Edentata The Newsletter of the IUCN Edentate Specialist Group • June 2001 • Number 4
Editors: Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca and Anthony B. Rylands ESG Chair: Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca ESG Deputy Chair: Jennifer Pervola Edentata The Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Edentate Specialist Group
Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Conservation International 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA
ISSN 1413-4411
Editors Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Anthony B. Rylands, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC
Assistant Editors Jennifer Pervola, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Mônica Tavares da Fonseca, Conservation International do Brasil, MG, Brazil
Edentate Specialist Group Chairman Gustavo A.B. da Fonseca Deputy Chair Jennifer Pervola
Design and Composition Ted Goodridge, Conservation International Publications, Washington, DC Kim Meek, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC
Front Cover Picture: Alexis Rockman ‘Big Game’ 2000, Oil and acrylic on wood, 68x80 inches. Artist Alexis Rockman kindly gave permission to reproduce his painting. Photo courtesy of Gorney Bravin and Lee Gallery, Director Rodney Hill. 534 West 26th Street, New York, NY, 10001, USA.
This issue of Edentata was kindly sponsored by the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA. EDITORIAL
The Conservation of Xenarthra Will Be Vital for the Preservation of Mammalian Phylogenetic Diversity
Mammalian standing diversity may reach 5,000 species, currently divided into 26 orders, 135 families and 1135 genera. The edentates (Xenarthra) contribute with a meager 29 species. The 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals has eight species of edentates classifi ed in one of its categories, out of a total of 1,130 mammals, not a single (fortunately) yet considered critically endangered. This might lead one to believe that the fate of sloths, armadillos and anteaters represents a negligible portion of the challenge of preserving mammalian evolutionary diversity (compare this with the 223 primate taxa considered threatened, 51 of which Critically Endangered!).
However, recent molecular evidence (Madsen et al., 2001; MMurphyurphy et al., 2001) strstronglyongly supporsupportsts the long-suspected notion of Xenarthra being an ancient, basal group within the placental mammals, and one of its only four extant superordinal clades, with origins being traced back to Gondwanaland. What such results suggest is that the four families of living edentates retain a disproportional amount of the evolutionary history of placental mammals, immediately making the plight of these 29 species a great priority for conservation. Unfortunately, as a group, edentates are very poorly studied when compared with other mammals, in particular regarding their conservation status in the fi eld. Most species are notoriously diffi cult to investigate in the wild, which presumably drives away potential students.
Hoping to stimulate additional work focusing on sloths, armadillos and anteaters, particularly those suspected to be threatened by habitat destruction and hunting, the Edentate Specialist Group has cre- ated an Action Fund to support studies that will help elucidate their status in the wild. The fund is being fi nanced by Conservation International’s Center for Applied Biodiversity Science. We will hope to make the turn-around time for the funding of proposals as fast as possible, and we especially invite students from developing countries of the western hemisphere, home of the edentates, to apply for funding. There is a more detailed description of this opportunity in this issue of Edentata.
Gustavo Fonseca Chair Edentate Specialist Group
References Madsen, O., et al. 2001. Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals. Nature 409: 610-614. Murphy, W. J. et al. 2001. Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature 409: 614-618.
1 friend Ramón Lista, an Argentine geographer and ARTICLES government offi cial, reported sighting a strange quadruped in Santa Cruz, southern Patagonia. He said that it was pangolin-like but hairy. Lista said Does the Endangered Xenarthran Fauna of that he and his companions shot at the animal Amazonia Include Remnant Ground Sloths? but that it escaped into the vegetation, appar- ently unscathed. Later Ameghino examined what to him appeared to be a piece of fresh ground David C. Oren sloth skin, which we now know originated from Departamento de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, a mummifi ed mylodontid discovered in a cave Caixa Postal 399, 66017-970 Belém, Pará, Brazil. at Ultima Esperanza Bay in Chile. Based on the skin fragment, Ameghino then described Neo- In what was viewed by many as an extremely con- mylodon listae in honor of his friend. Radio-car- troversial paper (Oren, 1993), I proposed that bon and stratigraphic evidence gives ages ranging stories linked to an Amazonian creature known from 5,000 to 13,000 years for the ground sloth locally as the mapinguari or juma, among other remains from the Ultima Esperanza Bay cave, and names, may be based on human contact with 4,400 years for a sloth bone from northern Chile, remnant ground sloths. In general, it is consid- but there is controversy about these dates, which ered that all the ground sloths are extinct and are not universally accepted (Greenwell, 1996). that there are only two living genera of tree-sloths (Choloepus and Bradypus), highly adapted to an In the Caribbean there is a good possibility that arboreal lifestyle. I myself was among those shar- relatively small megalonychid ground sloths and ing this general viewpoint, until I met Amazo- humans coexisted. The probably semi-arboreal nians who told me about supposed face-to-face Synocnus of HHispaniolaispaniola is the best candidate for encounters with an animal that is best interpreted having overlapped with human occupation in the as a living remnant ground sloth. Seven claimed West Indies. Other megalonychid genera possibly to have actually killed specimens. Even if there is co-occurring with paleo-Indians include Acrato- only a small possibility that these stories are based cnus of C Cubauba and PuertoPuerto Rico and Parocnus of on fact, it seems worthwhile from a conservation Cuba and Hispaniola (McKenna and Bell, 1997). point of view to entertain, at least for the sake of argument, the possibility that there is an addi- Bernard Heuvelmans (1958), the consolidator of tional form of endangered xenarthran, however cryptozoology, retells the story of Ameghino and unlikely, in the forests of Amazonia. I further colleagues in his classic tome, and ends his fas- cinating chapter on ground sloths in Patagonia argue that such a remanescent form is really not with the following on the possibility that there all that unexpected. still might be ground sloths somewhere: The living and extinct sloths are generally divided “...the largest sloths would have retreated, as the into four or fi ve families (some authors merge jaguar did, to the tropical forests, where they could Mylodontidae and Scelidotheridae) (see McKenna fi nd a safer refuge. All the same, it is unlikely that the and Bell 1997). My article was not the fi rst time really gigantic species could have adapted themselves that someone had proposed that there might still to the inextricable virgin forests, the habitat in which be ground sloths alive in South America. More the small tree species fl ourished. If such is the case, than 100 years ago, Argentine paleontologist Flo- what has happened to them in their impenetrable rentino Ameghino created a great international retreat in the vast Amazonian selva and the boscosa stir by proposing that mylodontid ground sloths of the Andes? It is hard to see what, in the peace of were still extant in Patagonia (Ameghino 1898, these forests rarely inhabited by man, could have led 1899). He had two lines of evidence. First, his
2 Edentata • June 2001 to their extinction. Might they not still live in this could only be a ground sloth!” Then a more cau- “green hell” and fi nd it a heaven of peace?” tionary tone took over: “Wait a minute, you’ll be taken for a wacko!” Curiously enough, Heuvelmans’ next chapter is precisely on would-be unknown species of the When I wrote the 1993 paper, I had never inter- Amazon, but there is no further mention of viewed anyone who had claimed to have killed one ground sloths. In this chapter, he attributes all sto- of these supposed animals. I now have testimony ries of mapinguaris and similar creatures to unde- from seven hunters who say they killed these scribed primates. animals in the following municipalities in the Brazilian Amazon: Eirunepé (Amazonas), Marabá Ever since I fi rst arrived in the Brazilian Amazon (Pará), region of the Parque Nacional da Serra in 1977, I heard tales of all sorts of mythical crea- do Divisor (Acre – two hunters), Juína (Mato tures in the rainforest. There is the curupira, a Grosso), Manicoré (Amazonas), and Carauarí small, childlike imp that has its feet turned back- (Amazonas). Supposed witnesses who say they wards and rides on the backs of white-lipped pec- simply came face to face with such an animal caries. Forest dwellers who overhunt are certain to number over 80. What they describe: a creature be enchanted by the curupira, who will get them approximately 2 m tall when standing upright; a hopelessly lost in the selva. The mãe-de-seringa is very strong, unpleasant smell (most say that it’s the protector of the rubber trees, and those who just the worst odor they ever smelled, although tap latex in a form that is harmful to the trees will others describe the stench as a mixture of feces be attacked by this vampire-like woman, who kills with rotting fl esh); extremely heavy and powerful her victims. build; capable of breaking thick roots with its footsteps; claws on the manus similar in size to From my fi rst fi eld work in the Tapajós River Priodontes maximus (G(Giantiant Armadillo), but shaped basin, I heard stories of the mapinguari, a fear- like those of Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Giant Ant- some, powerful, hairy, stinking behemoth with a eater or Tamandua); long coarse fur that is either blood-curdling roar and human-like proportions. reddish, blackish or brownish in color; a muzzle Surely this creature also was part of the panoply that looks like a burro’s or horse’s, though shorter; of mythical animals that the natives love to talk four large canine-like teeth; ability to locomote on about. But the more I traveled to other basins, the all fours and bipedally, although the bipedal gait more stories I heard, until fi nally in 1988 I heard is not agile; footprints that are roundish (quadru- an account that I could not dismiss as a fi ctional pedal gait) or like people’s, but with only four toes tale of a run-in with a myth. Clearly my inter- (bipedal gait); and extremely loud, roaring vocal- locutor was not lying about what he claimed to izations and/or vocalizations similar to a human have seen in the forests of what today is northern calling loudly, but with a growl at the end. Six of Tocantins State. After listening carefully to the the hunters claimed that they killed the animal story, a light went on in my brain: “This creature with special slugs of solid lead in shotguns aimed at the head, and that normal shot aimed else- Family Representatives where has little effect on the animal. The seventh Mylodontidae Extinct Ground Sloths, hunter emptied a 38 caliber revolver into the ani- North and South America mal’s chest. Three hunters saved remains (sam- Scelidotheridae Extinct Ground Sloths, South America Megatheriidae Extinct Ground Sloths, North, Central ples of hair, claws or a manus), which were later and South America discarded, while the others saved nothing. They Megalonychidae Extinct Ground Sloths, Choloepus stated that they did not save remains principally (Two-toed Sloths), North, Central and due to the insupportable odor the animal emitted, South America, plus West Indies which left them light-headed and nauseous. Bradypodidae Three-toed Sloths (Bradypus), Central and South America
3 Although in the 1993 paper I proposed that if tude the chances that if an animal of this sort is such an animal is a ground sloth then it probably killed, at least part of it will make it into the hands belongs to the Mylodontidae, my suggestion now of someone who recognizes its importance. And is that a megalonychid is a better candidate, based can one imagine the boon to conservation in trop- primarily on the four canine-like teeth and gait. ical South America if such a spectacular new “fl ag- Only megalonychids could have locomoted the ship” species were to be found? At the very least way witnesses describe (as per Toledo, 1998). there would be better funding for basic biological inventory work. This is not a search for dinosaurs, I admit that not all the evidence is consistent with extinct tens of millions of years, but the possibility a ground sloth. The hunters claim that the animal of a very rare, remnant representative of a fauna had a short tail. In all cases for which we have that fl ourished in the Americas, and particularly reasonably complete material, the known fossil in Amazonia (Ranzi, 2000), until a few thousand ground sloths had well-developed tails, important years ago. The Chacoan Peccary was discovered for stability when used to complete a “tripod” still living only 27 years ago, Javan rhinos were with the lower limbs to reach up to browse on recently rediscovered on the Asian mainland, and foliage. Some researchers have suggested that the two new ungulates were recently described from descriptions they have heard in the Amazon of war-torn Vietnam. In the vastness of the Amazon, such an animal are more consistent with a bear the discovery of a large new mammal cannot be than a ground sloth (K. Campbell, pers. com., J. considered all that unlikely or improbable. Patton, pers. comm.). In this context it is impor- tant to note that Shepard (in press), found that the As a side note, Richard Cerutti (pers. comm.), Peruvian Matsigenka tribe describe an animal of paleontologist at the San Diego Natural History which they are terrifi ed, called segamai, veryvery simi- Museum, suggested to me that descriptions of the lar to the Brazilian Amazonian mapinguari. When legendary “Bigfoot” or “Sasquatch” of the Pacifi c asked if it is like a bear (they know Andean bears Northwest of the United States and Canadá are well), they expressed great surprise and affi rmed much more consistent with a remnant ground that the two animals are completely different sloth than with some undescribed great ape. There (Shepard, pers. comm.). were plenty of ground sloths in that region until quite recently, and no great ape fossils have ever Castor Cartelle (pers. comm.) questions the loud been found there. He did not by any means try vocalizations, since living sloths and other xen- to suggest that such an animal is still living, but arthrans are largely mute. Although the modern rather that folklore tradition of the native peoples xenarthrans pass most of their time quietly, they there has maintained the animal “alive,” even are indeed capable of making impressive sounds, though it probably went extinct hundreds or even such as the weeping-like vocalizations of Bradypus thousands of years ago. Is such the case with the (pers. obs.), trumpet-like vocalizations produced mapinguari, aliv alivee in folklorefolklore but long gone in by Priodontes (pers. obs.), and vvarietyariety of sounds nature? If so, what did those seven hunters kill made by three tamanduas and an armadillo avail- deep in the Amazon rainforest? able on Emmons et al’s (1997) CD of NeotropicalNeotropical mammal sounds. Literature cited Ameghino, F. 1898. Première notice sur le Neomy- I am the fi rst to confess that this adventure into lodon listae, um rreprésentanteprésentant vivvivantant des anciens cryptozoology is a dangerous one for a researcher édenté gravigrade fossile de l’Argentine (La concerned with maintaining his reputation as an Plata, 1898), English translation in Natural authority on Amazonian biodiversity. At the same Science, London, 81: 324. time, I believe that just coming forward with this Ameghino, F. 1899. El mamífero misterioso de hypothesis increases by several orders of magni- la Patagonia (Neomylodon listae), um sobrevi-sobrevi-
4 Edentata • June 2001 vente actual de los megaterios. Pyramide, La cited species were recorded. Among them, Tolyp- Plata 1: 51-63 (15 June 1899) and 83-84 (1 eutes matacus showedshowed a well-defiwell-defi nedned association association July 1899). with xeric habitats, Dasypus yepesi and Euphractus Emmons, L. H., Whitney, B. M. and Ross, sexcinctus werewere presentpresent fromfrom the xericxeric lowlandlowland D. L. Jr. 1997. Sounds of Neotropical environments to humid mountain forests. rainforest mammals: An audio field guide. Chaetophractus vellerosus, although typical in drydry CD-ROM. Laboratory of Natural Sounds, environments, was recorded in the same habitats Cornell University, Ithaca. as D. yepesi and E. sexcinctus but was veryvery scarscarce.ce. Greenwell, J. R. 1996. Ground sloth survival proposed anew. International Society of Introdución Cryptozoology Newsletter 12(1): 1-5. Los estudios sobre la asociación de los armadillos Heuvelmans, B. 1958. On the Track of Unknown con el ambiente que habitan son pocos y aislados Animals. Rupert Hart-Davis, London. 558pp. y, si bien se cuenta con cierta cantidad de McKenna, M. C. and Bell, S. K 1997. Classifi ca- información acerca de sus distribuciones geográ- tion of the Mammals Above the Species Level. fi cas, poco es lo que se sabe respecto de sus exi- Columbia University Press, New York. 631 pp. gencias ecológicas. En este sentido, el noroeste Oren, D. C. 1993. Did ground sloths survive to argentino es una región interesante pues en un recent times in the Amazon region? Goeldiana área relativamente pequeña se da la conjunción Zoologia, 19: 1-11. de tres dominios biogeográfi cos representados por Ranzi, A. 2000. Paleoecologia da Amazônia: Mega- una gran variedad de hábitats y de zonas ecoton- fauna do Pleistoceno. Editora da Universidade ales (Cabrera y Willink, 1973). Esta condición de Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis. variedad ambiental se halla determinada en gran Shepard, Jr., G. 2001. Resource use and ecology parte por la topografía regional, con un relieve of the Matsigenka of the eastern slopes montañoso de pendientes pronunciadas que deter- of the Cordillera Vilcabamba. In: A Rapid mina marcadas variaciones altitudinales de tem- Biological Assessment of the Northern Cor- peratura, presión, humedad y precipitaciones. Las dillera Vilcabamba, Peru, T. S. Schulenberg, lluvias dependen además de la orientación de las (ed.). Conservation International, Washing- laderas con respecto a los vientos dominantes del ton, DC. este, de modo que las laderas orientales reciben Toledo, P. M. 1998. Locomotory Patterns within fuertes lluvias estivales a medida que el viento the Pleistocene Sloths. Museu Paraense Emílio gana altura y se enfría, mientras que las cumbres Goeldi, Belém. 192pp. más altas y las laderas occidentales reciben vien- tos secos que han perdido su humedad durante el ascenso por el lado oriental. Armadillos del Noroeste Argentino (Provincias de Jujuy y Salta) Durante los meses de junio y noviembre de 1988 se realizaron trabajos de campo en la región, en los Sergio F. Vizcaíno y Andrés Giallombardo que se recorrió una extensa zona de los departa- Departamento Científi co Paleontología de Vertebrados, Facultad mentos de Ledesma, Valle Grande y Santa Bárbara de Ciencias Naturales y Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, (Provincia de Jujuy) y Orán (Provincia de Salta), 1900 La Plata, Argentina. visitando numerosas localidades ubicadas a dife- rentes altitudes y en distintas unidades de hábitat. Abstract También, se efectuó una transecta de aproxima- Data on the presence of species, abundance and damente 150 kilómetros entre las localidades de habitat association of armadillos from northwest- Humahuaca (Departamento Humahuaca, Jujuy, ern Argentina were collected during two fi eld 3000 msnm) y San Ramón de la Nueva Orán seasons in 1988. Four of the eight previously (Departamento de Orán, Salta, 500 msnm),
5 chrysophilla y Poa gimnantha. El clima es frío todo el año y las precipitaciones se producen en forma de nieve o granizo.
Dominio Chaqueño: b) Prepuna, por encima de los 1000 msnm. El clima es cálido y seco, con lluvias exclusivamente estivales. Predomina la vegetación arbustiva, baja y esparcida. c) Bosque xerófi lo chaqueño, caducifolio, con un estrato de gramíneas, cactáceas y bromeliáceas terrestres. Las lluvias ocurren entre noviembre y marzo y la temperatura media anual es de 20 a 23oC. FIGURA 1. Localidades en el área de estudio. Ver numeración en Tabla 1. Dominio Amazónico (Provincia de las Yungas) d) Bosque montano. Se desarrolla entre los atravesando la Serranía de Aparzo por el Abra 1200 hasta los 2500 msnm, su clima es algo Chisca (4000 msnm) y la Sierra de Zenta por el frío y presenta nevadas en la estación húmeda. Abra de Zenta (4400 msnm), límite entre las dos Predominan el pino (Podocarpus parlatorei), el provincias (Fig. 1). En la tabla 1 puede verse un aliso (Alnus jorullensis) y la queñoa (Polylepis listado de las localidades, su ubicación geográfi ca, australis). altitud sobre el nivel del mar y las unidades de e) Selva montana, en las laderas orientales de las hábitat a la que representan. montañas. Se desarrolla entre los 550 y 1600 msnm. Es casi impenetrable por su densidad, con Los armadillos constituyen una importante y árboles que superan los 30 m de altura. Entre los tradicional fuente de proteínas en la dieta de meses de diciembre y mayo se halla constante- los lugareños, quienes usualmente los capturan mente cubierta por las nubes. para su consumo. Es común que retengan las f) Selva de transición. Entre los 350 y 500 corazas, a las que les dan distintas utilidades, msnm, esta selva se desarrolla en las zonas llanas y y partes del esqueleto, restos que permiten reali- montañas bajas, con árboles de entre 20 y 30 m de zar la identifi cación específi ca con facilidad. La altura y un estrato arbustivo de cerca de 2 m. La interacción con los los habitantes de pueblos y precipitación es de entre 700 y 1000 mm anuales. caseríos permitió recuperar numerosos ejemplares, así como importante información sobre el ambi- Resultados ente del que proceden. Aquellos ejemplares que Tolypeutes matacus “Quirquincho“Quirquincho bola”bola” presentaron un estado de conservación aceptable Esta especie es típica de la región chaqueña desde fueron depositados en el Museo de La Plata. el sudeste de Bolivia y sur de Mato Grosso en Brasil, hasta el noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Caracterización de habitats Aires en Argentina (Wetzel, 1982). En la zona Para la clasifi cación de los hábitats se sigue el estudiada se registraron 18 ejemplares, exclusiv- criterio de Cabrera (1976), quien reconoce para la amente en ambientes de bosque xerófi lo (locali- zona: dades 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 y 11, un ejemplar en cada una; localidad 5, tres ejemplares; localidad 6, dos ejem- Dominio Andino-Patagónico: plares y localidad 13, cuatro ejemplares) o ecotono a) Vegetación altoandina, por encima de los bosque xerófi lo/selva de transición (localidades 14, 3000 msnm, cuya comunidad clímax es la estepa un ejemplar y 16, dos ejemplares) siempre con de gramíneas como Festuca orthophylla, Festuca menos de 700 mm de precipitación anual.
6 Edentata • June 2001 Chaetophractus vellerosus “Piche“Piche llorón”llorón” nosotros. Dos de ellos en bosque xerófi lo (locali- La distribución de esta especie incluye centro y dad 5), uno en selva de transición (localidad 17) y sur de Bolivia, oeste de Paraguay y norte y cen- el restante en selva montana (localidad 24). tro-oeste de Argentina (Wetzel, 1982), en ambi- entes áridos y semiáridos con suelos arenosos y Euphractus sexcinctus “gualacate“gualacate o gualincho”gualincho” vegetación xerófi la (Carlini y Vizcaino, 1987). Sol- La distribución de esta especie comprende según amente cuatro ejemplares fueron colectados por Wetzel (1982) las savanas al sur de Surinam y las adyacentes de Pará (Perú), el Mato Grosso y las tierras altas de Brasil, Uruguay, Paraguay, norte TABLA 1. Sinopsis de la ubicación geográfica, altitud y ambi- de Argentina y Sud-este de Bolivia. Se reunieron entes de las localidades de muestreo. ocho ejemplares, provenientes del bosque xerófi lo Ref. Localidad Altitud Ubicación Hábitat (localidades 2,3,5,9 y 13, un ejemplar por locali- msnm (Dto; Provincia) dad), la selva de transición (localidad 17, un ejem- 1 La Estrella 600 Salta; Salta Bx plar) y la selva montana (localidades 19 y 25, un 2 Arroyo Punta de Agua 640 Sta. Bárbara; Jujuy Bx ejemplar en cada una). 3 Islas Chicas 720 Sta. Bárbara; Jujuy Bx Dasypus yepesi “mulita”“mulita” 4 Real de los Toros 770 Sta. Bárbara; Jujuy Bx Esta especie fue reconocida por Vizcaíno (1995) 5 Islas Grandes 620 Sta. Bárbara; Jujuy Bx e incluye especímenes previamente asignados a D. 6 Puesto Nuevo 620 Sta. Bárbara; Jujuy Bx mazzai ((Yepes,Yepes, 1933; CabrCabrera,era, 1957; OOlrog,lrog, 1976, 7 La Quinta 660 Sta. Bárbara; Jujuy Bx 1979), D. hybridus, D. septemcinctus y D. novem- cinctus (Wetzel(Wetzel y MondolfiMondolfi ,, 1979).1979). SSuu distribucióndistribución 8 Laguna San Miguel I 600 Sta. Bárbara; Jujuy Bx está sólo confi rmada para la región considerada 9 Laguna San miguel II 600 Sta. Bárbara; Jujuy Bx en este trabajo. Se registraron 18 ejemplares, de 10 Laguna San Miguel III 600 Sta. Bárbara; Jujuy Bx los cuales 6 correspondieron al bosque xerófi lo 11 El Palmar 600 Sta. Bárbara; Jujuy Bx (localidad 11, cinco ejemplares; y localidad 12, un 12 San Andrés 1800 Orán; Salta Bx ejemplar), dos al ecotono bosque xerófi lo/selva de transición (localidades 14 y 15), seis a la selva de 13 Arroyo Saladillo 770 Ledesma; Jujuy Bx transición (cinco ejemplares en la localidad 17 y 14 Finca “La Mauricia” I 500 Ledesma; Jujuy Bx/St uno en la 19), y los cinco restantes a la selva mon- 15 Finca “La Mauricia” II 500 Ledesma; Jujuy Bx/St tana (localidades 19, 22 y 23, un ejemplar en cada 16 Lapachal 640 Sta. Bárbara; Jujuy Bx/St una y localidad 28, dos ejemplares). 17 Finca “La Realidad” 440 Ledesma; Jujuy St Discusión 18 El Oculto 700 Orán; Salta St Otras especies mencionadas para la región no 19 El Caulario I 940 Ledesma; Jujuy Sm fueron registradas. Chaetophractus nationi fue 20 El Caulario II 940 Ledesma; Jujuy Sm citada para la puna argentina por Cabrera (1957). 21 Los Sauces 1300 Ledesma; Jujuy Sm Wetzel (1985) desestima la presencia en la región 22 El Alto 1200 Ledesma; Jujuy Sm de esta especie, a la que considera como una probable subespecie de C. vellerosus. Estas especies 23 Normenta I 1090 Ledesma; Jujuy Sm no fueron obtenidas por nosotros en las zonas de 24 Normenta II 1090 Ledesma; Jujuy Sm vegetación altoandina en las que teóricamente hab- 25 Arrayanal 1020 Ledesma; Jujuy Sm itarían, probablemente debido a su baja densidad 26 Rio Jordán 1500 Ledesma; Jujuy Sm y a que no existen asentamientos humanos esta- 27 Las Maromas 1100 Orán; Salta Sm bles que puedan proveer material o información sobre los armadillos de ese hábitat. Tampoco 28 Rio San Andrés 800 Orán; Salta Sm se encontraron D. hybridus, D. septemcinctus y 29 San Francisco 1560 Ledesma; Jujuy Bm/Bx
7 D. novemcinctus. Sin embargo, ejemplares de D. Agradecimientos novemcinctus procedentesprocedentes de TabacalTabacal (Dto.(Dto. de A Alejandro Brown, Alfredo Carlini y Diego Orán, Salta) depositados en el Museo Argentino Verzi por su participación en las tareas de campo. de Ciencias Naturales, señalan la posibilidad de la A los pobladores que facilitaron ejemplares e presencia de esta especie en el área consideradada, información. Este trabajo fue subsidiado por el fundamentalmente en el bosque xerófi lo y su eco- pia-conicet 004-0349-87. tono con la selva de transición. Referencias De las 4 especies encontradas, T. matacus es la que Brown, A. y Ramadori, E. 1988. Patrón de muestra más claramente una asociación con un distribución, diversidad y características hábitat en particular. Sólo se lo registró en ambi- ecológicas de especies arboreas de las selvas y entes secos con vegetación de tipo xerófi lo, en los bosques montanos del N.O. de la Argentina. que representa el 53.5% de los armadillos captura- En: VI Congreso Forestal Argentino TomoTomo I: dos por los los habitantes de esas zonas, desapare- 177-181. Santiago del Estero, Argentina. ciendo abruptamente en áreas de más de 700 mm Cabrera, A. 1957. Catálogo de los mamíferos de de precipitación anual. Esta correlación estrecha es América del Sur. I (Metatheria - Unguiculata concordante con el tipo de ambiente dominante - Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino en su área de distribución. Si bien se registraron de Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4, tantas mulitas como quirquinchos, su patrón de 307pp. aparición está bien diferenciado. D yepesi aparecióapareció Cabrera, A. L. 1976. Regiones fi togeográfi cas desde las zonas bajas y secas correspondientes al argentinas. Enc. Arg. Agric. y Jard. 1(1): 1-85. bosque xerófi lo hasta los ambientes montañosos, Cabrera, A. y Willink, A. 1973. Biogeografía de húmedos y selváticos de la selva montana, de América Latina. Programa Regional de Desar- manera que aparenta tener una amplia tolerancia rollo Científi co y Tecnológico, Departamento en cuanto a sus requerimientos ambientales. E. de Asuntos Científi cos, OEA. 120pp. Wash- sexcinctus fue hallada en los mismos hábitats que ington, DC. D. yepesi, aunque con menor frecuencia.frecuencia. Carlini, A. y Vizcaíno, S. 1987. A new record of the armadillo Chaetophractus vellerosus No es posible inferir la relación entre C. vellerosus (Gray, 1865) (Mammalia, Dasypodidae) in y su hábitat a partir de los datos obtenidos debido the Buenos Aires Province of Argentine: Possi- al limitado número de ejemplares de que se dis- ble causes for the disjunt distribution. Studies puso. Sin embargo, dado lo que se conoce de la on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 22(1): distribución y la biología de esta especie, su pres- 53-56. encia estable en la selva montana resulta dudosa, Olrog, C. C. 1976. Sobre mamíferos del noroeste aunque no podría descartarse su ingreso por los Argentino. Acta Zoológica Lilloana, 32: 5-12. valles de los grandes ríos como ocurre con numer- Olrog, C. C. 1976. Los mamíferos de la selva osos elementos fl orísticos de origen chaqueño en húmeda, Cerro Calilegua, Jujuy. Acta Zoológica el valle del Río San Fransisco (Brown y Ramadori, Lilloana 33: 9-14. 1988). Vizcaíno, S. F. 1995. Identifi cación específi ca de las “mulitas”, género Dasypus L. (Mammalia,(Mammalia, Debido a que todos los armadillos son igualmente Dasypodidae), del noroeste argentino. apreciados por los pobladores, quienes no señalan Descripción de una nueva especie. una selectividad específi ca al momento de cazar- Mastozoología Neotropical 2(1): 5-13. los, podría interpretarse que E. sexcinctus y C. vel- Wetzel, R. M. 1982. Systematics, distribution, lerosus son las especies menos abundantes de las ecology and conservation of South American cuatro halladas. edentates. Special Publication, Pymatuning
8 Edentata • June 2001 Laboratory of Ecology 6: 345-375. Linesville, Introducción Pennsylvania. El tatú carreta (Priodontes maximus) se encuentra Wetzel, R. M. 1985. Taxonomy and distribution en la Argentina en grave situación de peligro de of armadillos, Dasypodidae. En: The Evo- extinción - amenazada a nivel nacional e interna- lution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths and cional (Comité ad hoc SAREM, 1996, FUCEMA Vermilinguas, G. G. MontgomeryMontgomery (ed.), et al., 1997, CITES Apéndice I) y en peligro pp.23-46. Smithsonian Institution Press, (UICN, 1996). En la actualidad, los únicos reg- Washington, DC. istros de la existencia de ejemplares de tatú car- Wetzel, R. M. y Mondolfi , E. 1979. The sub- reta (Priodontes maximus) son obtenidos a través genera and species of long-nosed armadillos de las capturas realizadas por pobladores locales genus Dasypus E Enn: Vertebrate Ecology in en el área de distribución de la especie. Si bien the Northern Neotropics, J. F F.. E Eisenbergisenberg no se han realizado estudios para confi rmarlo, la (ed.), pp.43-63. Smithsonian Institution Press, aparición de ejemplares de tatú carreta se debería Washington, DC. fundamentalmente a la expansión de la frontera Yepes, J. V. 1933. Una nueva especie de “mulita” agropecuaria y al uso intensivo del ambiente por (Dasypodidae) para el norte argentino. Physis parte de la población local. Cuando se encuentran 11: 225-232. animales vivos, éstos están siendo utilizados como mascotas en el ámbito local o capturados con la intención de venderlos y obtener algún benefi cio Tatú carreta (Priodontes maximus) en económico. En cambio, cuando se encuentran los Argentina caparazones, generalmente se trata de ejemplares que fueron utilizados como alimento o ser exhi- Gustavo Porini bido los mismos como trofeo. En este contexto de Dirección de Fauna y Flora Silvestres, San Martín 459, falta de protección efectiva (a pesar de existir leyes 2º piso 232, (1004) Buenos Aires, Argentina. E mail: que protegen a la especie. Varios ejemplares vivos
FIGURE 1. Priodontes maximus.
9 dos a su ambiente natural y varios caparazones de un macho de 154 cm de longitud total y 28 fueron hallados. kg de peso al momento de la captura (García J., 1999). Presumiblemente, el ejemplar había sido Nuevos Registros capturado para su posterior venta. No existen registros sistematizados y publicados de la especie acerca de su situación reciente, es El segundo ejemplar fue capturado en las cercanías por ello que la presencia de indicios y datos de la localidad de Campo Gallo (provincia de San- actuales tiene una gran importancia para su tiago del Estero), según información que me fuera protección. En el transcurso de dos años se regis- suministrada personalmente. Se realizó una visita traron dos ejemplares muertos en la provincia de al lugar de tenencia del animal. La familia que lo Formosa y otros tres en la provincia de Chaco, mantenía en cautiverio pretendía retenerlo como mientras que se capturaron 3 ejemplares vivos mascota en su vivienda. Luego de algunas con- (uno de ellos ya liberado). versaciones con ellos, durante las cuales se les explicó la problemática del tatú carreta, se efectúo El primer ejemplar fue capturado por pobladores el traslado del ejemplar al Complejo Ecológico rurales de la localidad de Frentones (Chaco) y Municipal de Sáenz Peña para su recuperación. llevado el 23 de marzo de 1999 al Complejo Este ejemplar es una hembra de menor tamaño y Ecológico de Roque Saenz Peña por personal del con un buen estado sanitario. No presentaba lesio- mismo. Este ejemplar pasó varios días en cautive- nes externas de gravedad y en cuanto al estado rio y según información recabada en el lugar, general, sólo presentaba una disminución de peso se escapó de dos viviendas hasta su recaptura debida al cautiverio de aproximadamente 15 días. fi nal. Por este motivo presentaba lesiones (prin- cipalmente en su caparazón) y un bajo peso cor- Ambos ejemplares están actualmente en recuper– poral como consecuencia de una alimentación ación en el Complejo Ecológico de Roque Saenz inadecuada. Trasladado al complejo mencionado, Peña (Provincia de Chaco) (ver foto). el ejemplar se recuperó favorablemente. Se trata
FIGURE 2: Referencias Tatu Carreta (Priodontes maximus).
10 Edentata • June 2001 El tercer ejemplar, una hembra hallada el 3 de en el mes de octubre de 1998 se encontró un agosto de 1999, por los dueños del predio, en la caparazón de un ejemplar cazado para consuno zona de “La Pirámide” (limite entre las provincias y fueron avistados allí 2 ejemplares en el mes de de Santiago del Estero y Chaco), fue trasladado febrero de 1999. (Orozco J., com. pers.). al Zoológico de Roque Saenz Peña por personal de la provincia. Después de 26 días, muere, como En la provincia de Chaco, en enero de 1999, en consecuencia de las condiciones en las que ingresó la zona cercana a la reserva de Pampa del Indio, (García J., com. pers.). se ha encontrado un caparazón de la especie pro- ducto de una captura realizada por un poblador El primer caso de liberación se trató de un ejem- de la zona para consumir su carne. A través de plar de la especie producto de un decomiso real- señas particulares del ejemplar liberado se sabe izado por organismos nacionales y provinciales que el caparazón no pertenece al mismo y que de fauna y organizaciones no gubernamentales. por lo tanto se trataría de otro ejemplar captur- Involucró a un ejemplar macho que se estaba ofer- ado (García J., com. pers.). En la misma provin- tando para su venta. El ejemplar fue incautado cia, en el puesto “El Carmen” (abril de 1997) y y luego liberado en los primeros días del mes de las cercanías del puesto “Brasil” (fi nes de 1998), se mayo de 1993 en la Reserva Provincial Copo (hoy registraron dos ejemplares muertos para consumo. Parque Nacional). Según información de los tra- Actualmente, en el primer puesto, el mismo caza- bajadores rurales, este ejemplar se encuentra en la dor manifi esta haber visto indicios de un ejemplar. zona, con patrones de desplazamientos coinciden- Personalmente registré en el mes de septiembre de tes con los descritos por Carter, (1983). 1999, cuevas recientes en la zona de “La Pirámide” en terrenos de propiedad privada. El segundo caso consiste en un ejemplar hallado en un tanque australiano abandonado en la zona Situación Actual y Acciones Recomendadas rural de la localidad de Río Muerto (Provincia del La supervivencia de los ejemplares silvestres y lib- Chaco). Una vez dada la noticia de su aparición erados depende de: a) Eliminar la presión de caza por el dueño del campo, el ejemplar fue trasla- sobre la especie; b) La conservación del hábitat. dado, primero al Centro Ecológico Municipal de Roque Saenz Peña y dos días después fue liberado Presión de Caza (en los primeros días del mes de octubre de 1998) La presión de caza sobre la especie se origina en en el Parque Provincial Pampa del Indio. No se factores internos de la comunidad local y en facto- realizan registros continuos de este ejemplar. Se res externos. Entre los primeros, cabe mencionar han visto indicios de su presencia en la Reserva, se la caza de la especie para consumo de su carne. han observado también fuera de ella, por lo que Razones culturales, la escasa capacidad económica se cree que utiliza áreas adyacentes a la zona de de los pobladores locales constituyen un estimulo reserva (guarda parques, com. pers.). para buscar nuevas fuentes de proteína animal alternativa a las del ganado. No hay una caza Ambos casos de liberación de ejemplares podría focalizada para consumo de su carne. Los ejem- considerarse como una reconstitución de pobla- plares son cazados durante eventualmente durante ciones según la defi nición de laUICN (1987). las recorridas en el monte. Otro factor interno es el sentido de “status” que confi ere al cazador exhi- En la provincia de Formosa, en el mes de febrero bir un tatu carreta. Ese hecho simboliza y lo acred- de 1999, la Gendarmería Nacional decomiso 2 ita al cazador con experiencia y baqueano en el caparazones de Tatu carreta en la zona de San lugar. El principal factor externo es la difundida Martín 2 en Colonia San Pablo (Comunicación y exagerada idea que los ejemplares de esta espe- de Gendarmería Nacional). En Pozo El Mortero, cie tiene un alto valor en el mercado ilegal. Por
11 lo tanto, solamente, una parte de la población es aún, compuesta por 17.500 ha, ha sido creada susceptible de verse involucrado en las capturas de por convenios entre organismos nacionales y esta especie. Por lo tanto, es necesario poner en provinciales, con jurisdicción provincial. Actual- marcha un plan de concientización local con el fi n mente no posee personal permanente. Se prevé de evitar nuevas capturas. Para ello se realizarán la incorporación de vigilancia y relevamiento de recorridas por la zona y se repartirán folletos expli- la zona en un plazo de 1 año (R. Banchs, com. cativos y un video a las escuelas de la comunidad. pers.). Se trabajará con la población cercana a las reser- vas de Pampa del Indio y Copo y en las zonas con Reserva Natural Formosa (P(Provinciarovincia de FFormosa)ormosa) registros recientes. Gradualmente, se extenderán de 10.000 ha. de jurisdicción de Parques Naciona- las tareas de concientización a toda el área de les y con un grado de protección insufi ciente. distribución de la especie, con el fi n disminuir la presión de caza por parte de los pobladores locales. Parque Nacional Chaco (P (Provinciarovincia de Chaco) de Es importante explicar la situación critica de la 15.000 ha de jurisdicción de Parques Nacionales especie y poner en relieve el carácter ilegal de la y un grado de protección aceptable. En estos dos actividad y exacerbar el sentido de pertenencia de parques se tiene referencia histórica de presencia la población respecto de esta especie. de ejemplares (Heinonen Fortabat S. y chebez., 1997) pero no hay registros recientes. Conservación de hábitats La conservación del hábitat esta íntimamente rela- Reserva Teuquito (P (Provinciarovincia de F Formosa)ormosa) de cionado con la tenencia de la tierra. Actualmente jurisdicción provincial, esta comprendida por 14.960 ha. sin protección efectiva. el régimen de tenencia de la tierra en el área de distribución de la especie pueden sintetizarse Áreas Privadas en las siguientes formas: 1) Reservas o Parques: Las áreas privadas presentan un aprovechamiento de jurisdicción nacional o provincial; 2) Áreas intensivo del suelo a través de la producción agro- privadas; Areas fi scales con puestos (con terrenos pecuaria. Esta se realiza con desmontes previos y privados intercalados). posterior siembra. Es en éste nivel socioeconómico donde los cambios de hábitat se producen más En el área de distribución de la especie se encuen- rápidamente, dado el poder de inversión de sus tran las siguientes áreas de reserva: propietarios. Las únicas áreas de conservación de hábitat surgen por inquietud privada a través de Parque Provincial Pampa del Indio (Provincia(Provincia de los denominados refugios. En estos, los propi- Chaco) posee escasas 8.633 ha. Es de jurisdicción etarios se comprometen a conservar una parte provincial y cuenta con un agente de manten- del hábitat y donde la caza esta prohibida. Con imiento y vigilancia. extensiones que superan las 2.000 ha, pudiendo albergar ejemplares de la especie. Esta posibilidad Parque Nacional Copo (P(Provinciarovincia de SantiagoSantiago del implica plazos más cortos que las reservas ya que Estero) tiene una superfi cie de 114.250 ha. Este el futuro de las áreas depende básicamente del uso Parque Nacional no posee guarda parques. Dentro posterior que los dueños decidan. Sin embargo, de su territorio existen tres puesteros que desarrol- representan una alternativa importante, debido a lan actividades agropecuarias. Debido a la falta de la posibilidad de expandir el área de protección de personal de vigilancia, esta reserva funciona como la especie y no circunscribirnos a las escasas áreas tierra fi scal en estos momentos. Se prevé que la protegidas. En la zona de distribución no existen situación cambie en el corto plazo. refugios privados.
Reserva de Loros Habladores (Provincia(Provincia de Chaco). Esta Reserva de reciente creación sin relevamiento
12 Edentata • June 2001 Áreas Fiscales Con Puestos Los registros actuales de la especie están ubicados Existen zonas donde se intercalan puestos dentro en áreas cercanas a cambios recientes del ambiente. de terrenos fi scales y privados (minifundios), de Es por ello que se debe comenzarse simultánea- 200 a 2000 ha. Tanto en la provincia de Santiago mente estudios en áreas de distribución central del Estero como en la provincia del Chaco, la ten- cuya información no presenta registros detallados dencia a la colonización de tierras fi scales responde y cuya existencia se tiene por referencias. La a una política de gobierno. En este proceso los búsqueda de ejemplares en su ambiente natural puesteros tienen posibilidades (no económicas) de esta enfocada en realizar acciones rápidas y concre- ser propietarios de las tierras en las cuales habitan. tas para la protección de la especie. De no ser así, en un futuro cercano, la especie estará en el listado Si bien son áreas donde no hay fuertes inversiones de las especies extinguidas de Argentina. productivas, el impacto inicial sobre el ambiente natural no es signifi cativo, el proceso de degradación Referencias se va produciendo paulatinamente. Esto es debido Argentina, Administración de Parques Nacionales. a las necesidades de supervivencia del grupo famil- 1994. El sistema nacional de áreas naturales iar. Así, se produce la extracción selectiva de protegidas de la Argentina. Diagnostico de su madera, de superfi cie generalmente muy inferior a patrimonio natural y su desarrollo institucional. la unidad ecológicamente sustentable. Inédito. Carter, T. 1983. The burrows of giant armadillos. Con el fi n de obtener datos sobre el área de Priodontes maximus (Edentata:(Edentata: Dasypodidae).Dasypodidae). acción de la especie para la región chaqueña, Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 31: 47-53. teniendo como base los estudios realizados por Carter, T. y Encarnação, C. D. 1983. Charac- Carter (1983). Se propone realizar estudios con teristics and use of burrows by four species radiotransmisores a los ejemplares localizados en of armadillos in Brazil. J. Mammal. 64(1): su ambiente natural. Estos estudios permitirán 47-53. conocer el tamaño e identifi car las áreas priori- Chébez, J. C. 1994. Los que se van. Especies argen- tarias a proteger. Las experiencias realizadas con tinas en peligro. Albatros, Buenos Aires ejemplares en cautiverio no resultan alentadoras. Comité ad hoc SAREM. 1996. Prioridades de La totalidad de los ejemplares mantenidos en cau- conservación de los mamíferos de Argentina. tiverio han muerto, la mayoría en un breve lapso Mastozoología Neotropical 3(1): 87-117. y en ninguna oportunidad se obtuvieron crías en Garcia, F. J., Ojeda, R. A., Fraga, R. M., Diaz, G. cautiverio. B. y Baigun, R. J. (eds). 1997. Libro Rojo de los Mamíferos y Aves Amenazadas de la Argentina. Es por ello que actualmente esta en estudio FUCEMA. Parques Nacionales, Buenos Aires, la posibilidad realizar una reconstitución de los p.221. ejemplares actualmente en cautiverio. El ejemplar García, J. 1999. Informe sobre el tatú carreta macho presenta lesiones en la patas traseras y la ingresado al centro de recuperación del Com- hembra posee una mansedumbre propia del cauti- plejo Ecológico Municipal de Sáenz Peña el verio y su adaptabilidad. día 23 de marzo de 1999 (Informe interno). Heinonen Fortabat, S. y Chebez, J. C. 1997. Los Conclusiones mamíferos de los Parques Nacionales de la En el marco de la situación descripta, los parques Argentina. Monografía Especial LOLA 14: 76. y reservas naturales, así como las inexistentes reser- UICN. 1987. Posición de la UICN con respecto vas privadas no permiten asegurar la protección a los desplazamientos de organismos vivos; de una población mínima viable para la especie. Introducciones, reintroducciones y recons- Las áreas son escasas, de reducido tamaño y sin titución de poblaciones. Gland, Suiza. conexión, que no permiten la existencia de corre- UICN. 1995. Guías para Reintroducciones. Pre- dores naturales. parado por el Grupo de Especialistas en Rein-
13 troducciones de la Comisión de Supervivencia de Especies (UICN/SSC). Documento apro- bado por la 41ª Reunión del Consejo de la UICN. Mayo de 1995. UICN. 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Gland, Suiza.
The Tatujeikurajoyava (Chlamyphorus retusus) in the Izozog Communities of the Bolivian Gran Chaco
Erika Cuéllar Proyecto Kaa-Iya, Casilla 6272, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. E-mail:
TABLE 1. Body measurements and weights of four specimens of Chlamyphorus retusus.
Sex Head-Body Tail Hind-Foot Ear Weight Length mm mm mm mm g
Female 132 33 28 5 84.2 Female 125 35 30 5 63.5 Male 145 36 30 6 86.9 (without viscera) Male 135 35 30 5 71.0
14 Edentata • June 2001 food. The individual responded to the approach of the observers by burying itself half way into the ground. It was a bright pink and had strong claws, and appeared to be in good health. The individual was a female with the following measurements: HB 135, T 35, HF 30, Ear 0.4, Wt 90 g.
C. retusus is considerconsidereded a rarraree species evevenen among local people, probably due to its fossorial habits and low population. It is mostly confi ned to the FIGURE 2: Tatujeikurajoyava, Chlamyphorus retusus. more xeric portions of Bolivia, however the holo- type came from the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra Dasypus novemcinctus, Chaetophractus villosus, (Anderson, 1997). This suggests that the distribu- Chaetophractus vellerosus, Tolypeutes matacus, and tion of C. retusus possibly extends to the nor northth Euphractus sexcinctus. During the same 4-year of the distribution normally described (Eisenberg period, only eight individuals of Chlamyphorus and Redford, 1999), although there are no recent retusus w wereere r reportedeported (six w wereere killed b byy local records from the vicinity of the city. As is the case people and two were found by biologists). C. retu- in other parts of its range (Mares et al., 1989), sus is not hunted for food but is killed wheneverwhenever the future of C. retusus is uncertainuncertain in the IzozogIzozog encountered, not only by hunters but also by area of the Bolivian Chaco. With well-protected Izoceño women and children. This persecution areas and considerable amounts of land (3.5 mil- results from the belief that Chlamyphorus retusus lion ha), the Kaa-Iya National Park should ensure is an omen of bad luck, foretelling an impending the conservation of this species in the Bolivian death in the family. This belief is deeply rooted in Gran Chaco. adults and children alike. Bibliography The six individuals which were killed were donated Anderson, S. 1997. Mammals of Bolivia, taxon- by the hunters and provide a unique source of omy and distribution. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. information about this rare species in the area. Hist. (231): 652pp. They had been killed in or around communities Eisenberg, J. F. and Redford, K. H. 1999. Mam- where the soil is compacted and surrounded by mals of the Neotropics. The Central Neotropics, sand (i.e., communal football pitch, patios, or Vol. 3 Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. The Uni- houses). The animals were adults, and the mea- versity of Chicago Press, Chicago. surements taken were from four specimens after Ergueta, P. and Morales de, C. 1996. Libro Rojo fi xing in formalin at 10% and alcohol at 70% de los Vertebrados de Bolivia. Centro de Datos (Table 1). para la Conservación, La Paz. Mares, M. A., Ojeda, R. A., and Barquez, R. M. Despite the fact that biologists have been working 1989. Guide to the Mammals of Salta Prov- in or near the Izozog communities, for four years, ince, Argentina. University of Oklahoma Press, only two individuals of Chlamyphorus retusus havhavee Norman. been seen, measured, photographed and released Navarro, G. 1997. Contribución a la clasifi cación (Miserendino and Saavedra, pers. comm.). One ecológica y fl orística de los bosques de Bolivia. of these was observed in the permanent research Revista Boliviana de Ecología y Conservación camp, 30 km away from the Izoceño communi- Ambiental 2: 3-37. ties. It appeared in the camp at 22:00 hrs, scuttling Noss, A. 1998. El monitoreo de cacería en el and sniffi ng its way along the ground, occasionally Izozog: Datos preliminares. Ecología en Bolivia, making quick, shallow excavations in search of 31: 53-56.
15 Redford, K. H., Taber, A. and Simonetti, J. A. disjunct area may be even larger than previously 1990. There is more to biodiversity than trop- thought. The specimens collected were deposited ical rain forest. Conserv. Biol. 4: 328-330. in the MPEG. Taber, A., Navarro, G. and Arribas, M. A. 1997. A new park in the Bolivian Gran Chaco, an The new localities in this region are (Fig. 1): 1. advance in tropical dry forest conservation Fazenda Itapuã, AP-156 road, municipality of and community-based management. Oryx 31: Amapá, 02o05’N, 50o55’W ( (MPEG-26264);MPEG-26264); 2 2.. 189-198. Fazenda Teimoso, AP-156 road, municipality of Ferreira Gomes, 00o59’N, 51o11’W (MPEG-(MPEG- 26262, 26263); 3. Porto Platon, 00o42’N, 51o57’W (MNRJ-23972);(MNRJ-23972); 4.4. FazendaFazenda Parabrilho,Parabrilho, The Disjunct Geographical Distribution of the municipality of Itaubal, 00o46’N, 50o54’W Yellow Armadillo, Euphractus sexcinctus (MPEG-26265). (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) The fi rst two localities are in Amazonian savanna José de Sousa e Silva Júnior type vegetation, grassland with few shrubs and Departamento de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, low trees (campo cerrado).). PortoPorto PlatonPlaton isis locatedlocated Caixa Postal 399, 66040-170 Belém, Pará, Brazil. in a forested area, but the specimen label does Andrea Portela Nunes not contain information on mesohabitat. The Departamento de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Fazenda Parabrilho is located in the contact zone Caixa Postal 399, 66040-170 Belém, Pará, Brazil. between the campo cerrado andand thethe fl oresta de terra fi rme, aandnd tthehe llocalocal pphysiognomyhysiognomy iiss ooff a ddisturbedisturbed The geographic distribution of the yellow arma- “cerrado sensu stricto” (about 20 years ago), with dillo (Euphractus sexcinctus) appears to be disjunct. a high density of trees and shrubs. According to Wetzel (1985a, 1985b) and Redford and Wetzel (1985), the species occurs in north- The geographic distribution of E. sexcinctus isis eastern, middle-western, southeastern and south- being systematically surveyed in eastern Amazo- ern Brazil, as well as adjacent areas of Bolivia, nia. The data presented here, together with the Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. There is, how- 27 new localities in Maranhão (Silva Júnior et ever, a small isolated occurrence in the frontier al., 2001), signifi cantly reduce the size of the area region between Brazil and Suriname, north from separating the two parts of the known geographic the Rio Amazonas. Wetzel (1985a, 1985b) and distribution of this species. Redford and Wetzel (1985) omitted these locali- ties, although they were briefl y described by Wetzel Further surveys are planned in eastern Pará to (1985b) as “The Sipaliwini savanna and its con- determine if the separation is merely an artifact tinuation as the Paru savanna in adjacent Pará”. of sampling. If the geographic distribution for E. Wetzel (1985b) emphasized the need for further sexcinctus is continuous, it will also be necessary surveys of the geographic distribution of E. sex- to determine if the species occurs in the primary cinctus iinn tthehe rregionegion ofof thethe lowerlower RioRio Amazonas.Amazonas. forests of the lower Rio Amazonas or if it is restricted to the natural campos cerrados a andnd An examination of the mammal collection of campinas ofof Amapá,Amapá, MMarajóarajó AArchipelagorchipelago andand east-east- the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), the ern Pará, and areas of degraded forest. Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ) and the Museu de Zoologia of Specimens examined the Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), and the Specimens examined in the MPEG, MNRJ, results of a faunistic inventory recently conducted and MZUSP for comparison: Euphractus sex- in the Brazilian state of Amapá, suggest that the cinctus: Brazil: Amapá: Fazenda Itapuã, Amapá
16 Edentata • June 2001 FIGURE 1. New records of Euphractus sexcinctus mmappedapped oonn tthehe ggeographiceographic ddistributionistribution ((disjunctdisjunct ppart)art) pproposedroposed bbyy WWetzeletzel (1985b) and Redford and Wetzel (1985): 1. Fazenda Itapuã, municipality of Amapá; 2. Fazenda Teimoso, municipality of Ferreira Gomes; 3. Porto Platon; 4. Fazenda Parabrilho, municipality of Itaubal.
(ANAN-645=MPEG-26264); Fazenda Teimoso, Piratininga, Bacabal (MPEG-23298); Palmeiral, Ferreira Gomes (AN-305, 306=MPEG-26262, Matões (MPEG-26260, 26261); Fazenda Varjão, 26263); Fazenda Parabrilho, Itaubal (AN-765= Pé-de-Coco, Estreito (MPEG-23161); São Pedro MPEG-26265); Porto Platon (MNRJ-23972); dos Crentes, Estreito (MPEG-23163); Balsas, Pará: Cachimbo, Formiga (MZUSP-8035); Rio Balsas (MPEG-23196, 23299); Ceará: Ipu Maranhão: Barra do Corda (MZUSP-7989, (MPEG-590); Rio Grande Do Norte: Rio Grande 7990); Posto Indígena Awá, Reserva Indígena do Norte (MPEG-22515, 22592); Paraíba: Caru (MPEG-22022); Boa Lembrança, Sítio Paraíba (MNRJ-24130); Pernambuco: Rio Branco Novo (MPEG-23160); Cocal dos Amân- (MNRJ-1505); Bahia: Vitória da Conquista cio, Arame (MPEG-23162); Fazenda mapisa, (MNRJ-26616); Bom Jesus da Lapa (MNRJ-4293, Buriticupu (MPEG-26255, 26256); Alto Alegre, 4295); Senhor do Bonfi m (MZUSP-2658, 3138); Bacabal (MPEG-26257, 26258); São José das Ver- Santa Rita de Cássia, Ibipetuba (MZUSP-9973); dades, Bacabal (MPEG-26259); Piratininga, Rio Tocantins: Palma (MNRJ-2373, 2375); Goiás:
17 Anápolis (MNRJ-4529, 4530, 4531, 4540, 4543, References 4732, 4973, 4976, 4977, 4979, 4980, 4986, Redford, K. H. and Wetzel, R. M. 1985. Euphrac- 4988, 4990, 4991, 4992, 4993, 4994, 4995, tus sexcinctus. Mammalian Species, 252: 1-4. 4996, 4997, 4998, 4999, 5000, 5001, 5002, Silva Júnior, J. de S., Fernandes, M. E. B. and 5003, 23980); Caldas Novas (MNRJ-24003); Cerqueira, R. 2001. New records of the yel- Mineiros (MNRJ-24475, 24476); Ponte do Ipê low-armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus) in the Arcado, near to Catalão (MZUSP-2158); Mato state of Maranhão, Brazil (Xenarthra, Dasy- Grosso: Chapada (MZUSP-94); Rondonópolis podidae). Edentata (4): 17-20 (MNRJ-43803); Fazenda Aricá, Rio Aricá Wetzel, R.M. 1985a. The identifi cation and dis- (MZUSP-6358, 6359); Dumbá (MZUSP-7030); tribution of recent Xenarthra (Edentata). Poconé (MZUSP-9971); Descalvado (MZUSP- In: The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, 25593); Mato Grosso Do Sul: Maracaju Sloths and Vermilinguas, G. G. MontgomeryMontgomery (MNRJ-4539, 4541, 4542, 4544, 4972, 4978, (ed.), pp.23-46. Smithsonian Institution Press, 4982); Corumbá (MZUSP-3891); Barra do Washington, DC. Paredão, Rio Paraná (MZUSP-4561); Salobra Wetzel, R. M. 1985b. Taxonomy and distribu- (MZUSP-9972); Três Lagoas, Rio Sucuriú tion of armadillos, Dasypodidae. In: The Evo- (MZUSP-19968); Fazenda Barma, Brasilândia lution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths and (MZUSP-28770); Minas Gerais: Lagoa Santa Vermilinguas, G. G. MontgomeryMontgomery (ed.), (MNRJ-23994); Bambuí (MZUSP-8313, 17296, pp.23-46. Smithsonian Institution Press, 17297); Araguari (MNRJ-24004); Lassance Washington, DC. (MNRJ-43970); Mocambinho, Manga (MNRJ- 28890); Fazenda Santa Idália, Matias Cardoso, Manga (MNRJ-29074); Ribeirão Bananal, Salinas New Records of the Yellow Armadillo (Euphractus (MNRJ-42849, 42851, 42852); Passos (MNRJ- sexcinctus) inin thethe StateState ofof Maranhão,Maranhão, BrazilBrazil 10052, 10103, 10111); Fazenda Carrapicho, (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) Passos (MNRJ-10047, 10048); São João do Glória, Passos (MNRJ-10057, 10058, 10101, 10105, José de Sousa e Silva Júnior 10108, 10110, 10113, 10115); Fazenda Bananal, Departamento de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Passos (MNRJ-10089); Fazenda Estiva, Passos Caixa Postal 399, 66040-170 Belém, Pará, Brazil. (MNRJ-10098); Fazenda Cabuí, Mathias Bar- Marcus Emanoel Barroncas Fernandes bosa (MNRJ-10060, 10069, 10083, 10104); Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington YO1 Pirapora (MZUSP-3074); Espírito Santo: Santa 5DD, England, UK Teresa (MNRJ-5886, 5887); Rio De Janeiro: Rui Cerqueira Fazenda da Lapa, Mangaratiba (MNRJ-10112); Laboratório de Vertebrados, Departamentos de Ecologia e de Fazenda Três Barras, Bem Posta, Três Rios Genética, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa (MNRJ-10080, 10096); Fazenda da Lapa, São Postal 68020, 21941-970 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. João Marcos (MNRJ-5645); São Paulo: Cajuru (MZUSP-6614); Serra de Botucatu (MZUSP- Resumo 7697); Conchas (MZUSP-13735, 13799, 13802); A borda noroeste da área de distribuição geográ- Bauru (MZUSP-495); Fanca (MZUSP-1099); fi ca de Euphractus sexcinctus é revistarevista com base Itararé (MZUSP-1143); Avanhandava (MZUSP- em novos pontos empíricos determinados para o 2844); Itatinga (MZUSP-6490); Echaporã estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Os novos registros (MZUSP-18811); Rio Grande do Sul: Quinta, foram levantados através da coleta de espécimes, Rio Grande (MZUSP-22187); São Lourenço observações diretas, entrevistas, e espécimes de (MZUSP-341, 1005, 3892); Bolivia: Santa Cruz, museus. A espécie foi detectada em 27 locali- Rio Pirahy, Prov. Cercado (MZUSP-5508). dades inseridas em 4 biomas. Nós registramos o uso de uma grande variedade de mesohabitats
18 Edentata • June 2001 locais (alguns inéditos para o táxon). A área TABLE 1: New Localities for the occurrence of Euphractus. de distribuição geográfi ca é ampliada para englo- Locality Biome References bar todo o Maranhão, estabelecendo-se um novo P. I. Awá, R. I. Caru Amazonia MPEG-22022 limite ao longo do rio Gurupí. Boa Lembrança Amazonia MPEG-23160 Abstract Cocal dos Amâncio Amazonia MPEG-23162 The northwestern limits of the geographic distri- Buriticupu Amazonia MPEG-26255,26256 bution of Euphractus sexcintus werewere reviewedreviewed based Alto Alegre Zona dos Cocais MPEG-26257,26258 on new localities from the state of Maranhão, S. José das Verdades Zona dos Cocais MPEG-26259 Brazil. The new records include collected speci- mens, direct observations, interviews, and museum Piratininga Zona dos Cocais MPEG-23298 specimens. The species has been recorded in 27 Palmeiral Zona dos Cocais MPEG-26260,26261 localities, in four biomes. They appear to use a Barra do Corda Cerrado MZUSP-7989,7990 wide variety of local mesohabitats (some previ- S. Pedro dos Crentes Cerrado MPEG-23163 ously unknown for the taxon). The geographic Balsas Cerrado MPEG-23196,23299 distribution now encompasses all of Maranhão, Fazenda Varjão Cerrado MPEG-23161 establishing a new limit to the range along the Rio Gurupí.
Introduction Material and Methods The geographic distribution of the yellow arma- The data were obtained from the mammal col- dillo (Euphractus sexcinctus Linnaeus, 1758) has to lections of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi date been underestimated. Its range is poorly out- (MPEG) and Museu de Zoologia da Universidade lined, especially in the northwest, for which no de São Paulo (MZUSP), and from collections and localities for its occurrence have been have pub- observations in Maranhão ongoing since 1989 lished. Wetzel (1985a, 1985b) and Redford and (Tables 1 and 2). The specimens collected were Wetzel (1985) described a disjunct distribution deposited in the MPEG (Table 1). The 27 new for E. sexcinctus, stating that it appears to occur records were plotted on the Wetzel (1985b) map continuously throughout the north-east (east from for identifi cation of the points which he proposed the Rio Parnaíba), central-west, south-east and (Figures 1-A and 1-B). The geographic coordi- south of Brazil, as well as adjacent regions of nates below refer to the underlined localities, it Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina; and was not always possible to obtain the exact coordi- in a small isolated area on the frontier region nates from the collection and observation points: between Brazil and Suriname. 01. Posto Indígena Awá, Reserva Indígena Caru, Wetzel (1985b) and Redford and Wetzel (1985) upper Rio Turiaçu (about 03º54’S, 46º35’W); excluded eastern Amazonia from the distribution 02. Boa Lembrança, municipality of Sítio Novo for E. sexcinctus due to a lack of records.records. The (05º52’S, 46º42’W); 03. Fazenda Varjão, Pé-de- range was mapped using only known localities, a Coco, municipality of Estreito (06º32’S, 47º27,W); procedure which frequently generates problems in 04. São Pedro dos Crentes, municipality of Estreito mapping accurate distributions (Cerqueira, 1995). (about 06º14’S, 46º08’W); 05. Cocal dos Amân- However, Wetzel (1985b) emphasized the need cio, municipality of Arame (04º42’S, 45º55’W); for further research in the eastern Amazon basin. 06. near to Arame (04º42’S, 45º55’W); 07. near Recently, Emmons and Feer (1990, 1997) repro- to Grajaú (05º49’S, 46º08’W); 08. Barra do Corda duced the Redford and Wetzel (1985) map with- (05º30’S, 45º15’W); 09. mouth of the Rio Matão, out any alterations. Here we record new localities right tributary of the Rio Balsas, municipality of for E. sexcinctus in the state of Maranhão.Maranhão. Balsas (07º01’S, 46º56’W); 10. near to Balsas,
19 left bank of the Rio Balsas (07º31’S, 46º02’W); ity of Bacabal (about 04º57’S, 44º28’W); 20. near 11. Reserva Indígena Araribóia (about 04º57’S, to Lago Verde (04º04’S, 44º45’W); 21. Piratin- 45º47’W); 12. near to Buriticupu (04º14’S, inga, left bank of the Rio Piratininga, right tribu- 46º32’W); 13. Lago dos Rodrigues, municipality tary of the Rio Mearim, municipality of Bacabal of Lago da Pedra (04º19’S, 45º08’W);45º08’W); 14. near (04º12’S, 44º35’W); 22. Praia do Açúcar, right to Lago da Pedra (04º19’S, 45º08’W); 15. Rio bank of the Rio Pindaré, municipality of Santa Estiva, left tributary of the Rio Mearim, munici- Inês (about 03º39’S, 45º22’W); 23. near to São pality of Bacabal (about 04º12’S, 44º47’W); 16. Mateus (around 04º01’S, 44º27’W); 24. near to Rio Bambu, left tributary of the Rio Mearim, Arari (03º28’S, 44º47’W); 25. Palmeiral, munici- municipality of Bacabal (about 04º12’S, pality of Matões (about 03º40’S, 44º27’W); 26. 44º50’W); 17. Alto Alegre, municipality of Baca- Brejinho, municipality of Caxias (about 04º47’S, bal (about 04º06’S, 44º57’W); 18. Fazenda Lagoa 42º50’W); 27. São Miguel, left bank of the Rio Nova, municipality of Bacabal (about 04º04’S, Parnaíba (opposite to União, Piauí), municipality 44º58’W); 19. São José das Verdades, municipal- of Caxias (04º39’S, 43º36’W).
TABLE 2: Field data on Euphractus sexcinctus inin tthehe sstatetate ofof MaMaranhao.ranhao.
Locality Biome Mesohabitat Observation Types Palmeiral ZC 3, 4, 5 col, cap, tri Arari ZC 2 cap, rel São Mateus ZC 2, 3, 4 cap, rel Praia do Açúcar AM/ZC 4 tri, rel Alto Alegre ZC 2, 3, 4 col, cap, tri, rel Fazenda Lagoa Nova ZC 1, 2, 4, 5 cap, tri, rel São José das Verdades ZC 3, 5 col, tri, rel Lago Verde ZC 2, 3, 4 rod, rel Rio Bambu ZC 2, 3, 4 cap, tri, rel Rio Estiva ZC 2, 3, 4 cap, tri, rod, rel Piratininga ZC 2, 3, 4 col, cap, rod, rel Lago da Pedra AM/ZC 5 Rod Lago dos Rodrigues AM/ZC 4 Rod Buriticupu AM 6 col, tri, rod R. I. Araribóia AM 6 Cap Arame AM 6 cap, rel Grajaú AM 6 Rod Rio Matão CE 8, 9 tri, rel Balsas CE 8 col, cap, rel Brejinho TR 7 Rel São Miguel TR 7 cap, rel
Biomes: AM= “Amazônia Maranhense”; ZC= “Zona dos Cocais”; CE= “Cerrado”; TR= transitional area from the eastern side of the State. Mesohabitat: 1= old orchard near to secondary forest associated with “babaçual”; 2= “babaçual” associated with pasture; 3= “babaçual” asso- ciated with plantation; 4= “babaçual” associated with forest patches; 5= “babaçual” associated with secondary forest; 6= unflooded primary/ secondary forest; 7= “cerradão”; 8= “cerrado” sensu stricto with gallery forest; 9= plantation continuous with “babaçual” and gallery forest. Type of observation: col= collected; cap= captured live or dead for consumption tri= observations along trails; rod= observations along primary or secondary roads; rel= reports of local informants.
20 Edentata • June 2001 The information on habitat use was obtained Results through observations along trails, primary and Of the 27 localities listed, eleven were confi rmed secondary roads, live or dead animals captured for with museum specimens (Table 1). Table 2 lists the consumption, and from information from local localities resulting from our fi eld work, along with people. Field identifi cation was facilitated by the the biome, mesohabitat, and type of observation conspicuous phenotype of this species. The major- (collected, captured alive or dead for consumption, ity of information gathered from local people was seen along trails or primary or secondary roads, used to confi rm records and as additional data and reported by local people). The large number of about mesohabitat use by E.sexcinctus. records and habitats for E. sexcinctus inin thethe “Zona
FIGURE 1. A. New localities for the occurrence of Euphractus sexcinctus; B.B. AreaArea inin mainmain map;map; C.C. DistributionDistribution followingfollowing this paper.
21 dos Cocais” (Orbignya ppalmalm ttreeree fforest)orest) isis eexplica-xplica- The distributions proposed by Wetzel (1985b) ble because of the longer time we spent there. and Redford and Wetzel (1985) for E. sexcinctus presented some inconsistencies that were later The localities surveyed are in four biomes, and reproduced by Emmons and Feer (1990, 1997). the animals were sighted in a wide variety of Despite the emphasis of Emmons and Feer (1990, local habitats. In the “Pré-Amazônia Maranhense” 1997) on the lack of knowledge about the species’ (Amazonian part of Maranhão) yellow-armadillos occurrence inside forests, they presented a map used clearings, the border of primary/secondary encompassing the entire Atlantic Forest. The dis- forest, and the interior of the unfl ooded sec- tributional limits they indicate around the state ondary forest. In the “Zona dos Cocais” the of Maranhão are not congruent with the major species was observed in a number of habitats river courses, differences in altitude, or biome, including plantations in primary/secondary forest and there mesohabitats which are otherwise occu- borders, plantations associated with “babaçual” pied by E. sexcinctus extending wellwell beyond.beyond. The (Orbignya clumps), “babaçual” associated with motility of E. sexcinctus, makes it likely to occur pasture, copses in different stages of regeneration, throughout. The spatial distribution of the 27 and secondary forest. The majority of observa- localities surveyed suggests that there are no phys- tions was in “babaçual” associated with copses and ical barriers for E. sexcinctus eveneven extending wellwell in areas of intense anthropic activity (pastures and into the state of Maranhão. Despite the lack of plantations). In the Cerrado region of the south- information on the use of tall forest and coastal ern part of the state, the armadillos were observed formations, the data suggests that all other land- on the border between the “cerrado” sensu stricto scape types (and associated mesohabitats) can be and the gallery forest of the Rios Balsas and Matão occupied by E. sexcinctus. (with “babaçual” and stretches of plantations). Oliveira (1993, 1995) recorded the species in Conclusions the Parque Estadual de Mirador, located between The data presented here indicate that the geo- the Rios Alpercatas and Itapecurú, also in Cerrado. graphic distribution of E. sexcinctus should include Transitional vegetation predominates in the east- all of the state of Maranhão, enlarging consider- ern side of the state, a mosaic of Orbignya, Cerrado ably that previously portrayed by Wetzel (1985b) and Caatinga (xerophytic vegetation). A single and Redford and Wetzel (1985). The new north- animal was captured in an area in “cerradão”. western border proposed, extends to the Rio The information we obtained in almost all locali- Gurupí (Fig. 1c) but further surveys should be ties inventoried suggested an indiscriminate use of carried out in eastern Pará, where, as in the these habitats by E. sexcinctus. Marajó archipelago, there are mesohabitats similar to those observed to the east in Maranhão. Discussion Data from available literature indicate that E. Acknowledgments sexcintus is able to use a wide range of habitats. We are grateful to Mariana Moncassin Vale for her According to Mares et al. (1981), it supplants help in determining the geographic coordinates the armadillos of the genus Dasypus. Mares et for many of the localities. Special thanks are due al. (1981, 1985, 1989), FonsecaFonseca and RedfordRedford to Cibele Rodrigues Bonvicino for reviewing the (1984), Schaller (1983), Wetzel (1985a), Redford text. The Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Wetzel (1985), Eisenberg (1989), Emmons (IBAMA) kindly provided permission to collect and Feer (1990, 1997), Olmos (1995) and Brooks the specimens. Part of the work was carried out (1995) all listed E. sexcinctus as occurring in many using grants from CNPq, FAPERJ, FUJB, PIE/ mesohabitat types of Cerrado, Caatinga, Chaco, CNPq and PROBIO. and forest borders.
22 Edentata • June 2001 References Schaller, G. B. 1983. Mammals and their biomass Brooks, D. M. 1995. Distribution and limiting on a Brazilian ranch. Ark. Zool. 31: 1-36. factors of edentates in the Paraguaian Chaco. Wetzel, R. M. 1985a. The identifi cation and dis- Edentata (2): 10-15. tribution of recent Xenarthra (= Edentata). Cerqueira, R. 1995. Determinação de distribuições In: The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, potenciais de espécies. Oecologia Brasiliensis, Sloths and Vermilinguas, G. G. MontgomeryMontgomery pp.141-161. (ed.), pp.5-21. Smithsonian Institution Press, Emmons, L. and Feer, F. 1990. Neotropical Rain- Washington, DC. forest Mammals. A Field Guide. The UniversityUniversity Wetzel, R. M. 1985b. Taxonomy and distribu- of Chicago Press, Chicago. tion of armadillos, Dasypodidae. In: The Emmons, L. and Feer, F. 1997. Neotropical Rain- Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths forest Mammals. A Field Guide. 2nd Edition.Edition. and Vermilinguas. G. G. Montgomery (ed.), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. pp.23-46. Smithsonian Institution Press, Eisenberg, J. F. 1989. Mammals of the Neotropics. Washington, DC. Vol. 1. Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guyana. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. A Translocation Experiment for the Conservation Fonseca, G. A. B. da and Redford, K. H. 1984. of Maned Sloths (Bradypus torquatus), a SpeciesSpecies The mammals of IBGE’s ecological reserve, Threatened with Extinction in the Brazilian Brasília, and an analysis of the role of gallery Atlantic Forest forests in increasing diversity. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 44: 517-523. Mares, M. A., Willig, M. R., Streilein, K. E. and Adriano G. Chiarello Lacher, T. E. 1981. The mammals of north- Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão, Santa Teresa, ES, Brazil, eastern Brazil: A preliminary assesment. Ann. 29650-000, e-mail:
23 cating maned sloths found in the urban zone mated during the fi rst year varied from 3 to 6 ha, and neighborhoods of Santa Teresa, a small town but it is not known if the sloths continue to stay located in the state of Espirito Santo, in southeast- in these home ranges for longer periods of time. ern Brazil, was started in 1994. Maned sloths are We do not know if the marked preference the found mostly during the rainy season (December- study animals show for some plant species (nota- March), when dispersing individuals are seen wan- bly Micropholis venulosa, Sapotaceae) is repeated dering through inhospitable habitats (pastures, in subsequent years, or is also exhibited by other agriculture land, etc.), or happen to be found individuals released in other localities. It is essen- crossing roads in or near to the urban zone of tial, therefore, to monitor additional individuals the municipality. Captured animals are brought and to extend the observation period beyond the to the local biology museum (Museu de Biologia fi rst year after release in order to address these Mello Leitão), where they are examined, weighed, issues. measured, fi tted with radio-collars and released into protected forest reserves located in the region. The methods used in this project are the same that Thus far the Santa Lúcia Biological Station (ca. have been used successfully since 1994 (Chiarello, 500 ha) and the São Lourenço Municipal Reserve 1998a, 1998b). During the sampling days study (ca. 500 ha) have been selected as release sites. animals are observed continuously from dawn to dusk, allowing an exact quantifi cation of their The radio-collared animals are then monitored main activities, ranging, and diet. These data are twice a month by trained observers, who fi nd then analyzed to study the capacity for adapta- them in the forest and collect detailed data on tion to the translocation process, quantifying the ranging, activity budgets, and diet. Since 1994, changes that occur in home range, movements, fi ve translocated adults have been monitored, but time allocated to main activities, and importance thus far observations have been restricted to the of differing tree species as food sources. Interindi- fi rst year after release, not long enough to fully vual differences in activity budgets, day and night ascertain the success of the experiment. Data range length, and home range are also compared. from previous work showed that individuals differ greatly in their space requirements, behavior and For species with strictly forest habitat and low diet and, therefore, we now intend to collect addi- dispersion ability, as is typically exemplifi ed by tional data on other individuals as well as to pro- sloths, it is becoming increasingly necessary that long observations beyond the initial period of we intervene to increase the chances of long-term adaptation. survivorship and the loss of genetic diversity of isolated populations. The results of this project The project’s main objective is to study the survival will be relevant to the conservation of maned of victims of deforestation and other anthropo- sloths as this will represent an experimental analy- genic disturbances, when the animals are released sis of translocation, a management tool that can back to larger, less disturbed forest tracts. It is also be used to help ameliorate the conservation essential to collect fi eld data from as many indi- status of other species and populations which are viduals as possible, in order to know comprehen- isolated in Atlantic forest remnants. Additionally, sively the species capacity for adaptation, as well the project will contribute to the better under- as its real requirements of space, forest types, and standing of the natural history of this poorly food sources. The once a year monitorings utilized known species, and provide data about its food, till now have proved to be insuffi cient to conclude habitat, and space requirements. Projects of this that maned sloths are amenable to such exper- nature are necessary to prevent or diminish the iments, as they are long-lived and show much continuous deforestation and fragmentation of individual variation in diet (Chiarello, 1998b), animal communities in remnants of this highly activity budgets, and ranging patterns (Chiarello, diverse but greatly deforested biome (Chiarello, 1998a). For example, individual home ranges esti- 1997, 1999).
24 Edentata • June 2001 Literature Cited New Specialist Groups Chiarello, A. G. 1997. Mammalian community and vegetation structure of Atlantic forest fragments in south-eastern Brazil. Doctoral The SSC has several new Specialist Groups. The thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Afrotheria Group, chaired by Galen Rathbun, was U.K. created to cover the Superorder Afrotheria, which Chiarello, A. G. 1998a. Activity budgets and includes aardvarks, hyrax, golden-moles, elephant- ranging patterns of the Atlantic forest maned shrews and tenrecs. A Caribbean Inland Freshwa- sloth, Bradypus torquatus (Xenarthra;(Xenarthra; Brad-Brad- ter Fishes Specialist Group was created as part of ypodidae). J. Zool., 246(1): 1-10. an evolving SSC strategy for freshwater fi sh. Co- Chiarello, A. G. 1998b. Diet of the Atlantic forest Chairs are Michael Smith and Carlos Rodriquez. maned sloth, Bradypus torquatus (X (Xenarthra:enarthra: The Global Amphibian Specialist Group, chaired Bradypodidae). J. Zool., 246(1): 11-19. by Claude Gascon, will work towards developing Chiarello, A. G. 1999. Effects of fragmentation a regionally-based network of amphibian special- of the Atlantic forest on mammal communi- ists, using the model of SSC’s Sustainable Use ties in South-eastern Brazil. Biol. Cons., 89: Specialist Group. The Iguana Specialist Group, 71-82. formerly West Indian Iguana, has a new mandate to cover all species. Allison Alberts continues as Chair, with Jose Ottenwalder appointed as Co- Chair. The fi rst regionally-based Invertebrate Spe- cialist Group, the Southern African Invertebrates NEWS Specialist Group, has been established, chaired by Michael Samways. A new Philippine Plant Specialist Group, chaired by Domingo Madulid, Edentate Conservation Action Fund will address the important issues relating to plant diversity conservation in the Philippines. A list of The Edentate Specialist Group of the Species Sur- all SSC Specialist Groups and Task Forces with vival Commission (SSC) of The World Conserva- contact details, is available on the SSC website tion Union (IUCN) has established a conservation at
25 tion surveys of endangered animals and plants to education campaigns, and covers a wide range of Lincoln Park Zoo Neotropic Fund species, from partulid snails to gorillas. The fund often favours projects where immediate action is The Lincoln Park Zoo Neotropic Fund supports needed or where efforts are directed towards less fi eld research in conservation biology throughout popular species. Latin America and the Caribbean. The fund emphasizes support of graduate students and other The Fund is unique in that 100% of all dona- young researchers, particularly those from Latin tions pass directly to conservation projects, with America. Since 1986, the fund has awarded over no deductions for administration. Applications to 126 grants in 19 countries. Between fi ve and the 100% Fund are assessed by a committee of 15 projects are supported each year. Awards are respected international conservationists. Projects seldom greater than US$7,500, and most awards are selected on the basis of conservation impor- fall in the range of US$3,000-$6,000. Initial sup- port is for up to 12 months from the date of tance, sound scientifi c principles, cost effectiveness award. Maximum duration of support is two and local involvement. Reports on the progress years. Deadline for receipt of Neotropic propos- of the work must be submitted after six months als is 1 September. For additional information and at the end of a project. These are reviewed by and application procedures see
26 Edentata • June 2001 to decision makers within the international con- identifi ed. servation community. The programme has, there- • Provide general assistance to the CITES fore, acted as a two-way process, encouraging the Secretariat and Parties between the meetings of exchange of information between scientists and the Conference of Parties (COP). policy-makers. • Provide specifi c assistance to the Parties for the meetings of the COP by publishing: CITES: The Wildlife Trade Programme works in collabo- A Conservation Tool, A Guide to Amending the ration with its partner organisations, the TRAF- Appendices to CITES. This publication provides FIC Network and WCMC (World Conservation guidance through the Convention’s articles and Monitoring Centre). SSC formally recognises resolutions governing the submission, presentation TRAFFIC as its primary source of expertise on and adoption of proposals to amend the trade data, and TRAFFIC recognises SSC as its appendices. primary source of expertise on the biological • The analyses of proposals to amend the CITES status of species involved in trade. By combining appendices, produced in collaboration with the the data produced by the two organisations, the TRAFFIC Network, providing an independent impact of trade on wild species can be assessed. assessment of the information provided in the proposals. The Programmes objectives are as follows: 1) To • Support the CITES signifi cant trade process identify situations where trade in wild species by identifying species subject to ‘signifi cant’ levels appears unsustainable or detrimentally affects the of trade and development of conservation and status of non target species; 2) To focus on gaps management programmes for species in trade in in knowledge on the biology and status of species their country of origin. in trade; 3) To develop and promote those actions • Assist CITES parties to review and, where it and/or mechanisms necessary to ensure the con- is necessary, to strengthen the capacities of their servation of species detrimentally affected by scientifi c authorities to undertake the monitoring trade; 4) To ensure that the SSC’s expertise is used and assessment procedures for wild species in trade. to infl uence the decisions of CITES and other rel- • Contribute to policy documents, e.g., CITES evant agreements; 5) To provide scientifi c support Guidelines for the Disposition of Confi scated and capacity building to the Parties to CITES Specimens, IUCN Re-introduction Guidelines and (and other relevant international agreements) IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity in implementing conventions at national and Loss due to Biological Invasion. regional levels and; 6) To increase understand- ing about CITES and other relevant agreements The Wildlife Trade Programme aims to expand within the SSC network. its work in three theme areas of particular con- servation concern: trees, marine organisms, and Priority Action medicinal plants and animals. The SSC tree net- • Identify a focal point for trade issues in each works are being further developed in conjunction taxonomic Specialist Group to ensure that ssc with WCMC. Further emphasis is being placed can provide high-quality information to policy on marine organisms. The Medicinal Plant Spe- makers. cialist Group is very active and a number of • Support for Specialist Group Action Planning medicinal issues are of concern to animal Special- to identify species affected by trade which may be ist Groups as well. of conservation concern • Determine where further information is needed Further information is available from: on these species and stimulate the information IUCN The World Conservation Union: collection.
27
28 Edentata • June 2001 try institution. For further information contact: Grev Turegatan 19, 114 38 Stockholm, Sweden, RECENT PUBLICATIONS Tel: (46) 8 545 818 00, e-mail:
2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Fundação Biodiversitas – IUCN Brazil and an Address Change The 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2000, 61pp, + CD-ROM, was launched on the The Fundação Biodiversitas, President Aspásia 28th September 2000, in London, Washington, Camargo, Director Luiz Carlos Cardoso Vale, took Geneva, and Ottawa. It was compiled by Craig over the coordination of the Brazilian Commit- Hilton-Taylor, with the assistance of Caroline tee of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) in Pollock, Matthew Linkie, Alan Mauric, Janice February 2000. This decision was ratifi ed during Long, Mariano Gimenez-Dixon, Simon Stuart, the last meeting of the Committee, 13-14 April Alison Stattersfi eld, Martin Sneary, and Georgina 2000, at the Salto Morato Natural Reserve in M. Mace, in association with experts in the Paraná. IUCN/SSC Species Survival Commission special- ist groups and BirdLife International. Includes a The Fundação has changed its address. The foreword by David Brackett, Chair of the IUCN new address of the Fundação Biodiversitas is: Species Survival Commission, and an introduc- Rua Ludgero Dolabela 1012, 7o. Andar, tory essay “A challenge to the global community” 30430-130 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, by Russell A. Mittermeier, President of Conserva- Tel: (0)31 292 8235, Fax: (0)31 291 7658, tion International and Chairman of the Primate e-mail:
29 and the addition of a number of new European
30 Edentata • June 2001 do Rio de Janeiro (EDUERJ), Rua São Francisco ests, R. A. Medellín, M. Equiha and M. A. Amin, Xavier 524, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro 2.0550-013, pp.1666-1675; Effects of land-cover changes on Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Tel/Fax: +(0)21 587 7788, mammals in a Neotropical region: A modeling 587 7789. approach, A. D. Cuarón, pp.1676-1692; Bat and bird-generated seed rains at isolated trees in pas- tures in tropical rainforest, J. Galindo-González, Conservation Biology – Special Section on S. Guevara and V. J. Sosa, pp.1693-1703. Habitat Disturbance
The December 2000 issue, Vol. 14(6), of Con- Hunting and Biodiversity Conservation, and servation Biology, the J Journalournal of the S Societyociety for Tropical Forest Management–Two Publications Conservation Biology, has a special section with 12 articles devoted to the theme “Habitat Dis- In September 2000, The World Bank in collab- turbance and Tropical Rainforest Mammals”, oration with the Wildlife Conservation Society put together by the Guest Editor Alfredo D. (WCS), New York, published two important doc- Cuarón of the Departamento de Ecología de los uments on hunting and biodiversity conservation. Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Ecología, Uni- They are monographs in the Biodiversity Series – versidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Micho- Impact Studies, Environment Department Papers. acán, México. It includes the following papers: The fi rst, “Biodiversity Conservation in the Con- A global perspective on habitat disturbance and tropical rainforest mammals, A. D. Cuarón, text of Tropical Forest Management” by Francis pp.1574-1579; Monitoring mammal populations E. Putz, Kent H. Redford, John G. Robinson, in Costa Rican protected areas under differing Robert Fimbel and Geoffrey M. Blate, 80pp., hunting restrictions, E. Carrillo, G. Wong and A. has six chapters, as follows: 1. Introduction; 2. D. Cuarón, pp.1580-1591; Habitat mosaic, wild- Disaggregating “Biodiversity”; 3. Disaggregating life availability, and hunting in the tropical forest of “Logging”; 4. Impacts of Forest Management on Calakmul, Mexico, A. Escamilla, M. Sanvicente, Biodiversity; 5. Overview of Biodiversity Conser- M. Sosa and C. Galindo-Leal, pp.1592-1601; vation in Relation to Logging and Other Silvicul- Bushmeat markets on Bioko Island as a measure tural Treatments; 6. Recommendations. There are of hunting pressure, J. E. Fa, J. E. Garcia Yuste seven appendices. The second, “Hunting of Wild- and Ramon Castelo, pp.1602-1613; Roads, devel- life in Tropical Forests: Implications for Bio- opment, and conservation in the Congo basin, diversity and Forest Peoples”, by Elizabeth L. D. Wilkie, E. Shae, F. Rotberg, G. Morelli and P. Bennett and John G. Robinson, 42pp., is based Auzel, pp.1614-1622; Infl uence of timber extrac- on the book recently published by the same tion routes on Central African small-mammal authors, Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical For- communities, forest structure, and tree diversity, ests, Columbia UUniversityniversity PPress,ress, NNewew YYork,ork, 2000. J. R. Malcom and J. C. Ray, pp.1623-1638; Besides an executive summary, it has fi ve chap- Effects of habitat disturbance and protected areas ters: 1. Introduction; 2. The Sustainability of on mammals of Peninsular Malaysia, R. K. Hunting in Tropical Forests; 3. Factors Affecting Laidlaw, pp.1639-1648; Density and population the Sustainability of Hunting; 4. Enhancing the size of mammals in remnants of Brazilian Sustainability of Hunting; 5. Conclusions and Atlantic forest, A. G. Chiarello, pp.1649-1657; Recommendations. Copies are available from: Effects of human colonization on the abun- Environment Department, The World Bank, 1818 dance and diversity of mammals in eastern Bra- H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, zilian Amazonia, M. A. Lopes and S. F. Ferrari, Tel: +1 202 473-3641, Fax: +1 202 477 0565. pp.1658-1665; Bat diversity and abundance as indicators of disturbance in Neotropical rainfor-
31 References Numbers in Context (graphs, charts and tables Putz, F. E., Redford, K. H., Robinson, J. G., and other data with minimal text to give readers a Fimbel, R. and Blate, G. M. 2000. Biodiver- quick accessible way to graps conservation trends); sity conservation in the context of tropical and Resources (book reviews, web sites and other forest management. Biodiversity Series – Impact sources of practical conservation information). Studies, Environment Department Papers 75: The editors welcome articles that refl ect clear and 80pp. The World Bank, Washington, DC. innovative thinking, ideas that can be translated Bennett, E. L. and Robinson, J. G. 2000. Hunt- into management action, and outstanding, jar- ing of wildlife in tropical forests: Implications gon-free writing. Manuscript outlines (sugges- for biodiversity and forest peoples Biodiversity tions) and texts can be sent to: Conservation Series – Impact Studies, Environment Depart- Biology in Practice, Department of Zoology, Box ment Papers 76: 42pp.42pp. The WWorldorld BBank,ank, WWash-ash- 351800, University of Washington, Seattle, WA ington, DC. 98195-1800, USA, Tel: 206 685-4724; Fax: 206 221-7839, e-mail:
32 Edentata • June 2001 ally-forced models (statistical and process-based). do Sistema de Unidades de Conservação (1998, Annual subscriptions: Institutional DFL120 or 65pp., in Portuguese), was written by Anthony US$159; Individual-DFL120.00 or US$75. For B. Rylands and Luiz Paulo de S. Pinto, both of more information: SPB Academic Publishing, Conservation International. It contains an analy- P. O. Box 11188, 1001 GD Amsterdam, The sis of the protected areas system in the Brazilian Netherlands, Fax: +31 20 638 0524, e-mail: Amazon and includes the following chapters: 1)
33 Rua Golf Club 115, São Conrado, 22610-040 No ano de 1999, por ocasião de cinqüentenário Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Tel: do Museu foi editado um volume especial comem- (0)21 322-4520, Fax: (0)21 322 5903, e-mail: < orativo, com artigos de membros do Conselho [email protected]>. Científi co e de pesquisadores vinculados que tem colaborado com o Museu nos últimos anos, espe- cialmente aqueles oriundos do projeto “Biodiver- Global Biodiversity sidade da Mata Atlântica no Estado do Espírito Santo”. Assim foi publicado a “Edição Comem- Global Biodiversity is a quarterly magazine pub- orativa dos 50 Anos do Museu”, números 11 e lished by the Canadian Museum of Nature, 12, junho de 2000. A publicação prestou hom- Ottawa, dedicated to all aspects of biological enagaem também a Augusto Ruschi, pela sua ini- diversity research and conservation. Besides regu- ciativa de criar um periódico que tem dado uma lar articles, it includes updates and news on such relevante contribuição à biologia e conservação da as biodiversity policy, biosafety, meetings, and biodiversidade no Brasil. conservation. Two theme issues have been pro- duced, one on Ecoforestry (1997), and another Conteúdo: A Estação Biológica de Santa Lucia, on Ecoagriculture (1998). For more information, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo - S. L. Mendes & M. write to Global Biodiversity, Canadian MuseumMuseum da P. Padovan, pp.7-34; Espécies vegetais descri- of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, tas a partir de espécimes coletados na Reserva Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada, Tel.: (888) 437-6287, Florestal de Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brasil - P. Fax: (613) 566 4673, e-mail:
34 Edentata • June 2001 no Parque Nacional da Tijuca (Rio de Janeiro - Brazilian Perspectives on Sustainable Develop- RJ) e notas sobre sua distribuição geográfi ca – A. ment of the Amazon Region, edited by Miguel F. Coimbra-Filho, pp.189-200; Non-volant mam- Clüsener-Godt and Ignacy Sachs, 1995, 330pp. mals of the Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia and ISBN 1 85070 576 3. Hardcover. Price: £45/ adjacent areas of Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, US$68. Vol. 15. Man and the Biosphere Series Brazil - M. Passamani, S. L. Mendes & A. G. (editor J. N. R. Jeffers). The Parthenon Publish- Chiarello, pp.201-214; Análise da comunidade de ing Group, Carnforth, UK, and UNESCO, Paris. marsupiais em Mata Atlântica de Santa Tereas, A scientifi c reference text on Amazonian ecology, Espírito Santo - M. Passamani, pp.215-228; resource use and development. Contents: Intro- Infl uência da caça ilegal sobre mamíferos e aves das duction; Climatic and hydrological conditions as matas de tabuleiro do norte do estado do Espírito key factors for eco-development strategies; Devel- Santo - A. G. Chiarello, pp.229-247. Available opment and management plans for the Amazon from: Biblioteca, Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão, region; The Amazon an urbanized forest; Socio- Avenida José Ruschi 4, 29650-000 Santa Teresa, diversity and biodiversity; Agroforestry in Brazil’s Espírito Santo, Brasil. Amazonian development policy; Rehabilitation of capoeiras; Degraded pastures and mining sites; Sérgio L. Mendes, Departamento de Biologia, The Amazon and extracting activities; Develop- Av. Mal. Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29040-090 ment of commercial fi sheries in the Amazon basin Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brasil. E-mail:
35 2. Harvesting and ecological realities. 3. Deci- Priorities for the Conservation of Mammalian sion-making by users of natural resources. 4. Prac- Diversity: Has the Panda Had Its Day? EditedEdited tical considerations when applying the theory. by Abigail Entwhistle and Nigel Dunstone, 2000, Part Three. Case Studies. Part Four. Making Con- 455pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. servation Work. Part 3 includes contributions by ISBN 0 521 77279 6 (hardback), 0 521 77536 1 Kathy Mackinnon (Sustainable use as a conser- (paperback). This book is No. 3 in the Conserva- vation tool in the forests of South-east Asia), R. tion Biology series of CUP, edited by Morris Gos- E. Gullison (Will bigleaf mahogany be conserved ling in Association with the Zoological Society through sustainable use?), Vivienne Solis Rivera of London. No. 1 was Conservation in a Chang- and Steven Edwards (Cosigüina, Nicaragua: A case ing World, edited byby GeorginaGeorgina M. Mace,Mace, AndrewAndrew study in community-based management of wild- Balmford and Joshua R. Ginsberg, and No. 2 was life), Sophie des Clers (Sustainability of the Falk- Behaviour and Conservation, edited by L. M. Gos- land Islands loligo squid fi shery), Andrew Price, ling and J. Sutherland. This excellent review has Callum Roberts and Julie Hawkins (Recreational three parts, besides an introductory chapter by use of coral reefs in the Maldives and Caribbean), Abigail Entwhistle, Simon Mickleburgh and Nigel Joel Freehling and Stuart A. Marks (A century of Dunstone – Mammal conservation: current con- change in the Central Luangwa Valley of Zambia), texts and opportunities. Part 1. Justifying the con- M. Norton-Griffi ths (The economics of wildlife servation of mammals. Part 2. Setting priorities for conservation policy in Kenya), Tom Butynski and mammalian conservation. Part 3. Conservation Jan Kalina (Gorilla tourism: A critical look), Anne approaches for mammalian species and diversity. Gunn (Caribou and muskox harvesting in the Orders in the USA: Cambridge University Press, Northwest Territories), and Leonid Baskin (Hunt- 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, ing of game mammals in the Soviet Union). Avail- USA. Orders elsewhere: Cambridge University able from: Anna Van Opstal, Blackwell Science Press, The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0EL, UK, Tel: 1BR, UK. E-mail to Hannah Proctor +44 (0)1865 206206, Fax: +44 (0)1865 721205.
Species Coexistence, by M. Tokeshi, 1998, 464pp. Behavioral Approaches to Conservation in the 159 illustrations. Blackwell Science, Oxford. Wild, edited by Janine R. Clemmons and Rich- Paperback ISBN 0 86542 744 5. Price: £37.50. ard Buchholz, 1997, 400pp. Cambridge Univer- Contents: Introduction: conceptual threads; Orig- sity Press, Cambridge, UK. Hardback ISBN 0 ination: the basis of coexistence; Origination and 521 58054 4. Price: £55.00 (+p&p), paperback evolution of communities; Patterns in species ISBN 0 521 58960 6. Price: £19.95 (+p&p). This richness: temporal dimension; Patterns in species book is unique in emphasizing conservation of richness: spatial dimension; The niche, resources wild populations as opposed to captive and rein- and species assembly; Niche apportionment and troduced, where behavioral research has concen- relative abundances of coexisting species; Com- trated in the past. The variety of expertise in this petition, co-operation and coexistence; Agent- volume demonstrates that the comoplete etho- mediated coexistence: predation and disturbance; logical framework, not just behavioural ecology, Patchiness, heterogeneity and stochasticity; Traits provides valuable techniques and knowledge for and coexistence; Stability and conservation of conserving biodiversity. Issues addressed include: coexisting species; Concluding remarks. Available the limits and potentials of behavioral research to from: Anna Van Opstal, Blackwell Science Ltd., conservation; the importance of behavioral varia- Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0EL, UK, Tel: +44 tion as a component of biodiversity, and the use (0)1865 206206, Fax: +44 (0)1865 721205. Web- of animal behavior to solve conservation problems site:
36 Edentata • June 2001 management practices. Contents: Part I: Prob- - Secretaria de Estado da Educação, Secretaria de lems and issues; Part II: Conservation and Estado do Meio Ambiente, Instituto Estadual de the four levels of behavioral study; Part III: Florestas & Fundação Biodiversitas, p.13; Prefácio Examples and case studies. Available from: Cus- - Célio de Murilo de Carvalho Valle, pp.15-16; tomer Services Department, Cambridge Univer- Organização geral do livro, pp.21-25; Panorama sity Press, The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge geral da fauna ameaçada de Minas Gerais - Gustavo CB2 1BR, UK, Fax: +44 (0)1223 325152, e-mail: A. B. da Fonseca, pp.27-30; Há doze mil anos:
37 shire NN18 9ES, UK, 24-hour credit card hotline CB2 1BR, UK, Tel.: +44 (0)1223 325056, Fax: +44 (0)1536 454534, Fax: +44 (0)1536 454518, +44 (0)1223 325891. In the US: Cambridge Uni- e-mail:
38 Edentata • June 2001 ing, Cambridge CB2 1BR, UK, Tel.: +44 (0)1223 E. 2000. Subsistence hunting among the Wai- 325056, Fax: +44 (0)1223 325891. For further miri-Atroari Indians in central Amazonia, information on textbooks from CUP, please con- Brazil. Biodiv. Conserv. 9: 579-596. tact Heather Elliot at
39 Annual Conference of the American Associ- Brasil. Apoio: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande ation of Zoo Veterinarians, 18-23 September, do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Ecologia 2001, Orlando Florida. For more information on e Departamentos de Ecologia, Zoologia e Botânica. the scientifi c program: Ray Wack, Program Chair- Contatos e correspondência: Organização de man, Sacramento Zoo, 3930 West Land Park Congresso, Rua João Abott, 44- cj.402, 90460-150 Drive, Sacramento, CA 95822-1123, USA, Tel: Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, Tel/Fax: + 55 51 333 (916) 264 5887, e-mail:
40 Edentata • June 2001 Figures and Maps NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS Articles can include small black-and-white pho- tographs, high quality fi gures, and high quality Submission maps and tables. Electronic fi les with 300 dpi Please send all submissions in English, Portuguese are acceptable. However, hard copies of photos or Spanish to: Jennifer Pervola, Center for Applied and maps are preferred. Please keep these to a Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, minimum. We stress the importance of providing 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC maps which are publishable. 20036, USA, Tel: (202) 912-1533, Fax: (202) News Items 912-0773, e-mail:
41 Edentata The Newsletter of the IUCN Edentate Specialist Group • June 2001 • Number 4
Contents
1 Editorial - Gustavo A.B. da Fonseca
Articles
2 Does the Endangered Xenarthran Fauna of Amazonia Include Remnant Ground Sloths? David C. Oren
5 Armadillos del Noroeste Argentino (Provincias de Jujuy y Salta) Sergio F. Vizcaíno y Andrés Giallombardo
9 Tatú carreta (Priodontes maximus) en Argentina Gustavo Porini
14 The Tatujeikurajoyava (Chlamyphorus retusus) in the Izozog Communities of the Bolivian Gran Chaco Erika Cuéllar
16 The Disjunct Geographical Distribution of the Yellow Armadillo, Euphractus sexcinctus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) José de Sousa e Silva Júnior and Andrea Portela Nunes
18 New Records of the Yellow Armadillo (Euphractus sexinctus) in the State of Maranhão, Brazil (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) José de Sousa e Silva Júnior, Marcus Emanoel Barroncas Fernandes and Rui Cerqueira
23 A Translocation Experiment for the Conservation of Maned Sloths (Bradypus torquatus), a Species Threatened with Extinction in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Adriano G. Chiarello
25 News
29 Recent Publications
39 Meetings
42 Edentata • June 2001