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Relativity Or Aromaticity? a First-Principles Perspective Of Relativity or Aromaticity? A First-Principles Perspective of Chemical Shifts in Osmabenzene and Osmapentalene Derivatives Cina Foroutan-Nejada,b*, Jan Víchac*, and Abhik Ghoshd* a. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic: [email protected] b. National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic c. Center of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Třída T. Bati, 5678, CZ-76001, Zlín, Czech Republic: [email protected] d. Department of Chemistry, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-mail: [email protected] 1 Abstract We have studied the magnetic response properties and aromaticity of osmium metallacycles by means of scalar-relativistic (1c), and fully relativistic (4c) density functional theory computations. For osmabenzene, whose aromatic character has remained controversial, a topological analysis of the current density has revealed the presence of a unique σ-type Craig-Möbius magnetic aromaticity. We show that partially filled osmium valence shell is inducing large paratropic current, which may interfere with some of the methods used to study aromaticity, such as NICS. Further, we show that extreme deshielding of the light atoms in the vicinity of the osmium centers in osmapentalene derivatives is not a result of aromaticity but can be explained by paramagnetic couplings between σOs—C bonding orbitals and the π*Os orbitals. We demonstrate that the alternating orientation of induced magnetic currents through the molecule correlates with the alternating sign of the spin-orbit contribution to the magnetic shielding. 2 Introduction Since Thorn and Hoffmann’s proposal1 that metallacycles may manifest aromatic character and their experimental realization by Roper and coworkers2, the field has grown by leaps and bounds.3–7 Thus, certain metallabenzenes have indeed been found to exhibit aromatic character and to participate in a number of classic electrophilic aromatic substitutions. Somewhat surprisingly, the aromaticity of these systems has not been analyzed in depth by means of state-of- the-art quantum chemical methods. It is well-known that heavy atoms with half-filled d-shells sustain strong paramagnetic currents around their nuclei.8–11 Key theoretical approaches that have been used such as nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS)12 and anisotropy of induced current density (AICD)13 plots have been criticized as being questionable in certain cases.14–19 NICS in particular cannot distinguish local paramagnetic effect of heavy elements, which influence magnetic properties of their neighboring atoms and NICS, from genuine ring current associated with aromaticity.16,17 Therefore, to assess aromaticity of metallacycles containing metals with half- filled shells, one must look beyond NICS. Beside NICS and AICD, high-frequency 1H chemical shifts of osmacycles have also been employed to as an experimental evidence in favor of aromaticity of these species. Moreover, heavy atom effect on light atoms as a result of relativistic effects (HALA effect) might be as important as aromaticity particularly for nearby 1H NMR chemical shifts, but this issue has not been scrutinized in details. Here we present a first major study of magnetically induced ring currents in a number of faithful analogues of experimentally known osmabenzene and osmapentalene derivatives, first at the scalar-relativistic level approximated by an osmium effective core potential level and subsequently at state-of-the-art all-electron four-component relativistic level. Based on the topology of the current density, we identify a special type of σ-type Craig-Möbius aromaticity for 3 osmabenzene and analyze the paramagnetic and relativistic contributions to the chemical shifts of neighboring light atoms and propagation of spin-orbit shielding through the molecule. Methods All structures were optimized and were confirmed as local minima from the second derivatives of the Hessian matrix at DFT(PBE020–23)/def2-QZVP,24 computational level as implemented in Gaussian 09 rev. D125 suite of programs. Current densities at scalar-relativistic level (ECP approximation) were obtained from the wavefunction of GIAO NMR computations for a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the ring plane of the molecules within the context of the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM26–30) using AIMAll.31 Magnetically induced current intensities (MICs) were computed by integration of the current density passing through the zero-flux interatomic surfaces (IAS). For molecule 6, the QTAIM-based approach failed because the Se and Os atoms do not share a common interatomic surface because of the absence of (3,-1) CP between Se and Os, Figure 1.32 The current density passing through this IAS cannot be computed because the surface covers the regions that the Se is connected to both the C and Os atoms. Thus, the net current passing via this surface is zero. Fully relativistic NMR chemical shifts were obtained at PBE0/Dyall’s valence triple- zeta33–35 level using four-component relativistic Dirac–Kohn-Sham (DKS) formalism based on the Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian and the restricted magnetically balanced basis for the small component,36,37 as implemented in ReSpect 5.0 code38 (4c level). Spin-orbit contributions to the NMR chemical shifts were obtained as the difference between the 4c and the scalar relativistic calculation with the same setup. 4 The MIC at the all-electron 4c and 1c levels was determined by numerical integration of the currents passing through a rectangular grid perpendicular to the plane of the ring, with one edge at the center of the ring and cutting through the center of the investigated bond. The planes were extended 6 Å beyond the bond centers and 4 Å above/below the ring planes. Figure 1. Representation of the atomic basins and the interatomic surface between Se and its neighboring C atom. Results and Discussion Current Density Analysis and Aromaticity Chart 1 depicts the molecules studied here; by and large, they have also been examined by other authors (vide infra), albeit not with methods comparable to those employed here. The compounds are all formally Os(IV) with doubly occupied 5dxz and 5dyz-based MOs. Osmabenzene 5 1 is the most studied molecule in this series; its aromaticity has been a controversial issue so far. The species has been described as a 6π-e Hückel aromatic system14,39,40, 8π-e Möbius aromatic system,6 as well as10π-e Hückel aromatic system,41,42 but a qualitative current density analysis at B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level (with a LANL2DZ basis set or Os atoms), along with orbital-based NICS calculations suggest that osmabenzene has antiaromatic character with paramagnetic π-ring current.15 On the other hand, the osmapentalenes 2–5 have been considered to be π-aromatic (2– 3: 8π-e Craig-type Möbius aromatic, 5: 12π-e Craig-type Möbius aromatic),43–45 while 6 has been described as a σ-aromatic selenirene ring,46 based on their molecular orbital topologies, isomerization energies, and NICS computations. Chart 1. The structures of molecules 1-6 and the magnetically induced currents intensities passing through each bond in nA.T–1 (in blue font); the currents are computed at scalar-relativistic level, approximated by quadruple-ζ ECPs, except those for molecule 6 that are obtained from 4c computations from DFT computations by an all-electron triple-ζ basis set. 6 Figure 2. Current intensity plotted one atomic unit above the mean planes of the molecules studied. Red to blue colors represent 0 to 0.0005 atomic unit current density. Os atoms are recognizable with vast blue marks around them that denote strong local paramagnetic currents. PH3 ligands are recognizable in this picture on top of the Os atoms. Please note that the Os-C bond on the right- hand-side of Os in 1 does not show characteristics of π-current, i.e. the dark blue region is missing. Our analysis at ECP and 4c levels shows that 1 is indeed moderately magnetic aromatic and its magnetically induced current (MIC) density is about 50% of that of benzene.47 The discrepancy between our results and those of earlier researchers may be rationalized in terms of the basis set dependence of NICS values, given that double- basis sets are known to underestimate the MICs in aromatic systems.48 Chart 1 presents the MIC passing through selected bonds at a 7 scalar-relativistic level with quadruple- effective core potential (ECP) basis set. In general, osmium atoms generate strong local paramagnetic currents (Figure 2). The local paramagnetic currents around the Os atoms stem from their half-filled 5d subshell and are known to influence magnetic shielding of neighboring atoms, a phenomenon known as the Buckingham-Stephens effect (BSE).10,49 To confirm scalar-relativistic results, we investigated systems 1 and 2 also using the state of the art fully relativistic (4c) calculations (Table S1). No significant changes in the current intensities were found when compared to 1c result. The spin-orbit coupling has only a minor contribution to the intensity of aromatic currents. This is in agreement with results of a previous study of irida- and platinabenzenes performed at two-component level.40 Moreover, NICS values are influenced by local paratropic current around the Os atom, because the strength of the local MIC passing between Os atom and the center of the ring calculated at 4c level are nearly –140 nA.T–1, an order of magnitude larger than the aromatic ring currents in 1. The 4c-level analysis shows that the contribution of spin-orbit (SO) coupling in local paramagnetic current around Os atom is only –5 nA.T–1. The 3D topology of the current density (Figure 3) suggests that 1 cannot be classified as a π-aromatic system because the current density around the osmium atom forms a pattern akin to 2 5dz orbital that does not have proper symmetry to overlap with p-orbitals of carbon atoms.
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