Edwa rd Lhuvd について

吉岡治郎

1

1.Edward Lhuyd［Lhwyd］とその沢辺の人達

Edward Lhuyd（↓66レ↓7㈲）

Celtic scholar and naturalist，born in 1660,was the natural son

of Edward Llwyd of Llanvordu，ncar oswestry.ni s mother was Bridg一

et,second daughter of a MF.Pryse of Gogerddan.Cardiganshire. in

his ninth year Lhuyd probably entered oswestry Grammar Schoo1，

and it is not unlikely that he taught in it. He entered Jesus

College.0xford，31 0ct.1682.1n 1684 he was appointed under-keep-

er of the recently established Ashmlean Museum. ln 1690 on the

resignation of Dr.Robert Plot，hc was appointed head keeper. He

travelled much for the purpose of collecting specimens in natu-

ral history for the museLm. ↓11 １6Dg Lhuyd went to Scotland,and

the following･ year to lreland， thence returning towards the end

of 1700 to Cornwa11，where hc spent four months studying Cornish.

He was at first accompanied by W111iam Jones,Robert Wynn,and Da-

vid Parry,but the fjrst left hjm in Cornwa11. They were regard-

ed with suspicion everywhel･e，being looked upon as conjurers in

Pembrokeshire,while at llelstoll in Cornwall they were arrested as

thieves（Pryce，力泳ｕＪんｙ／Ｊぶごz/づy/zふ7zzy心）. ln 1701 he,with

probably two of his companions，crossed to Brittany,and had been

there scarcely three weeks when he was arrested at St.Pol de

Leon as a spy,but after an 壮prisonment of eighteen days at

Brest he was released on condiUon of leaving the country forth-

with. 0n 11 March 冒㈲ Lhuyd kis elected superior beadle of di－

vinity,his firend Hearne Fctiljng from the candidature in his

favour. But he did not long survive his election. He had suf-

fered from asthma foF many yeaFs,an attack of pleurisy super-

vened,and he died at the museum 30 june 1709. He was buried in －－－J 2

St.lichaeドs Church，in the south aisle,appropriated to Jesus

College, and known as thｅ ｉｅlsh alsle, but no monulent marks the

spot.cf.botany,geology

He was the first man to master all the living Celtic languages

with the exception of Manx.Lhuyd publ ished ｊｒｄｌｊ∂∂ﾑ:Wya jrj゛ta77-

next volume containing sudies of Archaeo卜 が71J in 1707 and the ogy and Natura1 History never appeared on account of his untime-

1y death.

George Hickes0642－1715)

George Hickes was the mosL important single figure among the

historical scholars of Englund in the latter half of the seven－

teenth century， for no other luember of that distinguished company

loomed larger in the contemporary world of scholarship,an none

exercised a learned inf!uence that was more beneficial or wider

spread.(David C.Douglas，応ｗﾉ7'sﾉ7 S£?力∂ﾉa7･s(1943)[1660－1730]p.93)

力7タZｿﾞなZｿﾞa7と５･必７ＥＪ乙7包/とペムｙｿよ-jynｸz7yJJと９ゴjSya5z･一心･Z‘が/″ay6･

(1689)； Zyz7gz/Jご拾た7ご函アZJﾑりい心ﾉﾌﾞＪ･石仏5,yy'z/,y(1703－5)

Humfrey（Humphrey）hnley（1じにﾚ1726） Wanley was a great clAtic of manuscripts,a great palaeographer， and a great Anglo-Saxon scholaF. And these combined qualifica- tions enabled him to rcnder to01d English history a peculiar service to which scholarshjp is stioindebted.（p.135）

Thomas Hearne(1678一将35) lt was not as a diarjst，however,that llearne took his special place in the history of EI咀□sh scholarshi.p. His truememorial is to be found in whoレ shelves of medieval writerswhom he ac- curately edited with Hotes and prefaces of hisown. This stu- pendous production repFesented the climax of a longeffort in 一一－ ３

editorship,and it marked al･ epocﾚin these studies.（p.234）

Robert Plot(1640－1696) ln 1676 Plot had already dirccted his attention to the systemat- ic study of natural hi story 山1d antiquities. ln 1683 he was ap- pointed professor of chemistry at oxford.Plot was Lhuyd's tutor and the first Keeper of the Λshm�ean Museum.

H.Celtomania

F.P.Pezron（1639［40］且705）､Le計壮ant（1720-1804）､Le Tour d’Auver-

gne（1743-18圓）､Rowland Jones口辺2ノM）etc.、cf.John Davis

原 聖（2003）『氏族起源の精神史』「第五章・ケルトマニアの誕生」

「ケルトマニア」の元祖ペズロン、pp.107-113

面ZT･y∂zjytj £かたz7a zy瓦ﾉ刀と･£ ＆? 紬 ﾉa7Wz丿∂j∂sE∂7tes az丿tr∂s∂77raβ-

μｿと心zzﾙｿﾞﾀ（1793）a稲n仙stjc work on Celtic history

r彼の議論の出発点は当時の玉顔であるスキタイ起源論である。ただし

スキタイ人とケルト人の関係が逆転されて、ケルト語が先に来る。彼の

新主張は、ガリアを引き継ぐのがもばやフランス王国ではなく、ブルタ

ーニュとウェールズだという点にある。聖書の「大洪水」（創世記）の

後に登場する、ヤフェートの子ゴメルの言語が、ヘブライ語を直接引き

継ぐケルト語であり、この原侵攻の生き残り、その純粋な子孫がプレイ

ス語「ブルトン語し引川古注」）であり、カムリー語（ウェールズ語

［引用者注］）なのだった。ブリトン人こそヨーロッパの起源であり、

聖書に説かれているように、それは人類全体の起源でもある。」

原 （2007）『ケルトの水脈』「第八章・ケルト文化の地下水脈Jpp.

310-11」 ４

Ⅲ．．心7a&?∂/4g/j jy/'Z'aｸﾌﾌ7‘乙･2

Preface

Tit.I.Comparative Etymology or on Remarks on the Alteration of

Languages 卜40

Tit.n.A COlparative Vocabulary of the original Languages of

Britain and lreland 41－179

Titt.Ⅲ.IV.An Armorlc Gralmar aT,d vocabulary by Julian Manoir，

Jesuit. Englished out of French by 慧.Williams,Sublibrar-

ian at the Ashmolean Museunj.180－212

Tit.V.Some Welch Words Oli tted in Dr. Davies's Dictionary 213－

221

Tit.VI.A Cornish Grammar 222－253

Tit.Ⅶ.Antiqua Britanniae Lingua ScriptoruI Quae Non impressa

Sunt.(MSS Britanllicorum Catalogus)254－265

Tit.Ⅷ.A British Etymologicon (Jr The Welsh COHated with the

必？ぶ'and Zぷりﾝ7 and some uther European Languages. 266-

298

Tit.IX.A Brlef lnu-oductioll to the ！rish or Ancient Scotish Lan-

guage: 299一309

Tit.X.Focloir Gaodhei lge-Shags(Jnach no jk9/r力＆7y/≒5hが-SWg-

z&7‘ﾉ ．初万71勁り旭･ﾉX5yｼDlctionary 310－434

A Catalogue of l.ri sh Manuscr-i pts 羽5－6

The lndex 1-zl

OED(2nd ed.)

,97'z2/5,9∂∂ﾉ4a･1.Ancient h！story gellel-ally: systematicdescription

ｉ or study of antiquities 1607 ン.spec.The scientific study of ｌ the remains and monuments of the prehistoric period.1837 ,1/7z‘瘤お'ぴ7.(Nowusually βZ； fornJerly sy,y or a7//aこ)Remains or monuments of antiqulty； anclent relics.

- Jミ〃－←- ５

IV.ケルト語派の結語 Continental Celtic: Gaulish,Lepontic,Galatian,Celtiberian ぐGoidelic: lrish,Scottish Gaelic,Manx

lnsular Celtic

Brythonic: We】sh,Cumbrian,Cornish,Breton

(ﾄCeltic: Celtiberian(nlspal,o-Celtic)，Goidelic P-Celtic: Gaulish,Lepontic.Brythonic ogam lr.:VOTECORIGAS '(The stone)of Votek汽|〕rix‘

Lat.: MEMOR1A VOTEPORIG.IS PROTICTORIS‘The lemorial of － VOteporix the ProtectorJ lr.maqi → lac‘son≒ W. |］lap－mab，cf.Dafydd ap G習ilym

IV.Letters l.727Henry Rowlands［ム9だｙ一万心7-�’Z,a/‘論及jzW/肖りz］ ［ゐZt加政禰幼び�’か/む如尨Ｊｓ．如ａａｸZIなa，p.327.］

’ ［Feb.1702-3］

Not only the Latin but also the Northern fwas,we may safely

conclude,equivalent to our 応／ｏｒ � And we，as the lrish do

sti11，used dther for 汐where we now use 刃etc.，till about

the time of the Norman じollqLﾕcst. That the Teutonic fand our

［modern］（ yんO yare t1出 sJuc,appears from diverse words.

Thus their 心/忌辰?√（which L know would startle some philolo-

gers）is undoubtedly the sa［ile word with our 尨zL/≒ for in old

lrish parchments，l fjnd jt wljtten j公遠々and their modern word

is j泌Ｍ７２乙必.Λs for ouF usillg the yin the beginning of such

words as the Teutonic languages and the Latin begin with an

ざ，we agree therein with the Greeks and the Spaniards.l know

not whether any critic had offered any reason for this diver-

sity in reference to the GFeek and Latin languages,wherein it - ６

らバ，･s'ごy.-,辿φ.jww-,･y石吋，gz ｉｓ ｖｕｌｇａｒｌｙ ｋｎｏｗｎ， ａｓ etc.

But frol the lrish language we may plainly see,how we and the

Spaniards came by that prullunciation； viz.frol our ancient

custom of varyi.ng the initial letters. For the lrish do not

only vary those i.nitial letters as we do，but also change

their initial /l:jand /jntoぶ･ｊ ｉｎｔｏ 必and ぶｉｎｔｏ ｚ泌 Thus

,沿Z池1ぶ々ｉｓ ｔｈｅ Ｌｒｉｓｈ ｗｏｒｄ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｒｕｓｔｉｎｇ； ＆7 j,9乙･一とか，９ｔ Ｈｅ

ｄｉｄ ｔｈｒｕｓｔ． ｊｊ／∂ぶ々，ｔｏ ｄｅｆｉｌｅ； ｚ応力2/z/し/1Zｸz‘z4 thou hast de－

filed， jjy7Myy，to oppress； 刀y迦7力？∂乙j∂ Z4 thou shalt not

oppress. So ∫∂＆7，01d； .5･どgjｶ∂ど7，a hawk； ぶ7‘/4g a wi Howtree ;

£717Z seed； ぶz?/＆ｸ，ｓａｌｔ： ｊ･どyZ池 ａ ｓｗａｒｍ，ｅｔｃ‥ｌｕｓｔ，ａｓ ｔｈｅ

ｓｙｎｔａｘ ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｓ，ｂｅ ｐｒｏｎｏｕｎｃｅｄ ｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓ 力＆9z7 ， ha∂F22j≒差/l/4f ，

jy/，ゑ£/＆ﾜand yｸどl/‘/力． Ａｎｄ ａｓ ｔｈｅ Ｔｅｕｔｏｎｉｃ ｉｓ ｔｈｅ ｓａｌｅ ｗｉｔｈ

ｏｕｒ ゑむ7 so is their Saxoli j7･aszjSa52 or wild garlick(noi 7igf-

ぶ,2＆５０ ｔｈｅ ｓａｍｅ ｗｉｔｈ ｏｕｒ ご/ilyLZ｀ For we are to note，that the

old Teutolls pron(jullcing the initial ど'ｖｅｒｙ ｇｕｔｔｕｒａｌｌｙ，ａｓ ｗｅ

ｏｆ Ｎｏｒｔｈ－Ｗａｌｅｓ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ Ａｒｕｌｏｒｉｃ－Ｂｒｉｔｏｎｓ ｄｏ ｓｔｉ１１，ｄｉｄ ｂｙ ｄｅ-

ｇｒｅｅｓ ｓｏｆｔｅｎ ｉｎ ｔｏ ａｎ が as the South-Wales men no習do，who

say，力j2jlzZ 力j2z/ia 力jゲカ以 j･R?7-Zj71,7; for 乙jz97池心細Ｚ／ＩＳ ｅｔｃ．

Ｗｈｅｎ ｌ ｓｐｅａｋ ｏｆ ｂａｂａｒｏｕｓ ｎａｔｉｏｎｓ ａｌｔｅｒｉｎｇ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ，Ｉ

ｌｅａｎ ｏｎｌｙ ｓｕｃｈ ｐｏｔｅｓｔａｌｅｓ ａｓ ｗｅ ｎｏｗ ａｓｃｒｉｂｅ ｔｏ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ；

ｆｏｒ ｌ ａｍ ｓａｔｉｓｆｉｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ａＨ ｓｕｃｈ－ｌｉｋｅ ｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓ ｃａｌｅ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ

ｅａｒ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ⅲｕｌｔｉｔｕｄｅ，ａｎｄ ｎｏｔ ｆｒｏｍ ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ,ｉｈｉｃｈ ｖｅｒｙ ｆｅｗ，ｉｆ

ａｎｙ ａｔ ａｌｌ ｕｌｌｄｅｒｓｔｏｏｄ． Ｔ１１ｉｓ ｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｒｉｎｔｏ £ ｓｅｅｌｓ ｔｏ

ｍｅ ｍａｎｉｆｅｓｔ ｆｒｏｎ]ｔｈｅｓｅ ｆｏＨｏｗｉｎｇ ａｎｄ ｓｕｃｈ－ｌｉｋｅ ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ： Ｓａｘ．

ｊ仙一回どy7(now 力ａｙｏ ａＪ９かls･ ； Sax. /励21后zy(now jaﾀｙ)Ｇﾀβz/Z

Horn .乙･∂777乙／； ｈａｒｔ， ごと｣/T∠/i5･ ； heart， a2/･； hofe，agi･a9.･hund， ｜ a2z7X夕．ｈｕｓ ｏｒ ｈｏｕｓｅ，ｃａＨｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ｌｔａｌｉａｎｓ 乙z52 ； jg9 (no習

ｚ加)侭/ｿﾞ; ｗｈａｔ，のリ‘ｙ ： Ｓａｘ． ｶfaりZ a cycle； a hundred(by

the Cantabrians or the old Spaniards， ど!ｶ∠ｇ)ごａ７Ｚｇｆ ｅｔｃ．

Ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅｓｅ ａｎｄ ｓｕｃｈ－ｌ ｉｋｅ ｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｓ ｉｔ ａｐｐｅａｒｓ ｔｏ ｌｅ， ｔｈａｔ

●驚,－･－ ７

all our neighbouring tollgues Ⅲight bedelonstrated to be of one origin; as for theSClavonian and others lore remote，I have no knowledge of thenj,and socan say nothing.

2.TO Mr.Babington

oxford,0ct.14，1703.

for you Ⅲust know i anl tr(Jubled with an hypothesis of C Bri－

tons and P Britons,CBB would begin no word with a P，and

therefore for βどz･ a head， 'they said 乙７泌ｸｏｒ まどｓｸ； for β/'zg

a tree，ご/s7 ； for βﾉ必/zz- chl ldren， 乙/泌･7ばand nowof late ごjQ,9.･

forβ∂がi2u/-，four，乙･2zt瓜yy7≒ac.&c.&c.insomuch that l cannot

find the lrish have a word(purely their own)that begins with

aP，and yet have ahlosl ours,which they constantly･ begin

with a C.

cf.尨p.35..心ヽZy恰ム泌公y/Zどjz‘だ7P.71z7 British， azz57どylﾀ た，

ztｶどI PalataI C. y刀 z力ど //T715必. cf.ln 24 ”observations”he arrjnges the changes which may be observed between the Celtic languages and English,Latin， Spanish,French and ］ltali.an; sometimes hequotes also Ger- man examples and words fronlother Germanic languages.Many ofhis etyn］olgies stil l hold good. ln a very interesting ”Summaryof Etymolugy”1犯 reduces the observations to 10 classes，of which x dasses 3 to 9 comprises transposi－ tions，additions alld U11】1sslons of letters，variations of initial syllables,a d.ifference of terlination,perlutation: orchanges of letters; the first class colprises identical wordswhich have devla［ed in sense，the second words obso- lete in some languages，retained in others，and the 10th borrowed words. Partlcularly interesting are his relarks on the ”perⅢutationof letters”. He thinks it is perlit－ 8

ted to establish an ”idiolatal perlutation’ihen in 5 or 6

examples a letter of une class in one language is changed

into one of another class in another language.

（A.SOHerf･1吋/Edward Lhuyd and the Comparative lethod in

ljinguistics≒ j47y 16（1952）p.373）

SOle Books and Papers. Edlard Lhuyd: 右ｕ勁a7/硲ワjかｿﾞag77‘a （1707，rep.ed.lrish uni－ versity Press（19711，Alton £W/X励ZムWz/71Qt/‘,!7J 1500－n00） R.T.Gunther: ふらりＪ７ｊム7だ6j/15･，が≒句心7z/Zjりy（Early Science in oxford Vol.XIV，！945‥Dawson of Pal I Mal l rep. ed.1968）

J.L.Campbell and Dereck Tholllson: £yg7がZ瓦びｙ力7Z＆･，党yがむ;5j jz一弘gyﾉ必汐T/ぶ砂（1963）OUP

Richard EIlis: ‘Some lncidelm匹ill the Life of Ediard Lhuyd’，

7zaz5gzり‘z2z7･5･�’£知加x･z//2泌か必こ/‘εぴ�7）･zfzy∂ゐzこか,7（1906－7）

Brynley Roberts: ’Edward Lhuyd and Celtic Linguistics‘，乃77乙,∂ay一

哉μ6,/’zt加公,･。助か£ayっ72zyミノ応侭7･a5･i5･ ，がど7;9/む‘r兌z,zが。ｓ&一

応/lか/L悲ﾀ（１９８６）

Ｇ．Ｊ．ｉｉＨｉａｍｓ： ＪＴｈｅ Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ ｏｆ ＷｅｌｓｈＳｃｈｏｌａｒｓｈｉｐ’ ぶZa力j＆/がａi

VI/ IX （「ウェールズ学の歴史（!）」，「ウェールズ学の歴史（2）」

として，『ウェールズ諸研究』］［!9791，3［1981］に分載［吉岡訳］）

Ｊｏｈｎ Ｃｏｌｌｉｓ：‘Ｇｅｏｒｇｅ Ｂｕｃｈａｌｌａｌ'ｊ ａｎｄｔｈｅ Ｃｅｌｔｓ ｉｎ Ｂｒｉｔａｉｎ'，乙5･/む？

必･7,7a7zｿﾞａ,ｸ1s･ . 乃り乙･おどz4が15･ zﾉｿ励,ﾀ//乙々かz凶7辺む17,w/ど＆Ｖａ,ｓｙａｆ

必/む‘,!7ぶ助ぬ',タタ応/Jど訟6j ・ ム珊がz/jyと7.む‘Z？72かZZ･ . 必‘∫ぬ2り･.a//一

助zi5･(1999)

Z7z･乙･zy乙･a/ア乙げ尨だａ９／£’‘jfぶ7･沙（Z叱ﾀﾞ）

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