About the Cover: Laplace and His American Translator
MATHEMATICAL PERSPECTIVES BULLETIN (New Series) OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 51, Number 1, January 2014, Pages 131–135 S 0273-0979(2013)01436-8 Article electronically published on September 25, 2013 ABOUT THE COVER: LAPLACE AND HIS AMERICAN TRANSLATOR GERALD L. ALEXANDERSON Pierre Simon, Marquis de Laplace (1749–1827), has often been referred to as the “French Newton”. Much of his scientific work was in extending the work of Newton on the movement of the planets. He was, along with Lagrange, one of the two most able mathematicians in France in the 18th century, though identifying him as a mathematician may be misleading, since he did a combination of what we would today call mathematics, physics, and astronomy. Nevertheless, as R. Hahn, Laplace’s biographer, points out, “Laplace’s fundamental message ... was the same: Newton’s principle of gravitation was the basic true law of nature that fully governed the solar system” [2, p. 144]. He came from a family of modest means, farmers in the Calvados district (Nor- mandy). Not surprisingly the family produced cider. He most certainly was not a marquis from birth. The title came much later after he had been made a count in 1806 by Napoleon I during the First Empire and later a marquis in 1821 by Louis XVIII during the Bourbon Restoration. (Lagrange, his long-time rival, was made a count by Napoleon in 1808 but did not make it to the next step—he died before the Bourbons came back into power.) Early in life he had been interested in some number theory problems and dif- ferential equations, but in the period between 1796 and 1812 he published four major books: his Exposition du syst`eme du monde (1796—l’an IV), the Th´eorie de m´ecanique c´eleste (the first two volumes in 1798 or 1799—l’an VII, the third in 1802, and the fourth in 1805; a fifth volume, mainly devoted to commentary, came out considerably later, in 1825).
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