 mt.(524.91 mt.) respectively. The maximum water level attained during September, 2009 at Bhakra Dam, Pong Dam and Ranjit Sagar Dam was 1638.97', 1339.48' and 502.26 mtr. respectively.

3.1 Warning System from Bhakra and Pong Reservoir in the Case of Floods/Rains

RIVER SUTLEJ

Following norms are maintained for the issue of flood warning as perstanding instructions issued by the Executive Engineer, Regulation, Irrigation Branch Head Office, Chandigarh (Punjab) :- Bhakra Beas management Board will issue flood warning to police wireless station at Nangal when the releases below Nangal Dam exceed 50,000 cusecs and through their own wireless systems to Chief Engineer, Drainage, Chandigarh. Executive Engineer, Head Works, Ropar will convey warnings to the concerned District Civil authorities and officers of the Drainage organizations whenever the releases D/s Ropar exceed 80,000 cusecs (revised limit). There are four hill torrents which outfall into river Sutlej D/s Nangal Dam. Two ofthese i.e. Swan and Sirsa outfall U/s Ropar Head Works. During the Flood Season, additional wireless sets will be installed at following sites:- i) Sirsa On Nangal Hydel Channel Crossing Sirsa, Nadi. ii) Siswan Nadi and Will be manned by deputing men at both sites but Budki Nadi wireless set will be installed at Budki site where Accommodation is available. iii) Swan Near Una. If the discharge in these rivulets exceeds 15000 cs. A 2-hourly message conveying the flood will be issued to Director, W.Regulation, B.B.M.B., Nangal through wireless RIVER BEAS Information regarding water level, inflow and outflow at Pong Dam is received at he Sinchai Bhawan Control Room from the B.B.M.B Authorities, and is included in the daily flood report sent to the State Flood Control Room. The D/s site at Naushera Mirthal and Dhilwan are manned by the staff of the Executive Engineer, Discharge Division, Mohali who also sends the information to the Sinchai Bhawan Control Room.

3.2 System of Flood Warning Signals In Punjab

Flood protection Embankments have been constructed along major rivers, choes and nadies with a total length of about 1800 Kms in the state. The embankments are designed for flood discharge of a specified return period (as per Rashtriya Barh Ayog a return period of 1 in 25 years as recommended keeping in view the high investment cost for higher return periods). The embankments are liable to be overtopped during exceptionally high floods. The embankments are liable to damage due to change in river course where the water current suddenly changes direction. In such cases breaches can occur causing flooding of area adjoining the embankments. As such, flood warnings have to be issued to all areas along with the rivers, near the affected embankments.

4. Flood Control Measures

4.1 Structural Measure for flood control:  Revival of Bhupindera Sagar Lake The lake Bhupindera Sagar created by Jhambo Wali Choe near town Patran must be restored not only to protect a vast area of Patran block from floods but also to restore the disappeared wetland biodiversity. Revival of Bhupindera Sagarlake is very difficult and costly also.

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 Revival of Village Pond Encroachments and extinction of village ponds in the Patiala District should also be checked at the earliest. Effort should be made for their revival as these can contain considerable amount of rain water which otherwise will be available for inundation.  Changing Crop Pattern also added to floods Earlier the people in the surrounding areas use to sow one crop only. The cross drainage work was kept at higher elevation to achieve spreading of flood water on upstream to benefit the barani crops and altered the flow on d/s. Now after green revolution the cropping pattern has changed with double and even triple crops.  Need for repair of SYL and new structures on SYL It is necessary to strengthen the embankments of Pachisdhara Nallah, strengthen the banks of SYL. Construction of new syphons on SYL canal e.g. upstream Banur Rajpura Road etc. Cleaning and repair of already constructed cross drainage works.Complete the 3 abandoned cross drainage works of SYL canal

4.2 Non-Structural Measures

 Preparedness Methodology Instead of waiting for a disaster to occur and then to manage it, this concept envisages to make people part of the management process. The plan contains a series of measures for preparedness in schools, colleges, hospitals, and all other vital institutions and ultimately the community itself.  Training Programmes The annual work plan mainly consists of widespread training and awareness generation programmes in all the state of Punjab. The Information Education and Communication projects (IEC) to be thus undertaken by Government of Punjab are described in the subsequent sections.  Train the Trainer Model for Schools The Department of Revenue Rehabilitation and Disaster Management intends to conduct programmes for train the trainer model for schools in Punjab. One such programme would be carried out in each of seven flood prone districts viz. Patiala,Sangrur, Mansa, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Jalandhar and Moga.

 Flood Plain Zoning Flood plain zoning, which places restrictions on the use of land on flood plains, can reduce the cost of flood damage. Local governments may pass laws that prevent uncontrolled building or development on flood plains to limit flood risks and to protect nearby property. Landowners in areas that adopt local ordinances or laws to limit development on flood plains can purchase flood insurance to help cover the cost of damage from floods. Flood plain zoning if carried out will also help in reducing the expenditure on various structural measures to be adopted for flood management

5. Projects of Flood control

5.1 Recently Completed Projects

• The project for Const. of Flood Protection Works along River Beas & Sutlej in Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar & Nawanshehar Districts & Canalization of Mehangerwal Choe & Rahon Creek in Hoshiarpur District under NABARD RIDF VII.

• The project for Flood protection & Drainage works on river Ghaggar, its tributaries &Tangri Nadi under NABARD RIDF IX.

• The project for Flood protection projects in Gurdaspur and Amritsar districts under NABARD RIDF X.

IJTIMES-2018@All rights reserved 1137 International Journal of Technical Innovation in Modern Engineering & Science (IJTIMES) Volume 4, Issue 7, July-2018, e-ISSN: 2455-2585,Impact Factor: 5.22 (SJIF-2017)

5.2 Ongoing projects/schemes

• Construction of embankments & widening of river Ghaggar from Khanauri to Karail under NABARD RIDF XII.

• Drainage project for improving agriculture production by controlling water logging problem in Muktsar district under NABARD RIDF XII.

• Drainage project for improving agriculture production by controlling water logging problem in Muktsar district under NABARD RIDF XIII.

• 27 No. projects related with tackling of water logging in Muktsar district under NABARD RIDF XIV

• 9 No. projects related with tackling of water logging in Muktsar district under NABARD RIDF XIV

• Canalization of Sakki/Kiran Nallah

• Construction of bridges on river Ghaggar from villages for roads connecting villages Karail to Handa and Moonak to Tohana.

6. References

[1] World Bank Report, 2014, “India - Punjab Flood Protection and Drainage Project”. [2] Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh Report, 2007, “State of Environment Punjab”.