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Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters of River Yobe, Gashua

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Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters of River Yobe, Gashua International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2017; 5(2): 93-98 E-ISSN: 2347-5129 P-ISSN: 2394-0506 (ICV-Poland) Impact Value: 5.62 Assessment of physicochemical parameters of river (GIF) Impact Factor: 0.549 IJFAS 2017; 5(2): 93-98 Yobe, Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria © 2017 IJFAS www.fisheriesjournal.com Received: 15-01-2017 Badejo, Binta Ibrahim, Professor Abubakar Kotos Abdulrahman, Zira Accepted: 16-02-2017 Joshua Dali and Enoch Buba Badgal Badejo, Binta Ibrahim Umar Suleiman College of Abstract Education, Gashua (School of The present study assessed the influential physicochemical parameters of Yobe River (Gashua), Yobe Preliminary Studies), Yobe, state. Studies were conducted for a period of six months, from June to November, 2015 using standard Nigeria water analysis methods, to evaluate the potential and productivity of the river to enhance fish production for rural dwellers. The monthly variation of physicochemical parameters [temperature, conductivity, Abubakar Kotos Abdulrahman transparency, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, ammonia, phosphorus (PO2), alkalinity, free carbon dioxide Dept. of Zoology, Modibbo 0 Adama University of Tech., (CO2) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)] ranged from, 21-30 C, 0.38-0.74µS, 0.30-0.97m, 5- Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria 6.32mg/L, 6.8-7.8, 0.435-1.343 mg/L, 0.0070-1.7500 mg/L, 200-480 mg/L, 0.00030-0.00181 mg/L and 1.40-2 mg/L respectively. Results showed significant (p<0.05) across month and were not significant Zira Joshua Dali (P>0.05) across Site. The results revealed that Yobe River contains high level of alkalinity, and other Dept. of Fisheries, Adamawa parameters were within the recommended range for a drinking water or tolerable limits for fish State Ministry of Environment, production. Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria Keywords: Fish, physicochemical parameters, pollution, productivity, River Yobe Enoch Buba Badgal Dept. of Science Laboratory 1. Introduction Technology, Adamawa State Polytechnic, Yola, Adamawa Water has been known as a changing system that contains living and non-living components, State, Nigeria organic, inorganic soluble and insoluble substance. Therefore there is possibility of variation in its quality that could occur on a daily bases and also from the origin of water [1]. Aquatic organisms need a healthy environment to live and have adequate nutrient for their survival and growth. The productivity depends on the physicochemical characteristics of the water body [2]. The maxima productive are obtained when the physical and chemical parameters are at [3] optimum level . Water pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). Unfortunately, the availability and quality of water have been impacted upon by both natural and anthropogenic sources leading to poor quality and productivity of [4] aquatic Environment . The availability of good water quality is an indispensable feature for preventing diseases and improving quality of life [5]. Natural water contains different types of impurities which are introduced into aquatic system by different ways such as weathering of rocks and leaching of soils, dissolution of aerosol particles from the atmosphere and from several human activities, including mining, processing and the use of metal based materials [5-7]. The increased use of metal-based fertilizer in agricultural revolution of the government could result in continued rise in concentration of metal pollutions in fresh water reservoir due to the water run-off [8]. People on globe are under tremendous threat due to undesired changes in the physical, [9] chemical and biological characteristics of water . Industrial development (Either new or existing industry expansion) results in the generation of industrial effluents, and if untreated results in water, sediment and soil pollution [10, 11]. High levels of pollutants mainly organic matter in river cause an increase in biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total [12] dissolved solids, total suspended solids and fecal coli form . They will pose a threat to fish Correspondence species and other living organism in the water body [13]. Zira Joshua Dali This research aims at assessing the physicochemical parameters of river yobe, gashua. The Dept. of Fisheries, Adamawa results will provide base line information for the management of the river to prevent it from State Ministry of Environment, Yola-Nigeria future pollution as a result of human activities. ~ 93 ~ International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2. Materials and methods 3. Results and discussion River Yobe is situated in the Sudan Sahel zone of northeast. It Table 1 presents the monthly mean variation of temperature. covers a total area of 148,000km2 [14]. The river originates The value varied from 21 0C in the month of November to 30 from the flood plain overlaying the lake sediment of the Lake 0C in the month of June, July and August showing significant Chad formation (plateau and Kano states). The two western difference across month (p<0.05). There was no significant tributaries of the formation (Jama`ares and Hadeja) met difference across Sites (p>0.05). The study revealed that the around Nguru Gashua wetland area about 250km north of observed temperature value fall within the ranged of 21-30 0C Damaturu the Yobe state capital. The river is located in The values reported in this work are within the range Gashua Bade local government of Yobe state, the town lies recommended by [19] (30 ºC) and National Guideline and near Nguru-Gashua wetland economic and ecological system standards for water quality (20 ºC-33 ºC) in Nigeria for [15]. Coordinates 12012`5 N 1102”47`E and 12.86060N aquatic life, industrial and agricultural uses [20]. This result 11.046390E with the population of 125, 000 people [16] and the varies with the work of [21] in Jakara Lake Kano who reported river flows from Hadeja to Lake Chad [17]. a temperature range of 17-28 0C as a recommended or The water samples were collected once in a month for the desirable range. The difference in temperature might be due to period of six months, (June-November, 2015). The levels of wet season weather condition that prevailed from the month physicochemical parameter in the water were assessed for this of June to its peak in August when atmospheric temperature period. Some water quality parameters such as Temperature, was low [22]. The influence of temperature on the aquatic pH, Conductivity and Transparency were determined in situ, system is emphasized by [23] who reported that temperature is while for other parameters, water samples were collected in one of the important environmental parameters having a labeled and fixed sampling bottles and were transported to profound influence on the life cycle of an organism, as it laboratory for analysis. Collections were done at depth just exerts a lethal directive and controlling effect on it. below the sechi disc reading. Water quality parameters were determined as described [18]. Table 1: Monthly Mean Variation of Temperature (oC) in River Yobe Months Site I Site II Site III Mean SEM June 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00a 0.00 July 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00a 0.00 August 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00a 0.00 September 29.00 30.00 29.00 29.33a 0.33 October 25.00 27.00 28.00 26.67b 0.88 November 22.00 21.00 23.00 22.00c 0.58 Mean 27.67a 28.00a 28.33a SEM 1.38 1.48 1.12 F-LSD (P>0.05): Sites=0.940; Months=0.000 Means followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different. Table 2: Monthly Mean Variation of Conductivity (µS) in River bore-hole water in Eggon local government area of Nasarawa Yobe State, Nigeria by [26]. The observed low conductivity value Months Site I Site II Site III Mean SEM may be due to the narrow fluctuation of pH values around the June 0.45 0.52 0.58 0.52a 0.04 neutral point of 7 in the river. The implication of low July 0.49 0.59 0.64 0.57a 0.04 conductivity may cause lower condition factor and fecundity August 0.50 0.50 0.58 0.53a 0.03 of the fish as reported by [22]. September 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.56a 0.00 The monthly mean value of transparency is presented in Table October 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.72b 0.01 3. The monthly mean value of transparency ranged between November 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.39c 0.00 0.30m in July and 0.93m in November showing significant Mean 0.52a 0.55a 0.58a difference across month (p<0.05). There was no significant SEM 0.04 0.04 0.05 difference across Sites (p>0.05). The observed values of mean F-LSD (P>0.05): Sites=0.611; Months=0.000 monthly variations in transparency fall within 0.30m to Means followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly 0.93m. This result varies with the work of [27] in Kigera fish different. farm, who reported a monthly mean value of transparency Table 2 shows the result of monthly mean conductivity for the between 19cm and 25cm. The river reached its highest depth between the months of July and August which indicate the period of this study (June-November, 2015). The monthly impact of rainfall on the water level because this period is mean conductivity ranged between 0.39µS in November and [28] [29] between 0.72µS in October showing significant difference regarded as the rainy season; same was reported by . have reported that low transparency implies low across month (p<0.05).
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