DOCSLIB.ORG

University Student Culture in China, 1978-1990 : Formal and Informal Organization

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University Student Culture in China, 1978-1990 : Formal and Informal Organization University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1992 University student culture in China, 1978-1990 : formal and informal organization. Paul M. Englesberg University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Englesberg, Paul M., "University student culture in China, 1978-1990 : formal and informal organization." (1992). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 2773. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/2773 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNIVERSITY STUDENT CULTURE IN CHINA, 1978-1990: FORMAL AND INFORMAL ORGANIZATION A Dissertation Presented by PAUL M. ENGLES BERG Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION September 1992 School of Education Copyright by Paul Mark Englesberg 1992 All Rights Reserved UNIVERSITY STUDENT CULTURE IN CHINA, 1978-1990: FORMAL AND INFORMAL ORGANIZATION A Dissertation Presented by PAUL M. ENGLES BERG Approved as to style and content by: George-^Turch^ Chair Charles S . Adams Member , In memory of my mother, Beulah Waskow Englesberg, and For my wife, Lucy Morse, and our children, Colin and Amy Bea i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S I wish to express my appreciation to the many faculty, fellow students , friends and , family who have supported me in pursuing this project. George Urch, who first recruited me into the field of interna- tional and comparative education, has been a steady source of encourage- ment over the years. As chair of my dissertation committee, he was always available for advice and generous with his time. Charles Adams introduced me to the world of qualitative research and the field of academic culture. Kay Ann Johnson encouraged the project from the beginning and provided many valuable insights about Chinese society and the student movement. David Kinsey, Gretchen Rossman, and Johnstone Campbell also contributed many suggestions during the preliminary stages of my inquiry. I feel very grateful to David Y. H. Wu for inviting me to pursue my research at the East -West Center in Honolulu and introducing me to literature on Chinese socialization and the value of multiple perspec- Irving Epstein, tives. I also wish to thank Stanley Rosen, Ruth Hayhoe , Tu Wei-ming, and Peter Hackett for their suggestions and encouragement. Special thanks to Gao Changan for assistance with translation and editing, to Yao Renlai for facilitating my field work, and to Lucy Morse and Karen Jones for their painstaking proofreading and editorial suggestions. This study was completed with a Pacific Cultural Founda- tion subsidy and under a Joint Dissertation Research Award from the support and to our East-West Center. I am grateful to them for their families for their generosity. contributed to To the many Chinese students and colleagues who this study, I express my deep appreciation. V , , ABSTRACT UNIVERSITY STUDENT CULTURE IN CHINA, 1978-1990; FORMAL AND INFORMAL ORGANIZATION SEPTEMBER 1992 PAUL M. ENGLESBERG, B.A. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY M.A.T., UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE M.A. YALE UNIVERSITY Ed.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Directed by: Professor George E. Urch This study is an interdisciplinary inquiry into university student culture in the People's Republic of China with a focus on formal organizations and informal social relations. The purpose of the study is to examine the characteristics of student organizations and networks on campuses and to determine how students participate in and evaluate these organizations. Literature on college student culture and higher education in China is reviewed as a basis for the study. The author's study of Chinese society and prior experiences teaching at Chinese universities further guided the research. The research employed three major types of data collection: participant observation on three campuses in an urban area in western China in 1990, interviews in the United States with Chinese university graduates, and document research. Three types of formal organization were studied: academic -the divisions by department, grade, and classroom; mass organizations- political Student Association and the Communist Youth League; and a networks organization- -the Communist Party. Informal groups included vi . based on former schoolmate and hometovm ties, student societies and clubs, and male -female couples. Classroom groups were found to be the most important reference group for most students. These groups and the related dormitory groups were important both academically and socially. The Student Association and Communist Youth League were found to have limited influence on the majority of students who were passive members. The Communist Party was found to have some indirect influence on students, but only a small percentage of students were recruited as members. The dominant characteristics of the formal groups were their rigid hierarchies and the division between those who held positions and the majority of students who tended to remain uninvolved. The study found informal groups and networks to be active and the preferred mode of interaction for most students. These groups bridged the academic divisions and had fluid, loose structures with little or no hierarchy. During the 1980' s, many types of informal groups developed in number and in popularity as students became more involved in extra- curricular activities such as part-time work, business, and love affairs Vll TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V ABSTRACT .... LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES GLOSSARY Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY 1 Background to the Problem 1 Purpose of the Study 4 Research Methodology 6 Definitions 7 Limitations of the Study 8 Significance of the Study 9 Outline of the Dissertation 11 Notes to Chapter 1 12 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 13 College Student Culture: A Survey of Approaches 13 Student Orientations and Subcultures 17 Peer Groups and Informal Relations 20 Needs, Values, and Attitudes 24 Meaning and Interpretation: Case Study and Ethnography 26 Studying Student Culture: From New Jersey to China? 31 Chinese Students and the University System 33 Institutions of Higher Education 34 Types of Institutions 37 Who Goes To College?: Enrollment 38 University Students in China 40 Historical Background 40 Variations Among Students and Campuses .... 43 Changing Values of Students Peer Groups, Friendship Ties, and Informal Relations Gender and romance Conclusion viii Notes to Chapter 2 52 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY . From Problem to Process 55 Research Assumptions 56 The Research Process 56 Overview of Design and Methods 58 Phase One: Literature Review and Pilot Study .... 60 Phase Two: Field work 60 Participant Observation: The Method 60 Participant Observation in China 61 The Three -campus Study 62 The Process 64 Limitations 65 Archival Research 67 Phase Three: Case Study Interviews and Document Review 67 Interview Structure 68 Sample and Limitations 68 Document Review 70 Analysis 71 General Limitations and Methodological Issues 72 The Researcher's Role and Relevant Background 73 74 Researcher's Perspective and Subjectivity . Notes to Chapter 3 4. ACADEMIC GROUPINGS Formal Organizations: Definition and Discussion Academic Divisions Department 80 81 Grade . College Class 81 Class Cohesion and Identity 82 Strong and Weak Class Identity: Two Cases 86 87 Factors Related to Cohesiveness Classroom Organizational Structure . • Role of the Monitor Motivation for Assuming Monitor Role Issues of Control and Solidarity . ix Classmates and Roommates: Informal Relationships Classmate Friendships Dormitories and Roommate Relations Dormitory Setting 95 Residence Patterns 97 Control and Supervision iQO Roommates ]^01 Conclusion 104 Notes to Chapter h. 107 5. MASS AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS 110 The Student Association 111 Purpose and Goals 112 The Student Association in the 1980' s 114 Control of the Student Association 115 Organizational Structure; Student Bureaucracy. 116 The University- level 116 The Departmental -level 119 Student Leaders 120 Coordination Within the Organization 122 Perspectives of Student Leaders 122 Students' Perceptions of the Student Association. 125 Communist Youth League 130 Official Goals 130 Recruitment and Membership 131 Leaders and Activities 134 CYL and SA: Uneasy Relationship and Blurred Roles . 137 Participation 138 Recruiter and "Reserve Force" for the Party .... 140 Students and the Communist Party 141 142 Party Memebership . 144 Motivations for Joining . Party Structure on Campus 146 The Party's Influence. 147 Conclusion 147 150 Notes to Chapter 5 ORGANIZATIONS 155 6 . INFORMAL GROUPS AND 156 Defining Informal Groups 157 Limitations .... X . Local -tie and Schoolmate Networks 158 Structure of the Local -tie Network 160 Ethnic Groups 161 Schoolmates 163 Official Policy Toward Local Networks .... 166 Regional and Urban/Rural Differences .... 167 Groups Based on Interests and Extra-curricular Activities 170 Intellectual Interests 171 Entertainment and Recreation 172 Work, Business, and Social Practice . 175 Impact of Work and Business on Peer Relationships . 179 Management and Control . 181 Social Practice . 183
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Contemporary China: a Book List
    PRINCETON UNIVERSITY: Woodrow Wilson School, Politics Department, East Asian Studies Program CONTEMPORARY CHINA: A BOOK LIST by Lubna Malik and Lynn White Winter 2007-2008 Edition This list is available on the web at: http://www.princeton.edu/~lynn/chinabib.pdf which can be viewed and printed with an Adobe Acrobat Reader. Variation of font sizes may cause pagination to differ slightly in the web and paper editions. No list of books can be totally up-to-date. Please surf to find further items. Also consult http://www.princeton.edu/~lynn/chinawebs.doc for clicable URLs. This list of items in English has several purposes: --to help advise students' course essays, junior papers, policy workshops, and senior theses about contemporary China; --to supplement the required reading lists of courses on "Chinese Development" and "Chinese Politics," for which students may find books to review in this list; --to provide graduate students with a list that may suggest books for paper topics and may slightly help their study for exams in Chinese politics; a few of the compiler's favorite books are starred on the list, but not much should be made of this because such books may be old or the subjects may not meet present interests; --to supplement a bibliography of all Asian serials in the Princeton Libraries that was compiled long ago by Frances Chen and Maureen Donovan; many of these are now available on the web,e.g., from “J-Stor”; --to suggest to book selectors in the Princeton libraries items that are suitable for acquisition; to provide a computerized list on which researchers can search for keywords of interests; and to provide a resource that many teachers at various other universities have also used.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource List
    Resource List rative activities relating to June 4th. The Nomination of the Tiananmen Mothers for Web site contains information about ongo- the Nobel Peace Prize 2004 The 1989 ing and upcoming campaigns and rallies in http://209.120.234.77/64/press/ .2, Democracy Movement Hong Kong and overseas. It also provides TiananmenMothersPackage_2004_Final.pdf NO links to many other relevant Web sites. English COMPILED BY STACY MOSHER This packet of materials was prepared by Independent Federation of Chinese Stu- the Independent Federation of Chinese Stu- dents and Scholars dents and Scholars to support their nomi- WEB SITES: www.ifcss.net nation of the Tiananmen Mothers for the FORUM Chinese and English 2004 Nobel Peace Prize. 64 Memo The IFCSS was founded in Chicago in Princeton Professor Perry Link’s letter of http://www.64memo.org/index.asp August 1989 by more than 1,000 Chinese nomination can be read in Chinese at: RIGHTS Chinese student representatives from more than http://www.dajiyuan.com/gb/4/4/2/n499 Operated by Tiananmen veteran Feng 200 U.S. universities, and remains the 469.htm CHINA Congde and sponsored by HRIC, this Web most influential overseas Chinese student The text was transcribed from Link’s site provides an archive of documents, arti- group. Although less active in recent years, broadcast of the letter on Radio Free Asia. 79 cles and images relating to June 4th. IFCSS is organizing the collection of arti- cles, documents and photos relating to its Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassi- Boxun.com Tiananmen Feature upcoming 15th anniversary. fied History http://www.boxun.com/my-cgi/post/ http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/N TURES display_all.cgi?cat=64 June 4th Essays SAEBB16/ FEA Chinese http://www.dajiyuan.com/gb/nf2976.htm English Boxun’s special section of photos, articles Chinese An archive of official documents of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dimming of a Chinese Strongman's Aura Introduction A
    The dimming of a Chinese strongman’s aura 01 June, 2020 | GS-II | International Relations | GS PAPER 2 | INTERNATIONAL ISSUES | CHINA | CHINA OBOR | INDIA AND CHINA The dimming of a Chinese strongman’s aura By, Sujan R. Chinoy, a China specialist and former Ambassador, is currently the Director General of the Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. The views expressed are personal Introduction # To the outside world, China seeks to project a picture of monolithic unity behind President Xi Jinping’s highly centralised leadership. However, media tropes point to a greater scrutiny of his role and leadership style, especially during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan. # Reports have surfaced alleging delays in reporting facts, conflicting instructions and tight censorship. # Observers have drawn parallels between Mr. Xi and his powerful predecessors, Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping, perhaps a tad unfairly to both the iconic architects of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). A timeline of change Mao # Mao presided over the founding of the PRC in 1949. # He consolidated his leadership during the Long March in the mid-1930s. Despite his many detractors, he remained the undisputed leader of China until his death on September 9, 1976 even if, towards the end, it was the Gang of Four, led by his wife Jiang Qing, which had usurped power in his name. # Mao banished his adversaries frequently, whether it was Liu Shaoqi, Lin Biao, or even Deng Xiaoping. # Mao’s reign after the founding of the PRC lasted 27 years. By comparison, the 67-year-old Xi Jinping has been at the helm for just under eight years.
    [Show full text]
  • CONTEMPORARY CHINA: a BOOK LIST (Winter 1999 — FIRST ON-LINE EDITION, MS Word, L&R Margins 0.9") by Lynn White
    PRINCETON UNIVERSITY: Woodrow Wilson School, Politics Department, East Asian Studies Program CONTEMPORARY CHINA: A BOOK LIST (Winter 1999 — FIRST ON-LINE EDITION, MS Word, L&R margins 0.9") by Lynn White This list of items in English has several purposes: --to help advise students' course essays, junior papers, policy workshops, and senior theses about contemporary China; --to supplement the required reading lists of the seminars WWS 576a/Pol. 536 on "Chinese Development" and Pol. 535 on "Chinese Politics," as well as the undergraduate lecture course, Pol. 362; --to provide graduate students with a list that can help their study for comprehensive exams in Chinese politics; a few of the compiler's favorite books are starred on the list, but not too much should be made of this, because some such books may be too old for students' purposes or the subjects may not be central to present interests; --to supplement a bibliography of all Asian serials in the Princeton Libraries that was compiled long ago by Frances Chen and Maureen Donovan. Students with specific research topics should definitely meet Laird Klingler, who is WWS Librarian and the world's most constructive wizard. This list cannot cover articles, but computer databases can. Rosemary Little and Mary George at Firestone are also enormously helpful. Especially for materials in Chinese, so is Martin Heijdra in Gest Library (Palmer Hall; enter up the staircase near the "hyphen" with Jones Hall). Other local resources are at institutes run by Chen Yizi and Liu Binyan (for current numbers, ask at EAS, 8-4276). Professional bibliographers are the most neglected major academic resource at Princeton.
    [Show full text]
  • Commencement Program
    Sunday, the Sixteenth of May, Two Thousand and Ten ten o’clock in the morning ~ wallace wade stadium Duke University Commencement ~ 2010 One Hundred Fifty-Eighth Commencement Notes on Academic Dress Academic dress had its origin in the Middle Ages. When the European universities were taking form in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, scholars were also clerics, and they adopted Mace and Chain of Office robes similar to those of their monastic orders. Caps were a necessity in drafty buildings, and Again at commencement, ceremonial use is copes or capes with hoods attached were made of two important insignia given to Duke needed for warmth. As the control of universities University in memory of Benjamin N. Duke. gradually passed from the church, academic Both the mace and chain of office are the gifts costume began to take on brighter hues and to of anonymous donors and of the Mary Duke employ varied patterns in cut and color of gown Biddle Foundation. They were designed and and type of headdress. executed by Professor Kurt J. Matzdorf of New The use of academic costume in the United Paltz, New York, and were dedicated and first States has been continuous since Colonial times, used at the inaugural ceremonies of President but a clear protocol did not emerge until an Sanford in 1970. intercollegiate commission in 1893 recommended The Mace, the symbol of authority of the a uniform code. In this country, the design of a University, is made of sterling silver throughout. gown varies with the degree held. The bachelor’s Significance of Colors It is thirty-seven inches long and weighs about gown is relatively simple with long pointed Colors indicating fields of eight pounds.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Fear of Contagion
    China’s Fear of Contagion China’s Fear of M.E. Sarotte Contagion Tiananmen Square and the Power of the European Example For the leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), erasing the memory of the June 4, 1989, Tiananmen Square massacre remains a full-time job. The party aggressively monitors and restricts media and internet commentary about the event. As Sinologist Jean-Philippe Béja has put it, during the last two decades it has not been possible “even so much as to mention the conjoined Chinese characters for 6 and 4” in web searches, so dissident postings refer instead to the imagi- nary date of May 35.1 Party censors make it “inconceivable for scholars to ac- cess Chinese archival sources” on Tiananmen, according to historian Chen Jian, and do not permit schoolchildren to study the topic; 1989 remains a “‘for- bidden zone’ in the press, scholarship, and classroom teaching.”2 The party still detains some of those who took part in the protest and does not allow oth- ers to leave the country.3 And every June 4, the CCP seeks to prevent any form of remembrance with detentions and a show of force by the pervasive Chinese security apparatus. The result, according to expert Perry Link, is that in to- M.E. Sarotte, the author of 1989: The Struggle to Create Post–Cold War Europe, is Professor of History and of International Relations at the University of Southern California. The author wishes to thank Harvard University’s Center for European Studies, the Humboldt Foundation, the Institute for Advanced Study, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the University of Southern California for ªnancial and institutional support; Joseph Torigian for invaluable criticism, research assistance, and Chinese translation; Qian Qichen for a conversation on PRC-U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Campus Engages Sexual Violence Issues Islam and Christianity
    THE The Independent Newspaper Serving Notre Dame and Saint Mary's VOLUME 42: ISSUE 53 FRIDAY. NOVEMBER 16,2007 NDSMCOBSERVER.COM Campus engages sexual violence issues Dialogue addresses prevention; 'Loyal' receives positive student nzen join activist efforts, groups feedback, draws large crowd By KAREN LANGLEY By MARCELA BERRIOS News Ediwr Associate News Ediwr In recent years, campuc; dialogue has increasingly Onstage since Monday, "Loyal Daughters addrnssnd issues of sexual violence. This attention and Sons" will end its run in Washington hac; grown throughout campus but has particularly Hall tonight after a weeklong effort to drawn male aetivi'its, University officials and student address sexuality and sexual assault at leaders say. Notre Dame, from both the male and female Student groups are calling with incmac;ing intensi­ perspectives. ty on both the men and women of Notre Dame to Thursday's audience of 337 was the reduce the instances of sexual ac;sault - which all largest the production has seen to date, and sources say occur much more often to members of a similar turnout is expected tonight, the campus community than may be perceived. according to junior Sarah Van Mill, one of "We want to create a movement where we say, the show's head writers. 'No, this ic; not OK. and we won't let thic; happen,"' "Loyal Daughters and Sons" has been said MichaPI HPdding, president of Men Against averaging about 200 people every night, she Violence. said. Though no more than two rapes have been report­ And the feedback from those hundreds of ed to NDSP during any year in the last decade, wu attendees - mainly students and faculty Alison Dunleavy, left, Cara Nazareth and Kevin Stein perform in a see ASSAULT/page 8 sketch in "Loyal Daughters and Sons" at Washington Hall.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests in Chinese Fiction and Film
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Making the Censored Public: The 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests in Chinese Fiction and Film A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature by Thomas Chen Chen 2016 © Copyright by Thomas Chen Chen 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Making the Censored Public: The 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests in Chinese Fiction and Film by Thomas Chen Chen Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Kirstie M. McClure, Co-Chair Professor Robert Yee-Sin Chi, Co-Chair Initiated by Beijing college students, the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests—"Tiananmen"— shook all of China with their calls for democratic and social reforms. They were violently repressed by the Chinese state on June 4, 1989. Since then, their memory has been subject within the country to two kinds of censorship. First, a government campaign promulgating the official narrative of Tiananmen, while simultaneously forbidding all others, lasted into 1991. What followed was the surcease of Tiananmen propaganda and an expansion of silencing to nearly all mentions that has persisted to this day. My dissertation examines fiction and film that evoke Tiananmen from within mainland China and Hong Kong. It focuses on materials that are particularly open to a self-reflexive reading, such as literature in which the protagonists are writers and films shot without authorization that in their editing indicate the precarious ii circumstances of their making. These works act out the contestation between the state censorship of Tiananmen-related discourse on the one hand and its alternative imagination on the other, thereby opening up a discursive space, however fragile, for a Chinese audience to reconfigure a historical memory whose physical space is off limits.
    [Show full text]
  • JUDITH SHAPIRO [email protected] EDUCATION Ph.D. (1999) American University (International Relations / International Environm
    JUDITH SHAPIRO [email protected] EDUCATION Ph.D. (1999) American University (International Relations / International Environmental Politics). M.A. (l979) University of California at Berkeley (Asian Studies). M.A. (l978) University of Illinois at Urbana (Comparative Literature). B.A. (l975) Princeton University (magna cum laude, Anthropology; Program in East Asian Studies; University Scholar). Certificat d'Etudes (l970) Universite de Grenoble, France. Current Academic Position: Director, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development MA, School of International Service, American University. Other Academic Affiliations and Courses Taught: American University, School of International Service. Environmental Security in Asia, Fall 2004. From Maoism to Market-Leninism, Fall 2003, Honors Seminar. Cross-cultural Communication, Fall 2002 (two sections), Spring 2003 (Honors), Fall 2003, Fall 2004, Spring 2007. “Global Environmental Politics in the Public Imagination,” Fall 2006. Washington Environmental Workshop/Advanced Studies and Research in Environmental Policy, Fall 2001 and every Spring 2002-2011. Contemplation and Political Change, Spring 2001, Spring 2002, Spring 2005, Spring 2006. Challenges of Political Transformation, Spring 2004. Beyond Sovereignty, Spring 2000, Fall 2000, Fall 2001 (two sections each semester). International Environmental Politics, Summer 1998. “China, Japan, and the US,” Fall 2006. Environment and Politics, Fall 2009-2013 (two sections), WRI Practicum to China and Peru, Spring 2013-2014, Environmental Politics of Asia, Spring 2012-2014. University of Aveiro, MA Program in Chinese Studies. Modern and Contemporary China, Winter 1998-99. Chinese Society and thesis supervision, Fall 1999. Thesis supervision, Sp. 2000 - Fall 2001. Southwest Agricultural University, Environmental Protection Department (Chongqing, China). International Environmental Issues, Fall 1998. University of Pennsylvania, Lauder Institute, Wharton School. AHistory of China and Southeast Asia,@ Fall 1994 and 1995, Spring 1996 and 1997.
    [Show full text]
  • Full Text (PDF)
    Journal of Power, Politics & Governance December 2020, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 1-11 ISSN: 2372-4919 (Print), 2372-4927 (Online) Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development DOI: 10.15640/jppg.v8n2a1 URL: https://doi.org/10.15640/jppg.v8n2a1 Limits to Power Paul C. Trogen1 & Yuan Xu2 Abstract As difficult as it is to gain power, maintaining and exercising it appears even harder. Chinese population policy provides a vivid example of the potential magnitude of power. Yet the evolution of Chinese population policy also demonstrates the serious limits to power. Mao successfully employed ideology and inspiration to lead a guerilla war with minimal bureaucratic infrastruc- ture. Victory gave Mao absolute power. Mao hoped minimizing bureaucracy would maximize his discretion. In- stead weak bureaucratic structures necessitated continued political struggle to maintain control and interfered with Mao’s ability to implement his policies. Reversals of Mao’s population policies allowed population growth to overwhelm the food supply, necessitating more drastic interventions after his death. 1. Introduction In the early autumn of 1949, Mao enjoyed an immense reservoir of what Max Weber categorized as cha- rismatic authority. Good decisions during the Chinese civil war earned him considerable latitude in organizing the People’s Republic of China. Mao carried two classic books as he triumphantly approached Beijing in 1949, Shi Ji (Records of the Historian) and Zhi Tang Qian (the General Mirror for the Aid of Government) (Leiberthal, 1995:157). Both the Chinese classic system and soviet Stalinism derived their legitimacy from ideology (ibid).
    [Show full text]
  • Chin1821.Pdf
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt1x0nd955 No online items Finding Aid for the China Democracy Movement and Tiananmen Incident Archives, 1989-1993 Processed by UCLA Library Special Collections staff; machine-readable finding aid created by Caroline Cubé. UCLA Library Special Collections UCLA Library Special Collections staff Room A1713, Charles E. Young Research Library Box 951575 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1575 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/special/scweb/ © 2009 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 1821 1 Descriptive Summary Title: China Democracy Movement and Tiananmen Incident Archives Date (inclusive): 1989-1993 Collection number: 1821 Creator: Center for Chinese Studies and the Center for Pacific Rim Studies, UCLA Extent: 22 boxes (11 linear ft.)1 oversize box. Abstract: The present finding aid represents the fruits of a multiyear collaborative effort, undertaken at the initiative of then UCLA Chancellor Charles Young, to collect, collate, classify, and annotate available materials relating to the China Democracy Movement and tiananmen crisis of 1989. These materials---including, inter alia, thousands of documents, transcribed radio broadcasts, local newspaper and journal articles, wall posters, electronic communications, and assorted ephemeral sources, some in Chinese and some in English---provide a wealth of information for scholars, present and future, who wish to gain a better understanding of the complex, swirling forces that surrounded the extraordinary "Beijing Spring" of 1989 and its tragic denouement. The scholarly community is indebted to those who have collected and arranged this archive of materials about the China Democracy Movement and Tiananmen Incident Archives.
    [Show full text]
  • Manufacturing Sectarian Divides Th E Chinese State, Identities, and Collective Violence Ƒ Patricia M
    — 9 — Manufacturing Sectarian Divides Th e Chinese State, Identities, and Collective Violence ƒ Patricia M. Th ornton In the predawn hours of 24 April 1999, an unusual group slowly began assem- bling before Zhongnanhai, the highly guarded and gated compound that houses the elite national leaders of the Chinese party-state. Appearing to arrive nearly simultaneously in small bands from all corners of Beijing, they silently congregated before the compound gates and formed a neat grid only a few blocks from famed Tiananmen Square, the site of the massive student demon- strations that had been brutally suppressed almost exactly ten years earlier. By noon, the crowd had swelled to over ten thousand and occupied at least three streets surrounding the perimeter of the compound, with most participants silently standing in meditation or reading the written works of Li Hongzhi, the venerated founder and leader of the quasi-Buddhist movement commonly known as Falun Gong (Practitioners or Cultivators of the Wheel of Law). Many of the participants had packed food and water to sustain them during their long vigil, and some even vowed to spend the night. Despite a week of unrest orchestrated by Falun Gong practitioners in nearby Tianjin, the Beijing police were caught off guard by the demonstration. Aft er stationing uniformed police offi cers every six meters around the perimeter of the protesters’ grid, police authorities took well over twelve hours to disperse the group. Most left voluntarily around 8:30pm aft er police threatened to herd them all onto eighty buses waiting behind the nearby Great Hall of the People.
    [Show full text]