United States In Cooperation with Department of Alabama Agricultural Agriculture Experiment Station and the Soil Survey of Alabama Soil and Water Natural Conservation Committee Resources Marengo County, Conservation Service Alabama

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How to Use This Soil Survey

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is the color map preceding the detailed soil maps, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps follow the general soil map. These maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets, which precedes the soil maps. Note the number of the map sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map units symbols that are in that area. Turn to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. 4

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1995. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1997. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1995. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, the Alabama Cooperative Extension System, the Alabama Soil and Water Conservation Committee, and the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Marengo County Soil and Water Conservation District. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Cover: A herd of Charolais cattle grazing bahiagrass pasture in an area of Bama fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. This soil is classified as prime farmland and is well suited to pasture and cultivated crops.

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources”). 5

Contents

How to Use This Soil Survey ...... 3 ChB—Chrysler-Lenoir complex, gently Contents ...... 5 undulating, occasionally flooded ...... 44 Foreword ...... 9 CoA—Consul clay, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 45 General Nature of the County ...... 12 DeD2—Demopolis silty clay loam, 3 to 8 How This Survey Was Made ...... 15 percent slopes, eroded ...... 47 General Soil Map Units ...... 17 DuD—Demopolis-Urban land complex, 0 to 8 1. Urbo-Mooreville-Una ...... 17 percent slopes ...... 48 2. Bama-Smithdale-Savannah ...... 18 FnB—Faunsdale clay loam, 1 to 3 percent 3. Luverne-Halso ...... 19 slopes ...... 48 4. Vaiden-Sucarnoochee-Searcy ...... 19 FnC—Faunsdale clay loam, 3 to 5 percent 5. Wilcox-Consul ...... 20 slopes ...... 50 6. Oktibbeha-Brantley-Luverne ...... 21 FsB—Freest fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent 7. Mooreville-Mantachie-Kinston ...... 22 slopes ...... 51 8. Wadley-Boykin-Smithdale ...... 23 GdE3—Gullied land-Demopolis complex, 9. Sucarnoochee-Houlka ...... 24 2 to 12 percent slopes, severely 10. Sumter-Demopolis-Faunsdale ...... 24 eroded ...... 52 11. Cahaba-Izagora-Chrysler ...... 25 HaB—Halso fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent 12. Luverne-Smithdale-Boykin ...... 26 slopes ...... 52 Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 29 HaD2—Halso fine sandy loam, 5 to 15 BaA—Bama fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent percent slopes, eroded ...... 54 slopes ...... 30 HbA—Harleston-Bigbee complex, gently BaB—Bama fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent undulating, rarely flooded ...... 55 slopes ...... 31 HoA—Houlka silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent BbA—Bibb-Iuka complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded ...... 57 slopes, frequently flooded ...... 32 IzA—Izagora sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent BgB—Bigbee loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 58 slopes, occasionally flooded ...... 33 KpC—Kipling clay loam, 1 to 5 percent BnB—Bonneau loamy fine sand, 0 to 5 slopes ...... 59 percent slopes ...... 34 KuC—Kipling-Urban land complex, 0 to 5 BoB—Boykin loamy fine sand, 0 to 5 percent percent slopes ...... 60 slopes ...... 35 LaA—Lucedale fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 BpE—Boykin-Wadley complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes ...... 61 percent slopes ...... 36 LvB—Luverne sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent BrC—Brantley fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 slopes ...... 61 percent slopes ...... 38 LvD2—Luverne sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent BrD2—Brantley fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 slopes, eroded ...... 63 percent slopes, eroded ...... 39 MiA—Minter loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, BsF2—Brantley-Okeelala complex, 15 to 35 occasionally flooded ...... 64 percent slopes, eroded ...... 40 MKA—Mooreville, Mantachie, and Kinston CaA—Cahaba fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 41 flooded ...... 65 CbA—Cahaba fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 OkC—Oktibbeha clay loam, 1 to 5 percent percent slopes, occasionally flooded ...... 42 slopes ...... 67 CcB—Cahaba fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 OtD2—Oktibbeha clay, 5 to 8 percent slopes, percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 43 eroded ...... 69 6

Pt—Pits...... 70 Woodland Management and Productivity ...... 100 Qu—Quarry ...... 70 Recreation ...... 102 RvA—Riverview fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 Wildlife Habitat ...... 102 percent slopes, occasionally flooded ...... 70 Aquaculture ...... 104 SaA—Savannah fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 Engineering ...... 105 percent slopes ...... 71 Soil Properties ...... 111 ScC2—Searcy fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 Engineering Index Properties ...... 111 percent slopes, eroded ...... 72 Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 112 SdC—Smithdale loamy sand, 5 to 8 percent Soil and Water Features ...... 113 slopes ...... 73 Physical and Chemical Analyses of SdD—Smithdale loamy sand, 8 to 15 percent Selected Soils ...... 114 slopes ...... 74 Classification of the Soils ...... 115 SmF—Smithdale-Boykin-Luverne complex, Soil Series and Their Morphology ...... 115 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 75 Bama Series ...... 115 SnA—Steens-Yonges-Harleston complex, Bibb Series ...... 116 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 77 Bigbee Series...... 117 SrB—Subran loam, 2 to 5 percent Bonneau Series...... 117 slopes ...... 78 Boykin Series ...... 118 StA—Sucarnoochee clay, 0 to 1 percent Brantley Series ...... 118 slopes, frequently flooded ...... 79 Cahaba Series ...... 119 SuE2—Sumter silty clay loam, 5 to 12 Chrysler Series ...... 120 percent slopes, eroded ...... 81 Consul Series ...... 120 SwB—Sumter-Watsonia complex, 1 to 3 Demopolis Series...... 121 percent slopes ...... 82 Faunsdale Series ...... 122 SwC2—Sumter-Watsonia complex, 3 to 8 Freest Series ...... 123 percent slopes, eroded ...... 83 Halso Series ...... 124 TsA—Tuscumbia clay loam, 0 to 1 percent Harleston Series ...... 124 slopes, frequently flooded ...... 85 Houlka Series ...... 125 UnA—Una silty clay, ponded ...... 86 Iuka Series ...... 126 Ur—Urban land ...... 87 Izagora Series ...... 126 UuB—Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, gently Kinston Series ...... 127 undulating, frequently Kipling Series ...... 128 flooded ...... 88 Lenoir Series ...... 128 VdA—Vaiden silty clay, 0 to 1 percent Lucedale Series ...... 129 slopes ...... 89 Luverne Series ...... 130 WdD—Wadley loamy fine sand, 5 to 15 Mantachie Series ...... 130 percent slopes ...... 90 Minter Series ...... 131 WxB—Wilcox clay, 1 to 5 percent slopes...... 91 Mooreville Series ...... 132 WxD2—Wilcox clay, 5 to 15 percent slopes, Okeelala Series ...... 132 eroded ...... 92 Oktibbeha Series ...... 133 Yo A —Yonges fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent Riverview Series ...... 134 slopes, occasionally flooded ...... 94 Savannah Series ...... 135 Prime Farmland ...... 95 Searcy Series ...... 135 Use and Management of the Soils ...... 97 Smithdale Series ...... 136 Crops and Pasture ...... 97 Steens Series ...... 137 7

Subran Series ...... 137 Table 5.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent Sucarnoochee Series ...... 138 of the Soils ...... 168 Sumter Series ...... 139 Table 6.—Land Capability and Yields per Tuscumbia Series ...... 140 Acre of Crops ...... 169 Una Series ...... 140 Table 7.—Yields per Acre of Pasture and Urbo Series ...... 141 Hay ...... 172 Vaiden Series ...... 142 Table 8.—Woodland Management and Wadley Series ...... 143 Productivity ...... 176 Watsonia Series...... 143 Table 9.—Recreational Development ...... 182 Wilcox Series ...... 144 Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat ...... 187 Yonges Series ...... 145 Table 11.—Building Site Development ...... 191 Formation of the Soils ...... 147 Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 196 Factors of Soil Formation...... 147 Table 13.—Construction Materials ...... 202 Processes of Horizon Differentiation ...... 148 Table 14.—Water Management ...... 207 References ...... 151 Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties...... 212 Glossary ...... 153 Table 16.—Physical and Chemical Properties Tables ...... 163 of the Soils ...... 221 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ...... 164 Table 17.—Soil and Water Features...... 227 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ...... 165 Table 18.—Physical Analyses of Selected Table 3.—Growing Season...... 165 Soils ...... 231 Table 4.—Suitability and Limitations of Table 19.—Chemical Analyses of Selected General Soil Map Units for Major Land Soils ...... 234 Uses ...... 166 Ta b l e 2 0 . —Classification of the Soils ...... 237

Issued November 2001

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Foreword

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations that affect various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension System.

Robert N. Jones State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service

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Soil Survey of Marengo County, Alabama

By Robert M. Beaty, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Robert M. Beaty, Shirley J. Brown, Herbert L. Ross, Frank Stiff, Eric Thompson, and Anthony Wallace, Natural Resources Conservation Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with the Alabama Agricutural Experiment Station and Alabama Soil and Water Conservation Committee

MARENGO COUNTY is in the west-central part of relief. Elevation ranges from 120 to 210 feet. The soils Alabama (fig. 1). It is bounded on the north by Hale and range from shallow to very deep, and they developed in Greene Counties; on the east by Perry, Dallas, and materials weathered from soft limestone (chalk) and Wilcox Counties; on the south by Clarke County; and clayey sediments. The soils are dominantly clayey. on the west by Sumter and Choctaw Counties. The They range from very strongly acid to moderately Tombigbee River serves as the western boundary, and alkaline and from well drained to poorly drained. the Black Warrior River serves as the boundary The Chunnennuggee Hills occupy about 55,000 between Marengo County and Greene County. Linden, acres between the Blackland Prairie and the Flatwoods the county seat, is near the center of the county. It is regions of Marengo County. Most areas are used for about 85 miles west of Montgomery. woodland. The landscape is highly dissected, hilly The total area of Marengo County is 629,070 acres. topography that has a maximum relief of about 100 About 628,350 acres consists of land areas and small feet. Elevation ranges from about 180 to 330 feet. The areas of water, and about 720 acres consists of large soils are deep to very deep, and they developed in areas of water in the form of lakes and rivers. unconsolidated loamy, sandy, and clayey sediments. Marengo County is mostly rural, and it had a They range in texture from sandy to clayey and are population of 22,650 in 1990 (2). Demopolis, the largest acid in reaction. Most of the soils in the uplands are city in the county, had a population of about 9,800 in well drained or moderately well drained. 1990 (2). The main communities in the county are The Flatwoods occupies about 82,000 acres of Demopolis, Linden, Thomaston, Dayton, Faunsdale, Marengo County. It forms a narrow belt extending Sweet Water, and Dixons Mill. across the central part of the county in an east-west Most of the acreage in the county is used as direction from Myrtlewood to the Wilcox County line. woodland; however, a significant acreage is used for Most areas are used for woodland. A small acreage is pasture, hay, and cultivated crops. used for pasture, hay, and cultivated crops. The Marengo County lies within the Coastal Plain landscape is mostly nearly level to moderately sloping, province and includes parts of five distinct and it has little relief. The elevation ranges from 140 to physiographic regions— the Blackland Prairie, the 220 feet. The soils are deep, and they developed in Chunnennuggee Hills, the Flatwoods, the Southern Red unconsolidated clayey sediments and shale. They are Hills, and the river terraces and flood plains (13). clayey and are acid in reaction. Most of the soils are The Blackland Prairie makes up about 120,000 somewhat poorly drained or poorly drained. acres of the northern part of the county. It is used The Southern Red Hills occupies about 180,000 mostly for pasture, hay, and cultivated crops and for acres in the southern part of the county. Most areas the production of catfish. The landscape is mostly are wooded. A small acreage is used for pasture and nearly level to moderately sloping, and it has little hay. The landscape ranges from broad, nearly level 12 Soil Survey

poorly drained. The soils on flood plains and low terraces are subject to flooding. This soil survey updates the earlier survey of Marengo County, published in 1923 (14). It provides additional information and larger maps, which show the soils in greater detail.

General Nature of the County This section provides general information about the survey area. It describes the early history, agriculture, transportation facilities, water resources, mineral resources, surface geology, and climate.

Early History

Marengo County was created by an act of the territorial legislatures of Alabama on February 6, 1818. It was formed from territory acquired from the Choctaw Indians in the treaty of October 24, 1816. The county boundaries originally extended as far north as Tuscaloosa County, but the boundaries were modified by acts of the legislatures in 1866, when the present boundaries were created. The county was named by Judge Abner Lipscomb as a compliment to the French settlers of Demopolis and to commemorate Napoleon’s victory over the Austrian armies at Marengo in 1800 (13, 14). A few settlers were in the area before 1816, but the first notable settlement is attributed to a group of French refugees who purchased the land in the vicinity Figure 1.—Location of Marengo County in Alabama. of present-day Demopolis in 1818. The French settlers cleared the land and unsuccessfully tried to cultivate olives and grapes. The settlers did not adapt well to the ridgetops to highly dissected, hilly topography. The rigors of pioneer life, and they eventually sold the land elevation ranges from about 180 to 425 feet. The soils to newcomers, mostly from North Carolina, Georgia, are very deep, and they developed in unconsolidated, Tennessee, and Virginia, who were more accustomed loamy, sandy, and clayey sediments. They range in to the hardships of pioneer life. Linden was settled by texture from sandy to clayey and are acid in reaction. the French shortly after the founding of Demopolis and Most of the soils in the uplands are well drained or was first named Screamersville. It became the county somewhat excessively drained. seat on December 13, 1819, and has held that position The river terraces and associated flood plains make continuously, except for a short period in the 1860’s up about 192,000 acres of Marengo County, mostly when the county seat was moved to Demopolis (13, along the Tombigbee River and other major streams. 14). Most areas of terraces are used for cultivated crops, pasture, or hay. Most areas of the flood plains support Agriculture hardwood forests. The landscape consists of a series of low to high, nearly level to gently sloping terraces Agriculture has always been important to the and level to gently undulating flood plains that have economy of Marengo County. In recent years, the little relief. The soils are very deep, and they developed acreage of cultivated crops has gradually decreased, in stratified, loamy and clayey alluvium. They range in and the acreage used for improved pasture, pine texture from loamy to clayey and range from acid to woodland, and catfish ponds has increased. Currently, alkaline in reaction. The soils range from well drained to about 15,000 acres is used for cultivated crops, and Marengo County, Alabama 13

about 130,000 acres is used for pasture and hay (12). underlie most parts of the county. Deep wells are The major crops are corn, cotton, soybeans, and grain necessary to obtain suitable water in the Blackland sorghum. Specialty crops include watermelon, sweet Prairie area. Artesian wells are common on the potatoes, sweet corn, okra, peas, sod, and alfalfa. The terraces adjacent to the Tombigbee River, and springs production of pond-raised catfish has become are common in the uplands. economically important, especially in the Blackland Prairie area. The acreage of ponds continues to Mineral Resources steadily increase. The production of beef and dairy cattle is also important. Timber and associated Economically important minerals in Marengo County products are an important part of the agricultural include sand, gravel, soft limestone (chalk), and lignite. resources in Marengo County. Large acreages of Sand and gravel are present in terrace deposits along loblolly pine are in the central and southern parts of the the major streams and in the Tuscahoma Sand and county. Clayton Formations in the uplands. Extensive deposits of soft limestone (chalk) are in the northern part of the Transportation Facilities county. Current mining operations near the city of Demopolis produce limestone used in the manufacture The major highways that provide access through of cement (8). The limestone or chalk is also used as a Marengo County include U.S. Highway 80, which runs source of agricultural lime and as a soil stabilizer. east-west through Demopolis; U.S. Highway 43, which Extensive deposits of lignite coal occur in the runs north-south through Demopolis and Linden; southeastern part of the county near Lamison, but they Alabama Highway 25, which runs north-south through have not been mined (9). Faunsdale, Dayton, and Thomaston; Alabama Highway 28, which runs east-west through Linden and Surface Geology Thomaston; Alabama Highway 69, which runs west and south from Linden; and Alabama Highway 10, which The geologic units exposed in Marengo County runs east-west through Sweet Water and Dixons Mill. range in age from Late Cretaceous to Recent. Numerous other hard-surface and gravel county roads Formations that crop out in the county include the provide access throughout the county. Demopolis Chalk, the Ripley Formation, and the Prairie Marengo County is served by two railroads, which Bluff Chalk (Selma Group) of the Upper Cretaceous provide freight services through Demopolis and Linden. series; the Clayton, Porters Creek, and Naheola Daily passenger and parcel service is provided by Formations (Midway Group) of the Paleocene series; major bus services. Municipal airports near Demopolis the Nanafalia Formation and the Tuscahoma Sand and Linden serve small private and commercial aircraft. (Wilcox Group) of the Eocene series; terrace deposits The Tombigbee River is navigable throughout its length of Pleistocene age; and alluvium of Recent age (13). in Marengo County, and port facilities are available at The Demopolis Chalk is the oldest geologic unit Demopolis. exposed in Marengo County. It crops out in the northern part of the county and is 440 to 485 feet thick. Water Resources It is massive to thinly bedded, light gray and fossiliferous. The soils that formed in this material Marengo County has an adequate, although limited, include the Demopolis, Sumter, Faunsdale, and amount of surface water suitable for domestic and Watsonia soils. recreational uses. The Tombigbee River, which forms The Ripley Formation overlies the Demopolis Chalk the western boundary of the county, and the Black and crops out in a northwestward-trending belt, 4 to 8 Warrior River, near Demopolis, provide large areas of miles wide, north of Linden and Thomaston. It is 150 to open water suitable for fishing, swimming, and boating. 225 feet thick and consists of light gray to pale olive Other major streams in the county include Chickasaw sand, sandy calcareous clay, and thin beds of Bogue, Powell, Dry, Double, Watkins, Turkey, Beaver, calcareous, fossiliferous sandstone. The Prairie Bluff Horse, and Sweetwater Creeks. These creeks, along Chalk crops out in a narrow belt at the southern margin with numerous small lakes and ponds, provide water of the Ripley Formation. It is not differentiated from the for livestock, wildlife, and recreational uses. Ripley Formation on the geologic map. It is less than The Tombigbee River serves as a dependable 10 feet thick in Marengo County and consists of bluish- source of water for municipal uses in the Demopolis gray chalk and chalky clay. The soils that formed in area. Adequate water for municipal, industrial, or these materials include the Brantley, Luverne, irrigation uses is available from shallow aquifers that Okeelala, Oktibbeha, Searcy, and Subran soils. 14 Soil Survey

The Clayton Formation is the oldest geologic unit of 30 feet thick. They consist of deposits of yellowish Tertiary Age in Alabama. It overlies the Prairie Bluff gray and light gray sand, gravel, clay, and silt. The Chalk and crops out in a narrow belt through Bibb, Iuka, Mooreville, Mantachie, Sucarnoochee, Thomaston and Linden. It is about 30 feet thick and Houlka, Riverview, and Urbo soils are on active flood consists of sandy chalk and calcareous, glauconitic plains. The Bigbee, Cahaba, Chrysler, Harleston, clayey sand. It is not separated from the Porters Creek Lenoir, Izagora, and Steens soils are on low terraces. Formation on the geologic map. The soils that formed in these materials include the Demopolis, Sumter, Climate Oktibbeha, and Watsonia soils. The Porters Creek Formation crops out in a Marengo County has long, hot summers because northwestward-trending belt, about 5 to 8 miles wide, in moist tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico persistently the central part of the county. It consists of massive, covers the area. Winters are cool and fairly short. A gray marine clay and clayey shale that have an rare cold wave lingers for 1 or 2 days. Precipitation is average thickness of about 300 feet. The clays are fairly heavy throughout the year, and prolonged very finely micaceous, have a distinct conchoidal droughts are rare. Summer precipitation, mainly in the fracture, and are sparsely fossiliferous. The soils that form of afternoon thunderstorms, is adequate for the formed in this material include the Consul and Wilcox growth of all crops in most years. soils. Severe local storms, including tornadoes, strike The Naheola Formation unconformably overlies the occasionally in or near the county. They are short in Porters Creek Formation and crops out in a belt about duration and cause variable and spotty damage. Every 3 to 5 miles wide that extends in an east-west direction few years in summer or fall, a tropical depression or a through Rembert and Octagon. It ranges in thickness remnant of a hurricane that has moved inland causes from 190 to 210 feet and consists of laminated silty extremely heavy rains for 1 to 3 days. clay, fine sand, glauconitic sand, and lignite. The soils Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation that formed in this material include the Halso, Luverne, for the survey area as recorded at Camden, Alabama, and Smithdale soils. in the period 1961 to 1990. Table 2 shows probable The Nanafalia Formation unconformably overlies the dates of the first freeze in fall and the last freeze in Naheola Formation and crops out in a belt about 2 to 4 spring. Table 3 provides data on length of the growing miles wide that extends in an east-west direction south season. of Beaver Creek. It ranges from 80 to 120 feet thick In winter, the average temperature is 47 degrees F and is divided into three distinct members— the Gravel and the average daily minimum temperature is 35 Creek sand member at the bottom, the “Ostrea thirsae degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which beds” in the middle, and the Grampian Hills member at occurred on January 21, 1985, is 0 degrees. In the top. The soils that formed in this material include summer, the average temperature is 79 degrees and the Halso, Luverne, Smithdale, Boykin, and Wadley the average daily maximum temperature is 91 degrees. soils. The highest recorded temperature, which occurred on The Tuscahoma Sand crops out in the southern part July 8, 1977, is 104 degrees. of the county and averages about 400 feet in Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They are thickness. It consists of laminated to thin-bedded gray equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, growing clay and fine sand, fine- to coarse-grained sand that is degree days accumulate by the amount that the crossbedded, and fossiliferous greensand marl. The average temperature each day exceeds a base soils that formed in this material include the Luverne, temperature (50 degrees F). The normal monthly Boykin, Smithdale, and Wadley soils. accumulation is used to schedule single or successive High terrace deposits overlie the older formations plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring that are adjacent to valleys of the Tombigbee River and and the first freeze in fall. other major streams. They range in thickness from 10 The total annual precipitation is about 55.5 inches. to 60 feet. They consist of poorly sorted deposits of Of this, 28.7 inches, or 52 percent, usually falls in April reddish brown, yellowish red, and gray gravel, sand, through October. The growing season for most crops silt, and clay. The soils that formed in this material falls within this period. In 2 years out of 10, the rainfall include the Bama, Lucedale, Savannah, Bonneau, and in April through October is less than 15 inches. The Smithdale soils. heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of record was Alluvial deposits of Recent age and low terrace 9.2 inches on December 10, 1961. Thunderstorms deposits are in stream valleys throughout the county. occur on about 59 days each year, and most occur in They overlie older geologic units and are generally 1 to July. Marengo County, Alabama 15

Snowfall is rare. In 99 percent of the winters, there verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to is no measurable snowfall. In 1 percent, the snowfall, determine the boundaries. usually of short duration, is more than 0.4 inches. The Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the heaviest 1-day snowfall on record was more than 6.3 soil profiles that they studied. They noted color, inches. texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and The average relative humidity in midafternoon is amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, about 56 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the reaction, and other features that enable them to average at dawn is about 86 percent. The sun shines identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey 63 percent of the time possible in summer and 51 area and determining their properties, the soil percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the South. scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes Average windspeed is highest, 8.3 miles per hour, in (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each March. taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a How This Survey Was Made basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification This survey was made to provide information about used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area. and character of soil properties and the arrangement of The information includes a description of the soils and horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists miscellaneous areas and their location and a classified and named the soils in the survey area, they discussion of their suitability, limitations, and compared the individual soils with similar soils in the management for specified uses. Soil scientists same taxonomic class in other areas so that they observed the steepness, length, and shape of the could confirm data and assemble additional data based slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of on experience and research. crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. They While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is the of the soils in the area generally are collected for sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil profile extends from the surface down into the scientists interpret the data from these analyses and unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other the soil properties to determine the expected behavior living organisms and has not been changed by other of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all biological activity. of the soils are field tested through observation of the The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey soils in different uses and under different levels of area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the management. Some interpretations are modified to fit geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural local conditions, and some new interpretations are vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind from other sources, such as research information, of landform or with a segment of the landform. By production records, and field experience of specialists. observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the For example, data on crop yields under defined levels survey area and relating their position to specific of management are assembled from farm records and segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of concept or model of how they were formed. Thus, soil. during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to Predictions about soil behavior are based not only predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the kind on soil properties but also on such variables as climate of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location on and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable the landscape. over long periods of time, but they are not predictable Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge from year to year. For example, soil scientists can into one another as their characteristics gradually predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, given soil will have a high water table within certain soil scientists must determine the boundaries between depths in most years, but they cannot predict that a the soils. They can observe only a limited number of high water table will always be at a specific level in the soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, soil on a specific date. supplemented by an understanding of the soil- After soil scientists located and identified the vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, 16

they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial variable intervals, depending on the complexity of the photographs and identified each as a specific map unit. soil landscape and geology. Soil examinations along Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads, the traverses were made 50, 100, and 300 feet apart, and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries depending on the landscape and soil pattern (11, 15). accurately. Observations of landforms, uprooted trees, vegetation, This survey area was mapped at two levels of detail. roadbanks, and animal burrows were made At the more detailed level, map units are narrowly continuously without regard to spacing. Soil boundaries defined. Map unit boundaries were plotted and verified were determined on the basis of soil examinations, at closely spaced intervals. At the less detailed level, observations, and photo interpretation. The soil material map units are broadly defined. Boundaries were plotted was examined with the aid of a spade, a hand auger, or and verified at wider intervals. In the legend for the a truck-mounted probe to a depth of 5 feet or more. The detailed soil maps, narrowly defined units are indicated pedons described as typical were observed and by symbols in which the first letter is a capital and the studied in excavations. second is lowercase. For broadly defined units, the first Samples for chemical and physical analyses and and second letters are capitals. engineering test data were taken from the site of the The descriptions, names, and delineations of the typical pedon of some of the major soils in the survey soils in this survey area do not fully agree with those of area. The analyses were made by the Agronomy and the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences are the Soils Clay Mineralogy Laboratory, Auburn University, result of a better knowledge of soils, modifications in Auburn, Alabama; the National Soil Survey Laboratory, series concepts, or variations in the intensity of Lincoln, Nebraska; and the Alabama Department of mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey Highways and Transportation, Montgomery, Alabama. areas. The results of some of the analyses are published in this soil survey report. Unpublished analyses and the Survey Procedures laboratory procedures can be obtained from the laboratories. The general procedures followed in making this High-altitude aerial photography base maps at a survey are described in the National Soil Survey scale of 1:20,000 were used for mapping of soil and Handbook of the Natural Resources Conservation surface drainage in the field. Cultural features were Service. The soil survey of Marengo County, transferred from U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute published in 1923 (14) and the “Geology of Marengo series topographic maps and were recorded from visual County, Alabama” (13) were among the references observations. Soil mapping, drainage patterns, and used. cultural features recorded on base maps were then Before the field work began, preliminary boundaries transferred to half-tone film positives by soil scientists. of landforms were plotted stereoscopically on high- The film positives were reduced to a scale of 1:24,000, altitude aerial photographs. United States Geological and all linework was transferred by cartographic Survey topographic maps and aerial photographs were technicians to a 1:24,000 base map developed from studied to relate land and image features. digital orthophotography prior to the final map finishing Traverses were made on foot and by vehicle, at process. 17

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map at the back of this publication drained soils that have a loamy surface layer and a shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of clayey or a loamy subsoil soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the general soil map is a unique natural landscape. Setting Typically, it consists of one or more major soils or Location in the survey area: Western part miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or Landscape: Coastal Plain miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils Landform: Flood plain of the Tombigbee River or miscellaneous areas. The components of one map Landform position: Urbo— intermediate positions on low unit can occur in another but in a different pattern. ridges; Mooreville— high, convex parts of low The general soil map can be used to compare the ridges; Una— low positions between ridges (in suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas swales or sloughs) of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Likewise, areas where the soils are not suitable can be identified. Composition Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable Percent of the survey area: 7 for planning the management of a farm or field or for Urbo soils: 35 percent selecting a site for a road or building or other Mooreville soils: 25 percent structure. The soils in any one map unit differ from Una soils: 20 percent place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and other Minor soils: 20 percent, including the Bigbee, characteristics that affect management. Cahaba, Chrysler, and Riverview soils Each map unit is rated for cultivated crops, pasture and hay, woodland, and urban uses. Soil Characteristics Cultivated crops are those grown extensively in the Urbo soils survey area. Pasture and hay refer to improved, Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silty clay loam locally grown grasses and legumes. Woodland refers Subsoil: Upper part— brown clay that has brownish and to areas of native or introduced trees. Urban uses grayish mottles; next part— gray clay that has include residential, commercial, and industrial brownish mottles; lower part— light gray clay that developments. has brownish and reddish mottles The boundaries of the general soil map units in Depth class: Very deep Marengo County were matched, where possible, with Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained those of the previously completed surveys of Dallas, Depth to seasonal high water table: Perched, at a Greene, Perry, Sumter, and Wilcox Counties. In a few depth of 1 foot to 2 feet from December areas, however, the lines do not join and the names through April of the map units differ. These differences result Slope range: 0 to 1 percent mainly because of changes in soil series concepts, Parent material: Clayey alluvium differences in map unit design, and changes in soil patterns near survey area boundaries. Mooreville soils Surface layer: Dark grayish brown loam Subsoil: Upper part— yellowish brown clay loam that 1. Urbo-Mooreville-Una has grayish and brownish mottles; lower part— mottled grayish and brownish loam Dominantly level to gently undulating, somewhat Depth class: Very deep poorly drained, moderately well drained, and poorly Drainage class: Moderately well drained 18 Soil Survey

Depth to seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a side slopes; Savannah— broad, nearly level depth of 1.5 to 3 feet from January through ridgetops and gently sloping side slopes March Slope range: 0 to 15 percent Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Composition Parent material: Stratified loamy and sandy alluvium Percent of the survey area: 9 Bama soils: 35 percent Una soils Smithdale soils: 25 percent Surface layer: Very dark brown silty clay Savannah soils: 20 percent Subsoil: Gray clay that has brownish mottles Minor soils: 20 percent, including the Bonneau, Depth class: Very deep Kinston, Lucedale, and Luverne soils Drainage class: Poorly drained Depth to seasonal high water table: Perched, about 2 Soil Characteristics feet above the surface to a depth of 0.5 foot from Bama soils December through June Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Subsurface layer: Yellowish red fine sandy loam Parent material: Clayey alluvium Subsoil: Red sandy clay loam Minor soils Depth class: Very deep •The excessively drained Bigbee, the well drained Drainage class: Well drained Cahaba, and the moderately well drained Chrysler Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet soils on low terraces Slope range: 0 to 5 percent •The well drained Riverview soils on the high parts of Parent material: Loamy sediments natural levees Smithdale soils Use and Management Surface layer: Brown loamy sand Subsoil: Upper part— yellowish red sandy clay loam; Major Uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat lower part— red sandy loam Cropland Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Drainage class: Well drained Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Pasture and Hayland Slope range: 5 to 15 percent Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Parent material: Loamy and sandy sediments Woodland Savannah soils Management concerns: Competition from undesirable Surface layer: Dark grayish brown fine sandy loam plants, restricted use of equipment, and seedling Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown fine sandy mortality loam Urban Development Subsoil: Upper part— light olive brown loam; lower Management concerns: Flooding and wetness part— yellowish brown loam that is brittle and has grayish mottles Depth class: Very deep 2. Bama-Smithdale-Savannah Drainage class: Moderately well drained Depth to seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth Dominantly nearly level to strongly sloping, well of 1.5 to 3 feet from January through March drained and moderately well drained soils that have a Slope range: 0 to 2 percent loamy surface layer and a loamy subsoil; on high Parent material: Loamy sediments terraces Minor soils Setting •Areas of sandy Bonneau soils on slightly higher Location in the survey area: North-central and parts of ridges southern part •The poorly drained Kinston soils on narrow flood Landscape: Coastal Plain plains Landform: High terraces •Areas of dark reddish brown Lucedale soils on broad Landform position: Bama— broad, nearly level ridgetops at higher elevations ridgetops and gently sloping side slopes; •Random areas of the clayey Luverne soils on side Smithdale— gently sloping to strongly sloping slopes Marengo County, Alabama 19

Use and Management Halso soils Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam Major Uses: Cultivated crops, pasture, and hayland Subsoil: Upper part— red clay; next part— red clay that and as a site for homes has grayish mottles; lower part— mottled red, light Cropland gray, and strong brown clay Management concerns: Erodibility and low fertility Substratum: Olive gray clayey shale Depth class: Deep Pasture and Hayland Drainage class: Moderately well drained Management concerns: Low fertility Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Woodland Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Management concerns: No significant limitations Parent material: Clayey marine sediments Urban Development Minor soils Management concerns: Bama— no significant •The sandy Boykin soils on the higher parts of limitations; Smithdale— slope in the steeper areas; ridgetops Savannah— restricted permeability and wetness •The moderately well drained Iuka, the poorly drained Kinston, and the somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils on narrow flood plains 3. Luverne-Halso •Random areas of the loamy Smithdale soils on side slopes Dominantly gently sloping to steep, moderately well •The clayey Wilcox soils on lower slopes drained and well drained soils that have a loamy surface layer and a clayey subsoil; on uplands Use and Management Setting Major Uses: Woodland, pasture, and hayland Location in the survey area: Central and southeastern Cropland part Management concerns: Erodibility, low fertility, and Landscape: Coastal Plain slope in the steeper areas Landform: Uplands Pasture and Hayland Landform position: Gently sloping, narrow to broad Management concerns: Low fertility and slope in the ridgetops and moderately sloping to steep side steeper areas slopes Slope range: 2 to 35 percent Woodland Composition Management concerns: Competition from undesirable plants, erodibility, and restricted use of Percent of the survey area: 3 equipment Luverne soils: 45 percent Urban Development Halso soils: 40 percent Management concerns: Restricted permeability, low Minor soils: 15 percent, including the Boykin, Iuka, strength, shrink-swell potential, and slope Kinston, Mantachie, Smithdale, and Wilcox soils Soil Characteristics 4. Vaiden-Sucarnoochee-Searcy Luverne soils Dominantly level to gently sloping, somewhat poorly Surface layer: Dark brown sandy loam drained and moderately well drained soils that have a Subsoil: Upper part— red clay loam; lower part— red clayey or a loamy surface layer and a clayey subsoil; clay on uplands and flood plains Substratum: Stratified yellowish red sandy clay loam and brownish yellow sandy loam Setting Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Location in the survey area: Northern part Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Landscape: Blackland Prairie Slope range: 2 to 35 percent Landform: Vaiden and Searcy— uplands; Parent material: Stratified clayey and loamy marine Sucarnoochee— flood plains sediments Landform position: Vaiden— broad, nearly level 20 Soil Survey

ridgetops, and smooth, gently sloping side Depth to seasonal high water table: Perched, at a slopes; Sucarnoochee— level to nearly level, depth of 2 to 3.5 feet from January through planar to slightly concave slopes; Searcy— gently March sloping toe slopes Slope range: 5 to 8 percent Slope range: 0 to 8 percent Parent material: Clayey marine sediments Composition Minor soils •The loamy Freest soils on terraces Percent of the survey area: 4 •The somewhat poorly drained, alkaline Faunsdale Vaiden soils: 45 percent soils on lower parts of slopes Sucarnoochee soils: 20 percent •The moderately well drained Oktibbeha soils on Searcy soils: 15 percent slightly higher, more convex parts of ridgetops Minor soils: 20 percent, including the •The moderately deep Sumter soils on side slopes Faunsdale, Freest, Oktibbeha, Sumter, and and knolls Tuscumbia soils •The poorly drained Tuscumbia soils in depressions Soil Characteristics on flood plains Vaiden soils Use and Management Surface layer: Dark brown silty clay Major Uses: Cultivated crops, pasture, and hayland Subsoil: Upper part— yellowish brown clay that has grayish mottles; lower part— light olive brown and Cropland yellowish brown clay that has grayish mottles and Management concerns: Vaiden— wetness and poor soft masses of calcium carbonate tilth; Sucarnoochee— flooding, wetness, and poor Substratum: Soft limestone (chalk) tilth; Searcy— erodibility Depth class: Very deep Pasture and Hayland Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Management concerns: Vaiden— wetness; Depth to seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth Sucarnoochee— flooding and wetness; Searcy— of 1 to 2 feet from January to April slight limitations Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Parent material: Acid, clayey sediments and the Woodland underlying alkaline clay or soft limestone (chalk) Management concerns: Competition from undesirable plants, restricted use of equipment, and seedling Sucarnoochee soils mortality Surface layer: Dark grayish brown clay Next layer: Dark grayish brown clay that has olive Urban Development yellow mottles Management concerns: Vaiden— wetness, restricted Subsoil: Upper part— dark grayish brown clay that has permeability, and shrink-swell potential; brownish and olive mottles; lower part— mottled Sucarnoochee— flooding, wetness, restricted gray, light olive brown, and strong brown clay permeability, and shrink-swell potential; Searcy— Depth class: Very deep wetness, restricted permeability, and shrink-swell Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained potential Depth to seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 0.5 to 1.5 feet from January to April Slope range: 0 to 1 percent 5. Wilcox-Consul Parent material: Alkaline, clayey alluvium Dominantly nearly level to strongly sloping, Searcy soils somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained soils Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam that have a clayey surface layer and a clayey Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown fine sandy subsoil; on uplands loam Subsoil: Upper part— strong brown clay loam; next Setting part— red clay that has brownish and grayish mottles; lower part— mottled red and light gray clay Location in the survey area: Central part Depth class: Very deep Landscape: Coastal Plain Drainage class: Moderately well drained Landform: Uplands Marengo County, Alabama 21

Landform position: Wilcox— smooth, gently sloping Cropland to strongly sloping side slopes; Consul— Management concerns: Wilcox— wetness, poor tilth, slightly higher, broad, flat to slightly convex and erodibility; Consul— wetness and poor tilth ridgetops Pasture and Hayland Slope range: 0 to 15 percent Management concerns: Wetness Composition Woodland Percent of the survey area: 13 Management concerns: Competition from undesirable Wilcox soils: 50 percent plants, restricted use of equipment, seedling Consul soils: 30 percent mortality, and erodibility Minor soils: 20 percent, including the Halso, Urban Development Houlka, Kipling, and Luverne soils Management concerns: Wilcox— slope, restricted Soil Characteristics permeability, and shrink-swell potential; Consul— wetness, restricted permeability, and shrink-swell Wilcox soils potential Surface layer: Very dark grayish brown clay Subsoil: Upper part— yellowish red clay that has brownish, grayish, and reddish mottles; next part— 6. Oktibbeha-Brantley-Luverne mottled red, light gray, and brownish yellow clay; lower part— light gray clay Dominantly gently sloping to strongly sloping, Substratum: Light olive brown shale moderately well drained and well drained soils that Depth class: Deep have a loamy or a clayey surface layer and a clayey Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained subsoil; on uplands Depth to seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5 to 3 feet from January to April Setting Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Location in the survey area: Northern part Parent material: Acid, clayey sediments and the Landscape: Coastal Plain underlying shale Landform: Upland Consul soils Landform position: Oktibbeha— gently sloping ridgetops Surface layer: Dark grayish brown clay and moderately sloping ridgetops; Brantley— Subsoil: Upper part— light brownish gray clay that has moderately sloping side slopes; Luverne— yellowish brown mottles; lower part— grayish brown moderately sloping to steep side slopes clay that has light olive brown mottles Slope range: 2 to 35 percent Substratum: Light olive brown and grayish brown shale Composition Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Poorly drained Percent of the survey area: 7 Depth to seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth Oktibbeha soils: 40 percent of 0.5 to 1.5 feet from January to April Brantley soils: 20 percent Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Luverne soils: 20 percent Parent material: Acid clayey sediments and the Minor soils: 20 percent, including the Boykin, underlying alkaline shale Kinston, Kipling, Smithdale, and Sucarnoochee soils Minor soils •The moderately well drained Halso and well drained Soil Characteristics Luverne soils on slightly higher, more convex parts of ridgetops Oktibbeha soils •The somewhat poorly drained Houlka soils on flood Surface layer: Dark grayish brown clay plains Subsoil: Upper part— red clay that has brownish •The somewhat poorly drained Kipling soils on side mottles; next part— mottled reddish, grayish, and slopes and knolls brownish clay; lower part— mottled yellowish brown Use and Management and gray clay that has common soft masses and concretions of calcium carbonate Major Uses: Woodland, cultivated crops, pasture, Depth class: Very deep and hayland Drainage class: Moderately well drained 22 Soil Survey

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet 7. Mooreville-Mantachie-Kinston Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Parent material: Acid, clayey sediments and the Dominantly level, moderately well drained, somewhat underlying alkaline clay or soft limestone (chalk) poorly drained, and poorly drained soils that have a loamy surface layer and a loamy subsoil or a loamy Brantley soils substratum; on flood plains Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam Subsurface layer: Strong brown fine sandy loam Setting Subsoil: Upper part— strong brown clay loam; lower part— strong brown sandy clay Location in the survey area: Southern part Depth class: Very deep Landscape: Coastal Plain Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Flood plains Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Landform position: Mooreville— high, convex parts of Slope range: 2 to 15 percent natural levees; Mantachie— intermediate positions; Parent material: Clayey and loamy marine sediments Kinston— low positions with flat to concave slopes Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Luverne soils Surface layer: Dark brown sandy loam Composition Subsoil: Upper part— red clay loam; lower part— red Percent of the survey area: 2 clay Mooreville soils: 30 percent Substratum: Stratified yellowish red sandy clay loam Mantachie soils: 30 percent and brownish yellow sandy loam Kinston soils: 20 percent Depth class: Very deep Minor soils: 20 percent, including the Cahaba, Drainage class: Well drained Harleston, Iuka, Izagora, and Steens soils Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Slope range: 2 to 35 percent Soil Characteristics Parent material: Stratified clayey and loamy marine Mooreville soils sediments Surface layer: Dark grayish brown loam Minor soils Subsoil: Yellowish brown clay loam that has grayish •The sandy Boykin soils on the high parts of and brownish mottles ridgetops Substratum: Mottled light brownish gray, yellowish •The poorly drained Kinston and somewhat poorly brown, and brownish yellow loam drained Sucarnoochee soils on narrow flood plains Depth class: Very deep •The somewhat poorly drained Kipling soils on low Drainage class: Moderately well drained ridges and toe slopes Depth to seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a •The well drained, loamy Smithdale soils on the high depth of 1.5 to 3 feet from December through parts of ridgetops and on side slopes March Use and Management Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Parent material: Stratified loamy and sandy alluvium Major Uses: Woodland, pasture, and hayland Mantachie soils Cropland Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam Management concerns: Erodibility, poor tilth, and Subsoil: Upper part— mottled yellowish brown, brown, slope and grayish brown sandy clay loam; next part— light brownish gray sandy clay loam; lower part— Pasture and Hayland grayish brown sandy clay loam Management concerns: Erodibility and slope Depth class: Very deep Woodland Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Management concerns: Competition from undesirable Depth to seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a plants, restricted use of equipment, seedling depth of 1 to 1.5 feet from December to April mortality, and erodibility Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Parent material: Stratified loamy alluvium Urban Development Management concerns: Slope, restricted Kinston soils permeability, shrink-swell potential, and low Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam strength Substratum: Upper part— light brownish gray and light Marengo County, Alabama 23

gray loam that has brownish mottles; lower Smithdale soils: 15 percent part— light gray and gray clay loam Minor soils: 15 percent, including the Bibb, Depth class: Very deep Brantley, Iuka, Luverne, and Searcy soils Drainage class: Poorly drained Soil Characteristics Depth to seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to a depth of 1 foot from December Wadley soils through April Surface layer: Brown loamy fine sand Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Subsurface layer: Upper part— yellowish brown loamy Parent material: Stratified loamy and sandy alluvium fine sand; lower part— brownish yellow loamy fine sand Minor soils Subsoil: Yellowish red sandy loam •The well drained Cahaba, moderately well drained Depth class: Very deep Harleston and Izagora, and somewhat poorly drained Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Steens soils on low terraces Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet •The moderately well drained Iuka soils on the high Slope range: 0 to 35 percent part of natural levees Parent material: Sandy and loamy sediments Use and Management Boykin soils Surface layer: Very dark grayish brown loamy fine Major Uses: Woodland, wildlife habitat, and pasture sand Cropland Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loamy fine Management concerns: Flooding and wetness sand Subsoil: Upper part— yellowish red sandy loam; next Pasture and Hayland part— reddish yellow sandy clay loam; lower part— Management concerns: Flooding and wetness red sandy clay loam Woodland Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Competition from undesirable Drainage class: Well drained plants, restricted use of equipment, and seedling Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet mortality Slope range: 0 to 35 percent Parent material: Sandy and loamy sediments Urban Development Management concerns: Flooding, wetness, and low Smithdale soils strength Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown loamy fine sand Subsoil: Upper part— red sandy clay loam; lower part— red sandy loam 8. Wadley-Boykin-Smithdale Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Dominantly gently sloping to steep, somewhat Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet excessively drained and well drained soils that have a Slope range: 2 to 35 percent sandy surface layer and a loamy subsoil; on uplands Parent material: Loamy and sandy sediments Setting Minor soils •The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well Location in the survey area: Northern and southern drained Iuka soils on narrow flood plains parts •Random areas of the well drained, clayey Brantley Landscape: Coastal Plain and Luverne soils Landform: Uplands •The moderately well drained, clayey Searcy soils on Landform position: Narrow, gently sloping ridgetops and toe slopes moderately sloping to steep side slopes Slope range: 2 to 35 percent Use and Management Composition Major Uses: Woodland and pasture Percent of the survey area: 5 Cropland Wadley soils: 35 percent Management concerns: Erodibility, droughtiness, low Boykin soils: 30 percent fertility, and slope in the steeper areas 24 Soil Survey

Pasture and Hayland lower part— gray clay that has strong brown Management concerns: Low fertility, droughtiness, mottles and slope in the steeper areas Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Woodland Depth to seasonal high water table: Perched, at a Management concerns: Competition from undesirable depth of 1 to 2 feet from December through April plants, erodibility, restricted use of equipment, Slope range: 0 to 1 percent and seedling mortality Parent material: Acid, clayey alluvium Urban Development Minor soils Management concerns: Wadley— slope, seepage, and •The somewhat poorly drained Faunsdale and droughtiness; Boykin— slope, seepage, and Kipling soils on side slopes droughtiness; Smithdale— slope and seepage •The poorly drained Minter soils on low terraces •The poorly drained Tuscumbia soils in depressions 9. Sucarnoochee-Houlka Use and Management Dominantly level, somewhat poorly drained soils that Major Uses: Woodland, wildlife habitat, and pasture have a clayey surface layer and a clayey subsoil; on Cropland flood plains Management concerns: Flooding, wetness, and poor Setting tilth Pasture and Hayland Location in the survey area: Northern part Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Landscape: Blackland Prairie and Coastal Plain Landform: Flood plains Woodland Landform position: Slightly convex to concave Management concerns: Competition from undesirable slopes plants, restricted use of equipment, and seedling Slope range: 0 to 1 percent mortality Composition Urban Development Management concerns: Flooding, wetness, and low Percent of the survey area: 4 strength Sucarnoochee soils: 45 percent Houlka soils: 35 percent Minor soils: 20 percent, including the Faunsdale, 10. Sumter-Demopolis-Faunsdale Kipling, Minter, and Tuscumbia soils Soil Characteristics Dominantly nearly level to strongly sloping, well drained and somewhat poorly drained soils that have a Sucarnoochee soils clayey surface layer and a loamy or clayey subsoil; on Surface layer: Dark grayish brown clay uplands Next layer: Dark grayish brown clay that has olive yellow mottles Setting Subsoil: Upper part— dark grayish brown clay that has Location in the survey area: Northern part brownish and olive mottles; lower part— mottled Landscape: Blackland Prairie gray, light olive brown, and strong brown clay Landform: Uplands Depth class: Very deep Landform position: Sumter— broad ridgetops and side Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained slopes; Demopolis— narrow, convex ridgetops, Depth to seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth knolls, and short side slopes; Faunsdale— lower of 0.5 to 1.5 feet from January to April parts of side slopes Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Slope range: 1 to 12 percent Parent material: Alkaline, clayey alluvium Composition Houlka soils Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silty clay loam Percent of the survey area: 11 Subsoil: Upper part— dark grayish brown clay; next Sumter soils: 35 percent part— gray silty clay that has strong brown mottles; Demopolis soils: 25 percent Marengo County, Alabama 25

Faunsdale soils: 20 percent Use and Management Minor soils: 20 percent, including the Kipling, Major Uses: Pasture, woodland, and cultivated crops Oktibbeha, Sucarnoochee, Vaiden, and Watsonia soils Cropland Management concerns: Sumter— erodibility and poor Soil Characteristics tilth; Demopolis— erodibility, depth to rock, and droughtiness; Faunsdale— wetness, erodibility, Sumter soils and poor tilth Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silty clay loam Subsoil: Upper part— light olive brown silty clay that Pasture and Hayland has yellowish brown mottles and common soft Management concerns: Dempolis— depth to rock and masses of calcium carbonate droughtiness; Faunsdale— wetness Bedrock layer: Soft limestone (chalk) Woodland Depth class: Moderately deep Management concerns: Restricted use of equipment, Drainage class: Well drained seedling mortality, and competition from Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet undesirable plants Slope range: 1 to 12 percent Parent material: Alkaline, loamy and clayey residuum Urban Development derived from soft limestone (chalk) Management concerns: Sumter— depth to rock, restricted permeability, and shrink-swell potential; Demopolis soils Demopolis— depth to rock; Faunsdale— restricted Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silty clay loam permeability and shrink-swell potential Substratum: Dark grayish brown silty clay loam that has many fragments of soft chalk and concretions of calcium carbonate 11. Cahaba-Izagora-Chrysler Bedrock layer: Soft limestone (chalk) Depth class: Shallow Dominantly level to gently sloping, well drained and Drainage class: Well drained moderately well drained soils that have a loamy Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet surface layer and a loamy or clayey subsoil; on low Slope range: 1 to 12 percent terraces Parent material: Loamy residuum derived from soft limestone (chalk) Setting Faunsdale soils Location in the survey area: Parallel to the Tombigbee Surface layer: Very dark grayish brown clay loam River Next layer: Dark grayish brown silty clay Landscape: Coastal Plain Subsoil: Upper part— light olive brown clay loam; lower Landform: Low terraces part— light olive brown silty clay and clay Landform position: Cahaba— level to gently sloping, Substratum: Upper part— light brownish gray clay; slightly convex slopes; Izagora and Chrysler— level lower part— soft limestone (chalk) to nearly level, slightly convex slopes Depth class: Very deep Slope range: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Composition Depth to seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 to 2 feet from January to April Percent of the survey area: 9 Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Cahaba soils: 30 percent Parent material: Alkaline, clayey sediments and the Izagora soils: 25 percent underlying alkaline clay and soft limestone Chrysler soils: 20 percent (chalk) Minor soils: 25 percent, including the Bigbee, Harleston, Lenoir, Minter, Una, and Urbo soils Minor soils •The somewhat poorly drained, acid Kipling and Soil Characteristics Vaiden soils on lower, smoother ridgetops •The somewhat poorly drained Sucarnoochee soils on Cahaba soils narrow flood plains Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam •The acid, clayey Watsonia and Oktibbeha soils on Subsoil: Upper part— red sandy clay loam; lower part— crests of ridges and on side slopes red loam 26 Soil Survey

Substratum: Yellowish red sandy loam Woodland Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Competition from undesirable Drainage class: Well drained plants and restricted use of equipment Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Urban Development Slope range: 0 to 5 percent Management concerns: Cahaba— flooding; Izagora— Parent material: Loamy and sandy alluvium flooding, wetness, restricted permeability, and Izagora soils low strength; Chrysler— flooding, wetness, Surface layer: Very dark grayish brown sandy loam restricted permeability, and shrink-swell Subsoil: Upper part— light yellowish brown loam; next potential part— brownish yellow clay loam that has reddish and grayish mottles; lower part— mottled grayish, reddish, and brownish clay loam 12. Luverne-Smithdale-Boykin Depth class: Very deep Dominantly gently sloping to steep, well drained soils Drainage class: Moderately well drained that have a loamy or sandy surface layer and a clayey Depth to seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth or loamy subsoil; on uplands of 2 to 3 feet from December to March Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Setting Parent material: Loamy sediments Location in the survey area: Southern part Chrysler soils Landscape: Coastal Plain Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silt loam Landform: Uplands Subsurface layer: Brown silt loam Landform position: Narrow, gently sloping ridgetops and Subsoil: Upper part— yellowish red silty clay loam and moderately sloping to steep side slopes silty clay; next part— brownish yellow clay that has Slope range: 2 to 35 percent light gray and red mottles; lower part— mottled light gray, yellowish brown, and red clay Composition Depth class: Very deep Percent of the survey area: 26 Drainage class: Moderately well drained Luverne soils: 35 percent Depth to seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth Smithdale soils: 30 percent of 1.5 to 3 feet from January through March Boykin soils: 15 percent Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Minor soils: 15 percent, including the Bibb, Halso, Parent material: Clayey sediments Iuka, and Wadley soils Minor soils Soil Characteristics •The sandy Bigbee soils on slightly higher, more convex parts of terraces Luverne soils •The somewhat poorly drained Lenoir and poorly Surface layer: Yellowish brown sandy loam drained Minter soils in flat to slightly concave positions Subsoil: Upper part— red clay loam; next part— on terraces yellowish red sandy clay; lower part— red sandy •The poorly drained, clayey Una soils in old oxbows, clay loam sloughs, and other shallow depressions on flood plains Substratum: Stratified yellowish red sandy clay loam •The somewhat poorly drained, clayey Urbo soils on and brownish yellow sandy loam flood plains Depth class: Very deep Use and Management Drainage class: Well drained Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Major Uses: Cultivated crops, pasture, hayland, and Slope range: 2 to 35 percent woodland Parent material: Stratified clayey and loamy marine Cropland sediments Management concerns: Cahaba— erodibility in the Smithdale soils steeper areas; Chrysler— flooding Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown loamy fine sand Pasture and Hayland Subsoil: Upper part— red sandy clay loam; lower Management concerns: Cahaba— no significant part— red sandy loam limitations; Izagora— wetness; Chrysler— Depth class: Very deep wetness and flooding Drainage class: Well drained Marengo County, Alabama 27

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet •The moderately well drained, clayey Halso soils on Slope range: 2 to 35 percent lower parts of slopes Parent material: Loamy and sandy sediments Use and Management Boykin soils Major Uses: Woodland and pasture Surface layer: Very dark grayish brown loamy fine sand Cropland Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loamy fine Management concerns: Erodibility, droughtiness, low sand fertility, and slope in the steeper areas Subsoil: Upper part— yellowish red sandy loam; next Pasture and Hayland part— reddish yellow sandy clay loam; lower part— Management concerns: Low fertility, droughtiness, red sandy clay loam and slope in the steeper areas Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Management concerns: Competition from undesirable Slope range: 0 to 35 percent plants, erodibility, restricted use of equipment, Parent material: Sandy and loamy sediments and seedling mortality Minor soils Urban Development •The poorly drained Bibb and moderately well Management concerns: Luverne— slope, restricted drained Iuka soils on narrow flood plains permeability, shrink-swell potential, low strength; •Random areas of the somewhat excessively drained, Smithdale— slope and seepage; Boykin— slope, sandy Wadley soils seepage, and droughtiness

29

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed maps at descriptions, especially where the pattern was so the back of this survey represent the soils or complex that it was impractical to make enough miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous descriptions in this section, along with the maps, can areas on the landscape. be used to determine the suitability and potential of a The presence of included areas in a map unit in no unit for specific uses. They also can be used to plan way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. the management needed for those uses. More The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure information about each map unit is given under the taxonomic classes but rather to separate the heading “Use and Management of the Soils.” landscape into landforms or landform segments that A map unit delineation on a map represents an area have similar use and management requirements. The dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or delineation of such segments on the map provides miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and sufficient information for the development of resource named according to the taxonomic classification of the plans, but if intensive use of small areas is planned, dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for soils and miscellaneous areas. the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name the soils and miscellaneous areas are natural in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes phenomena, and they have the characteristic variability general facts about the unit and gives the principal of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some hazards and limitations to be considered in planning for observed properties may extend beyond the limits specific uses. defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the without including areas of other taxonomic classes. surface layer, all the soils of a series have major Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some arrangement. “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic Soils of one series can differ in texture of the classes. surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of Most included soils have properties similar to those erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus On the basis of such differences, a soil series is they do not affect use and management. These are divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The or may not be mentioned in the map unit description. name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature Other included soils and miscellaneous areas, that affects use or management. For example, Sumter however, have properties and behavioral silty clay loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded, is a characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to phase of the Sumter series. require different management. These are called Some map units are made up of two or more major contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally are soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are in small areas and could not be mapped separately complexes or undifferentiated groups. because of the scale used. Some small areas of A complex consists of two or more soils or strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in identified by a special symbol on the maps. The such small areas that they cannot be shown separately included areas of contrasting soils or miscellaneous on the maps. The pattern and proportion of the soils or areas are mentioned in the map unit descriptions. A miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all areas. few included areas may not have been observed, and Boykin-Wadley complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes, is an consequently they are not mentioned in the example. 30 Soil Survey

An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops, soils or miscellaneous areas that could be mapped pasture, or hay. A few areas are used as sites for individually but are mapped as one unit because homes, and a few areas are wooded. similar interpretations can be made for use and This soil is well suited to cultivated crops. It has few management. The pattern and proportion of the soils or limitations for this use, although low fertility is a miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform. management concern. The surface layer of this soil is An area can be made up of only one of the major soils friable and is easy to keep in good tilth. It can be tilled or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made up of all of over a wide range of moisture content without them. Mooreville, Mantachie, and Kinston soils, 0 to 1 becoming cloddy. Using conservation practices such percent slopes, frequently flooded, is an as cover crops, minimum tillage, and returning all undifferentiated group in this survey area. crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such organic matter improve fertility and help to maintain areas have little or no soil material and support little or tilth and the content of organic matter. Most crops no vegetation. Pits is an example. respond well to systematic applications of lime and Table 5 gives the acreage and proportionate extent fertilizer. of each map unit. Other tables (see “Contents”) give This soil is well suited to pasture and hay (fig. 2). It properties of the soils and the limitations, capabilities, has no significant limitations for these uses, although and potentials for many uses. The Glossary defines low fertility is a management concern. Coastal many of the terms used in describing the soils or bermudagrass and bahiagrass are the commonly grown miscellaneous areas. grasses. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and BaA—Bama fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 fertilizer improve the fertility and increase the percent slopes production of forage. This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species This very deep, well drained soil is on broad that commonly grow in areas of this soil include ridgetops in the uplands. Slopes are long and smooth. longleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On the Individual areas are generally broad. They range from basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for 10 to more than 150 acres in size. loblolly pine is 90. The average annual growth of well Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a depth at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre per year. The of 11 inches, is yellowish red fine sandy loam. The understory vegetation consists mainly of little subsoil, to a depth of 65 inches, is red sandy clay bluestem, yellow jessamine, longleaf uniola, loam. huckleberry, flowering dogwood, and greenbrier. Important properties of the Bama soil— This soil has few limitations affecting the production of timber, although plant competition is a minor Permeability: Moderate management concern. Using proper site preparation Available water capacity: High and spraying, cutting, or girdling can eliminate Organic matter content: Low unwanted weeds, brush, and trees. Natural fertility: Low This soil is well suited to most urban uses. It has no Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches significant management concerns for most uses. Root zone: More than 60 inches This soil has good potential as habitat for openland Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep and woodland wildlife and very poor potential as habitat Shrink-swell potential: Low for wetland wildlife. Habitat for woodland wildlife can be Flooding: None improved by planting appropriate vegetation, by Included in mapping are a few small areas of maintaining the existing plant cover, or by promoting Lucedale and Smithdale soils. Lucedale soils are in the natural establishment of desirable plants. landscape positions similar to those of the Bama soil. Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among They have dark reddish brown colors throughout the several small tracts of land, can increase the amount subsoil. Smithdale soils are on adjacent side slopes. of palatable browse for deer and seed-producing plants They have a significant decrease in the content of clay for quail and turkey. in the lower part of the subsoil. Included soils make up This Bama soil is in capability class I. The woodland about 10 percent of the map unit, but individual areas ordination symbol is 9A. are generally less than 5 acres in size. Marengo County, Alabama 31

Figure 2.—An area of Bama fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. This well managed stand of bahiagrass provides excellent forage for these cattle.

BaB—Bama fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Root zone: More than 60 inches percent slopes Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep Shrink-swell potential: Low This very deep, well drained soil is on ridgetops and Flooding: None upper parts of side slopes in the uplands. Slopes are generally long and smooth. Individual areas are Included in mapping are a few small areas of irregular in shape. They range from 5 to 150 acres in Luverne and Smithdale soils. Luverne and Smithdale size. soils are in slightly lower landscape positions than the Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam Bama soil. Luverne soils have clayey subsoil layers. about 7 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 65 Smithdale soils have a significant decrease in the inches, is red sandy clay loam. content of clay in the lower part of the subsoil. Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map Important properties of the Bama soil— unit, but individual areas generally are less than 5 Permeability: Moderate acres in size. Available water capacity: High Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops, Organic matter content: Low pasture, or hay. A few areas are used as sites for Natural fertility: Low homes, and a few areas are wooded. 32 Soil Survey

This soil is well suited to cultivated crops. The main BbA—Bibb-Iuka complex, 0 to 1 percent limitations are the low fertility and the moderate hazard slopes, frequently flooded of erosion. Gullies form readily in areas that have a concentrated flow of water on the surface. This map unit consists of the very deep, poorly Conservation tillage, terraces, contour farming, and drained Bibb and moderately well drained Iuka soils on cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to control narrow flood plains. These soils are subject to frequent erosion. Using minimum tillage and returning all crop flooding for brief periods several times each year. The residue to the soil or regularly adding other organic soils occur as areas so intricately intermingled that it matter improve fertility and help to maintain tilth and was not practical to separate them at the scale the content of organic matter. Most crops respond well selected for mapping. The Bibb soil makes up about 45 to additions of lime and fertilizer. percent of the map unit, and the Iuka soil makes up This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. The main about 40 percent. Individual areas are long and narrow. limitations are the low fertility and the moderate hazard They range from 5 to more than 250 acres in size. of erosion. Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are The Bibb soil is in flat to concave landscape the commonly grown grasses. Tillage should be on the positions, generally at the lowest elevations on the contour or across the slope. Proper stocking rate, flood plain. Typically, the surface layer is very dark pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during grayish brown and dark grayish brown fine sandy loam prolonged wet and dry periods help to keep the pasture about 8 inches thick. The substratum, to a depth of 65 in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer inches, is dark gray and light gray sandy loam in the improve soil fertility and promote the good growth of upper part, gray loam in the next part, and gray sandy forage plants. loam in the lower part. This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species that commonly grow in areas of this soil include Important properties of the Bibb soil— longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. Permeability: Moderate On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site Available water capacity: Moderate index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annual growth Organic matter content: Medium of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of Natural fertility: Medium loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of Root zone: More than 60 inches little bluestem, panicums, sumac, yellow jessamine, Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to huckleberry, greenbrier, and flowering dogwood. a depth of 1 foot from December through April This soil has few limitations affecting woodland Shrink-swell potential: Low management; however, competition from understory Flooding: Frequent plants is a minor management concern. Carefully managed reforestation helps to control competition The Iuka soil is on the higher, more convex parts of from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation the flood plain. Typically, the surface layer is very dark practices, such as chopping, burning, and applying grayish brown and brown fine sandy loam about 10 herbicide, help to control the initial plant competition inches thick. The substratum, to a depth of 65 inches, and facilitate mechanical planting. is yellowish brown sandy loam in the upper part and This soil is well suited to most urban uses, and it light gray sandy loam that has brownish mottles in the has no significant limitations for these uses. lower part. This soil has good potential as habitat for openland Important properties of the Iuka soil— and woodland wildlife and very poor potential as habitat for wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved by Permeability: Moderate planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the Available water capacity: Moderate existing plant cover, or by promoting the natural Organic matter content: Medium establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning Natural fertility: Medium every three years, rotated among several small Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches tracts of land, can increase the amount of palatable Root zone: More than 60 inches browse for deer and seed-producing plants for quail and Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to turkey. 3 feet from December through April This Bama soil is in capability subclass IIe. The Shrink-swell potential: Low woodland ordination symbol is 9A. Flooding: Frequent Marengo County, Alabama 33

Included in mapping are a few small areas of planting on beds or increasing the number of trees Cahaba, Kinston, and Mantachie soils. The well drained planted. Plant competition from undesirable plants Cahaba soils are on low knolls or remnants of terraces reduces the growth of trees and can prevent adequate at slightly higher elevations. They are not subject to reforestation without intensive site preparation and frequent flooding. Kinston soils are in landscape maintenance. Site preparation controls the initial plant positions similar to those of the Bibb soil. They have a competition, and herbicides can be used to control the higher content of clay throughout the substratum. The subsequent growth. somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils are in slightly This map unit is not suited to most urban uses. The higher positions than the Bibb soil. Also included are flooding and wetness are severe limitations for most small areas of very poorly drained soils in depressions uses. Although it is generally not feasible to control that are subject to ponding. The included soils make up flooding, buildings can be placed on pilings or on well- about 15 percent of the map unit, but individual areas compacted fill to elevate them above the expected are generally less than 5 acres in size. flood level. Most areas of this map unit are wooded and are The Bibb soil has poor potential as habitat for used for wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for openland wildlife, fair potential as habitat for woodland pasture, hay, or cultivated crops. wildlife, and good potential as habitat for wetland This map unit is poorly suited to most cultivated wildlife. The Iuka soil has fair potential as habitat for crops. The frequent flooding and the wetness are the openland wildlife, good potential as habitat for main limitations. If cultivated crops are grown, a woodland wildlife, and poor potential as habitat for surface drainage system and protection from flooding wetland wildlife. Habitat for openland and woodland are needed. wildlife can be improved by planting or encouraging the This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay growth of existing oak trees and suitable understory because of the frequent flooding and wetness. If areas plants. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved by are used for pasture or hay, grasses that tolerate the constructing shallow ponds to provide open water wet soil conditions should be selected. Common areas for waterfowl and furbearers. bermudagrass is a suitable grass to plant. Shallow The Bibb and Iuka soils are in capability subclass ditches help to remove excess water from the surface. Vw. The woodland ordination symbol is 8W for the Bibb This map unit is suited to loblolly pine and soil and 11W for the Iuka soil. hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit include sweetgum, American BgB—Bigbee loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent sycamore, yellow-poplar, water oak, and green ash. On slopes, occasionally flooded the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for water oak is 90 for the Bibb soil. The average This very deep, excessively drained soil is on low annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stream terraces and natural levees adjacent to the stands of water oak at 30 years of age is 1 cord per Tombigbee River and other large streams. Slopes are acre per year. On the basis of a 50-site curve, the generally long and smooth. Individual areas are oblong mean site index for loblolly pine is 100 for the Iuka soil. in shape. They range from 5 to more than 100 acres in The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, size. unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is Typically, the surface layer is brown loamy sand 2.7 cords per acre per year. The understory vegetation about 9 inches thick. The substratum, to a depth of 80 consists mainly of sweetgum, blackgum, Alabama inches, is strong brown loamy sand in the upper part supplejack, panicums, sweetbay, green ash, and red and yellow sand in the lower part. maple. Important properties of the Bigbee soil— This map unit has severe limitations for the management of timber. The main limitations are the Permeability: Rapid restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality Available water capacity: Low rate, and plant competition. The seasonal high water Organic matter content: Low table and the flooding restrict the use of equipment to Natural fertility: Low periods when the soils are dry. Using standard wheeled Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches and tracked equipment when the soils are wet results Root zone: More than 60 inches in rutting and compaction. Using low-pressure ground Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3.5 equipment reduces damage to the soils and helps to to 6 feet from January to March maintain productivity. The high seedling mortality rate Shrink-swell potential: Low is caused by excessive wetness. It can be reduced by Flooding: Occasional 34 Soil Survey

Included in mapping are a few small areas of can be compensated for by increasing the number of Cahaba, Riverview, and Urbo soils. Cahaba and trees planted. Riverview soils are in landscape positions similar to This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It those of the Bigbee soil. Cahaba soils have a reddish, has severe limitations for building sites and most kinds loamy subsoil. Riverview soils have a brownish, loamy of sanitary facilities and moderate limitations for local subsoil. Urbo soils are in drainageways and are clayey roads and streets. The main limitations are the sandy throughout the solum. Included soils make up about 10 texture, seepage, wetness, and the hazard of flooding. percent of the map unit, but individual areas are If buildings are constructed in areas of this unit, they generally less than 5 acres in size. should be placed on pilings or on well compacted fill Most areas of this soil are used for pasture or above the expected flood level. Septic tank absorption woodland. A few areas are used for cultivated crops or fields may not function properly during rainy periods hay. because of the seasonal high water table. Increasing This soil is suited to cultivated crops. The low the size of the absorption field or constructing the fertility, the low available water capacity, and the absorption field on a raised bed helps to overcome this occasional flooding are the main limitations. The limitation. planting of early season crops may be delayed in some This map unit has fair potential as habitat for years because of flooding. If this soil is used for row openland wildlife, poor potential as habitat for woodland crops, conservation tillage, crop rotation, and cover wildlife, and very poor potential as habitat for wetland crops help to conserve moisture and control runoff and wildlife. Habitat can be improved by planting erosion. Irrigation can prevent crop damage and appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing increase productivity in most years. Using minimum plant cover, or by promoting the establishment of tillage and returning all crop residue to the soil or desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years, regularly adding other organic matter improve fertility rotated among several small tracts of land, can and help to conserve moisture and maintain tilth and increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and the content of organic matter. Crops respond well to seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. applications of lime and frequent, light applications of This Bigbee soil is in land capability subclass IIIs. fertilizer. The woodland ordination symbol is 7S. This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Droughtiness and occasional flooding are the main limitations. Bahiagrass and coastal bermudagrass are BnB—Bonneau loamy fine sand, 0 to 5 well suited to this soil. The leaching of plant nutrients is percent slopes a management concern. Split applications of nitrogen This very deep, well drained soil is on broad fertilizer are recommended to maintain the productivity ridgetops and terraces of the uplands. Slopes are long of grasses. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and and smooth. Individual areas are oblong to irregular in restricted grazing during prolonged dry periods help to shape. They range from 5 to 150 acres in size. keep the pasture in good condition. Typically, the surface layer is brown loamy fine sand This soil is suited to loblolly pine. Other species that about 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a depth commonly grow in areas of this soil include longleaf of 21 inches, is pale brown loamy sand. The subsoil, to pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On the basis of a 50- a depth of 65 inches, is brownish yellow sandy clay year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is loam that has brownish, grayish, and reddish mottles in 75. The average annual growth of well stocked, even- the upper part and is mottled brownish yellow, light aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of gray, and red sandy clay loam in the lower part. age is 1.4 cords per acre per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of huckleberry, greenbrier, Important properties of the Bonneau soil— prickly pear cactus, blackberry, common persimmon, blackjack oak, and water oak. Permeability: Rapid in the surface layer and subsurface This soil has moderate limitations for the layer; moderate in the subsoil management of timber. The main limitations are the Available water capacity: Low restricted use of equipment and the seedling mortality Organic matter content: Low rate. The sandy texture restricts the use of wheeled Natural fertility: Low equipment, especially when the soil is very dry. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Harvesting activities should be planned during seasons Root zone: More than 60 inches of the year when the soil is moist. The moderate Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 3.5 seedling mortality rate is caused by droughtiness. It to 5.0 feet from December through March Marengo County, Alabama 35

Shrink-swell potential: Low rate can be compensated for by increasing the number Flooding: None of trees planted. Plant competition from undesirable plants reduces the growth of trees and can prevent Included in mapping are a few small areas of adequate reforestation. The competing vegetation can Izagora, Kinston, and Savannah soils. Izagora soils are be controlled by site preparation, herbicides, or in slightly lower landscape positions. They do not have prescribed fire. a thick sandy surface layer. The poorly drained Kinston This soil is suited to most urban uses. The main soils are on narrow flood plains. Savannah soils are in limitations are the moderate permeability and slightly higher landscape positions. They do not have droughtiness. Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, thick sandy surface layers, and they have a fragipan. and irrigating help to establish lawns and landscape Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map plants. Septic tank absorption fields may not function unit, but individual areas are generally less than 5 properly during rainy periods because of the moderate acres in size. permeability. Enlarging the size of the absorption field Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops helps to compensate for this limitation. or pasture. Some areas are used for woodland, hay, or This soil has good potential as habitat for openland as sites for homes. wildlife, good potential as habitat for woodland wildlife, This soil is well suited to most cultivated crops. The and poor potential as habitat for wetland wildlife. The main limitations are the low available water capacity low available water capacity and the low natural fertility and the low fertility. Conservation tillage, cover crops in are limitations for improving the potential as habitat for winter, a crop residue management system, and a crop wildlife. Habitat can be improved by planting rotation system that includes grasses and legumes appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing increase the available water, decrease crusting, and plant cover, or by promoting the establishment of improve soil fertility. Using supplemental irrigation and desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years, selecting crop varieties that are adapted to droughty rotated among several small tracts of land, can conditions increase the production of crops. Most increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and crops respond well to applications of lime and frequent, seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. light applications of fertilizer. This Bonneau soil is in capability subclass IIs. The This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. The main woodland ordination symbol is 9S. limitations are the low available water capacity and the low fertility. Drought-tolerant grasses, such as bahiagrass and coastal bermudagrass, are well suited. BoB—Boykin loamy fine sand, 0 to 5 The leaching of plant nutrients is a management percent slopes concern. Split applications of nitrogen fertilizer are recommended to maintain the productivity of grasses. This very deep, well drained soil is on narrow to Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted broad ridgetops in the uplands. Slopes are generally grazing during prolonged dry periods help to keep the long and smooth, but they may be short and complex. pasture in good condition. Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range from This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species 10 to 100 acres in size. that commonly grow in areas of this soil include Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish longleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On the basis brown loamy fine sand about 5 inches thick. The of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly subsurface layer, to a depth of 28 inches, is light pine is 90. The average annual growth of well stocked, yellowish brown loamy fine sand. The subsoil, to a even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 depth of 80 inches, is yellowish red sandy loam in the years of age is 2.2 cords per acre per year. The upper part, reddish yellow sandy clay loam in the next understory vegetation consists mainly of greenbrier, part, and red sandy clay loam in the lower part. brackenfern, poison oak, flowering dogwood, common Important properties of the Boykin soil— persimmon, blackjack oak, and little bluestem. This soil has moderate limitations for the Permeability: Rapid in the surface layer and subsurface management of timber. The main limitations are the layer; moderate in the subsoil restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality Available water capacity: Low rate, and plant competition. The sandy texture of the Organic matter content: Low surface layer restricts the use of wheeled equipment, Natural fertility: Low especially when the soil is very dry. Harvesting Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches activities should be planned during seasons of the year Root zone: More than 60 inches when the soil is moist. The moderate seedling mortality Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep 36 Soil Survey

Shrink-swell potential: Low for by increasing the number of trees planted. Plant Flooding: None competition from undesirable plants reduces the growth of trees and can prevent adequate reforestation. The Included in mapping are a few small areas of competing vegetation can be controlled by mechanical Smithdale and Wadley soils. Smithdale soils are methods, herbicides, or prescribed fire. commonly in slightly lower landscape positions than This soil is well suited to most urban uses. The thick the Boykin soil. They do not have thick sandy surface sandy surface layer, the low fertility, and the low and subsurface layers. Wadley soils are in landscape available water capacity are the main management positions similar to those of the Boykin soil. They have concerns. Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, and sandy surface and subsurface layers more than 40 irrigating help to establish lawns and landscape plants. inches thick. Included soils make up about 10 percent This soil has fair potential as habitat for openland of the map unit, but individual areas are generally less wildlife, good potential as habitat for woodland wildlife, than 5 acres in size. and very poor potential as habitat for wetland wildlife. Most areas of this soil are used as woodland, The low available water capacity and the low natural pasture, or hayland. Some areas are used for fertility are limitations for improving the potential as cultivated crops or as sites for homes. habitat for wildlife. Habitat can be improved by planting This soil is suited to cultivated crops. The moderate appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing hazard of erosion, the low fertility, and the low plant cover, or by promoting the establishment of available water capacity are the main limitations. desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years, Contour farming, minimum tillage, and cover crops rotated among several small tracts of land, can reduce the runoff rate and help to control erosion. increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and Returning crop residue to the soil helps to maintain tilth seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. and increases the water-holding capacity. Irrigation can This Boykin soil is in capability subclass IIs. The prevent crop damage and increase productivity in most woodland ordination symbol is 8S. years. Most crops respond well to applications of lime and frequent, light applications of fertilizer. This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Coastal BpE—Boykin-Wadley complex, 15 to 30 bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well suited to this percent slopes soil. The main limitations are the low fertility and the low available water capacity. The leaching of plant This map unit consists of the very deep, well nutrients is a management concern. Frequent, light drained Boykin soil and the somewhat excessively applications of nitrogen are necessary to maintain the drained Wadley soil. It is on side slopes and narrow productivity of grasses. Proper stocking rates, pasture ridges in the uplands. The soils occur as areas so rotation, and restricted grazing during prolonged dry intricately intermingled that they could not be periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. separated at the scale selected for mapping. The This soil is well suited to loblolly pine and longleaf Boykin soil makes up about 45 percent of the map pine. Other species that commonly grow in areas of unit, and the Wadley soil makes up about 40 percent. this soil include sweetgum and water oak. On the basis Slopes are generally short and complex, but they may of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly be long and smooth in some areas. Individual areas are pine is 85. The average annual growth of well stocked, irregular in shape. They range from 10 to 300 acres in even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 size. years of age is 2.1 cords per acre per year. The The Boykin soil is generally on the upper parts of understory vegetation consists mainly of little side slopes. Typically, the surface layer is brown loamy bluestem, panicums, greenbrier, prickly pear cactus, fine sand about 6 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to brackenfern, common persimmon, flowering dogwood, a depth of 32 inches, is pale brown loamy fine sand. and blackjack oak. The subsoil, to a depth of 65 inches, is red sandy loam This soil has moderate limitations for the in the upper part and red sandy clay loam in the lower management of timber. The main limitations are the part. restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality Important properties of the Boykin soil— rate, and plant competition. The sandy texture of the surface layer restricts the use of wheeled equipment, Permeability: Rapid in the surface layer and subsurface especially when the soil is very dry. Harvesting layer; moderate in the subsoil activities should be planned during seasons of the year Available water capacity: Low when the soil is moist. The moderate seedling mortality Organic matter content: Low rate is caused by droughtiness. It can be compensated Natural fertility: Low Marengo County, Alabama 37

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches soil and 80 for the Wadley soil. The average annual Root zone: More than 60 inches growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.1 cords per acre Shrink-swell potential: Low per year for the Boykin soil and 1.8 cords per acre per Flooding: None year for the Wadley soil. The understory vegetation consists mainly of turkey oak, sandjack oak, The Wadley soil is generally on the lower parts of blackjack oak, brackenfern, sweetgum, water oak, side slopes. Typically, the surface layer is brown loamy poison oak, prickly pear cactus, little bluestem, and fine sand about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to panicums. a depth of 57 inches, is yellowish brown loamy fine This map unit has moderate limitations for the sand in the upper part and brownish yellow loamy fine management of timber. The main limitations are the sand in the lower part. The subsoil, to a depth of 80 hazard of erosion, the restricted use of equipment, the inches, is red sandy loam. seedling mortality rate, and plant competition. Important properties of the Wadley soil— Exposing the surface by removing ground cover increases the hazard of erosion, and exposed soil Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface surfaces are subject to rill and gully erosion. Roads, layers; moderate in the subsoil landings, and skid trails can be protected against Available water capacity: Low erosion by constructing diversions, mulching, and Organic matter content: Low seeding. The slope and sandy texture restrict the use Natural fertility: Low of wheeled equipment, especially when the soils are Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches very dry. Harvesting activities should be planned during Root zone: More than 60 inches seasons of the year when the soils are moist. The Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep moderate seedling mortality rate can be compensated Shrink-swell potential: Low for by increasing the number of trees planted. Plant Flooding: None competition from undesirable plants reduces the growth Included in mapping are a few small areas of Bibb, of trees and can prevent adequate reforestation. The Iuka, Luverne, and Smithdale soils. The poorly drained competing vegetation can be controlled by mechanical Bibb soils and the moderately well drained Iuka soils methods, herbicides, or prescribed fire. are on narrow flood plains. Luverne and Smithdale soils These soils are poorly suited to most urban uses. are in landscape positions similar to those of the Areas of this map unit are generally not suitable as Boykin and Wadley soils. They do not have thick sandy sites for buildings because of the slope. Other surface and subsurface layers. Included soils make up limitations include the sandy texture, droughtiness, and about 15 percent of the map unit, but individual areas seepage. Erosion is a hazard in the steeper areas. are generally less than 5 acres in size. Cutbanks are unstable and are subject to slumping. Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland Support beams should be used to maintain the stability and as habitat for wildlife. A few areas are used for of the cutbanks. Access roads can be designed so that pasture or hay. surface runoff is controlled and cut-slopes are This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops, stabilized. If septic tank absorption fields are used, mainly because the slopes are too steep and the effluent can surface in downslope areas and create a hazard of erosion is too severe. The complex slopes, hazard to health. Increasing the length of the droughtiness, and the low fertility are additional absorption lines and constructing the lines on the limitations. contour will help to compensate for this concern. These soils are poorly suited to pasture and hay. Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, and irrigating The main limitations are the slope, the low fertility, the help to establish lawns and landscape plants. droughtiness, and the severe hazard of erosion. The This map unit has fair potential as habitat for more steeply sloping areas are best suited to native openland wildlife, poor potential as habitat for woodland grasses. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and wildlife, and very poor potential as habitat for wetland restricted grazing during very wet or very dry periods wildlife. Habitat can be improved by planting help to keep the pasture in good condition. appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing This map unit is suited to loblolly pine and longleaf plant cover, or by promoting the establishment of pine. Other species that commonly grow in areas of desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years, these soils include shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and rotated among several small tracts of land, can water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and mean site index for loblolly pine is 85 for the Boykin seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. 38 Soil Survey

The Boykin and Wadley soils are in capability respond well to systematic applications of lime and subclass VIIe. The woodland ordination symbol is 8R. fertilizer. This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Erosion is a hazard when the soil surface is bare during the BrC—Brantley fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 establishment of pasture. Tillage should be on the percent slopes contour or across the slope to reduce soil losses. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted This very deep, well drained soil is on side slopes grazing during prolonged wet or dry periods help to and narrow ridgetops in the uplands. Slopes are keep the pasture and soil in good condition. generally short and complex. Most areas are irregular Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and in shape. They range from 10 to 150 acres in size. increase the production of forage. Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species fine sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The subsurface that commonly grow in areas of this soil include layer, to a depth of 10 inches, is strong brown fine longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. sandy loam. The subsoil, to a depth of 55 inches, is On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site strong brown clay loam in the upper part and strong index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annual growth brown sandy clay in the lower part. The substratum, of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of to a depth of 70 inches, is strong brown fine sandy loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre loam. per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of Important properties of the Brantley soil— little bluestem, panicums, greenbrier, poison ivy, huckleberry, muscadine grape, waxmyrtle, and Permeability: Slow flowering dogwood. Available water capacity: High This map unit has moderate limitations for the Organic matter content: Low management of timber. The main limitations are the Natural fertility: Low restricted use of equipment and plant competition. The Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches low strength of the clayey subsoil restricts the use of Root zone: More than 60 inches equipment, especially when the soil is wet. Using Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil Shrink-swell potential: Moderate is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using low- Flooding: None pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soil Included in mapping are a few small areas of and helps to maintain productivity. Plant competition Kinston, Okeelala, Oktibbeha, and Searcy soils. The from undesirable plants reduces the growth of trees poorly drained Kinston soils are on narrow flood plains. and can prevent adequate reforestation without Okeelala and Oktibbeha soils are in landscape intensive site preparation and maintenance. Site positions similar to those of the Brantley soil. Okeelala preparation controls the initial plant competition, and soils are loamy throughout the profile. Oktibbeha soils herbicides can be used to control the subsequent have a higher content of clay throughout the subsoil. growth. Searcy soils are on toe slopes. They are moderately This soil is suited to most urban uses. It has well drained and have a thicker solum than the moderate limitations for building sites and severe Brantley soil. The included soils make up about 15 limitations for local roads and streets and most kinds percent of the map unit, but individual areas generally of sanitary facilities. The main limitations are the are less than 5 acres in size. moderate shrink-swell potential, the slow permeability, Most areas of this soil are used as woodland or and the low strength when used as a site for roads or pasture. A few areas are used for cultivated crops or streets. The effects of shrinking and swelling can be hay. minimized by using proper engineering designs and by This soil is suited to cultivated crops. The main backfilling with material that has a low shrink-swell management concerns are the low fertility and the potential. Roads and streets should be designed to severe hazard of erosion. Terraces, contour farming, offset the limited ability of this soil to support a load. minimum tillage, and cover crops reduce the runoff rate Septic tank absorption fields may not function properly and help to control erosion. Drop-inlet structures, because of the slow permeability. Enlarging the size of installed in grassed waterways, help to prevent the absorption field or using an alternative method of gullying. Using a sod-based rotation system and waste disposal helps to overcome this limitation. incorporating crop residue into the soil increase the This soil has good potential as habitat for openland content of organic matter and improve tilth. Most crops and woodland wildlife and very poor potential as habitat Marengo County, Alabama 39

for wetland wildlife. Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. A few can be improved by planting or encouraging the growth areas are used for pasture or hay. of existing oak trees and suitable understory plants. This map unit is unsuited to most cultivated crops. Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among The complex topography and the moderately sloping to several small tracts of land, can increase the amount strongly sloping slopes are severe limitations for the of palatable browse for deer and seed-producing plants use of equipment. Erosion is a severe hazard. Gullies for quail and turkey. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be form readily in areas that have a concentrated flow of improved by constructing shallow ponds to provide water on the surface. If the soil is cultivated, all tillage open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers. should be on the contour or across the slope. This Brantley soil is in capability subclass IVe. The This soil is suited to pasture and hay. The complex woodland ordination symbol is 9C. slopes and the severe hazard of erosion are the main limitations. The use of equipment is limited by the sloping, complex topography and occasional deep BrD2—Brantley fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 gullies. Tillage should be on the contour or across the percent slopes, eroded slope if practical. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet periods help This very deep, well drained soil is on side slopes to keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of and toe slopes in the uplands. In most areas, the lime and fertilizer improve soil fertility and promote surface layer is a mixture of the original surface layer good growth of forage plants. and material from the subsoil. In places, all of the This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species original surface layer has been removed. Most areas that commonly grow in areas of this soil include have few or common rills and shallow gullies. Slopes longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. are generally short and complex. Individual areas are On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site irregular in shape and range from 10 to 350 acres in index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annual growth size. of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre about 5 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 45 per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of inches, is strong brown clay loam. The substratum, to little bluestem, panicums, greenbrier, poison ivy, a depth of 65 inches, is brown fine sandy loam. In a huckleberry, muscadine grape, waxmyrtle, and few places, the surface layer is loam or sandy clay flowering dogwood. loam. This map unit has moderate limitations for the Important properties of the Brantley soil— management of timber. The main limitations are the hazard of erosion, the equipment limitation, and plant Permeability: Slow competition. Exposing the surface by removing ground Available water capacity: High cover increases the hazard of erosion. Exposed soil Organic matter content: Low surfaces are subject to rill and gully erosion. Roads, Natural fertility: Low landings, and skid trails can be protected against Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches erosion by constructing diversions, mulching, and Root zone: More than 60 inches seeding. The slope and deep gullies restrict the use of Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep equipment. Using standard wheeled and tracked Shrink-swell potential: Moderate equipment when the soil is wet results in rutting and Flooding: None compaction. Management activities should be Included in mapping are a few small areas of conducted during seasons of the year when the soil is Kinston, Okeelala, Oktibbeha, and Searcy soils. The dry. Plant competition from undesirable plants reduces poorly drained Kinston soils are on narrow flood plains. the growth of trees and can prevent adequate Okeelala soils are in landscape positions similar to reforestation. The competing vegetation can be those of the Brantley soil. They are loamy throughout controlled by mechanical methods, herbicides, or the profile. Oktibbeha and Searcy soils are on the lower prescribed fire. parts of slopes. Oktibbeha soils have a higher content This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It has of clay throughout the subsoil. Searcy soils are moderate limitations for building sites and severe moderately well drained and have a thicker solum than limitations for local roads and streets and for most the Brantley soil. Included soils make up about 15 kinds of sanitary facilities. The main limitations are the percent of the map unit, but individual areas are slope, the moderate shrink-swell potential, the slow generally less than 5 acres in size. permeability, and low strength if used for roads and 40 Soil Survey

streets. Erosion is a hazard in the steeper areas. Only Important properties of the Brantley soil— the part of the site that is used for construction should Permeability: Slow be disturbed. Access roads can be designed so that Available water capacity: High surface runoff is controlled and cut slopes are Organic matter content: Low stabilized. Roads should also be designed to offset the Natural fertility: Low limited ability of this soil to support a load. The effects Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches of shrinking and swelling can be minimized by using Root zone: More than 60 inches proper engineering designs and by backfilling with Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep material that has a low shrink-swell potential. Septic Shrink-swell potential: Moderate tank absorption fields may not function properly Flooding: None because of the slow permeability. Alternative methods of sewage disposal should be used to properly dispose The Okeelala soil is generally on the upper parts of waste. of slopes and on narrow ridgetops. Typically, the This map unit has good potential as habitat for surface layer is yellowish brown fine sandy loam about openland and woodland wildlife and very poor potential 3 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 65 inches, as habitat for wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved is red clay loam in the upper part, red sandy clay by planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the loam in the next part, and red sandy loam in the lower existing plant cover, or by promoting the establishment part. of desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among several small tracts of land, can Important properties of the Okeelala soil— increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Habitat for Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil; wetland wildlife can be improved by constructing moderately rapid in the lower part shallow ponds to provide open water areas for Available water capacity: High waterfowl and furbearers. Organic matter content: Low This Brantley soil is in capability subclass VIe. The Natural fertility: Low woodland ordination symbol is 9C. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Root zone: More than 60 inches BsF2—Brantley-Okeelala complex, 15 to Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep 35 percent slopes, eroded Shrink-swell potential: Low Flooding: None This map unit consists of the very deep, well Included in mapping are a few small areas of drained Brantley and Okeelala soils. It is on side Boykin, Kinston, Iuka, and Wadley soils. Boykin and slopes and narrow ridgetops of the highly dissected Wadley soils are on the upper parts of slopes and have uplands. The soils occur as areas so intricately thick sandy surface and subsurface layers. The poorly intermingled that they could not be mapped separately drained Kinston and moderately well drained Iuka soils at the scale selected for mapping. In most areas, the are on narrow flood plains. Included soils make up surface layer is a mixture of the original surface layer about 20 percent of the map unit, but individual areas and material from the subsoil. In places, all of the are generally less than 5 acres in size. original surface layer has been removed. Most areas Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland have a few rills and shallow gullies. The Brantley soil and as habitat for wildlife. A few areas are used for makes up about 45 percent of the map unit, and the pasture. Okeelala soil makes up about 35 percent. Slopes are This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops, generally short and complex. Individual areas are mainly because the slopes are too steep and the irregular in shape. They range from 25 to 500 acres in hazard of erosion is too severe. The irregular slopes size. and the low fertility are additional limitations. The Brantley soil is generally on the middle and This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay. lower parts of slopes. Typically, the surface layer is The main limitations are the slope, the low fertility, and brown fine sandy loam about 4 inches thick. The the severe hazard of erosion. The more steeply sloping subsoil, to a depth of 43 inches, is yellowish red clay areas are best suited to native grasses. Proper in the upper part and yellowish red clay loam in the stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing lower part. The substratum, to a depth of 65 inches, is during wet periods help to keep the pasture in good strong brown fine sandy loam. condition. Marengo County, Alabama 41

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine. Other CaA—Cahaba fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 species that commonly grow in areas of these soils percent slopes, rarely flooded include shortleaf pine, longleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the This very deep, well drained soil is on low terraces mean site index for loblolly pine is 90 for the Brantley that parallel the Tombigbee River and other large and Okeelala soils. The average annual growth of well streams throughout the county. Flooding is rare, but it stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine can occur under unusual weather conditions. Slopes at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre per year for the are generally long and smooth. Individual areas are Brantley and Okeelala soils. The understory vegetation oblong in shape. They range from 5 to 120 acres in consists mainly of greenbrier, poison oak, little size. bluestem, waxmyrtle, muscadine grape, American Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam beautyberry, yellow jessamine, blackberry, redbud, about 6 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 47 eastern redcedar, sweetgum, water oak, and flowering inches, is red sandy clay loam. The substratum, to a dogwood. depth of 90 inches, is yellowish red fine sandy loam in This map unit has moderate limitations for the the upper part and red loamy sand in the lower part. management of timber. The main limitations are the hazard of erosion, the equipment limitation, and plant Important properties of the Cahaba soil— competition. Exposing the surface by removing Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil; ground cover increases the hazard of erosion, and moderately rapid in the lower part exposed soil surfaces are subject to rill and gully Available water capacity: High erosion. Roads, landings, and skid trails can be Organic matter content: Low protected against erosion by constructing diversions, Natural fertility: Low mulching, and seeding. The slope restricts the use of Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches equipment. Using standard wheeled and tracked Root zone: More than 60 inches equipment when the soils are wet results in rutting and Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep compaction. Cable yarding systems are safer and Shrink-swell potential: Low damage the soil less. Plant competition from Flooding: Rare undesirable plants reduces the growth of trees and can prevent adequate reforestation without intensive Included in mapping are a few small areas of site preparation and maintenance. Site preparation Chrysler, Izagora, and Minter soils. The moderately well controls the initial plant competition, and herbicides drained Chrysler and Izagora soils are in slightly lower, can be used to control the subsequent growth. more concave landscape positions. Chrysler soils have This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It a clayey texture in the upper part of the subsoil. is generally not suitable as a site for buildings because Izagora soils have a brownish subsoil. The poorly of the slope. Other limitations include the slow drained Minter soils are in small depressions and have permeability, the moderate shrink-swell potential, and a clayey texture in the upper part of the subsoil. the low strength of the Brantley soil. Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map This map unit has fair potential as habitat for unit, but individual areas are generally less than 5 openland wildlife, good potential as habitat for acres in size. woodland wildlife, and very poor potential as habitat for Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved by planting crops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used for appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing woodland, and some areas are used as sites for plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment homes. of desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three This soil is well suited to cultivated crops. There are years, rotated among several tracts of land, can few limitations for this use; however, low fertility is a increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and concern. Using minimum tillage and returning all crop seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Habitat for residue to the soil or regularly adding other organic wetland wildlife can be improved by constructing matter improve fertility and help to maintain tilth and shallow ponds to provide open water areas for the content of organic matter. Most crops respond well waterfowl and furbearers. to applications of lime and fertilizer. The Brantley and Okeelala soils are in capability This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. There are subclass VIIe. The woodland ordination symbol for both few limitations for these uses. Grasses such as soils is 9R. coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well suited. 42 Soil Survey

Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted red loam in the lower part. The substratum, to a depth grazing during prolonged wet and dry periods help to of 65 inches, is yellowish red sandy loam. keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of lime Important properties of the Cahaba soil— and fertilizer improve soil fertility and promote good growth of forage plants. Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil; This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species moderately rapid in the lower part that commonly grow in areas of this soil include Available water capacity: High longleaf pine, yellow-poplar, sweetgum, and water oak. Organic matter content: Low On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site Natural fertility: Low index for loblolly pine is 95. The average annual growth Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of Root zone: More than 60 inches loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.5 cords per acre Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of Shrink-swell potential: Low greenbrier, little bluestem, panicums, American holly, Flooding: Occasional longleaf uniola, sweetgum, and flowering dogwood. Included in mapping are a few small areas of This soil has few limitations affecting woodland Bigbee, Chrysler, Lenoir, Una, and Urbo soils. Bigbee management; however, competition from understory soils are in landscape positions similar to those of the plants is a minor management concern. Carefully Cahaba soil and are sandy throughout the profile. The managed reforestation helps to control competition moderately well drained Chrysler soils and the from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation somewhat poorly drained Lenoir soils are in slightly practices, such as chopping, burning, and applying lower, more concave landscape positions. They have a herbicides, help to control the initial plant competition clayey texture in the upper part of the subsoil. The and facilitate mechanical planting. poorly drained Una and somewhat poorly drained Urbo This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. The soils are in small depressions and drainageways. They hazard of flooding is a severe limitation that is difficult have a clayey texture throughout the subsoil. Included to overcome. If this soil is used as a homesite, the soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit, but building should be constructed on elevated, well- individual areas are generally less than 5 acres in size. compacted fill material to minimize damage from Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated floodwater. crops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used for This soil has good potential as habitat for openland woodland. and woodland wildlife and very poor potential as habitat This soil is well suited to cultivated crops. The main for wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved by limitation is the occasional flooding. The planting of planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the early season crops may be delayed in some years existing plant cover, or by promoting the establishment because of flooding. Using minimum tillage and of desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three returning all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding years, rotated among several small tracts of land, can other organic matter improve fertility and help to increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and maintain tilth and the content of organic matter. Most seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. crops respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer. This Cahaba soil is in capability class I. The This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. woodland ordination symbol is 10A. Occasional flooding is the main limitation. Grasses such as coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well CbA—Cahaba fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 suited. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and percent slopes, occasionally flooded restricted grazing during prolonged wet and dry periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. Applications This very deep, well drained soil is on low terraces of lime and fertilizer improve soil fertility and promote that parallel the Tombigbee River and other large good growth of forage plants. streams throughout the county. This map unit is This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species subject to occasional flooding, generally during late that commonly grow in areas of this soil include winter or early spring. Slopes are generally long and longleaf pine, yellow-poplar, sweetgum, and water oak. smooth. Individual areas are oblong in shape. They On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site range from 5 to 50 acres in size. index for loblolly pine is 95. The average annual growth Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of about 7 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 54 loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.5 cords per acre inches, is red sandy clay loam in the upper part and per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of Marengo County, Alabama 43

greenbrier, little bluestem, panicums, American holly, Shrink-swell potential: Low longleaf uniola, sweetgum, and flowering dogwood. Flooding: Rare This soil has few limitations affecting woodland Included in mapping are a few small areas of management; however, competition from understory Chrysler, Izagora, and Minter soils. The moderately well plants is a minor management concern. Carefully drained Chrysler and Izagora soils are in flatter, less managed reforestation helps to control competition sloping positions on the landscape. Chrysler soils have from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation a clayey texture in the upper part of the subsoil. practices, such as chopping, burning, and applying Izagora soils have a brownish subsoil. The poorly herbicides, help to control the initial plant competition drained Minter soils are in small depressions. Included and facilitate mechanical planting. soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit, but This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. The individual areas are generally less than 5 acres in size. hazard of flooding is a severe limitation that is difficult Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated to overcome. If this soil is used as a homesite, the crops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used for building should be constructed on elevated, well- woodland, and some areas are used as sites for compacted fill material to minimize damage from homes. floodwater. This soil is well suited to cultivated crops. The main This soil has good potential as habitat for openland management concerns are the low fertility and the and woodland wildlife and very poor potential as habitat moderate hazard of erosion. Using a resource for wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved by management system that includes terraces and planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the diversions, stripcropping, contour tillage, no-till, and existing plant cover, or by promoting the establishment crop residue management reduces the hazard of of desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three erosion, reduces the runoff rate, and increases the years, rotated among several small tracts of land, can infiltration of rainfall. Most crops respond well to increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and applications of lime and fertilizer. seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. The main This Cahaba soil is in capability class IIw. The management concerns are the low fertility and the woodland ordination symbol is 10A. moderate hazard of erosion. During the establishment of pasture, the seedbed should be prepared on the CcB—Cahaba fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 contour or across the slope if practical. Grasses such percent slopes, rarely flooded as coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well suited. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and This very deep, well drained soil is on side slopes of restricted grazing during prolonged wet and dry periods low terraces that parallel the Tombigbee River and other help to keep the pasture in good condition. Applications large streams throughout the county. Flooding is rare, of lime and fertilizer improve soil fertility and promote but it can occur under unusual weather conditions. good growth of forage plants. Slopes are generally long and smooth. Individual areas This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species are oblong in shape. They range from 5 to 30 acres in that commonly grow in areas of this soil include size. longleaf pine, yellow-poplar, sweetgum, and water oak. Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site about 7 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 36 index for loblolly pine is 95. The average annual growth inches, is yellowish red sandy clay loam. The of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of substratum, to a depth of 65 inches, is yellowish red loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.5 cords per acre sandy loam. per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of greenbrier, little bluestem, panicums, American holly, Important properties of the Cahaba soil— longleaf uniola, sweetgum, and flowering dogwood. Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil; This soil has few limitations affecting woodland moderately rapid in the lower part management; however, competition from understory Available water capacity: High plants is a minor management concern. Carefully Organic matter content: Low managed reforestation helps to control competition Natural fertility: Low from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches practices, such as chopping, burning, and applying Root zone: More than 60 inches herbicides, help to control the initial plant competition Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep and facilitate mechanical planting. 44 Soil Survey

This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. The The somewhat poorly drained Lenoir soil is in flat to hazard of flooding is a severe limitation that is difficult concave swales. Typically, the surface layer is grayish to overcome. If this soil is used as a homesite, the brown loam about 3 inches thick. The subsurface layer, building should be constructed on elevated, well- to a depth of 10 inches, is pale brown loam. The compacted fill material to minimize damage from subsoil, to a depth of 80 inches, is light olive brown floodwater. clay loam that has light gray mottles in the upper part, This soil has good potential as habitat for openland light brownish gray and light gray clay in the next part, and woodland wildlife and very poor potential as habitat and mottled light gray and yellowish brown clay loam in for wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved by the lower part. planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the Important properties of the Lenoir soil— existing plant cover, or by promoting the establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three Permeability: Slow years, rotated among several small tracts of land, can Available water capacity: Moderate increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and Organic matter content: Medium seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Natural fertility: Medium This Cahaba soil is in capability class IIe. The Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches woodland ordination symbol is 10A. Root zone: More than 60 inches Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 foot to 2.5 feet from December through April ChB—Chrysler-Lenoir complex, gently Shrink-swell potential: Moderate undulating, occasionally flooded Flooding: Occasional These very deep, moderately well drained and Included in mapping are a few small areas of somewhat poorly drained soils are on low terraces that Cahaba, Izagora, and Una soils. The well drained are parallel to the Tombigbee River. These soils are Cahaba soils and the moderately well drained Izagora subject to occasional flooding, generally in late winter soils are in slightly higher, more convex positions than and early spring. They occur as areas so closely the Chrysler and Lenoir soils. They have a loamy intermingled that it was not possible to separate them subsoil. The poorly drained Una soils are in slightly at the scale selected for mapping. The Chrysler soil lower, more concave landscape positions than the makes up about 50 percent of the map unit, and the Lenoir soil, and they pond water for significant periods. Lenoir soil makes up about 35 percent. Most mapped Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map areas are oblong in shape, but some are broad. They unit, but individual areas generally are less than 5 range from 10 to 200 acres in size. acres in size. The moderately well drained Chrysler soil is on Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland. convex, low ridges. Typically, the surface layer is dark A few small areas are used for cultivated crops, grayish brown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The pasture, or hay. subsurface layer, to a depth of 6 inches, is brown silt This map unit is suited to cultivated crops, pasture, loam. The subsoil, to a depth of 65 inches, is yellowish and hay. The wetness and occasional flooding are the red silty clay loam and silty clay in the upper part, main limitations. If cultivated crops are grown, a brownish yellow clay that has light gray and red surface drainage system and protection from flooding mottles in the next part, and mottled light gray, are needed. If areas are used for pasture or hay, yellowish brown, and red clay in the lower part. grasses that tolerate wet soil conditions should be selected. Common bermudagrass is a suitable pasture Important properties of the Chrysler soil— grass to plant. Permeability: Slow This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine and Available water capacity: Moderate hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in Organic matter content: Medium areas of this map unit include sweetgum, water oak, Natural fertility: Medium and green ash. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches the site index for loblolly pine is 100 for the Chrysler Root zone: More than 60 inches soil and 90 for the Lenoir soil. The average annual Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5 growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands to 3 feet from January through March of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.7 cords per acre Shrink-swell potential: Moderate per year for the Chrysler soil and 2.2 cords per acre per Flooding: Occasional year for the Lenoir soil. The understory vegetation Marengo County, Alabama 45

consists mainly of red maple, water oak, green ash, that has light olive brown mottles in the lower part. The sweetgum, panicums, waxmyrtle, greenbrier, poison substratum, to a depth of 80 inches, is light olive ivy, and blackberry. brown and grayish brown shale. This map unit has moderate to severe limitations for Important properties of the Consul soil— the management of timber. The main limitations are the restricted use of equipment and plant competition. The Permeability: Very slow seasonal high water table and the flooding restrict the Available water capacity: Moderate use of equipment to periods when the soils are dry. Organic matter content: Low Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment when Natural fertility: Medium the soils are wet results in rutting and compaction. Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches Using low-pressure ground equipment reduces damage Root zone: 40 to 60 inches to the soils and helps to maintain productivity. Plant Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 0.5 competition from undesirable plants reduces the growth to 1.5 feet from January to April of trees and can prevent adequate reforestation without Shrink-swell potential: Very high intensive site preparation and maintenance. Site Flooding: None preparation controls the initial plant competition, and Included in mapping are a few small areas of Wilcox herbicides can be used to control the subsequent soils. The somewhat poorly drained Wilcox soils are in growth. slightly higher, more convex positions, generally near This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It the edges of delineations. They have reddish colors in has severe limitations for building sites, local roads the upper part of the subsoil. Also included are small and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The areas of soils that pond water at the surface for long main limitations are the wetness and occasional periods. Included soils make up about 10 percent of flooding. Although it is generally not feasible to control the map unit, but individual areas are generally less the flooding, buildings can be placed on pilings or than 5 acres in size. mounds to elevate them above the expected flood Most areas of this soil are used as pasture or level. hayland. A few areas are used for cultivated crops or This map unit has fair potential as habitat for woodland. wetland wildlife, good potential as habitat for woodland This soil is suited to most cultivated crops. The wildlife, and fair potential as habitat for openland main limitations are the wetness and the poor tilth. wildlife. Habitat can be improved by planting Wetness delays planting and tillage operations in most appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing years. A drainage system is necessary to remove plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment excess surface water if this soil is used for cultivated of desirable plants. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be crops. This soil can be worked only within a narrow improved by constructing shallow ponds or by range of moisture content and becomes cloddy if maintaining the existing shallow ponds to provide open farmed when it is too wet or too dry. Returning all crop water areas for waterfowl and furbearing animals. residue to the soil improves tilth, reduces crusting, The capability subclass is IIIw for the Chrysler soil increases the water-holding capacity, and increases and IVw for the Lenoir soil. The woodland ordination the rate of water infiltration. symbol is 11W for the Chrysler soil and 9W for the This soil is suited to pasture and hay. Tall Lenoir soil. fescuegrass, dallisgrass, and bahiagrass are the main grasses grown. Wetness is the main management CoA—Consul clay, 0 to 2 percent slopes concern. Shallow ditches help to remove excess surface water. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, This very deep, poorly drained soil is in flat or and restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep depressional positions on uplands. Micro-depressions the pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and (gilgai) ranging in depth from 2 inches to 6 inches are fertilizer improve fertility and increase the production of throughout the unit in wooded areas. Slopes are forage. generally long, smooth, and slightly concave. Individual This soil is suited to loblolly pine and hardwoods. areas are broad or oblong in shape. They range from 20 Other species that commonly grow in areas of this soil to more than 300 acres in size. include shortleaf pine, sweetgum, post oak, and water Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown oak (fig. 3). On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the clay about 6 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 52 mean site index for loblolly pine is 90. The average inches, is light brownish gray clay that has yellowish annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged brown mottles in the upper part and grayish brown clay stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords 46 Soil Survey

Figure 3.—A mixed pine and hardwood forest in an area of Consul clay, 0 to 2 percent slopes. Water ponds in micro- depressions (gilgai) during periods of heavy rainfall. per acre per year. The understory vegetation consists management activities should be planned during mainly of panicums, blackberry, greenbrier, poison ivy, seasons of the year when the soil is dry. The high and hawthorns. seedling mortality rate is due to wetness and the This map unit has moderate to severe limitations for clayey texture. Planting seedlings on raised beds and the management of timber. The main limitations are the increasing the number of seedlings planted helps to restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality compensate for the high rate of seedling mortality. rate, and plant competition. The clayey texture of the Plant competition from undesirable plants reduces the surface layer and subsoil restricts the use of growth of trees and can prevent adequate reforestation equipment, especially during rainy periods. Using without intensive site preparation and maintenance. standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil Site preparation controls the initial plant competition, is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using low- and herbicides can be used to control the subsequent pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soil growth. and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting and This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It has Marengo County, Alabama 47

severe limitations for building sites, local roads and Available water capacity: Low streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main Organic matter content: Medium limitations are the very high shrink-swell potential, the Natural fertility: High very slow permeability, wetness, and low strength on Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches sites for roads and streets. If excavations are made, Root zone: 10 to 20 inches the cutbanks cave easily. Support beams should be Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep used to maintain the stability of the cutbanks. Properly Shrink-swell potential: Low designing foundations and footings and diverting runoff Flooding: None water away from buildings help to prevent the structural Included in mapping are a few small areas of damage that results from shrinking and swelling. Roads Faunsdale, Kipling, Sumter, and Watsonia soils. Also and streets can be built if they are designed to included are areas of chalk outcrop and areas of gullied compensate for the instability of the subsoil. Septic land. The somewhat poorly drained Faunsdale and tank absorption fields will not function properly Kipling soils are on the lower parts of slopes. because of the very slow permeability and the Faunsdale soils are clayey and are very deep over seasonal high water table. An alternate method of bedrock. Kipling soils are acid in the upper part of the waste disposal is needed to dispose of sewage subsoil and are very deep over bedrock. Sumter and properly. Watsonia soils are in landscape positions similar to This soil has fair potential as habitat for openland those of the Demopolis soil. Sumter soils are wildlife, woodland wildlife, and wetland wildlife. Habitat moderately deep over bedrock. Watsonia soils are acid for deer, turkey, and squirrel can be improved by in the upper part of the subsoil. Included soils make up planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the about 10 percent of the map unit, but individual areas existing plant cover, or by promoting the natural are generally less than 5 acres in size. establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning Most areas of this map unit are used as pasture. A every three years, rotated among several small tracts few areas are used as sites for homes or as woodland of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse and wildlife habitat. for deer and seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. This soil is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved by main limitations are the low available water capacity, constructing shallow ponds to provide open water the shallow depth to bedrock, poor tilth, and the severe areas for waterfowl and furbearers. hazard of erosion. This Consul soil is in capability class IIIw. The This soil is suited to pasture and hay. The woodland ordination symbol is 9C. droughtiness and the severe hazard of erosion are the main limitations. Proper stocking rates, pasture DeD2—Demopolis silty clay loam, 3 to 8 rotation, and restricted grazing during prolonged wet percent slopes, eroded periods help to keep the soil in good condition. This soil is suited to eastern redcedar. Demopolis This shallow, well drained soil is on narrow ridgetops soils are not suited to pine trees because they are and side slopes on uplands of the Blackland Prairie. In alkaline to the surface. On the basis of a 50-year site most areas, the surface layer is a mixture of the curve, the mean site index for eastern redcedar is 40. original surface and material from the subsoil. In some The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, places, all of the original surface layer has been unmanaged stands of eastern redcedar at 40 years of removed. Some areas have a few rills and shallow age is 140 board feet per acre per year. The understory gullies. Slopes are generally short and complex. vegetation consists mainly of greenbrier, panicums, Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range from johnsongrass, broomsedge bluestem, Macartney rose, 10 to 500 acres in size. blackberry, poison ivy, sumac, and winged elm. Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown This soil has moderate to severe limitations for the silty clay loam about 6 inches thick. The substratum, management of timber. The main limitations are the to a depth of 13 inches, is dark grayish brown silty clay seedling mortality rate and plant competition. Exposing loam that has many fragments of soft limestone the surface by removing ground cover increases the (chalk) and concretions of calcium carbonate. The hazard of erosion, and exposed soil surfaces are next layer, to a depth of 80 inches, is soft limestone subject to rill and gully erosion. Roads, landings, and (chalk). skid trails can be protected against erosion by constructing diversions, mulching, and seeding. The Important properties of the Demopolis soil— high seedling mortality rate is caused by droughtiness. Permeability: Very slow It can be compensated for by increasing the number of 48 Soil Survey

trees planted. Plant competition from undesirable Flooding: None plants reduces the growth of trees and can prevent Urban land consists of areas that are covered by adequate reforestation. The competing vegetation can sidewalks, patios, driveways, parking lots, streets, be controlled by mechanical methods, herbicides, or playgrounds, and buildings. prescribed fire. Included in mapping are a few small areas of This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It has Faunsdale, Sucarnoochee, Sumter, Vaiden, and severe limitations for building sites, local roads and Watsonia soils. Also included are areas of soils that streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main have been manipulated to such an extent that the limitations are the depth to bedrock and the very slow soil series can no longer be identified. Faunsdale, permeability. Septic tank absorption fields will not Sumter, and Vaiden soils are on the lower parts of function properly because of the very slow slopes. Faunsdale soils have a clayey subsoil and permeability. An alternative system of sewage disposal are very deep over bedrock. Sumter soils are should be used to dispose of sewage properly. moderately deep over bedrock. Vaiden soils have an This soil has poor potential as habitat for openland acid, clayey subsoil and are very deep over bedrock. and woodland wildlife and very poor potential as habitat Sucarnoochee soils are on narrow flood plains and are for wetland wildlife. Habitat for whitetail deer, turkey, very deep over bedrock. Watsonia soils are in and squirrel can be improved by planting appropriate landscape positions similar to those of the Demopolis vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or soil. They have an acid, clayey subsoil. Included soils by promoting the natural establishment of desirable make up about 10 percent of the map unit, but plants. Habitat for openland wildlife can be improved by individual areas are generally less than 5 acres in planting grasses and shrubs in small areas around size. cropland and pasture and by leaving these areas Areas of the Demopolis soil cannot be easily undisturbed. managed for crops, pasture, or timber or as wildlife This Demopolis soil is in capability subclass VIe. habitat because of the limited size of the areas, the The woodland ordination symbol is 3D. intermittent areas of Urban land, and areas of highly disturbed soils. DuD—Demopolis-Urban land complex, 0 Areas of the Demopolis soil are poorly suited to to 8 percent slopes most urban uses. This soil has severe limitations for building sites, local roads and streets, and most kinds This map unit consists of the shallow, well drained of sanitary facilities. The main limitations are the depth Demopolis soil and areas of Urban land on ridgetops in to bedrock and the very slow permeability. the Demopolis area. The areas of Demopolis soil and This map unit is not assigned to a capability Urban land are so closely intermingled that they could subclass or a woodland ordination symbol. not be mapped separately at the scale selected for mapping. The Demopolis soil makes up about 50 percent of the map unit, and the Urban land makes up FnB—Faunsdale clay loam, 1 to 3 percent about 40 percent. Individual areas are rectangular in slopes shape. They range from 20 to more than 1,000 acres in size. This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on Typically, the Demopolis soil has a surface layer of toe slopes and around the heads of drainageways in dark grayish brown silty clay loam about 5 inches the uplands of the Blackland Prairie. Slopes are long thick. The substratum, to a depth of 11 inches, is and smooth. Individual areas are irregular in shape. grayish brown silty clay loam. The next layer, to a They range from 10 to 300 acres in size. depth of 60 inches, is soft limestone (chalk). Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown clay loam about 7 inches thick. The next layer, Important properties of the Demopolis soil— to a depth of 14 inches, is dark grayish brown clay Permeability: Very slow loam that has olive mottles. The subsoil, to a depth of Available water capacity: Low 48 inches, is light olive brown clay loam in the upper Organic matter content: Low part and light olive brown clay that has brownish and Natural fertility: High grayish mottles in the lower part. The substratum, to a Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches depth of 65 inches, is light brownish gray clay that has Root zone: 10 to 20 inches olive and strong brown mottles. Soft masses and Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep concretions of calcium carbonate are throughout the Shrink-swell potential: Low profile. Marengo County, Alabama 49

Important properties of the Faunsdale soil— consists mainly of panicums, johnsongrass, broomsedge bluestem, blackberry, Macartney rose, Permeability: Very slow winged elm, sugarberry, osage orange, broomsedge Available water capacity: Moderate bluestem, and hawthorns. Organic matter content: Medium This map unit has moderate limitations for the Natural fertility: High management of timber. The main limitations are the Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality Root zone: More than 60 inches rate, and plant competition. The wetness and the Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 to clayey texture of the surface layer and subsoil restrict 2 feet from January to April the use of equipment, especially during rainy periods. Shrink-swell potential: High Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment when Flooding: None the soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using Included in mapping are a few small areas of low-pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the Sucarnoochee, Sumter, and Vaiden soils. soil and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting and Sucarnoochee soils are on narrow flood plains and are management activities should be planned during subject to frequent flooding. Sumter soils are in higher seasons of the year when the soil is dry. Planting rates positions than the Faunsdale soil and are moderately can be increased to compensate for the high rate of deep over bedrock. Vaiden soils are in slightly higher seedling mortality. Plant competition from undesirable positions than the Faunsdale soil. They are acid in the plants reduces the growth of trees and can prevent upper part of the solum. Included soils make up about adequate reforestation without intensive site 10 percent of the map unit, but individual areas are preparation and maintenance. Site preparation controls generally less than 5 acres in size. the initial plant competition, and herbicides can be Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops. used to control the subsequent growth. A few areas are used for pasture or hay. This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It has This soil is well suited to most cultivated crops. The severe limitations for building sites, local roads and main limitations are the poor tilth, the moderate hazard streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main of erosion, and wetness. This soil can be worked only limitations are the high shrink-swell potential, the very within a narrow range of moisture content and becomes slow permeability, the wetness, and low strength on cloddy if tilled when it is too wet or too dry. sites for roads and streets. If excavations are made, Conservation tillage, contour farming, and cover crops the cutbanks cave easily. Support beams should be help to reduce the runoff rate and control erosion. used to maintain the stability of the cutbanks. Properly Returning all crop residue to the soil improves tilth, designing foundations and footings and diverting runoff reduces crusting, and increases the water-holding water away from buildings help to prevent the structural capacity. Wetness may delay planting of early season damage that results from shrinking and swelling. Roads crops in most years. Proper row arrangement, field and streets can be built if they are designed to ditches, and vegetated outlets help to remove the compensate for the instability of the subsoil. Septic excess water. tank absorption fields will not function properly This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Wetness because of the very slow permeability. An alternate is the main limitation. Shallow ditches help to remove method of waste disposal is needed to dispose of excess surface water. Tall fescuegrass, dallisgrass, sewage properly. and bahiagrass are the main grasses grown. The This soil has fair potential as habitat for openland seedbed should be prepared on the contour or across and woodland wildlife and very poor potential as habitat the slope. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and for wetland wildlife. Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep the can be improved by planting appropriate vegetation, by pasture in good condition. maintaining the existing plant cover, or by promoting This soil is suited to eastern redcedar and the natural establishment of desirable plants. Habitat hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in for openland wildlife can be improved by planting areas of this soil include sugarberry, green ash, and grasses and other seed-producing plants around pecan. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean cropland and pasture. Habitat for wetland wildlife can site index for eastern redcedar is 40. The average be improved by constructing shallow ponds to provide annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers. stands of eastern redcedar at 40 years of age is 140 This Faunsdale soil is in capability class IIe. The board feet per acre per year. The understory vegetation woodland ordination symbol is 3C. 50 Soil Survey

FnC—Faunsdale clay loam, 3 to 5 percent shallow field ditches, and vegetated outlets help to slopes remove excess water. This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Wetness is the main limitation. Shallow ditches help to remove This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on excess surface water. Tall fescuegrass, dallisgrass, toe slopes and side slopes in the uplands of the and bahiagrass are the main grasses grown. The Blackland Prairie. Slopes are long and smooth. seedbed should be prepared on the contour or across Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range from the slope. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and 10 to 200 acres in size. restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep the Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish pasture in good condition. brown clay loam about 5 inches thick. The next layer, This soil is suited to eastern redcedar and to a depth of 14 inches, is dark grayish brown silty hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in clay. The subsoil, to a depth of 68 inches, is light olive areas of this soil include sugarberry, green ash, and brown clay loam in the upper part and light olive brown pecan. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean silty clay and clay in the lower part. The substratum, to site index for eastern redcedar is 40. The average a depth of 90 inches, is light brownish gray clay in the annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged upper part and soft limestone (chalk) in the lower part. stands of eastern redcedar at 40 years of age is 140 Soft masses and concretions of calcium carbonate are board feet per acre per year. The understory vegetation throughout the profile. consists mainly of panicums, johnsongrass, Important properties of the Faunsdale soil— broomsedge bluestem, blackberry, Macartney rose, winged elm, sugarberry, osage orange, broomsedge Permeability: Very slow bluestem, and hawthorns. Available water capacity: Moderate This map unit has moderate limitations for the Organic matter content: Medium management of timber. The main limitations are the Natural fertility: High restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches rate, and plant competition. The wetness and the Root zone: More than 60 inches clayey texture of the surface layer and subsoil restrict Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 to the use of equipment, especially during rainy periods. 2 feet from January to April Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment when Shrink-swell potential: High the soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using Flooding: None low-pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the Included in mapping are a few small areas of soil and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting and Sucarnoochee, Sumter, and Vaiden soils. management activities should be planned during Sucarnoochee soils are on narrow flood plains and are seasons of the year when the soil is dry. Planting rates subject to frequent flooding. Sumter soils are in higher can be increased to compensate for the high rate of positions than the Faunsdale soil and are moderately seedling mortality. Plant competition from undesirable deep over bedrock. Vaiden soils are in slightly higher plants reduces the growth of trees and can prevent positions than the Faunsdale soil. They are acid in the adequate reforestation without intensive site upper part of the solum. Included soils make up about preparation and maintenance. Site preparation controls 10 percent of the map unit, but individual areas are the initial plant competition, and herbicides can be generally less than 5 acres in size. used to control the subsequent growth. Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops. This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It has A few areas are used for pasture or hay. severe limitations for building sites, local roads and This soil is suited to most cultivated crops. The streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main main limitations are the poor tilth, the severe hazard of limitations are the high shrink-swell potential, the very erosion, and wetness. This soil can be worked only slow permeability, the wetness, and low strength on within a narrow range of moisture content and becomes sites for roads and streets. If excavations are made, cloddy if tilled when it is too wet or too dry. the cutbanks cave easily. Support beams should be Conservation tillage, contour farming, and cover crops used to maintain the stability of the cutbanks. Properly help to reduce the runoff rate and control erosion. designing foundations and footings and diverting runoff Returning all crop residue to the soil improves tilth, water away from buildings help to prevent the structural reduces crusting, and increases the water-holding damage that results from shrinking and swelling. Roads capacity. Wetness may delay the planting of early and streets can be built if they are designed to season crops in most years. Proper row arrangement, compensate for the instability of the subsoil. Septic Marengo County, Alabama 51

tank absorption fields will not function properly Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops, because of the very slow permeability. An alternate pasture, or hay. A few areas are used as woodland or method of waste disposal is needed to dispose of as sites for homes. sewage properly. This soil is well suited to cultivated crops. The main This soil has fair potential as habitat for openland management concerns are the wetness and the and woodland wildlife and very poor potential as habitat moderate hazard of erosion. Wetness may delay for wetland wildlife. Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel planting of early season crops in some years. Shallow can be improved by planting appropriate vegetation, by ditches help to remove excess surface water, and maintaining the existing plant cover, or by promoting subsurface drainage helps to lower the water table. the natural establishment of desirable plants. Habitat Conservation tillage, terraces, contour farming, and for openland wildlife can be improved by planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and control erosion. grasses and other seed-producing plants around Using minimum tillage and returning all crop residue to cropland and pasture. Habitat for wetland wildlife can the soil or regularly adding other organic matter help to be improved by constructing shallow ponds to provide improve and maintain tilth and the content of organic open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers. matter. Crops respond well to systematic applications This Faunsdale soil is in capability class IIIe. The of lime and fertilizer. woodland ordination symbol is 3C. This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Wetness is a concern in late winter and early spring. Shallow ditches help to remove excess surface water. Coastal FsB—Freest fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 bermudagrass and bahiagrass are the most common percent slopes grasses grown. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during prolonged wet or dry This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. stream terraces and toe slopes of the Blackland Applications of lime and fertilizer improve soil fertility Prairie. Slopes are generally long and smooth. and increase the production of forage. Individual areas are generally oblong. They range from This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species 10 to more than 100 acres in size. that commonly grow in areas of this soil include Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown longleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On the basis fine sandy loam about 4 inches thick. The subsurface of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly layer, to a depth of 8 inches, is light yellowish brown pine is 100. The average annual growth of well stocked, loam. The subsoil, to a depth of 65 inches, is yellowish even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 brown loam that has brownish and grayish mottles in years of age is 2.7 cords per acre per year. The the upper part and is mottled brownish, grayish, and understory vegetation consists mainly of little reddish clay loam in the lower part. bluestem, flowering dogwood, waxmyrtle, greenbrier, Important properties of the Freest soil— yellow jessamine, panicums, oak, and hickory. This soil has few limitations affecting the production Permeability: Slow of timber. Soil compaction and plant competition are Available water capacity: High minor management concerns. Harvesting during the Organic matter content: Low drier periods helps to prevent compaction. Carefully Natural fertility: Low managed reforestation helps to control competition Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation Root zone: More than 60 inches practices, such as chopping, burning, and applying Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5 herbicides, help to control initial plant competition and to 2.5 feet from January to April facilitate mechanical planting. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has Flooding: None moderate limitations for building sites and for local Included in mapping are a few small areas of Kipling roads and streets and severe limitations for most kinds and Minter soils. Kipling soils are in slightly lower of sanitary facilities. The main limitations are wetness, positions than the Freest soil. They are somewhat shrink-swell potential, and the slow permeability. A poorly drained and have a clayey subsoil. Minter soils subsurface drainage system reduces the wetness. are in small depressions and drainageways. They are Properly designing foundations and footings and poorly drained and have a clayey subsoil. Included diverting runoff away from buildings help to prevent the soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit, but structural damage that results from shrinking and individual areas are generally less than 5 acres in size. swelling. Septic tank absorption fields will not function 52 Soil Survey

properly during rainy periods because of the wetness Natural fertility: High and the slow permeability. Enlarging the size of the Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches absorption field helps to overcome these limitations. Root zone: 10 to 20 inches This map unit has good potential as habitat for Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep openland and woodland wildlife and poor potential as Shrink-swell potential: Low habitat for wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved by Flooding: None planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the Included in mapping are a few small areas of existing plant cover, or by promoting the establishment Sumter and Watsonia soils. Also included are areas of of desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three chalk outcrop. Sumter and Watsonia soils are in years, rotated among several small tracts of land, can landscape positions similar to those of the Demopolis increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and soil. Sumter soils are moderately deep over bedrock. seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Habitat for Watsonia soils are clayey and are acid in the upper openland wildlife can be improved by leaving part of the subsoil. Included soils make up about 10 undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and percent of the map unit, but individual areas are pasture to provide food and resting areas for red fox, generally less than 0.5 acre in size. rabbits, quail, and songbirds. Most areas of this map unit are idle and support This Freest soil is in capability subclass IIe. The sparse vegetation. Vegetation consists primarily of woodland ordination symbol is 11A. eastern redcedar, broomsedge bluestem, threeawns, panicums, and miscellaneous forbs. GdE3—Gullied land-Demopolis complex, 2 This map unit is not suited to most agricultural and to 12 percent slopes, severely eroded urban uses and is poorly suited to woodland. Areas of the Demopolis soil cannot be easily managed for any use because of the limited size of the areas and the This map unit consists of areas of Gullied land and intermittent areas of Gullied land. Areas require the shallow, well drained Demopolis soil on uplands of extensive cutting and filling to make them suitable for the Blackland Prairie. The areas of Gullied land and most uses. Onsite investigation and testing are needed Demopolis soil are so closely intermingled that they to determine the suitability of areas of this unit for any could not be mapped separately at the scale selected use. for mapping. Areas of Gullied land make up about 60 The capability subclass is VIIIs for the Gullied land percent of the map unit, and the Demopolis soil makes and VIs for the Demopolis soil. The woodland ordination up about 30 percent. Individual areas are irregular in symbol for the Demopolis soil is 3D. The Gullied land is shape. They range from 5 to more than 15 acres in not assigned a woodland ordination symbol. size. Gullied land is a miscellaneous land type consisting of a network of shallow to deep gullies separated by HaB—Halso fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 narrow areas of soil or rock outcrop (fig. 4). The gullies percent slopes have cut into and exposed the underlying soft limestone (chalk) bedrock. In most areas, the gullies This deep, moderately well drained soil is on narrow cannot be crossed with farm implements. Most areas to broad ridgetops in the uplands. Slopes are generally support little or no vegetation, except in the narrow long and smooth. Individual areas are generally areas of soil between gullies. irregular in shape. They range from 10 to 150 acres in The Demopolis soil is on narrow ridges between size. gullies and on the fringes of delineations. Typically, the Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam surface layer is dark grayish brown silty clay loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 44 about 3 inches thick. The substratum, to a depth of 14 inches, is red clay in the upper part, red clay that has inches, is grayish brown silty clay loam that has many grayish mottles in the next part, and mottled red, light fragments of soft limestone (chalk) and concretions of gray, and strong brown clay in the lower part. The calcium carbonate. The underlying material, to a depth substratum, to a depth of 65 inches, is olive gray of 60 inches, is soft limestone (chalk). clayey shale. Important properties of the Demopolis soil— Important properties of the Halso soil— Permeability: Very slow Permeability: Very slow Available water capacity: Low Available water capacity: Moderate Organic matter content: Medium Organic matter content: Low Marengo County, Alabama 53

Figure 4.—An area of Gullied land-Demopolis complex, 2 to 12 percent slopes, severely eroded. Grasses and eastern redcedar provide cover for wildlife and protection from erosion in areas of the Demopolis soil. The Gullied land supports little or no vegetation.

Natural fertility: Low throughout the profile. Included soils make up about 15 Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches percent of mapped areas, but individual areas are Root zone: 40 to 60 inches generally less than 5 acres in size. Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep Most areas of this map unit are used as woodland. Shrink-swell potential: High A few areas are used for pasture or hay. Flooding: None This soil is suited to cultivated crops. The main management concerns are the low fertility, poor tilth, Included in mapping are a few small areas of and the moderate hazard of erosion. Measures that Luverne and Smithdale soils. Luverne and Smithdale control erosion include early-fall seeding, minimum soils are in slightly higher landscape positions than the tillage, terraces, diversions, grassed waterways, and Halso soil. Luverne soils do not have bedrock within a cover crops. Tillage should be on the contour or across depth of 80 inches. Smithdale soils are loamy the slope. Maintaining crop residue on or near the 54 Soil Survey

surface helps to control runoff and maintains tilth and for wetland wildlife. Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel the content of organic matter. Most crops respond well can be improved by planting or encouraging the growth to systematic applications of fertilizer and lime. of existing oak trees and suitable understory plants. This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among Bahiagrass and coastal bermudagrass are the main several small tracts of land, can increase the amount grasses grown. The main management concerns are of palatable browse for deer and seed-producing plants the low fertility and the hazard of erosion. The seedbed for quail and turkey. should be prepared on the contour or across the slope This Halso soil is in capability subclass IIIe. The if practical. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and woodland ordination symbol is 9C. restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species HaD2—Halso fine sandy loam, 5 to 15 that commonly grow in areas of this soil include percent slopes, eroded shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On the basis This deep, moderately well drained soil is on side of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly slopes of the uplands. In most areas, the surface layer pine is 85. The average annual growth of well stocked, is a mixture of the original surface layer and material even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 from the subsoil. In some places, all of the original years of age is 2.1 cords per acre per year. The surface layer has been removed. Some areas have a understory vegetation consists mainly of greenbrier, few rills and gullies. Slopes are generally short and flowering dogwood, poison ivy, yellow jessamine, little complex. Individual areas are irregular in shape. They bluestem, longleaf uniola, huckleberry, sweetgum, range from 10 to 250 acres in size. water oak, muscadine grape, and panicums. Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam This soil generally has moderate or severe about 4 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 50 limitations for the management of timber. The main inches, is red clay that has grayish and brownish limitations are the restricted use of equipment and the mottles in the upper part and is mottled red, light gray, plant competition. The low strength restricts the use of and yellowish brown clay in the lower part. The equipment to periods when the soil is dry. Using substratum, to a depth of 65 inches, is gray clayey standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil shale. is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using low- pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soil Important properties of the Halso soil— and helps to maintain productivity. Plant competition Permeability: Very slow from undesirable plants reduces the growth of trees Available water capacity: Moderate and can prevent adequate reforestation without Organic matter content: Low intensive site preparation and maintenance. Site Natural fertility: Low preparation controls the initial plant competition, and Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches herbicides can be used to control the subsequent Root zone: 40 to 60 inches growth. Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It has Shrink-swell potential: High severe limitations for building sites, local roads and Flooding: None streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main limitations are the very slow permeability, the high Included in mapping are a few small areas of shrink-swell potential, and low strength on sites for Kinston, Luverne, and Smithdale soils. Luverne and roads and streets. If excavations are made, the Smithdale soils are on the upper parts of slopes and cutbanks cave easily. Support beams should be used do not have shale bedrock within 60 inches of the to maintain the stability of cutbanks. Properly surface. Additionally, Smithdale soils are loamy designing foundations and footings and diverting runoff throughout. The poorly drained Kinston soils are in away from buildings help to prevent the structural drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 damage that results from shrinking and swelling. Septic percent of the map unit, but individual areas are tank absorption fields will not function properly during generally less than 5 acres in size. rainy periods because of the very slow permeability. An Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. A few alternative method of sewage disposal is needed to areas are used for pasture or hay. dispose of sewage properly. This soil is not suited to most cultivated crops. The This soil has good potential as habitat for openland main management concerns are the complex slopes, and woodland wildlife and very poor potential as habitat the low fertility, and the severe hazard of erosion. Marengo County, Alabama 55

Measures that control erosion include early-fall the steeper areas. Only the part of the site that is used seeding, minimum tillage, terraces, diversions, and for construction should be disturbed. Access roads can grassed waterways. Tillage should be on the contour or be designed so that surface runoff is controlled and cut across the slope. Maintaining crop residue on or near slopes are stabilized. If excavations are made, the the surface helps to control runoff and maintain tilth cutbanks cave easily. Support beams should be used and the content of organic matter. Most crops respond to maintain the stability of the cutbanks. Properly well to systematic applications of fertilizer and lime. designing foundations and footings and diverting runoff This soil is suited to pasture and hay. Bahiagrass away from buildings help to prevent the structural and coastal bermudagrass are the main grasses grown. damage that results from shrinking and swelling. Roads The main management concerns are the low fertility, and streets can be built if they are designed to the complex slopes, and the hazard of erosion. The compensate for the low strength and instability of the seedbed should be prepared on the contour or across subsoil. Septic tank absorption fields will not function the slope if practical. Proper stocking rates, pasture properly because of the very slow permeability. An rotation, and restricted grazing during wet periods help alternate method of sewage disposal is needed to to keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of dispose of sewage properly. lime and fertilizer improve soil fertility and increase the This soil has good potential as habitat for openland production of forage. and woodland wildlife and very poor potential as habitat This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species for wetland wildlife. Habitat for white-tailed deer, turkey, that commonly grow in areas of this soil include and squirrel can be improved by planting or shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On the basis encouraging the growth of existing oak trees and of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every pine is 85. The average annual growth of well stocked, three years, rotated among several small tracts of even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 land, can increase the amount of palatable browse years of age is 2.1 cords per acre per year. The for deer and seed-producing plants for quail and understory vegetation consists mainly of muscadine turkey. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved grape, poison ivy, yellow jessamine, flowering by constructing shallow ponds to provide open water dogwood, longleaf uniola, panicums, sweetgum, and areas for waterfowl and furbearers. water oak. This Halso soil is in capability subclass VIe. The This soil generally has moderate limitations for the woodland ordination symbol is 9C. management of timber. The main limitations are the restricted use of equipment and the plant competition. The low strength restricts the use of equipment to HbA—Harleston-Bigbee complex, gently periods when the soil is dry. Using standard wheeled undulating, rarely flooded and tracked equipment when the soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using low-pressure ground This map unit consists of the very deep, moderately equipment reduces damage to the soil and helps to well drained Harleston soil and the excessively drained maintain productivity. Plant competition from Bigbee soil. It is on low terraces along the Tombigbee undesirable plants reduces the growth of trees and can River. Flooding is rare, but it can occur under unusual prevent adequate reforestation without intensive site weather conditions. The soils in this unit occur as preparation and maintenance. Site preparation areas so intricately intermingled that it was not controls the initial growth of undesirable vegetation practical to separate them at the scale selected for and herbicides can be used to maintain control. mapping. The Harleston soil makes up about 50 Exposing the surface by removing ground cover percent of the map unit, and the Bigbee soil makes up increases the hazard of erosion, and exposed soil about 35 percent. Individual areas are oblong in shape. surfaces are subject to rill and gully erosion. Roads, They range from 10 to 100 acres in size. landings, and skid trails can be protected against The Harleston soil is on middle to low positions on erosion by constructing diversions, mulching, and low ridges and in shallow swales. Typically, the surface seeding. layer is dark grayish brown fine sandy loam about 5 This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It has inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a depth of 13 severe limitations for building sites, local roads and inches, is light yellowish brown fine sandy loam. The streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main subsoil, to a depth of 65 inches, is brownish yellow fine limitations are the slope, the high shrink-swell sandy loam and loam in the upper part and is mottled potential, the very slow permeability, and low strength brownish yellow, strong brown, and light gray loam and on sites for roads and streets. Erosion is a hazard in sandy clay loam in the lower part. 56 Soil Survey

Important properties of the Harleston soil— conditions increase the production of crops. Most crops respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer. Permeability: Moderate These soils are well suited to pasture and hay. The Available water capacity: Moderate low available water capacity in areas of the Bigbee soil Organic matter content: Low is the main limitation. Drought-tolerant grasses, such Natural fertility: Low as bahiagrass and bermudagrass, are well suited. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted Root zone: More than 60 inches grazing during very wet periods help to keep the Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 2 to pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and 3 feet from January to April fertilizer improve soil fertility and promote the growth of Shrink-swell potential: Low forage plants. Flooding: Rare This map unit is suited to loblolly pine. Other species that commonly grow in areas of these soils The Bigbee soil is on slightly higher, more convex include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, yellow-poplar, parts of low ridges. Typically, the surface layer is brown water oak, and sweetgum. On the basis of a 50-year loamy sand about 5 inches thick. The substratum, to a site curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 90 depth of 65 inches, is strong brown fine sand in the for the Harleston soil and 75 for the Bigbee soil. The upper part, pale brown fine sand in the next part, and average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, pale brown sand in the lower part. unmanaged stands of loblolly pine is 2.2 cords per acre Important properties of the Bigbee soil— per year for the Harleston soil and 1.4 cords per acre per year for the Bigbee soil. The understory vegetation Permeability: Rapid consists mainly of greenbrier, blackberry, prickly pear Available water capacity: Ver y low cactus, panicums, poison oak, hawthorns, blackjack Organic matter content: Low oak, sweetgum, and water oak. Natural fertility: Low These soils have moderate limitations for the Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches management of timber. The main limitations are the Root zone: More than 60 inches restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3.5 rate, and plant competition. The sandy texture of the to 6 feet from January to April surface layer in areas of the Bigbee soil restricts the Shrink-swell potential: Very low use of wheeled equipment, especially when the soil is Flooding: Rare very dry. Wetness limits the use of equipment during Included in mapping are a few small areas of winter and spring months. Using low-pressure ground Cahaba, Chrysler, Lenoir, and Una soils. Cahaba soils equipment reduces damage to the soil and helps to are in landscape positions similar to those of the maintain productivity. The moderate seedling mortality Bigbee soil. They have a loamy subsoil that is reddish rate in areas of the Bigbee soil is caused by in color. Chrysler and Lenoir soils are in slightly lower droughtiness. It can be compensated for by increasing positions than the Harleston soil. These soils have a the number of trees planted. Plant competition from clayey subsoil. The poorly drained Una soils are in undesirable plants reduces the growth of trees and can small depressions and are clayey throughout. Included prevent adequate reforestation without adequate site soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit, but preparation and maintenance. Site preparation controls individual areas are generally less than 5 acres in size. the initial plant competion, and herbicides can be used Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland to control the subsequent growth. and as habitat for wildlife. A few areas are used for This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. cultivated crops, pasture, or hay. The main limitations are flooding and wetness. This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The main Although it is generally not feasible to control flooding, limitation is the low available water capacity of the buildings can be placed on pilings or mounds to Bigbee soil and the complex ridge and swale elevate them above the expected flood level. A topography. Land leveling or smoothing is necessary to seasonal high water table is present during winter and improve surface drainage. Conservation tillage, cover spring, and a drainage system should be provided if crops in winter, a crop residue management system, buildings are constructed. Septic tank absorption fields and a crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes will not function properly during rainy periods because increase the available water, decrease crusting, and of the wetness. Increasing the size of the absorption improve soil fertility. Using supplemental irrigation and field or constructing the absorption field on a raised selecting crop varieties that are adapted to droughty bed helps to compensate for this limitation. Marengo County, Alabama 57

This map unit has good potential as habitat for Kinston soils are in slight depressions and are loamy openland wildlife and poor potential as habitat for throughout the profile. Included soils make up about 10 wetland wildlife. The Harleston soil has good potential percent of the map unit, but individual areas are as habitat for woodland wildlife, and the Bigbee soil generally less than 5 acres in size. has poor potential as habitat for woodland wildlife. Most areas of this soil are used as pasture or Habitat can be improved by planting appropriate woodland. A few small areas are used for hay or vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or cultivated crops. by promoting the natural establishment of desirable This soil is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The plants. Prescribed burning every three years, rotated flooding and wetness are the major management among several small tracts of land, can increase the concerns. Tillage and planting may be delayed in amount of palatable browse for deer and seed- spring, and crops may be damaged by flooding in late producing plants for quail and turkey. Habitat for spring and early summer. Although flooding can be wetland wildlife can be improved by constructing controlled by a system of levees and pumps, the shallow ponds to provide open water areas for system is often impractical to install. Shallow ditches waterfowl and furbearers. help to remove water from the surface. The capability subclass is IIw for the Harleston soil This soil is poorly suited to pasture and hay and IIIs for the Bigbee soil. The woodland ordination because of the frequent flooding and the wetness. symbol is 9A for the Harleston soil and 7S for the Grasses that are tolerant of wetness and flooding are Bigbee soil. recommended. Common bermudagrass is a suitable grass. Deferred grazing during wet periods helps to keep the soil and sod in good condition. A drainage HoA—Houlka silty clay loam, 0 to 1 system helps to remove excess water from the percent slopes, frequently flooded surface. This soil is well suited to sweetgum, water oak, and This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on other hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in the flood plains of large streams. It is subject to areas of this soil include loblolly pine, green ash, flooding for brief periods several times each year. American sycamore, cherrybark oak, and yellow-poplar. Individual areas are generally long and narrow. They On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the site index for range from 10 to 500 acres in size. sweetgum is 95. The average annual growth of well Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of sweetgum silty clay loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil, to a at 30 years of age is 1 cord per acre per year. The depth of 65 inches, is dark grayish brown clay in the understory vegetation consists mainly of switchcane, upper part, gray silty clay that has strong brown honeylocust, poison ivy, winged elm, hackberry, mottles in the next part, and gray clay that has strong blackberry, osage orange, and panicums. brown mottles in the lower part. This soil has moderate or severe limitations for the Important properties of the Houlka soil— management of timber. The main limitations are the restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality Permeability: Very slow rate, and plant competition. The seasonal high water Available water capacity: Moderate table, the flooding, and the low strength of the subsoil Organic matter content: Medium restrict the use of equipment to periods when the soil Natural fertility: Medium is dry. Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches when the soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Root zone: More than 60 inches Using low-pressure ground equipment reduces damage Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 to to the soil and helps to maintain productivity. The high 2 feet from December through April seedling mortality rate is caused by excessive Shrink-swell potential: High wetness and the clayey texture of the surface layer. It Flooding: Frequent can be reduced by planting on beds or increasing the Included in mapping are a few small areas of number of trees planted. Plant competition from Cahaba, Mooreville, and Kinston soils. Cahaba soils undesirable plants reduces the growth of trees and can are on low knolls and terrace remnants. They are well prevent adequate reforestation without intensive site drained and have a loamy subsoil. The moderately well preparation and maintenance. Site preparation controls drained Mooreville soils are on high parts of natural the initial plant competition, and herbicides can be levees, adjacent to the stream channel. They are used to control the subsequent growth. loamy throughout the profile. The poorly drained This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. The 58 Soil Survey

flooding, the wetness, the very slow permeability, the landscape positions and have a reddish subsoil. high shrink-swell potential, and low strength if used for Chrysler soils are in slightly lower positions than the local roads and streets are severe limitations. If Izagora soil. They have reddish colors and a clayey buildings are constructed in areas of this soil, they texture in the upper part of the subsoil. The poorly should be placed on pilings or on well-compacted fill drained Kinston soils are in drainageways and small material to elevate them above the expected flood depressions. Included soils make up about 10 percent level. of the map unit, but individual areas generally are less This soil has good potential as habitat for woodland than 5 acres in size. wildlife and fair potential as habitat for openland and Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved by planting crops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used for appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing woodland. plant cover, or by promoting the establishment of This soil is well suited to cultivated crops. The main desirable plants. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be limitations are the wetness and the low fertility. This improved by constructing shallow ponds to provide soil is friable and easy to keep in good tilth. It can be open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers. worked over a wide range of moisture content. Shallow This Houlka soil is in capability subclass Vw. The ditches help to remove excess surface water. Using woodland ordination symbol is 6W. minimum tillage and returning all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other organic matter improve fertility and help to maintain tilth and the content of IzA—Izagora sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent organic matter. Most crops respond well to applications slopes, rarely flooded of lime and fertilizer. This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on Wetness is a moderate limitation. Grasses such as low terraces that are parallel to the Tombigbee River bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well suited. and other large streams throughout the county. Excessive surface water can be removed by shallow Flooding is rare, but it can occur under unusual ditches. Deferred or restricted grazing during very wet weather conditions. Slopes are generally long and periods helps to keep the pasture in good condition. smooth. Individual areas are generally oblong in shape. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve soil fertility They range from 5 to about 100 acres in size. and promote the good growth of forage plants. Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish This soil is well suited to loblolly pine and brown sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil, to hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in a depth of 65 inches, is light yellowish brown loam in areas of this soil include longleaf pine, yellow-poplar, the upper part, brownish yellow clay loam that has sweetgum, and water oak. On the basis of a 50-year reddish and grayish mottles in the next part, and site curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 95. mottled grayish, reddish, and brownish clay loam in the The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, lower part. unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is Important properties of the Izagora soil— 2.5 cords per acre per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of greenbrier, Alabama supplejack, Permeability: Slow blackberry, panicums, longleaf uniola, poison ivy, Available water capacity: High sweetgum, and water oak. Organic matter content: Low This soil has moderate limitations for the Natural fertility: Low management of timber. The main limitations are the Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches restricted use of equipment and plant competition. Root zone: More than 60 inches Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment when Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 to the soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using 3 feet from December to March low-pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the Shrink-swell potential: Moderate soil and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting Flooding: Rare activities should be planned during seasons of the year Included in mapping are a few small areas of when the soil is dry. Plant competition from undesirable Bonneau, Cahaba, Chrysler, Kinston, and Savannah plants reduces the growth of trees and can prevent soils. Bonneau and Savannah soils are on higher adequate reforestation. The competing vegetation can knolls. Bonneau soils have thick sandy surface and be controlled by site preparation or controlled burning. subsurface layers. Savannah soils have a fragipan. This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Cahaba soils are in slightly higher, more convex The main limitations are flooding and wetness. Marengo County, Alabama 59

Although it is generally not feasible to control flooding, part of the subsoil. Vaiden soils are in slightly lower, buildings can be placed on pilings or mounds to flatter positions on ridgetops. They have a higher elevate them above the expected flood level. Septic content of clay in the subsoil than the Kipling soil. tank absorption fields may not function properly Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map because of the slow permeability and the seasonal unit, but individual areas are generally less than 5 high water table. Enlarging the size of the absorption acres in size. field or using an alternative method of waste disposal Most areas of the Kipling soil are used as pasture. A helps to overcome these limitations. few areas are used for cultivated crops, hay, or This map unit has good potential as habitat for woodland. openland and woodland wildlife and poor potential as This soil is suited to most cultivated crops. The habitat for wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved by main limitations are the poor tilth and the hazard of planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the erosion. Erosion is a severe hazard when this soil is existing plant cover, or by promoting the natural cultivated. This soil can be worked only within a establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning narrow range of moisture content and becomes every three years, rotated among several tracts of cloddy if farmed when it is too wet or too dry. land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for Conservation tillage, terraces, contour farming, and deer and seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. cover crops help to reduce the runoff rate and control This Izagora soil is in capability subclass IIw. The erosion. Returning all crop residue to the soil improves woodland ordination symbol is 10W. tilth, reduces crusting, and increases the water-holding capacity. This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Tall KpC—Kipling clay loam, 1 to 5 percent fescuegrass, dallisgrass, and bahiagrass are the main slopes grasses grown. The seedbed should be prepared on the contour or across the slope. Proper stocking rates, This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet ridgetops in the uplands of the Blackland Prairie. periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. Slopes are generally long and smooth. Individual areas Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and are irregular in shape. They range from 10 to 100 acres increase the production of forage. in size. This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown that commonly grow in areas of this soil include clay loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. of 65 inches, is dark yellowish brown silty clay loam On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site that has brownish and grayish mottles in the upper index for loblolly pine is 85. The average annual growth part, light yellowish brown silty clay that has brownish of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of and grayish mottles in the next part, and mottled loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.1 cords per acre grayish, brownish, and reddish silty clay in the lower per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of part. Soft masses and concretions of calcium panicums, blackberry, greenbrier, poison ivy, and carbonate are in the lower part. hawthorns. Important properties of the Kipling soil— This map unit has moderate limitations for the management of timber. The main limitations are the Permeability: Very slow restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality Available water capacity: Moderate rate, and plant competition. The clayey texture of the Organic matter content: Low surface layer and subsoil restricts the use of Natural fertility: Medium equipment, especially during rainy periods. Using Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil Root zone: More than 60 inches is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using low- Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5 pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soil to 3 feet from January to March and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting and Shrink-swell potential: High management activities should be planned during Flooding: None seasons of the year when the soil is dry. Planting rates Included in mapping are a few small areas of can be increased to compensate for the high rate of Oktibbeha and Vaiden soils. Oktibbeha soils are on seedling mortality. Plant competition from undesirable convex slopes and have reddish colors in the upper plants reduces the growth of trees and can prevent 60 Soil Survey

adequate reforestation without intensive site upper part and mottled brownish, grayish, and reddish preparation and maintenance. Site preparation controls silty clay in the lower part. the initial plant competition, and herbicides can be Important properties of the Kipling soil— used to control the subsequent growth. This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It Permeability: Very slow has severe limitations for building sites, local roads Available water capacity: Moderate and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The Organic matter content: Low main limitations are the high shrink-swell potential, Natural fertility: Medium the slow permeability, wetness, and low strength on Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches sites for roads and streets. If excavations are made, Root zone: More than 60 inches the cutbanks cave easily. Support beams should be Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5 used to maintain the stability of cutbanks. Properly to 3 feet from January to March designing foundations and footings and diverting Shrink-swell potential: High runoff water away from buildings help to prevent the Flooding: None structural damage that results from shrinking and Urban land consists of areas that are covered by swelling. Roads and streets can be built if they are sidewalks, patios, driveways, parking lots, streets, designed to compensate for the instability of the playgrounds, and buildings. subsoil. Septic tank absorption fields will not function Included in mapping are a few small areas of properly because of the very slow permeability and the Oktibbeha and Vaiden soils. Also included are areas of seasonal high water table. An alternate method of soils that have been manipulated to such an extent waste disposal is needed to dispose of sewage that the soil series cannot be identified. Oktibbeha properly. soils are on convex slopes and have reddish colors in This soil has fair potential as habitat for openland the upper part of the subsoil. Vaiden soils are in slightly wildlife, good potential as habitat for woodland wildlife, lower, flatter positions on ridgetops. They have a higher and poor potential as habitat for wetland wildlife. content of clay in the subsoil than the Kipling soil. Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel can be improved Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map by planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the unit, but individual areas generally are less than 5 existing plant cover, or by promoting the natural acres in size. establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning Areas of the Kipling soil cannot be easily managed every three years, rotated among several small tracts for crops, pasture, or timber or as wildlife habitat of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse because of the limited size of the areas, the for deer and seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. intermittent areas of Urban land, and areas of highly Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved by disturbed soils. constructing shallow ponds to provide open water Areas of Kipling soil are poorly suited to most urban areas for waterfowl and furbearers. uses. This soil has severe limitations for building sites, This Kipling soil is in capability class IIIe. The local roads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary woodland ordination symbol is 8C. facilities. The main limitations are the high shrink-swell potential, the very slow permeability, the wetness, and KuC—Kipling-Urban land complex, 0 to 5 the low strength when used as a site for roads or percent slopes streets. If excavations are made, the cutbanks cave easily. Support beams should be used to maintain the This map unit consists of the very deep, somewhat stability of cutbanks. The effects of shrinking and poorly drained Kipling soil and areas of Urban land. The swelling can be minimized by using proper engineering areas are so intricately intermingled that they could not designs and by backfilling with material that has a low be mapped separately at the scale selected for shrink-swell potential. Roads and streets should be mapping. The Kipling soil makes up about 50 percent designed to offset the limited ability of this soil to of the map unit, and the Urban land makes up about 40 support a load. Septic tank absorption fields may not percent. Individual areas are rectangular in shape. They function properly because of the very slow permeability range from 10 to 500 acres in size. and the seasonal high water table. An alternate method Typically, the surface layer of the Kipling soil is of waste disposal is needed to dispose of sewage yellowish brown loam about 3 inches thick. The properly. subsoil, to a depth of 65 inches, is yellowish brown This map unit is not assigned to a capability silty clay that has grayish and reddish mottles in the subclass or a woodland ordination symbol. Marengo County, Alabama 61

LaA—Lucedale fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species percent slopes that commonly grow in areas of this soil include longleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On the basis This very deep, well drained soil is on broad of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly ridgetops of the uplands. Slopes are long and smooth. pine is 90. The average annual growth of well stocked, Individual areas are generally broad or oblong in shape. even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 They range from 5 to more than 50 acres in size. years of age is 2.2 cords per acre per year. The Typically, the surface layer is dark reddish brown understory vegetation consists mainly of little fine sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil, to a bluestem, yellow jessamine, panicums, poison ivy, depth of 65 inches, is dark reddish brown and dark red greenbrier, flowering dogwood, and sweetgum. sandy clay loam. This soil has few limitations affecting the production of timber, although plant competition is a minor Important properties of the Lucedale soil— management concern. Using proper site preparation Permeability: Moderate and spraying, cutting, or girdling can eliminate Available water capacity: High unwanted weeds, brush, and trees. Organic matter content: Low This soil is well suited to most urban uses. It has no Natural fertility: Low significant management concerns for most uses. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches This soil has good potential as habitat for openland Root zone: More than 60 inches and woodland wildlife and very poor potential as habitat Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep for wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved by Shrink-swell potential: Low planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the Flooding: None existing plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning Included in mapping are a few small areas of Bama every three years, rotated among several small tracts and Smithdale soils. Bama soils are in landscape of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse positions similar to those of the Lucedale soil. They do for deer and seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. not have dark red colors throughout the subsoil. This Lucedale soil is in capability class I. The Smithdale soils are on the lower parts of slopes and do woodland ordination symbol is 9A. not have dark red colors throughout the subsoil. Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit, but individual areas are generally less than 5 LvB—Luverne sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent acres in size. slopes Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used as sites for This very deep, well drained soil is on narrow homes, and a few areas are wooded. ridgetops of the uplands. Slopes are long and smooth. This soil is well suited to cultivated crops (fig. 5). It Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range from has few limitations for this use, although low fertility is 10 to 100 acres in size. a management concern. The surface layer of this soil Typically, the surface layer is dark brown sandy is friable and is easy to keep in good tilth. It can be loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of tilled over a wide range of moisture content without 28 inches, is red clay loam in the upper part and red becoming cloddy. Using conservation practices such clay in the lower part. The substratum, to a depth of 65 as cover crops, minimum tillage, and returning all crop inches, is stratified yellowish red sandy clay loam and residue to the soil or regularly adding other organic brownish yellow sandy loam. matter improve fertility and help to maintain tilth and the content of organic matter. Most crops respond well Important properties of the Luverne soil— to systematic applications of lime and fertilizer. This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. It has no Permeability: Moderately slow significant limitations for these uses, although low Available water capacity: Moderate fertility is a management concern. Coastal Organic matter content: Low bermudagrass and bahiagrass are the commonly grown Natural fertility: Low grasses. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep the Root zone: More than 60 inches pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep fertilizer improve the fertility and increase the Shrink-swell potential: Moderate production of forage. Flooding: None 62 Soil Survey

Figure 5.—An area of Lucedale fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. This soil is classified as prime farmland. It is well suited to cultivated crops, such as cotton, corn, and soybeans. The cotton was planted on the contour to minimize the hazard of erosion.

Included in mapping are a few small areas of Bama severe hazard of erosion. Terraces, contour farming, and Smithdale soils. Bama and Smithdale soils are in minimum tillage, and cover crops reduce the runoff rate slightly higher landscape positions than those of the and help to control erosion. Using a sod-based rotation Luverne soil and are loamy throughout the profile. system and incorporating crop residue into the soil Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map increase the content of organic matter and improve unit, but individual areas are generally less than 5 tilth. Crops respond well to systematic applications of acres in size. lime and fertilizer. Most areas of this soil are used for woodland. A few This soil is well suited to pasture and hay, and it has areas are used for cultivated crops, pasture, hay, or as few limitations for these uses. Erosion is a hazard sites for homes. when the soil surface is bare during the establishment This soil is suited to cultivated crops. The main of pasture. Tillage should be on the contour or across management concerns are the low fertility and the the slope to reduce soil losses. Proper stocking rates, Marengo County, Alabama 63

pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet LvD2—Luverne sandy loam, 5 to 15 periods help to keep the pasture and soil in good percent slopes, eroded condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and increase the production of forage. This very deep, well drained soil is on narrow This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species ridgetops and side slopes of the uplands. In most that commonly grow in areas of this soil include areas, the surface layer of this soil is a mixture of the shortleaf pine, longleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. original surface layer and material from the subsoil. In On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site some places, all of the original surface layer has been index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annual growth removed. Some areas have a few rills and gullies. of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of Slopes are generally short and complex, but some are loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre long and smooth. Individual areas are irregular in per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of shape. They range from 10 to more than 300 acres in greenbrier, poison ivy, flowering dogwood, waxmyrtle, size. little bluestem, huckleberry, American beautyberry, Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown muscadine grape, and panicums. sandy loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil, to a This soil has moderate limitations affecting the depth of 50 inches, is red clay loam in the upper part, management of timber. The main limitations are the yellowish red sandy clay in the next part, and red restricted use of equipment and plant competition. The sandy clay loam in the lower part. The substratum, to a low strength of the clayey subsoil restricts the use of depth of 65 inches, is stratified yellowish red sandy equipment when the soil is wet. Using standard clay loam and brownish yellow sandy loam. wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using low-pressure Important properties of the Luverne soil— ground equipment reduces damage to the soil and Permeability: Moderately slow helps to maintain productivity. Plant competition from Available water capacity: Moderate undesirable plants reduces the growth of trees and can Organic matter content: Low prevent adequate reforestation without intensive site Natural fertility: Low preparation and maintenance. Site preparation controls Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches the initial plant competition, and herbicides can be Root zone: More than 60 inches used to control the subsequent growth. Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep This soil is suited to most urban uses. It has Shrink-swell potential: Moderate moderate limitations for building sites and severe Flooding: None limitations for local roads and streets and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main limitations are the Included in mapping are a few small areas of Bibb, moderately slow permeability, the moderate shrink- Boykin, Smithdale, and Wadley soils. The poorly swell potential, and low strength if used as a site for drained Bibb soils are on narrow flood plains. Boykin local roads and streets. Properly designing foundations and Wadley soils are on the upper parts of slopes. and footings and diverting runoff away from buildings They have thick sandy surface and subsurface layers. help to prevent the structural damage that results from Smithdale soils are in landscape positions similar to shrinking and swelling. Septic tank absorption fields those of the Luverne soil. They are loamy throughout will not function properly during rainy periods because the profile. Included soils make up about 15 percent of of the moderately slow permeability. An alternative mapped areas, but individual areas are generally less method of sewage disposal is needed to dispose of than 5 acres in size. sewage properly. Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland This soil has good potential as habitat for openland and wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for pasture or and woodland wildlife and poor potential as habitat for hay. wetland wildlife. Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel This soil is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The can be improved by planting or encouraging the growth main management concerns are the low fertility, the of existing oak trees and suitable understory plants. poor tilth, and the severe hazard of erosion. Terraces, Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among contour farming, minimum tillage, and cover crops several small tracts of land, can increase the amount reduce the runoff rate and help to control erosion. Drop- of palatable browse for deer and seed-producing plants inlet structures, installed in grassed waterways, help to for quail and turkey. prevent gullying. Using a sod-based rotation system This Luverne soil is in capability subclass IIIe. The and incorporating crop residue into the soil increase the woodland ordination symbol is 9C. content of organic matter and improve tilth. Most crops 64 Soil Survey

respond well to systematic applications of lime and absorption fields may not function properly because fertilizer. of the moderately slow permeability. Enlarging the This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Erosion is size of the absorption field or using an alternative a hazard when the soil surface is bare during the method of waste disposal helps to overcome this establishment of pasture. Tillage should be on the limitation. contour or across the slope to reduce soil losses. This map unit has good potential as habitat for Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted openland and woodland wildlife and very poor potential grazing during prolonged wet or dry periods help to as habitat for wetland wildlife. Habitat for deer, turkey, keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and squirrel can be improved by planting or and fertilizer improve fertility and increase the encouraging the growth of existing oak trees and production of forage. suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species three years, rotated among several tracts of land, can that commonly grow in areas of this soil include increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Habitat for On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site wetland wildlife can be improved by constructing index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annual growth shallow ponds to provide open water areas for of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of waterfowl and furbearers. loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre This Luverne soil is in capability subclass VIe. The per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of woodland ordination symbol is 9C. greenbrier, poison ivy, flowering dogwood, little bluestem, huckleberry, American beautyberry, yellow jessamine, waxmyrtle, muscadine grape, sweetgum, MiA—Minter loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, and water oak. occasionally flooded This map unit has moderate limitations for the This very deep, poorly drained soil is on low management of timber. The main limitations are the terraces adjacent to major streams throughout the restricted use of equipment and plant competition. The county. It is subject to occasional flooding, generally in low strength of the clayey subsoil restricts the use of late winter and early spring. Most mapped areas are equipment, especially when the soil is wet. Using long and narrow, but some are broad. They range from standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil 10 to 400 acres in size. is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using low- Typically, the surface layer is gray loam about 5 pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soil inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 65 inches, is and helps to maintain productivity. Plant competition light brownish gray clay loam in the upper part, gray from undesirable plants reduces the growth of trees clay loam in the next part, and light gray sandy clay and can prevent adequate reforestation without loam in the lower part. intensive site preparation and maintenance. Site preparation controls the initial plant competition, and Important properties of the Minter soil— herbicides can be used to control the subsequent Permeability: Slow growth. Available water capacity: Moderate This soil is suited to most urban uses. It has Organic matter content: Medium moderate limitations for building sites and severe Natural fertility: Low limitations for local roads and streets and most kinds Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches of sanitary facilities. The main limitations are the Root zone: More than 60 inches slope, the moderate shrink-swell potential, the Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to moderately slow permeability, and the low strength a depth of 1 foot from December to April when used as a site for roads or streets. Erosion is a Shrink-swell potential: Moderate hazard in the steeper areas. Only the part of the site Flooding: Occasional that is used for construction should be disturbed. Access roads can be designed so that surface runoff Included in this map unit are a few small areas of is controlled and cut-slopes are stabilized. The effects Cahaba, Chrysler, and Izagora soils. These soils are in of shrinking and swelling can be minimized by using slightly higher, more convex positions than the Minter proper engineering designs and by backfilling with soil. Cahaba soils are loamy and have a reddish material that has a low shrink-swell potential. Roads subsoil. Chrysler soils are reddish in the upper part of and streets should be designed to offset the limited the subsoil. Izagora soils are loamy and have a ability of this soil to support a load. Septic tank brownish subsoil. Included soils make up about 10 Marengo County, Alabama 65

percent of the map unit, but individual areas are habitat for wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved by generally less than 5 acres in size. planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the Most areas of this map unit are used as woodland existing plant cover, or by promoting the natural and as wildlife habitat. A few small areas are used for establishment of desirable plants. Habitat for wetland cultivated crops or pasture. wildlife can be improved by constructing shallow ponds This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, to provide open water areas for waterfowl and pasture, and hay. The wetness and occasional flooding furbearing animals. are the main limitations. If cultivated crops are grown, This Minter soil is in capability subclass IVw. The a surface drainage system and protection from flooding woodland ordination symbol is 9W. are needed. If areas are used for pasture or hay, grasses that tolerate wet soil conditions should be selected. Common bermudagrass is a suitable pasture MKA—Mooreville, Mantachie, and Kinston grass to plant. soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently This map unit is suited to loblolly pine and flooded hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in This map unit consists of the very deep, moderately areas of this map unit include sweetgum, water oak, well drained Mooreville soil, the somewhat poorly and green ash. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, drained Mantachie soil, and the poorly drained Kinston the mean site index for loblolly pine is 90. The average soil on flood plains. The soils are subject to flooding for annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged brief periods several times each year. The composition stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords of this map unit is variable, but the mapping was per acre per year. The understory vegetation consists sufficiently controlled to evaluate the soils for the mainly of red maple, water oak, green ash, sweetgum, expected uses. Some areas mainly consist of the panicums, sweetbay, greenbrier, saw palmetto, Mooreville soil, some areas mainly consist of switchcane, blackberry, Alabama supplejack, and Mantachie or Kinston soils, and other areas contain all ironwood. three soils in variable proportions. Individual areas are This map unit has severe limitations for the generally long and narrow. They range from 20 to more management of timber. The main limitations are the than 250 acres in size. restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality The Mooreville soil makes up about 35 percent of rate, and plant competition. The seasonal high water the map unit. It is on the higher, more convex parts of table and the flooding restrict the use of equipment to the flood plain. Typically, the surface layer is dark periods when the soil is dry. Using standard wheeled grayish brown loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil, and tracked equipment when the soil is wet results in to a depth of 48 inches, is yellowish brown clay loam rutting and compaction. Using low-pressure ground that has grayish and brownish mottles. The equipment reduces damage to the soil and helps to substratum, to a depth of 72 inches, is mottled light maintain productivity. The high seedling mortality rate brownish gray, yellowish brown, and brownish yellow is caused by excessive wetness. It can be reduced by loam. planting on beds, or it can be compensated for by increasing the number of trees planted. Plant Important properties of the Mooreville soil— competition from undesirable plants reduces the growth Permeability: Moderate of trees and can prevent adequate reforestation without Available water capacity: High intensive site preparation and maintenance. Site Organic matter content: Medium preparation controls the initial plant competition, and Natural fertility: Medium herbicides can be used to control the subsequent Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches growth. Root zone: More than 60 inches This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.5 has severe limitations for building sites, local roads to 3 feet from December through March and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The Shrink-swell potential: Moderate main limitations are the wetness, the slow percolation Flooding: Frequent rate, and occasional flooding. Although it is generally not feasible to control the flooding, buildings can be The Mantachie soil makes up about 30 percent of placed on pilings or mounds to elevate them above the the map unit. It is in smooth, slightly convex positions expected flood level. at intermediate elevations of the flood plain. Typically, This map unit has fair potential as habitat for the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam about 3 openland and woodland wildlife and good potential as inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 65 inches, is 66 Soil Survey

mottled yellowish brown, brown, and grayish brown main limitations. If cultivated crops are grown, a sandy clay loam in the upper part, light brownish gray surface drainage system and protection from flooding sandy clay loam in the next part, and grayish brown are needed. sandy clay loam in the lower part. This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay because of the frequent flooding and wetness. If areas Important properties of the Mantachie soil— are used for pasture or hay, grasses that tolerate the Permeability: Moderate wet soil conditions should be selected. Common Available water capacity: High bermudagrass is a suitable grass to plant. Shallow Organic matter content: Medium ditches help to remove excess water from the surface. Natural fertility: Medium This map unit is suited to loblolly pine and Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in Root zone: More than 60 inches areas of this map unit include American sycamore, Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to yellow-poplar, water oak, green ash, and sweetgum. On 1.5 feet from December through April the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index Shrink-swell potential: Low for loblolly pine is 100 for the Mooreville and Mantachie Flooding: Frequent soils. The average annual growth of well stocked, even- aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of The Kinston soil makes up about 25 percent of the age is 2.7 cords per acre per year. On the basis of a map unit. It is in flat to concave landscape positions, 50-year site curve, the mean site index for water oak is generally at the lowest elevations of the flood plain. 90 for the Kinston soil. The average annual growth of Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of water about 3 inches thick. The substratum, to a depth of 65 oak at 30 years of age is 1 cord per acre per year. The inches, is light brownish gray and light gray loam in the understory vegetation consists mainly of sweetgum, upper part and light gray and gray clay loam in the blackgum, Alabama supplejack, panicums, sweetbay, lower part. green ash, and red maple. Important properties of the Kinston soil— This map unit has severe limitations for the management of timber. The main limitations are the Permeability: Moderate restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality Available water capacity: High rate, and plant competition. The seasonal high water Organic matter content: Medium table and the flooding restrict the use of equipment to Natural fertility: Medium periods when the soil is dry. Using standard wheeled Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches and tracked equipment when the soils are wet results Root zone: More than 60 inches in rutting and compaction. Using low-pressure ground Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to equipment reduces damage to the soils and helps to a depth of 1 foot from December through April maintain productivity. The high seedling mortality rate Shrink-swell potential: Low is caused by excessive wetness. It can be reduced by Flooding: Frequent planting on beds or compensated for by increasing the Included in mapping are a few small areas of number of trees planted. Plant competition from Cahaba, Harleston, Iuka, and Izagora soils. The well undesirable plants reduces the growth of trees and can drained Cahaba soils and the moderately well drained prevent adequate reforestation without intensive site Harleston and Izagora soils are on low knolls or preparation and maintenance. Site preparation controls remnants of terraces at slightly higher elevations. They the initial plant competition, and herbicides can be are not subject to frequent flooding. The moderately used to control the subsequent growth. well drained Iuka soils are on high parts of the flood This map unit is not suited to most urban uses. The plain. Also included are small areas of very poorly flooding and wetness are severe limitations for most drained soils in depressions that are subject to uses. Although it is generally not feasible to control ponding. The included soils make up about 10 percent flooding, buildings can be placed on pilings or on well- of the map unit, but individual areas are generally less compacted fill to elevate them above the expected than 5 acres in size. flood level. Most areas of this map unit are wooded and are The Mooreville and Mantachie soils have fair used for wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for potential as habitat for openland wildlife and good pasture, hay, or cultivated crops. potential as habitat for woodland wildlife. The Kinston This map unit is poorly suited to most cultivated soil has poor potential as habitat for openland and crops. The frequent flooding and the wetness are the woodland wildlife. The potential as habitat for wetland Marengo County, Alabama 67

wildlife is fair for Mantachie and Kinston soils and is erosion. Erosion is a severe hazard when this soil is poor for the Mooreville soil. Habitat for openland and cultivated. This soil can be worked only within a narrow woodland wildlife can be improved by planting or range of moisture content and becomes cloddy if encouraging the growth of existing oak trees and farmed when it is too wet or too dry. Conservation suitable understory plants. Habitat for wetland wildlife tillage, contour farming, cover crops, and stripcropping can be improved by constructing shallow ponds to help to reduce the runoff rate and control erosion. provide open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Returning all crop residue to the soil improves tilth, The Mooreville, Mantachie, and Kinston soils are in reduces crusting, and increases the water-holding capability subclass Vw. The woodland ordination capacity. symbol is 10W for the Mooreville and Mantachie soils This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Tall and 8W for the Kinston soil. fescuegrass, dallisgrass, and Johnsongrass are the main grasses grown (fig. 6). The seedbed should be prepared on the contour or across the slope. Proper OkC—Oktibbeha clay loam, 1 to 5 percent stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing slopes during wet periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on fertility and increase the production of forage. ridgetops in the uplands of the Blackland Prairie. This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species Slopes are generally long and smooth. Individual areas that commonly grow in areas of this soil include are irregular in shape. They range from 10 to 150 acres longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, eastern redcedar, in size. sweetgum, and water oak. On the basis of a 50-year Typically, the surface layer is dark brown clay loam site curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 90. about 4 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 80 The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, inches, is yellowish red clay in the upper part, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is yellowish brown clay in the next part, and light olive 2.2 cords per acre per year. The understory vegetation brown and olive gray clay in the lower part. Soft consists mainly of panicums, blackberry, greenbrier, masses and concretions of calcium carbonate are in poison ivy, and hawthorns. the lower part. This map unit has moderate limitations for the Important properties of the Oktibbeha soil— management of timber. The main limitations are the restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality Permeability: Very slow rate, and plant competition. The clayey texture of the Available water capacity: Moderate surface layer and subsoil restricts the use of Organic matter content: Low equipment, especially during rainy periods. Using Natural fertility: Medium standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using low- Root zone: More than 60 inches pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soil Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting and Shrink-swell potential: Very high management activities should be planned during Flooding: None seasons of the year when the soil is dry. Planting rates Included in mapping are a few small areas of can be increased to compensate for the high rate of Kipling, Sumter, Vaiden, and Watsonia soils. The seedling mortality. Plant competition from undesirable somewhat poorly drained Kipling and Vaiden soils are plants reduces the growth of trees and can prevent in slightly lower positions. They do not have reddish adequate reforestation without intensive site colors in the subsoil. Sumter soils are in higher or lower preparation and maintenance. Site preparation controls positions than the Oktibbeha soil and are alkaline the initial plant competition, and herbicides can be throughout the profile. Watsonia soils are in landscape used to control the subsequent growth. positions similar to those of the Oktibbeha soil and are This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It has shallow over bedrock. Included soils make up about 10 severe limitations for building sites, local roads and percent of the map unit, but individual areas are streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main generally less than 5 acres in size. limitations are the very high shrink-swell potential, the Most areas of this soil are used as pasture. A few very slow permeability, and low strength on sites for areas are used for cultivated crops, hay, or woodland. roads and streets. If excavations are made, the This soil is suited to most cultivated crops. The cutbanks cave easily. Support beams should be used main limitations are the poor tilth and the hazard of to maintain the stability of the cutbanks. Properly 68 Soil Survey

Figure 6.—Johnsongrass hay in an area of Oktibbeha clay loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes. This soil is well suited to the production of Johnsongrass hay. Most areas of this soil were once used for cultivated crops, such as soybeans, but are now used for pasture, hay, or woodland. designing foundations and footings and diverting runoff Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel can be improved water away from buildings help to prevent the structural by planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the damage that results from shrinking and swelling. Roads existing plant cover, or by promoting the natural and streets can be built if they are designed to establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning compensate for the instability of the subsoil. Septic every three years, rotated among several small tracts tank absorption fields will not function properly of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse because of the very slow permeability. An alternate for deer and seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. method of waste disposal is needed to dispose of Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved by sewage properly. constructing shallow ponds to provide open water This soil has fair potential as habitat for openland areas for waterfowl and furbearers. wildlife, good potential as habitat for woodland wildlife, This Oktibbeha soil is in capability class IIIe. The and poor potential as habitat for wetland wildlife. woodland ordination symbol is 9C. Marengo County, Alabama 69

OtD2—Oktibbeha clay, 5 to 8 percent across the slope if practical. Proper stocking rates, slopes, eroded pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on increase the production of forage. narrow ridgetops and side slopes of the Blackland This soil is suited to loblolly pine. Other species that Prairie. In most areas, the surface layer is a mixture of commonly grow in areas of this soil include eastern the original surface layer and material from the subsoil. redcedar, sugarberry, longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, and In some places, all of the original surface layer has sweetgum. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the been removed. Some areas have a few rills and mean site index for loblolly pine is 90. The average shallow gullies. Slopes are generally short and annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged complex. Individual areas are irregular in shape. They stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords range from 10 to 150 acres in size. per acre per year. The understory vegetation consists Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown mainly of greenbrier, waxmyrtle, blackberry, panicums, clay about 2 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 65 little bluestem, sumac, poison ivy, and honeysuckle. inches, is red clay in the upper part, mottled reddish, This soil has moderate or severe limitations for the grayish, and brownish clay in the next part, and management of timber. The main limitations are the mottled yellowish brown and gray clay that has restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality common soft masses and concretions of calcium rate, and plant competition. Exposing the surface by carbonate in the lower part. removing ground cover increases the hazard of Important properties of the Oktibbeha soil— erosion, and exposed soil surfaces are subject to rill and gully erosion. Roads, landings, and skid trails can Permeability: Very slow be protected against erosion by constructing Available water capacity: Moderate diversions, mulching, and seeding. The low strengh of Organic matter content: Low the clayey subsoil restricts the use of equipment to Natural fertility: Medium periods when the soil is dry. Using low-pressure ground Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches equipment reduces damage to the soil and helps to Root zone: More than 60 inches maintain productivity. The high seedling mortality rate Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep is caused by droughtiness and the high clay content of Shrink-swell potential: Very high the surface layer. It can be compensated for by Flooding: None increasing the number of trees planted. Planting on Included in mapping are a few small areas of raised beds or subsoiling help to increase the survival Kipling, Luverne, and Sumter soils. Kipling soils are on of seedlings. Plant competition from undesirable plants the lower parts of slopes and are somewhat poorly reduces the growth of trees and can prevent adequate drained. Luverne soils are on the upper parts of slopes reforestation without intensive site preparation and and do not have alkaline materials within the solum. maintenance. Site preparation controls the initial plant Sumter soils occur randomly and are alkaline competition, and herbicides can be used to control the throughout the profile. Included soils make up about 15 subsequent growth. percent of the map unit, but individual areas are This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It has generally less than 5 acres in size. severe limitations for building sites, local roads and Most areas of this soil are used for woodland or streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main pasture. A few areas are used for hay or cultivated limitations are the very slow permeability, the very high crops. shrink-swell potential, and the low strength on sites for This soil is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The roads and streets. If excavations are made, the main management concerns are the slope, the poor cutbanks cave easily. Support beams should be used tilth, and the severe hazard of erosion. Measures that to maintain the stability of the cutbanks. Properly control erosion include early-fall seeding, minimum designing foundations and footings and diverting runoff tillage, diversions, and grassed waterways. Tillage away from buildings help to prevent the structural should be on the contour or across the slope. damage that results from shrinking and swelling. Septic This soil is suited to pasture and hay. The main tank absorption fields will not function properly during management concerns are the slope and the severe rainy periods because of the very slow permeability. An hazard of erosion. Tall fescuegrass, dallisgrass, and alternative system of sewage disposal should be used johnsongrass are the most common grasses grown. to dispose of sewage properly. The seedbed should be prepared on the contour or This soil has good potential as habitat for woodland 70 Soil Survey

wildlife, fair potential as habitat for openland wildlife, This map unit has provided a source of calcium and poor potential as habitat for wetland wildlife. carbonate for use in the manufacture of cement. Habitat can be improved by planting appropriate Quarries are mainly in areas of Demopolis and Sumter vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or soils. The soils and the underlying soft limestone by promoting the establishment of desirable plants. (chalk) have been removed to a depth of about 100 Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among feet. several small tracts of land, can increase the amount Included in mapping are areas of abandoned of palatable browse for deer and seed-producing plants quarries. These areas consist of quarries that have for quail and turkey. vertical walls and spoil banks that are 10 to 25 feet This Oktibbeha soil is in capability subclass IVe. high. The surface is soft limestone (chalk) bedrock. The woodland ordination symbol is 9C. Reaction is moderately alkaline. The lower parts of some quarries pond water for periods ranging from a few days to several months. Pt—Pits Most areas of this map unit support no vegetation. A few low-quality trees and sparse stands of grass are This map unit consists of open excavations from in some of the abandoned quarries. This map unit is which the original soil and underlying material has been unsuited to most uses. Extensive reclamation efforts removed for use at another location. Pits are scattered are required to make areas suitable for use as throughout the county but are primarily in the Coastal cropland, pasture, or woodland or for urban uses. Plain area. Individual areas are generally rectangular in Onsite investigation and testing is needed to determine shape and range from 2 to 10 acres in size. the suitability of areas of this unit for any use. In upland areas, this map unit has provided a source This miscellaneous area is in capability subclass of material for constructing highways and foundations VIIIs. It is not assigned a woodland ordination symbol. and has provided fill material. Pits in the uplands are mainly in areas of Bama, Boykin, Luverne, Smithdale, and Wadley soils. The soils have been removed to a RvA—Riverview fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 depth of 5 to 25 feet. On stream terraces, this map unit percent slopes, occasionally flooded has provided a source of sand and gravel. Pits on stream terraces are mainly in areas of Bigbee, Cahaba, This very deep, well drained soil is on high parts of Izagora, and Savannah soils. The soils have been natural levees adjacent to the Tombigbee River. It is removed to a depth of 5 to 15 feet. subject to occasional flooding, generally in spring. Included in mapping are areas of abandoned pits. Slopes are long and smooth. Individual areas are These areas consist of pits and spoil banks that are 10 generally long and narrow. They range from 10 to 200 to 25 feet high. The surface of these areas generally is acres in size. a mixture of coarse sand and gravel. Reaction is Typically, the surface layer is yellowish brown fine extremely acid or very strongly acid. sandy loam about 10 inches thick. The subsoil, to a Most areas of this map unit support no vegetation. depth of 56 inches, is brown loam in the upper part and A few low-quality trees and sparse stands of grass are yellowish brown clay loam in the lower part. The in some of the abandoned pits. This map unit is substratum, to a depth of 65 inches, is thinly stratified unsuited to most uses. Extensive reclamation efforts yellowish brown sandy loam, brown loam, and pale are required to make areas suitable for use as brown loamy sand. cropland, pasture, or woodland or for urban uses. Important properties of the Riverview soil— Onsite investigation and testing is needed to determine the suitability of areas of this unit for any use. Permeability: Moderate This miscellaneous area is in capability subclass Available water capacity: High VIIIs. It is not assigned a woodland ordination symbol. Organic matter content: Medium Natural fertility: Medium Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Qu—Quarry Root zone: More than 60 inches Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3 to This map unit consists of open excavations from 5 feet from December through April which the original soil and underlying material has been Shrink-swell potential: Low removed. Quarries are in and around the city of Flooding: Occasional Demopolis. Individual areas are generally rectangular in shape and range from 25 to 80 acres in size. Included in mapping are a few small areas of Marengo County, Alabama 71

Bigbee, Cahaba, Una, and Urbo soils. Bigbee and This map unit has good potential as habitat for Cahaba soils are on small knolls at slightly higher openland and woodland wildlife and poor potential as elevations than the Riverview soil. Bigbee soils are habitat for wetland wildlife. Habitat for deer, turkey, and sandy throughout the profile. Cahaba soils have a squirrel can be improved by planting appropriate reddish subsoil. The poorly drained Una and somewhat vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, and poorly drained Urbo soils are in small depressions and by promoting the establishment of desirable plants. narrow drainageways. They have a clayey texture Habitat for openland wildlife can be improved by throughout the profile. Included soils make up about 10 planting seed-producing grasses and shrubs along the percent of the map unit, but individual areas are edges of fields and pastures. generally less than 5 acres in size. This Riverview soil is in capability subclass IIw. The Most areas of the Riverview soil are used for woodland ordination symbol is 11A. pasture or woodland. A few areas are used for cultivated crops or hay. This soil is well suited to cultivated crops. The main SaA—Savannah fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 limitation is the occasional flooding. The planting of percent slopes early season crops may be delayed in some years This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on because of flooding. Conservation tillage, cover crops narrow to broad ridgetops on high terraces. Slopes are in winter, a crop residue management system, and a generally long and smooth. Individual areas are crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes generally oblong in shape. They range from 5 to more increase the available water, decrease crusting, and than 200 acres in size. improve soil fertility. Most crops respond well to Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown applications of lime and fertilizer. fine sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The subsurface This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. layer, to a depth of 14 inches, is light yellowish brown Occasional flooding is the main limitation. Proper fine sandy loam. The subsoil, to a depth of 65 inches, stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing is light olive brown loam in the upper part and yellowish during very wet periods help to keep the pasture in brown loam that is brittle and has grayish mottles in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer the lower part. improve soil fertility and promote the growth of forage plants. Important properties of the Savannah soil— This soil is well suited to loblolly pine and Permeability: Moderately slow hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in Available water capacity: Moderate areas of this soil include yellow-poplar, pecan, Organic matter content: Low sweetgum, water oak, American sycamore, and green Natural fertility: Low ash. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the site Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches index for loblolly pine is 100. The average annual Root zone: 20 to 36 inches growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5 stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.7 cords to 3 feet from January through March per acre per year. The understory vegetation consists Shrink-swell potential: Low mainly of greenbrier, poison ivy, Alabama supplejack, Flooding: None muscadine grape, red maple, sweetgum, and water oak. Included in mapping are a few small areas of Bama, This soil has few limitations affecting woodland Bonneau, Izagora, and Smithdale soils. Bama soils are management; however, competition from understory on slightly higher knolls or on more convex slopes than plants is a minor management concern. Carefully the Savannah soil. They have a reddish subsoil. managed reforestation helps to control competition Bonneau soils are in slightly lower landscape positions from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation than the Savannah soil. They have thick sandy surface practices, such as chopping, burning, and applying and subsurface layers. Izagora soils are in landscape herbicides, help to control the initial plant competition positions similar to those of the Savannah soil. They and facilitate mechanical planting. do not have brittle, root-restricting layers in the subsoil. This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. Smithdale soils are on the lower parts of slopes. They Flooding is the main limitation. Although it is generally have a reddish subsoil. Included soils make up about not feasible to control flooding, buildings can be placed 10 percent of the map unit, but individual areas are on pilings or mounds to elevate them above the generally less than 5 acres in size. expected flood level. Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops, 72 Soil Survey

pasture, or hay. A few areas are used as sites for Habitat for openland wildlife can be improved by homes, and a few areas are wooded. leaving undisturbed areas of vegetation around This soil is well suited to cultivated crops. It has few cropland and pasture to provide food and resting areas. limitations for this use. Tillage should be on the contour This Savannah soil is in capability class IIw. The or across the slope. Maintaining crop residue on or woodland ordination symbol is 9W. near the surface helps to control runoff and maintains tilth and the content of organic matter. Most crops respond well to systematic applications of lime and ScC2—Searcy fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 fertilizer. percent slopes, eroded This soil is well suited to pasture and hay, and it has This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on few limitations for these uses. Coastal bermudagrass side slopes and toe slopes of the uplands. In most and bahiagrass are the main grasses grown. areas, the surface layer is a mixture of the original Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and surface layer and material from the subsoil. In some increase the production of forage and hay. Proper places, all of the original surface layer has been stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing removed. Most areas have a few rills and gullies. during very wet or dry periods help to keep the pasture Slopes are generally short and complex. Individual in good condition. areas are irregular in shape. They range from 10 to 200 This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species acres in size. that commonly grow in areas of this soil include Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam longleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On the basis about 3 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a depth of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly of 8 inches, is light yellowish brown fine sandy loam. pine is 95. The average annual growth of well stocked, The subsoil, to a depth of 65 inches, is strong brown even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 clay loam in the upper part, red clay that has brownish years of age is 2.5 cords per acre per year. The and grayish mottles in the next part, and mottled red understory vegetation consists mainly of little and light gray clay in the lower part. bluestem, yellow jessamine, panicums, flowering dogwood, southern red oak, sweetgum, and Important properties of the Searcy soil— huckleberry. Permeability: Slow This soil has few limitations affecting the production Available water capacity: High of timber. Soil compaction and plant competition are Organic matter content: Low minor management concerns. Harvesting during the Natural fertility: Medium drier periods helps to prevent compaction. Using proper Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches site preparation and spraying, cutting, or girdling can Root zone: More than 60 inches eliminate unwanted weeds, brush, and trees. Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 to This soil is well suited to most urban uses. It has 3.5 feet from December through March slight or moderate limitations for building sites and Shrink-swell potential: High local roads and streets and moderate or severe Flooding: None limitations for most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main limitations are the wetness and the moderately Included in mapping are a few small areas of slow permeability. A subsurface drainage system Brantley, Oktibbeha, and Smithdale soils. Also reduces the wetness. Septic tank absorption fields will included are small areas of severely eroded soils. not function properly during rainy periods because of Brantley soils are in landscape positions similar to the wetness and the moderately slow permeability. those of the Searcy soil. They are well drained and Enlarging the size of the absorption field helps to have a thinner solum than the Searcy soil. Oktibbeha overcome these limitations. soils are on the lower parts of slopes. They have vertic This soil has good potential as habitat for openland properties in the upper part of the subsoil. Smithdale and woodland wildlife and very poor potential as habitat soils are on small knolls and are loamy throughout the for wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved by solum. Included soils make up about 10 percent of the planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the map unit, but individual areas are generally less than 5 existing plant cover, or by promoting the natural acres in size. establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning Most areas of this soil are used as woodland or every three years, rotated among several small tracts pasture. A few areas are used for cultivated crops or of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse hay. for deer and seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. This soil is suited to cultivated crops. The main Marengo County, Alabama 73

management concerns are the low fertility, the poor moderate limitations for building sites and severe tilth, and the severe hazard of erosion. The surface limitations for local roads and streets and most kinds layer of this soil is friable, but it is difficult to keep in of sanitary facilities. The main limitations are the good tilth where cultivation has mixed some of the moderate shrink-swell potential, the slow permeability, clayey subsoil into the plow layer. Terraces, contour the wetness, and the low strength when used as a site farming, minimum tillage, and cover crops reduce the for roads or streets. The effects of shrinking and runoff rate and help to control erosion. Drop-inlet swelling can be minimized by using proper engineering structures, installed in grassed waterways, help to designs and by backfilling with material that has a low prevent gullying. Using a sod-based rotation system shrink-swell potential. Roads and streets should be and incorporating crop residue into the soil increase the designed to offset the limited ability of this soil to content of organic matter and improve tilth. Most crops support a load. Septic tank absorption fields may not respond well to systematic applications of lime and function properly because of the slow permeability and fertilizer. the seasonal high water table. Enlarging the size of the This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Erosion is absorption field or using an alternative method of waste a hazard when the soil surface is bare during the disposal helps to overcome these limitations. establishment of pasture. Tillage should be on the This soil has good potential as habitat for openland contour or across the slope to reduce soil losses. and woodland wildlife and poor potential as habitat for Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted wetland wildlife. Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel grazing during prolonged wet or dry periods help to can be improved by planting or encouraging the growth keep the pasture and soil in good condition. of existing oak trees and suitable understory plants. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among increase the production of forage. several small tracts of land, can increase the amount This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species of palatable browse for deer and seed-producing plants that commonly grow in areas of this soil include for quail and turkey. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. improved by constructing shallow ponds to provide On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers. index for loblolly pine is 105. The average annual This Searcy soil is in capability subclass IVe. The growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands woodland ordination symbol is 12C. of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.9 cords per acre per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of little bluestem, panicums, greenbrier, poison ivy, SdC—Smithdale loamy sand, 5 to 8 huckleberry, muscadine grape, waxmyrtle, sweetgum, percent slopes and flowering dogwood. This map unit has moderate limitations for the This very deep, well drained soil is on narrow management of timber. The main limitations are the ridgetops and side slopes of the uplands. Slopes are restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality generally short and complex but may be long and rate, and plant competition. The clayey texture of the smooth in some areas. Individual areas are irregular in surface layer and subsoil restricts the use of shape. They range from 5 to more than 100 acres in equipment, especially when the soil is wet. Using size. standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil Typically, the surface layer is brown loamy sand is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using low- about 7 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 75 pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soil inches, is yellowish red sandy clay loam in the upper and helps to maintain productivity. The moderate rate part and red sandy loam in the lower part. of seedling mortality is caused by the clayey texture of Important properties of the Smithdale soil— the surface layer. It can be compensated for by increasing the number of trees planted. Planting on Permeability: Moderate raised beds or subsoiling will increase the rate of Available water capacity: High seedling survival. Plant competition from undesirable Organic matter content: Low plants reduces the growth of trees and can prevent Natural fertility: Low adequate reforestation without intensive site Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches preparation and maintenance. Site preparation controls Root zone: More than 60 inches the initial plant competition, and herbicides can be Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep used to control the subsequent growth. Shrink-swell potential: Low This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It has Flooding: None 74 Soil Survey

Included in mapping are a few small areas of Bama, managed reforestation helps to control competition Boykin, Luverne, and Wadley soils. Bama soils are in from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation landscape positions similar to those of the Smithdale practices, such as chopping, burning, and applying soil. The subsoil of the Bama soils does not have a herbicide, help to control the initial plant competition significant decrease in the content of clay within a and facilitate mechanical planting. depth of 60 inches. Boykin and Wadley soils are on This soil is well suited to most urban uses. It has slightly higher parts of ridges and upper parts of slight limitations for most uses; however, the hazard of slopes. They have thick sandy surface and subsurface erosion is a concern. Only the part of the site that is layers. Luverne soils are on the lower parts of slopes. used for construction should be disturbed. They are clayey in the upper part of the subsoil. This soil has good potential as habitat for openland Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map and woodland wildlife and very poor potential as habitat unit, but individual areas are generally less than 5 for wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved by acres in size. planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the Most areas of this soil are used for woodland, existing plant cover, or by promoting the establishment pasture, or hay. Some areas are used for cultivated of desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three crops, and a few areas are used as sites for homes. years, rotated among several small tracts of land, can This soil is suited to cultivated crops. The main increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and limitations are the short, complex slopes, the low seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. fertility, and a severe hazard of erosion. Gullies form This Smithdale soil is in capability subclass IIIe. readily in areas that have a concentrated flow of water The woodland ordination symbol is 9A. on the surface. Sheet and rill erosion is evident in most areas, and large gullies are common. Conservation tillage, terraces, contour farming, and cover crops SdD—Smithdale loamy sand, 8 to 15 reduce the runoff rate and help to control erosion. Drop- percent slopes inlet structures, installed in grassed waterways, help to This very deep, well drained soil is on side slopes prevent gullying. Returning all crop residue to the soil and narrow ridges in the uplands. Deeply incised, or regularly adding other organic matter improves intermittent drainageways dissect the unit in most fertility and helps to maintain tilth and the content of places. Slopes are generally short and complex. organic matter. Most crops respond well to additions of Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range from lime and fertilizer. 10 to 300 acres in size. This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. The main Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown limitations are the low fertility and the severe hazard of loamy sand about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer, erosion. Grasses such as coastal bermudagrass and to a depth of 12 inches, is pale brown loamy sand. The bahiagrass are well suited. Tillage should be on the subsoil, to a depth of 72 inches, is red sandy clay contour or across the slope if practical. Proper stocking loam in the upper part and red sandy loam in the lower rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during part. prolonged wet and dry periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer Important properties of the Smithdale soil— improve soil fertility and promote the good growth of Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil; forage plants. moderately rapid in the lower part This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species Available water capacity: High that commonly grow in areas of this soil include Organic matter content: Low longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. Natural fertility: Low On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches index for loblolly pine is 85. The average annual growth Root zone: More than 60 inches of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.1 cords per acre Shrink-swell potential: Low per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of Flooding: None little bluestem, panicums, sumac, greenbrier, huckleberry, sweetgum, common persimmon, and Included in mapping are a few small areas of flowering dogwood. Boykin, Kinston, Luverne, and Wadley soils. Boykin This soil has few limitations affecting woodland and Wadley soils are on the upper and lower parts of management; however, competition from understory slopes. They have thick sandy surface and subsurface plants is a minor management concern. Carefully layers. The poorly drained Kinston soils are on narrow Marengo County, Alabama 75

flood plains. Luverne soils are in landscape positions absorption lines on the contour and enlarging the similar to those of the Smithdale soil. Luverne soils absorption area will help to overcome this have clayey subsoil layers. Also included are soils on limitation. slopes of less than 8 percent and soils on slopes of This map unit has good potential as habitat for more than 15 percent. Included soils make up about 15 openland and woodland wildlife and very poor potential percent of the map unit, but individual areas are as habitat for wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved generally less than 5 acres in size. by planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the Most areas of this map unit are used as woodland. existing plant cover, or by promoting the establishment A few areas are used for pasture or hay. of desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three This soil is poorly suited to most cultivated crops. years, rotated among several small tracts of land, can The complex topography and the moderately sloping to increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and moderately steep slopes are limitations for the use of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. equipment. Erosion is a severe hazard. Gullies form This Smithdale soil is in capability subclass IVe. readily in areas where the flow of water is The woodland ordination symbol is 9A. concentrated. Drop-inlet structures, installed in grassed waterways, help to prevent the formation of gullies. If the soils are cultivated, all tillage should be on the SmF—Smithdale-Boykin-Luverne contour or across the slope. complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes This soil is suited to pasture and hay. The main This map unit consists of the very deep, well limitations are the slope and the severe hazard of drained Smithdale, Boykin, and Luverne soils. It is on erosion. The use of equipment is restricted by the side slopes and narrow ridges of the highly dissected sloping, complex topography. The seedbed should be uplands. The soils occur as areas so intricately prepared on the contour or across slope if practical. intermingled that they could not be mapped separately Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted at the scale selected for mapping. The Smithdale soil grazing during very wet or dry periods help to keep the makes up about 40 percent of the unit, the Boykin soil pasture in good condition. makes up about 30 percent, and the Luverne soil This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species makes up about 20 percent. Slopes are generally short that commonly grow in areas of this soil include and complex. Individual areas are irregular in shape. longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. They range from 25 to 800 acres in size. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site The Smithdale soil is generally on the upper and index for loblolly pine is 85. The average annual growth middle parts of slopes and on narrow ridges. Typically, of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of the surface layer is dark yellowish brown loamy fine loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.1 cords per acre sand about 8 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of 65 inches, is red sandy clay loam in the upper part and greenbrier, brackenfern, poison oak, little bluestem, red sandy loam in the lower part. panicums, muscadine grape, flowering dogwood, and sweetgum. Important properties of the Smithdale soil— This soil has slight limitations for the management Permeability: Moderate in the subsoil; moderately rapid of timber. Exposing the surface by removing ground in the substratum cover increases the hazard of erosion. Exposed soil Available water capacity: High surfaces are subject to rill and gully erosion. Roads, Organic matter content: Low landings, and skid trails can be protected against Natural fertility: Low erosion by constructing diversions, mulching, and Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches seeding. Root zone: More than 60 inches This soil is suited to most urban uses. It has Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep moderate limitations for building sites, local roads Shrink-swell potential: Low and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The Flooding: None main limitations are the slope and seepage. Erosion is a hazard in the steeper areas. Only the part of the site The Boykin soil is generally on the upper parts of that is used for construction should be disturbed. slopes. Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish Access roads can be designed so that surface runoff brown loamy fine sand about 5 inches thick. The is controlled and cut-slopes are stabilized. Effluent subsurface layer, to a depth of 35 inches, is yellowish from absorption areas may surface in downslope areas brown loamy fine sand. The subsoil, to depth of 65 and create a hazard to health. Constructing the inches, is red sandy clay loam. 76 Soil Survey

Important properties of the Boykin soil— This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay. The main limitations are the slope, the low fertility, the Permeability: Rapid in the surface layer and subsurface droughtiness of the Boykin soil, and the severe hazard layer; moderate in the subsoil of erosion. The more steeply sloping areas are best Available water capacity: Low suited to native grasses. Proper stocking rates, Organic matter content: Low pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet Natural fertility: Low periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches This map unit is suited to loblolly pine. Other Root zone: More than 60 inches species that commonly grow in areas of these soils Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep include shortleaf pine, longleaf pine, sweetgum, and Shrink-swell potential: Low water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the Flooding: None mean site index for loblolly pine is 85 for the Smithdale The Luverne soil is generally on the middle and and Boykin soils and 90 for the Luverne soil. The lower parts of slopes. Typically, the surface layer is average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, dark brown fine sandy loam about 4 inches thick. The unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is subsurface layer, to a depth of 9 inches, is yellowish 2.1 cords per acre per year for the Smithdale and brown loamy fine sand. The subsoil, to a depth of 44 Boykin soils and 2.2 cords per acre per year for the inches, is red clay in the upper part and mottled red Luverne soil. The understory vegetation consists and yellowish brown sandy clay loam in the lower part. mainly of greenbrier, poison ivy, little bluestem, The substratum, to a depth of 60 inches, is thinly brackenfern, waxmyrtle, muscadine grape, American stratified red sandy clay loam, yellowish brown sandy beautyberry, red maple, sweetgum, huckleberry, and loam, and gray shale. flowering dogwood. This map unit has moderate limitations for the Important properties of the Luverne soil— management of timber. The main limitations are the hazard of erosion, the equipment limitation, the Permeability: Moderately slow seedling mortality rate, and plant competition. Available water capacity: Moderate Exposing the surface by removing ground cover Organic matter content: Low increases the hazard of erosion, and exposed soil Natural fertility: Low surfaces are subject to rill and gully erosion. Roads, Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches landings, and skid trails can be protected against Root zone: More than 60 inches erosion by constructing diversions, mulching, and Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep seeding. The slope and sandy texture of the Boykin Shrink-swell potential: Moderate soil restrict the use of equipment. Using standard Flooding: None wheeled and tracked equipment when the soils are wet Included in mapping are a few small areas of Bibb, results in rutting and compaction. Cable yarding Brantley, Iuka, and Wadley soils. The poorly drained systems are safer and damage the soil less. The Bibb and moderately well drained Iuka soils are on moderate rate of seedling mortality in areas of the narrow flood plains. Brantley soils are in landscape Boykin soil is caused by droughtiness. It can be positions similar to those of the Luverne soil. They compensated for by increasing the number of trees have a higher base saturation in the lower part of the planted. Plant competition from undesirable plants profile than the Luverne soil. Wadley soils are in reduces the growth of trees and can prevent adequate landscape positions similar to those of the Boykin soil. reforestation without intensive site preparation and They have sandy surface and subsurface layers more maintenance. Site preparation controls the initial plant than 40 inches thick. Included soils make up about 10 competition, and herbicides can be used to control the percent of the map unit, but individual areas are subsequent growth. generally less than 5 acres in size. This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland is generally not suitable as a site for buildings because and as habitat for wildlife. A few areas are used for of the slope. Other limitations include the moderately pasture or hay. slow permeability, the moderate shrink-swell potential, This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops, the low strength of the Luverne soil, and the sandy mainly because the slopes are too steep and the texture of the Boykin soil. hazard of erosion is too severe. The irregular slope, This map unit has fair potential as habitat for droughtiness of the Boykin soil, and the low fertility are openland wildlife, good potential as habitat for additional limitations. woodland wildlife, and very poor potential as habitat for Marengo County, Alabama 77

wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved by planting brown fine sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing subsoil, to a depth of 65 inches, is gray sandy clay plant cover, or by promoting the establishment of loam and clay loam in the upper part and gray loam in desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years, the lower part. rotated among several small tracts of land, can Important properties of the Yonges soil— increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Habitat for Permeability: Moderately slow wetland wildlife can be improved by constructing Available water capacity: High shallow ponds to provide open water areas for Organic matter content: Medium waterfowl and furbearers. Natural fertility: Medium The Smithdale, Boykin, and Luverne soils are in Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches capability subclass VIIe. The woodland ordination Root zone: More than 60 inches symbol is 9R for each soil. Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to a depth of 1 foot from December through April Shrink-swell potential: Low SnA—Steens-Yonges-Harleston complex, Flooding: Occasional 0 to 2 percent slopes The moderately well drained Harleston soil is in This map unit consists of the very deep, somewhat high, convex positions on low ridges. Typically, the poorly drained Steens soil, the poorly drained Yonges surface layer is dark grayish brown fine sandy loam soil, and the moderately well drained Harleston soil on about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a depth low terraces. The areas are so intricately intermingled of 13 inches, is light yellowish brown fine sandy loam. that they could not be mapped separately at the scale The subsoil, to a depth of 65 inches, is brownish selected for mapping. The Steens soil makes up about yellow fine sandy loam and loam in the upper part and 35 percent of the map unit, the Yonges soil makes up is mottled brownish yellow, strong brown, and light gray about 30 percent, and the Harleston soil makes up loam and sandy clay loam in the lower part. about 25 percent. Slopes are short and smooth and Important properties of the Harleston soil— range from 0 to 3 percent. Individual areas are generally broad. They range from 20 to more than 300 Permeability: Moderate acres in size. Available water capacity: Moderate The somewhat poorly drained Steens soil is in flat to Organic matter content: Low slightly concave landscape positions, generally on low Natural fertility: Low to intermediate positions on low ridges. Typically, the Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches surface layer is brown fine sandy loam about 3 inches Root zone: More than 60 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a depth of 13 inches, is Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 2 to pale brown fine sandy loam. The subsoil, to a depth of 3 feet from January through March 60 inches, is mottled yellowish brown and light Shrink-swell potential: Low brownish gray loam in the upper part, light brownish Flooding: None gray clay loam in the next part, and gray clay loam in Included in mapping are a few small areas of the lower part. Bonneau and Cahaba soils. Bonneau and Cahaba soils Important properties of the Steens soil— are in positions similar to those of the Harleston soil. Bonneau soils have thick sandy surface and Permeability: Moderately slow subsurface layers. Cahaba soils have reddish colors in Available water capacity: High the subsoil. The included soils make up about 10 Organic matter content: Low percent of the map unit, but individual areas are Natural fertility: Medium generally less than 5 acres in size. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Most areas of this map unit are wooded and are Root zone: More than 60 inches used for wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 pasture, hay, or cultivated crops. foot to 2.5 feet from December through April This map unit is suited to most cultivated crops. The Shrink-swell potential: Low wetness and the undulating topography are the main Flooding: None limitations. Land grading or smoothing and a surface The poorly drained Yonges soil is in swales between drainage system are needed to maximize crop low ridges. Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish production. Conservation tillage, cover crops in winter, 78 Soil Survey

a crop residue management system, and a crop buildings are constructed. Septic tank absorption fields rotation system that includes grasses and legumes will not function properly during rainy periods because increase the available water, decrease crusting, and of the wetness and moderately slow permeability. improve soil fertility. Most crops respond well to Increasing the size of the absorption field or applications of lime and fertilizer. constructing the absorption field on a raised bed helps This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Wetness to compensate for these limitations. is the main limitation. If areas are used for pasture or The Steens and Harleston soils have good potential hay, grasses that tolerate the wet soil conditions as habitat for openland and woodland wildlife and poor should be selected. Common bermudagrass is a potential as habitat for wetland wildlife. The Yonges soil suitable grass to plant. Shallow ditches help to remove has fair potential as habitat for openland and wetland excess water from the surface. Applications of lime wildlife and good potential as habitat for woodland and fertilizer improve soil fertility and promote the wildlife. Habitat for openland and woodland wildlife can growth of forage plants. be improved by planting or encouraging the growth of This map unit is suited to loblolly pine and existing oak trees and suitable understory plants. hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved by areas of this map unit include American sycamore, constructing shallow ponds to provide open water yellow-poplar, Nuttall oak, cherrybark oak, water oak, areas for waterfowl and furbearers. willow oak, and sweetgum. On the basis of a 50-year The capability subclass is IIw for the Steens and site curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 90 Harleston soils and IIIw for the Yonges soil. The for the Steens and Harleston soils and 95 for the woodland ordination symbol is 9W for the Steens soil, Yonges soil. The average annual growth of well 10W for the Yonges soil, and 9A for the Harleston soil. stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre per year for the Steens and Harleston soils and 2.5 cords per acre per SrB—Subran loam, 2 to 5 percent year for the Yonges soil. The understory vegetation slopes consists mainly of muscadine grape, Alabama This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on supplejack, greenbrier, poison ivy, longleaf uniola, ridgetops and side slopes of the uplands. Slopes are sweetgum, blackgum, water oak, sweetbay, and red generally long and smooth. Individual areas are maple. irregular in shape. They range from 10 to 100 acres in This map unit has moderate to severe limitations for size. the management of timber. The main limitations are the Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of rate, and plant competition. The seasonal high water 65 inches, is yellowish brown clay loam that has table and the flooding restrict the use of equipment to grayish mottles in the upper part and is mottled periods when the soils are dry. Using standard wheeled yellowish brown, light gray, and red clay in the lower and tracked equipment when the soils are wet results part. Nodules of iron and manganese oxides are few to in rutting and compaction. Using low-pressure ground many throughout the profile. equipment reduces damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity. The high seedling mortality rate Important properties of the Subran soil— in areas of the Yonges soil is caused by excessive Permeability: Slow wetness. It can be reduced by planting on raised beds, Available water capacity: High or it can be compensated for by increasing the number Organic matter content: Low of trees planted. Plant competition from undesirable Natural fertility: Low plants reduces the growth of trees and can prevent Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches adequate reforestation without intensive site Root zone: More than 60 inches preparation and maintenance. Site preparation controls Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 to the initial plant competition, and herbicides can be 3.5 feet from January to March used to control the subsequent growth. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Flooding: None The wetness and moderately slow permeability are limitations for most uses. Areas of the Harleston soil Included in mapping are a few small areas of Kipling should be selected if buildings are constructed. A and Smithdale soils. Kipling soils are in landscape seasonal high water table is present during winter and positions similar to those of the Subran soil. They are spring, and a drainage system should be provided if somewhat poorly drained and have smectitic clay Marengo County, Alabama 79

mineralogy. Smithdale soils are on narrow ridges and This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It has are loamy throughout the profile. Included soils make moderate limitations for building sites and severe up about 10 percent of the map unit, but individual limitations for local roads and streets and most kinds areas are generally less than 5 acres in size. of sanitary facilities. The main limitations are the Most areas of this soil are used for pasture or hay. A moderate shrink-swell potential, the slow permeability, few areas are used as woodland, for cultivated crops, the wetness, and the low strength when used as a site or as sites for homes. for roads or streets. The effects of shrinking and This soil is well suited to cultivated crops. The main swelling can be minimized by using proper engineering management concern is the moderate hazard of designs and by backfilling with material that has a low erosion. The surface layer of this soil is friable, but it is shrink-swell potential. Roads and streets should be difficult to keep in good tilth where cultivation has designed to offset the limited ability of this soil to mixed some of the clayey subsoil into the plow layer. support a load. Septic tank absorption fields may not Terraces, contour farming, minimum tillage, and cover function properly because of the slow permeability and crops reduce the runoff rate and help to control erosion. the seasonal high water table. Enlarging the size of the Returning crop residue to the soil and growing winter absorption field or using an alternative method of waste cover crops reduce crusting, help to maintain tilth, and disposal helps to overcome these limitations. increase the rate of water infiltration. Most crops This soil has good potential as habitat for openland respond well to systematic applications of lime and and woodland wildlife and poor potential as habitat fertilizer. for wetland wildlife. Habitat for deer, turkey, and This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Erosion is squirrel can be improved by planting or encouraging the a hazard when the soil surface is bare during the growth of existing oak trees and suitable understory establishment of pasture. Tillage should be on the plants. Prescribed burning every three years, rotated contour or across the slope to reduce soil losses. among several small tracts of land, can increase the Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted amount of palatable browse for deer and seed- grazing during prolonged wet or dry periods help to producing plants for quail and turkey. Habitat for keep the pasture and soil in good condition. wetland wildlife can be improved by constructing Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and shallow ponds to provide open water areas for increase the production of forage. waterfowl and furbearers. This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species This Subran soil is in capability subclass IIe. The that commonly grow in areas of this soil include woodland ordination symbol is 9W. longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annual growth StA—Sucarnoochee clay, 0 to 1 percent of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of slopes, frequently flooded loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on little bluestem, panicums, greenbrier, poison ivy, flood plains of streams in the Blackland Prairie. It is huckleberry, muscadine grape, waxmyrtle, sweetgum, subject to flooding for brief periods several times each and flowering dogwood. year. Individual areas are generally long and narrow. This map unit has moderate limitations for the They range from 10 to 1,000 acres in size. management of timber. The main limitations are the Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown restricted use of equipment and plant competition. The clay about 10 inches thick. The next layer, to a depth clayey texture of the subsoil restricts the use of of 18 inches, is dark grayish brown clay that has a few equipment, especially when the soil is wet. Using olive yellow mottles. The subsoil, to a depth of 65 standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil inches, is dark grayish brown clay that has brownish is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using low- and olive mottles in the upper part and is mottled gray, pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soil light olive brown, and strong brown clay in the lower and helps to maintain productivity. Plant competition part. from undesirable plants reduces the growth of trees Important properties of the Sucarnoochee soil— and can prevent adequate reforestation without intensive site preparation and maintenance. Site Permeability: Very slow preparation controls the initial plant competition, and Available water capacity: Moderate herbicides can be used to control the subsequent Organic matter content: Medium growth. Natural fertility: High 80 Soil Survey

Figure 7.—A catfish pond in an area of Sucarnoochee clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded. Significant areas of this map unit are being converted to ponds and are intensely managed for catfish production.

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches in slight depressions. Included soils make up about 10 Root zone: More than 60 inches percent of the map unit, but individual areas are Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 0.5 generally less than 5 acres in size. to 1.5 feet from January to April Most areas of this soil are used as pasture. A few Shrink-swell potential: High areas are used for hay, cultivated crops, or woodland. Flooding: Frequent A large acreage of this unit has been converted to catfish ponds (fig. 7). Included in mapping are a few small areas of This soil is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The Kipling, Tuscumbia, and Vaiden soils. The Kipling and flooding and wetness are the major management Vaiden soils are in slightly higher positions on the concerns. Tillage and planting may be delayed in edges of delineations. They are acid in the upper part spring, and crops may be damaged by flooding in late of the subsoil. The poorly drained Tuscumbia soils are spring and early summer. Although flooding can be Marengo County, Alabama 81

controlled by a system of levees and pumps, the wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved by planting system is often impractical to install. Shallow ditches appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing help to remove water from the surface. plant cover, or by promoting the establishment of This soil is poorly suited to pasture and hay desirable plants. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be because of the frequent flooding and the wetness. improved by constructing shallow ponds to provide Grasses that are tolerant of wetness and flooding are open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers. recommended. Dallisgrass is a suitable grass. Deferred This Sucarnoochee soil is in capability subclass grazing during wet periods helps to keep the soil and IVw. The woodland ordination symbol is 6W. sod in good condition. A drainage system helps to remove excess water from the surface. This soil is well suited to cherrybark oak, sweetgum, SuE2—Sumter silty clay loam, 5 to 12 water oak, and other hardwoods. It is generally not percent slopes, eroded suited to pine trees because it is alkaline within 20 This moderately deep, well drained soil is on side inches of the surface. Other species that commonly slopes and narrow ridges in the uplands of the grow in areas of this soil include green ash, American Blackland Prairie. In most areas, the surface layer is a sycamore, willow oak, and yellow-poplar. On the basis mixture of the original surface and material from the of a 50-year site curve, the site index for cherrybark subsoil. In some places, all of the original surface layer oak is 100. The average annual growth of well stocked, has been removed. Some areas have a few rills and even-aged, unmanaged stands of cherrybark oak at 30 shallow gullies. Slopes are generally short and years of age is 1.1 cords per acre per year. The complex. Individual areas are irregular in shape. They understory vegetation consists mainly of switchcane, range from 10 to 200 acres in size. honey locust, poison ivy, winged elm, sweetgum, Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown sugarberry, green ash, blackberry, osage orange, and silty clay loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil, to a panicums. depth of 22 inches, is light olive brown silty clay loam This soil has moderate or severe limitations for the that has common soft masses of calcium carbonate. management of timber. The main limitations are the The substratum, to a depth of 60 inches, is soft restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality limestone (chalk). rate, and plant competition. The seasonal high water table, the flooding, and the low strength of the Important properties of the Sumter soil— subsoil restrict the use of equipment to periods when Permeability: Very slow the soil is dry. Using standard wheeled and tracked Available water capacity: Moderate equipment when the soil is wet results in rutting and Organic matter content: Medium compaction. Using low-pressure ground equipment Natural fertility: High reduces damage to the soil and helps to maintain Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches productivity. The high seedling mortality rate is caused Root zone: 20 to 40 inches by excessive wetness and the clayey texture of the Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep surface layer. It can be reduced by planting on beds or Shrink-swell potential: Moderate increasing the number of trees planted. Plant Flooding: None competition from undesirable plants reduces the growth of trees and can prevent adequate reforestation without Included in mapping are a few small areas of intensive site preparation and maintenance. Site Demopolis, Faunsdale, Sucarnoochee, and Watsonia preparation controls the initial plant competition, and soils. Demopolis and Watsonia soils are on narrow herbicides can be used to control the subsequent ridges. They are shallow over bedrock. Faunsdale soils growth. are on toe slopes. They are very deep over bedrock. This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. The The somewhat poorly drained Sucarnoochee soils are flooding, the wetness, the very slow permeability, the on narrow flood plains. Included soils make up about high shrink-swell potential, and low strength if used for 15 percent of the map unit, but individual areas are local roads and streets are severe limitations. If generally less than 5 acres in size. buildings are constructed in areas of this soil, they Most areas of this map unit are used for pasture or should be placed on pilings or on well-compacted fill woodland. material to elevate them above the expected flood This soil is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The level. main limitations are the slope, poor tilth, and the This soil has good potential as habitat for woodland severe hazard of erosion. The surface layer is difficult wildlife and fair potential as habitat for openland and to keep in good tilth where cultivation has mixed some 82 Soil Survey

of the subsoil into the plow layer. Contour farming, and woodland wildlife and very poor potential as habitat minimum tillage, and cover crops reduce the runoff rate for wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved by and help to control erosion. Using a sod-based rotation planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the system and incorporating crop residue into the soil existing plant cover, or by promoting the establishment increase the content of organic matter and improve of desirable plants. tilth. This Sumter soil is in capability subclass VIe. The This soil is suited to pasture and hay. The short, woodland ordination symbol is 3C. complex slopes and the severe hazard of erosion are the main limitations. The seedbed should be prepared on the contour or across the slope where practical. SwB—Sumter-Watsonia complex, 1 to 3 Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted percent slopes grazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture in This map unit consists of the moderately deep, well good condition. drained Sumter soil and the shallow, well drained This soil is suited to the production of eastern Watsonia soil. It is on narrow ridgetops on uplands of redcedar. It is generally not suited to the commercial the Blackland Prairie. The soils occur as areas so production of pine trees because of alkaline materials intricately intermingled that they could not be mapped within a depth of 20 inches. On the basis of a 50-year separately at the scale selected for mapping. The site curve, the site index for eastern redcedar is 40. Sumter soil makes up about 50 percent of the map unit The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, and the Watsonia soil makes up about 30 percent. unmanaged stands of eastern redcedar at 40 years of Slopes are generally short and complex. Individual age is 140 board feet per acre per year. The understory areas are irregular in shape. They range from 5 to 100 vegetation consists mainly of johnsongrass, acres in size. honeylocust, sugarberry, blackberry, panicums, The Sumter soil is on the flatter, less convex parts Macartney rose, winged elm, and osage orange. of ridgetops. Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish This soil has moderate or severe limitations for the brown silty clay loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil, management of timber. The main limitations are the to a depth of 31 inches, is light olive brown silty clay hazard of erosion, the restricted use of equipment, the that has common soft masses of calcium carbonate in seedling mortality rate, and plant competition. the upper part and light yellowish brown silty clay that Exposing the surface by removing ground cover has common soft masses of calcium carbonate in the increases the hazard of erosion, and exposed soil lower part. The substratum, to a depth of 60 inches, is surfaces are subject to rill and gully erosion. Roads, soft limestone (chalk). log landings, and skid trails can be protected against erosion by constructing diversions, mulching, and Important properties of the Sumter soil— seeding. The clayey texture of the surface layer Permeability: Very slow restricts the use of equipment when the soil is wet. Available water capacity: Low Harvesting activities should be planned for the drier Organic matter content: Medium parts of the year. Using low-pressure ground equipment Natural fertility: High reduces damage to the soil and helps to maintain Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches productivity. Root zone: 20 to 40 inches This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It has Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep severe limitations for building sites, local roads and Shrink-swell potential: Moderate streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main Flooding: None limitations are the slope, the depth to bedrock, the very slow permeability, and the moderate shrink-swell The Watsonia soil is on the crests of ridges. potential. Properly designing foundations and footings Typically, the surface layer is brown clay about 3 and diverting runoff away from buildings help to inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 17 inches, is prevent the structural damage that results from yellowish red clay in the upper part and yellowish shrinking and swelling. Septic tank absorption fields brown clay in the lower part. The substratum, to a will not function properly during rainy periods because depth of 80 inches, is soft limestone (chalk). of the very slow permeability. An alternative system of Important properties of the Watsonia soil— sewage disposal should be used to dispose of sewage properly. Maintaining the existing plant cover during Permeability: Very slow construction helps to control erosion. Available water capacity: Low This soil has fair potential as habitat for openland Organic matter content: Low Marengo County, Alabama 83

Natural fertility: Medium Macartney rose, blackberry, poison ivy, sumac, winged Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches elm, and sugarberry. Root zone: 10 to 20 inches This map unit has moderate to severe limitations for Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep the management of timber. The main limitations are the Shrink-swell potential: High equipment limitation, the seedling mortality rate, and Flooding: None plant competition. Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soils are wet results in rutting and Included in mapping are a few small areas of compaction. Harvesting activities should be planned for Demopolis, Faunsdale, and Oktibbeha soils. Also drier periods. The high seedling mortality rate is caused included are a few small areas of rock outcrop. by droughtiness. It can be compensated for by Demopolis soils are in landscape positions similar to increasing the number of trees planted. Plant those of the Sumter soil. They are shallow over competition from undesirable plants reduces the growth bedrock. Faunsdale soils are on the lower parts of of trees and can prevent adequate reforestation. The slopes and are very deep over bedrock. Oktibbeha competing vegetation can be controlled by mechanical soils are in landscape positions similar to those of the methods, herbicides, or prescribed fire. Watsonia soil. They are acid in the upper part of the This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It subsoil and are very deep over bedrock. Included soils has severe limitations for building sites, local roads make up about 10 percent of the map unit, but and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The individual areas are generally less than 5 acres in size. main limitations are the depth to bedrock, the very Most areas of this map unit are used as pasture or slow permeability, and the shrink-swell potential. are idle. A few small areas are used as woodland and Properly designing foundations and footings and wildlife habitat. diverting runoff water away from buildings help to This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The main prevent the structural damage that results from limitations are the low available water capacity, the shrinking and swelling. Roads and streets can be built depth to bedrock, and poor tilth. Erosion is a moderate if they are designed to compensate for the instability of hazard when these soils are cultivated. These soils can the subsoil. Septic tank absorption fields will not be worked only within a narrow range of moisture function properly because of the very slow content, and they become cloddy if tilled when too wet permeability. An alternate method of waste disposal is or too dry. Conservation tillage, contour farming, and needed to dispose of sewage properly. cover crops help to reduce the runoff rate and control This map unit has fair potential as habitat for erosion. Returning all crop residue to the soil improves openland and woodland wildlife and very poor potential tilth, reduces crusting, and increases the water-holding as habitat for wetland wildlife. Habitat for whitetail deer, capacity. turkey, and squirrel can be improved by planting This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing Droughtiness is the main limitation. Proper stocking plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during of desirable plants. Habitat for openland wildlife can be prolonged wet periods help to keep the soil in good improved by planting grasses and shrubs in small condition. areas around cropland and pasture and by leaving Areas of the Sumter soil are suited to eastern these areas undisturbed. redcedar. This soil is not suited to pine trees because it The Sumter and Watsonia soils are in capability is alkaline to the surface. On the basis of a 50-year subclass IIIe. The woodland ordination symbol is 3C for site curve, the mean site index for eastern redcedar is the Sumter soil and 7D for the Watsonia soil. 40. The average annual growth of well stocked, even- aged, unmanaged stands of eastern redcedar at 40 years of age is 140 board feet per acre per year. Areas SwC2—Sumter-Watsonia complex, 3 to 8 of the Watsonia soil are suited to loblolly pine; however, percent slopes, eroded because they are intermingled with areas of the Sumter soil, onsite delineation of soil boundaries is This map unit consists of the moderately deep, well recommended before planting pine trees. On the basis drained Sumter soil and the shallow, moderately well of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 75 for drained Watsonia soil. It is on side slopes and narrow loblolly pine. The average annual growth of well ridges on uplands of the Blackland Prairie. The soils stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine occur as areas so intricately intermingled that they at 25 years of age is 1.4 cords per acre per year. The could not be mapped separately at the scale selected understory vegetation consists mainly of greenbrier, for mapping. In most areas, the surface layer is a panicums, johnsongrass, broomsedge bluestem, mixture of the original surface layer and material from 84 Soil Survey

the subsoil. In places, all of the original surface layer Sucarnoochee soils are on narrow flood plains. has been removed. Some areas have a few rills and Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map shallow gullies. The Sumter soil makes up about 50 unit, but individual areas are generally less than 5 percent of the map unit and the Watsonia soil makes acres in size. up about 35 percent. Slopes are generally short and Most areas of this map unit are used as pasture or complex. Individual areas are irregular in shape. They are idle. A few small areas are used for cultivated range from 5 to 300 acres in size. crops or as woodland and wildlife habitat. The Sumter soil is on the middle and upper parts of This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. slopes. Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish The main limitations are the poor tilth, the depth to brown silty clay loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil, bedrock, and the hazard of erosion. Erosion is a severe to a depth of 28 inches, is light olive brown silty clay hazard when these soils are cultivated. Sheet and rill that has yellowish brown mottles and common soft erosion is evident in most areas, and shallow gullies masses of calcium carbonate. The substratum, to a are common. These soils can be worked only within a depth of 60 inches, is soft limestone (chalk). narrow range of moisture content and become cloddy if tilled when it is too wet or too dry. Conservation tillage, Important properties of the Sumter soil— contour farming, and cover crops help to reduce the Permeability: Very slow runoff rate and control erosion. Returning all crop Available water capacity: Moderate residue to the soil improves tilth, reduces crusting, and Organic matter content: Medium increases the water-holding capacity. Natural fertility: High This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. The Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches seedbed should be prepared on the contour or across Root zone: 20 to 40 inches the slope. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep restricted grazing during prolonged wet periods help to Shrink-swell potential: Moderate keep the soil in good condition. Flooding: None Areas of the Sumter soil are suited to eastern redcedar. This soil is not suited to pine trees because it The Watsonia soil is on the lower parts of slopes. is alkaline to the surface. On the basis of a 50-year Typically, the surface layer is brown clay about 4 curve, the mean site index for eastern redcedar is 40. inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 17 inches, is The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, yellowish red clay in the upper part and yellowish unmanaged stands of eastern redcedar at 40 years of brown clay in the lower part. The substratum, to a age is 140 board feet per acre per year. Areas of the depth of 80 inches, is soft limestone (chalk). Watsonia soil are suited to loblolly pine; however, Important properties of the Watsonia soil— because they are intermingled with areas of the Sumter soil, onsite delineation of the soil boundaries is Permeability: Very slow recommended before planting pine trees. On the basis Available water capacity: Low of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 75 for Organic matter content: Low loblolly pine. The average annual growth of well Natural fertility: Medium stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches at 25 years of age is 1.4 cords per acre per year. The Root zone: 10 to 20 inches understory vegetation consists mainly of greenbrier, Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep panicums, johnsongrass, broomsedge bluestem, Shrink-swell potential: High Macartney rose, blackberry, poison ivy, sumac, winged Flooding: None elm, and sugarberry. Included in mapping are a few small areas of This map unit has moderate limitations for the Demopolis, Faunsdale, Oktibbeha, and Sucarnoochee management of timber. The main limitations are the soils. Also included are a few small areas of rock equipment limitation, the seedling mortality rate, and outcrop. Demopolis soils are in landscape positions plant competition. Using standard wheeled and tracked similar to those of the Sumter soil. They are calcareous equipment when the soils are wet results in rutting and to the surface and are shallow over bedrock. Faunsdale compaction. Harvesting and management activities soils are on the lower parts of slopes and are very should be planned for seasons of the year when the deep over bedrock. Oktibbeha soils are in landscape soils are dry. Planting rates can be increased to positions similar to those of the Watsonia soil. They are compensate for the high rate of seedling mortality. acid in the upper part of the subsoil and are very deep Plant competition from undesirable plants reduces the over bedrock. The somewhat poorly drained growth of trees and can prevent adequate reforestation. Marengo County, Alabama 85

The competing vegetation can be controlled by Root zone: More than 60 inches mechanical methods, herbicides, or prescribed fire. Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 0.5 This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It to 1.5 feet from December through April has severe limitations for building sites, local roads Shrink-swell potential: High and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The Flooding: Frequent main limitations are the depth to bedrock, the very Included in mapping are a few small areas of Houlka slow permeability, the shrink-swell potential, and low and Sucarnoochee soils. The somewhat poorly drained strength on sites for roads and streets. Properly Houlka and Sucarnoochee soils are in slightly higher designing foundations and footings and diverting runoff positions on the flood plain. Houlka soils are acid in the water away from buildings help to prevent the structural upper part of the solum. Included soils make up about damage that results from shrinking and swelling. Roads 10 percent of the map unit, but individual areas are and streets can be built if they are designed to generally less than 5 acres in size. compensate for the instability of the subsoil. Septic Most areas of this soil are used as pasture or tank absorption fields will not function properly woodland. A few small areas are used for hay or because of the very slow permeability. An alternate cultivated crops. method of waste disposal is needed to dispose of This soil is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The sewage properly. flooding and wetness are the major management This map unit has fair potential as habitat for concerns. Tillage and planting may be delayed in openland and woodland wildlife and very poor potential spring, and crops may be damaged by flooding in late as habitat for wetland wildlife. Habitat for whitetail deer, spring and early summer. Although flooding can be turkey, and squirrel can be improved by planting controlled by a system of levees and pumps, the appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing system is often impractical to install. Shallow ditches plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment help to remove water from the surface. of desirable plants. Habitat for openland wildlife can be This soil is poorly suited to pasture and hay improved by planting grasses and other seed-producing because of the frequent flooding and the wetness. plants in small areas around cropland and pasture. Grasses that are tolerant of wetness and flooding are Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved by recommended. Deferred grazing during wet periods constructing shallow ponds to provide open water helps to keep the soil and sod in good condition. A areas for waterfowl and furbearers. drainage system helps to remove excess water from The Sumter and Watsonia soils are in capability the surface. subclass IVe. The woodland ordination symbol is 3C for This soil is well suited to sweetgum and other the Sumter soil and 7D for the Watsonia soil. hardwoods. It is generally not suited to pine trees because it is alkaline within 20 inches of the surface. TsA—Tuscumbia clay loam, 0 to 1 percent Other species that commonly grow in areas of this soil slopes, frequently flooded include green ash, water oak, and overcup oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the site index for This very deep, poorly drained soil is in flat to sweetgum is 85. The average annual growth of well concave landscape positions on flood plains of stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of sweergum streams in the Blackland Prairie. It is subject to at 30 years of age is 1 cord per acre per year. The flooding for brief periods several times each year. understory vegetation consists mainly of switchcane, Individual areas are generally long and narrow. They honeylocust, poison ivy, winged elm, sugarberry, range from 10 to 150 acres in size. sweetgum, and panicums. Typically, the surface layer is very dark gray clay This soil has moderate or severe limitations for the loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of management of timber. The main limitations are the 65 inches, is gray silty clay loam in the upper part, restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality gray silty clay in the next part, and gray clay in the rate, and plant competition. The seasonal high water lower part. table, the flooding, and the low strength of the subsoil restrict the use of equipment to periods when the soil Important properties of the Tuscumbia soil— is dry. Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment Permeability: Very slow when the soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Available water capacity: Moderate Using low-pressure ground equipment reduces damage Organic matter content: Medium to the soil and helps to maintain productivity. The high Natural fertility: High seedling mortality rate is caused by excessive Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches wetness and the clayey texture of the surface layer. It 86 Soil Survey

can be reduced by planting on beds or increasing the soil. Included soils make up about 5 percent of the number of trees planted. Plant competition from map unit, but individual areas are generally less than 5 undesirable plants reduces the growth of trees and can acres in size. prevent adequate reforestation without intensive site Most areas of the Una soil are used as woodland preparation and maintenance. Site preparation controls and as habitat for wildlife. the initial plant competition, and herbicides can be This soil is not suited to cultivated crops, pasture, used to control the subsequent growth. or hay. The wetness, ponding, and flooding are severe This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. The limitations for these uses. flooding, the wetness, the very slow permeability, the This map unit is suited to the production of water high shrink-swell potential, and low strength if used for tupelo and baldcypress (fig. 8). Other species that local roads and streets are severe limitations. If buildings commonly grow in areas of this soil include overcup are constructed in areas of this soil, they should be oak, water hickory, black willow, red maple, sweetgum, placed on pilings or on well-compacted fill material to and swamp tupelo. On the basis of a 50-year site elevate them above the expected flood level. curve, the site index for water tupelo is 65. The This soil has fair potential as habitat for openland average annual growth of fully stocked, even-aged, and woodland wildlife and good potential as habitat unmanaged stands of water tupelo at 30 years of age for wetland wildlife. Habitat can be improved by is 0.5 cords per acre per year. The understory planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the vegetation consists mainly of sweetbay, black alder, existing plant cover, or by promoting the red maple, greenbrier, switchcane, Alabama establishment of desirable plants. Habitat for wetland supplejack, and palmetto. wildlife can be improved by constructing shallow ponds The main limitations are the restricted use of to provide open water areas for waterfowl and equipment, the seedling mortality rate, and plant furbearers. competition. The seasonal high water table, the This Tuscumbia soil is in capability subclass Vw. flooding, and the ponding restrict the use of equipment The woodland ordination symbol is 5W. to periods when the soil is dry. Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using low-pressure ground UnA—Una silty clay, ponded equipment reduces damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity. The high seedling mortality rate This very deep, poorly drained soil is in old oxbows is caused by excessive wetness. It can be and other shallow depressions on the flood plain of the compensated for by planting on beds or increasing the Tombigbee River and on low terraces. Slopes are number of trees planted. Plant competition from smooth and concave. Most areas are subject to undesirable plants can prevent adequate natural or frequent flooding and pond water for several months in artificial reforestation without intensive site preparation most years. Individual areas vary in shape from and maintenance. Site preparation controls the initial circular to long and narrow. They range from 5 to 50 plant competition, and herbicides can be used to acres in size. control the subsequent growth. Important properties of the Una soil— This soil is not suited to most urban uses. The ponding, wetness, and frequent flooding are severe Permeability: Very slow limitations for most uses. If buildings and roads are Available water capacity: Moderate constructed in areas of this soil, they should be Organic matter content: Medium constructed on well-compacted fill to elevate them Natural fertility: Medium above the expected level of flooding. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches This soil has very poor potential as habitat for Root zone: More than 60 inches openland and woodland wildlife and good potential as Seasonal high water table: Perched, from 2 feet above habitat for wetland wildlife. Habitat for openland and the surface to a depth of 0.5 foot from December woodland wildlife can be improved by planting through June appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing Shrink-swell potential: High plant cover, and by promoting the establishment of Flooding: Frequent desirable plants. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be Included in mapping are a few small areas of Urbo improved by providing more open water areas for soils. The somewhat poorly drained Urbo soils are in waterfowl and furbearers and by planting mast- slightly higher, more convex positions than the Una producing trees. Marengo County, Alabama 87

Figure 8.—An area of Una silty clay, ponded. This soil is suited to trees that are tolerant of wet soil conditions. The swollen or enlarged lower trunk of the tupelo gum and baldcypress trees is an adaptation that helps the trees tolerate the excessive wetness in areas of this soil.

This Una soil is in capability subclass VIIw. The buildings or pavement. The original soils were woodland ordination symbol is 6W. altered by cutting and filling, shaping and grading, compacting, or covering with concrete and asphalt. Individual areas range from 5 to 200 acres in size. Ur—Urban land They are primarily in the Demopolis and Linden areas. This map unit consists mainly of high-density Included in mapping are a few small areas of residential areas and commercial and industrial unaltered soils, mostly Demopolis, Kipling, Sumter, developments. Generally, these areas have been and Vaiden soils. Included soils generally make up less graded and smoothed. In most areas, the original soils than 10 percent of the map unit. were altered beyond recognition or are covered by Onsite investigation and testing are needed to 88 Soil Survey

determine the suitability of areas of this unit for any Important properties of the Mooreville soil— use. Permeability: Moderate This map unit is in capability subclass VIIIs. It is not Available water capacity: High assigned a woodland ordination symbol. Organic matter content: Medium Natural fertility: Medium UuB—Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches gently undulating, frequently Root zone: More than 60 inches flooded Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.5 to 3 feet from January through March Shrink-swell potential: Moderate This map unit consists of the very deep, somewhat Flooding: Frequent poorly drained Urbo soil, the moderately well drained Mooreville soil, and the poorly drained Una soil on the The poorly drained Una soil is in swales, sloughs, flood plain of the Tombigbee River. The soils are and other depressional areas at the lowest elevations subject to flooding for brief periods in most years, on the flood plain. Typically, the surface layer is very generally in late winter or spring. The areas are so dark brown silty clay about 3 inches thick. The subsoil, intricately intermingled that they could not be mapped to a depth of 60 inches, is gray clay that has brownish separately at the scale selected for mapping. The Urbo mottles. soil makes up about 40 percent of the map unit, the Important properties of the Una soil— Mooreville soil makes up about 30 percent, and the Una soil makes up about 20 percent. Slopes are short Permeability: Very slow and smooth and range from 0 to 3 percent. Individual Available water capacity: Moderate areas are generally broad. They range from 50 to more Organic matter content: Medium than 600 acres in size. Natural fertility: Medium The somewhat poorly drained Urbo soil is in flat to Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches slightly concave landscape positions, generally on Root zone: More than 60 inches low to intermediate positions on low ridges. Typically, Seasonal high water table: Perched, about 2 feet above the surface layer is dark grayish brown silty clay the surface to a depth of 0.5 foot from December loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of through June 65 inches, is brown clay that has yellowish brown Shrink-swell potential: Moderate mottles in the upper part, gray clay that has yellowish Flooding: Frequent brown mottles in the next part, and light gray clay Included in mapping are a few small areas of that has yellowish brown and red mottles in the lower Cahaba, Chrysler, and Riverview soils. The well drained part. Cahaba and moderately well drained Chrysler soils are Important properties of the Urbo soil— on low knolls or remnants of terraces at slightly higher elevations. They have a reddish subsoil. Riverview Permeability: Very slow soils are in landscape positions similar to those of the Available water capacity: Moderate Mooreville soil. They do not have low chroma mottles Organic matter content: Medium in the upper part of the subsoil. The included soils Natural fertility: Medium make up about 10 percent of the map unit, but Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches individual areas are generally less than 5 acres in size. Root zone: More than 60 inches Most areas of this map unit are wooded and are Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 used for wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for foot to 2 feet from December through April pasture, hay, or cultivated crops. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate This map unit is not suited to most cultivated crops. Flooding: Frequent The frequent flooding and the wetness are the main The moderately well drained Mooreville soil is in limitations. If cultivated crops are grown, a surface high, convex positions on low ridges. Typically, the drainage system and protection from flooding are surface layer is dark grayish brown loam about 5 needed. inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 60 inches, is This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay yellowish brown clay loam that has grayish and because of the frequent flooding and wetness. If areas brownish mottles in the upper part and is mottled are used for pasture or hay, grasses that tolerate the grayish and brownish loam in the lower part. wet soil conditions should be selected. Common Marengo County, Alabama 89

bermudagrass is a suitable grass to plant. Shallow improved by planting or encouraging the growth of ditches help to remove excess water from the surface. existing oak trees and suitable understory plants. This map unit is suited to loblolly pine and Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved by hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in constructing shallow ponds to provide open water areas of this map unit include American sycamore, areas for waterfowl and furbearers. yellow-poplar, Nuttall oak, overcup oak, cherrybark The Urbo, Mooreville, and Una soils are in capability oak, water oak, green ash, and sweetgum. On the subclass Vw. The woodland ordination symbol is 10W basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for for the Urbo soil, 10W for the Mooreville soil, and 6W loblolly pine is 95 for the Urbo soil and 100 for the for the Una soil. Mooreville soil. The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.5 cords per acre per year for the VdA—Vaiden silty clay, 0 to 1 percent Urbo soil and 2.7 cords per acre per year for the slopes Mooreville soil. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is in the mean site index for water tupelo is 65 for the Una flat or slightly convex positions on uplands of the soil. The average annual growth of well stocked, even- Blackland Prairie. Slopes are long and smooth. aged, unmanaged stands of water tupelo at 30 years of Individual areas are generally broad and oblong in age is 0.5 cords per acre per year. The understory shape. They range from 15 to 600 acres in size. vegetation consists mainly of muscadine grape, Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silty clay Alabama supplejack, greenbrier, poison ivy, longleaf about 4 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 83 uniola, sweetgum, blackgum, water oak, sweetbay, inches, is yellowish brown clay that has grayish green ash, and red maple. mottles in the upper part and light olive brown and This map unit has severe limitations for the yellowish brown clay that has grayish mottles in the management of timber. The main limitations are the lower part. Soft masses and concretions of calcium restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality carbonate are in the lower part. The substratum, to a rate, and plant competition. The seasonal high water depth of 95 inches, is soft limestone (chalk). table and the flooding restrict the use of equipment to periods when the soil is dry. Using standard wheeled Important properties of the Vaiden soil— and tracked equipment when the soils are wet results Permeability: Very slow in rutting and compaction. Using low-pressure ground Available water capacity: Moderate equipment reduces damage to the soils and helps to Organic matter content: Low maintain productivity. The high seedling mortality rate Natural fertility: Medium is caused by excessive wetness. It can be reduced by Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches planting on raised beds, or it can be compensated for Root zone: More than 60 inches by increasing the number of trees planted. Plant Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 to competition from undesirable plants reduces the growth 2 feet from January to April of trees and can prevent adequate reforestation without Shrink-swell potential: Very high intensive site preparation and maintenance. Site Flooding: None preparation controls the initial plant competition, and herbicides can be used to control the subsequent Included in mapping are a few small areas of Kipling growth. and Oktibbeha soils. Also included are poorly drained This map unit is not suited to most urban uses. The soils in small depressions. Kipling soils are in flooding and wetness are severe limitations for most landscape positions similar to those of the Vaiden soil. uses. Although it is generally not feasible to control They have less clay in the subsoil than the Vaiden soil. flooding, buildings can be placed on pilings or on well- Oktibbeha soils are in slightly higher, more convex compacted fill to elevate them above the expected positions. They have reddish colors in the upper part of flood level. the subsoil. Included soils make up about 10 percent of The Urbo and Mooreville soils have fair potential as the map unit, but individual areas are generally less habitat for openland wildlife and good potential as than 5 acres in size. habitat for woodland wildlife. The Una soil has poor Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops, potential as habitat for openland and woodland wildlife. pasture, or hay. A few areas are used as woodland or The potential as habitat for wetland wildlife is fair for as sites for homes. the Urbo and Una soils and is poor for the Mooreville This soil is suited to most cultivated crops. The soil. Habitat for openland and woodland wildlife can be main limitations are the wetness and the poor tilth. 90 Soil Survey

Wetness delays planting and tillage operations in most the cutbanks cave easily. Support beams should be years. Shallow ditches help to remove excess surface used to maintain the stability of the cutbanks. Properly water. This soil can be worked only within a narrow designing foundations and footings and diverting runoff range of moisture content and becomes cloddy if tilled water away from buildings help to prevent the structural when it is too wet or too dry. Returning all crop residue damage that results from shrinking and swelling. Roads to the soil improves tilth, reduces crusting, increases and streets can be built if they are designed to the water-holding capacity, and increases the rate of compensate for the instability of the subsoil. Septic water infiltration. tank absorption fields will not function properly This soil is well suited to pasture and hay. Tall because of the very slow permeability and the fescuegrass, dallisgrass, and bahiagrass are the main seasonal high water table. An alternate method of grasses grown. Wetness is the main management waste disposal is needed to dispose of sewage concern. Shallow ditches help to remove excess properly. surface water. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, This soil has fair potential as habitat for openland and restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep wildlife, good potential as habitat for woodland wildlife, the pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and and poor potential as habitat for wetland wildlife. fertilizer improve fertility and increase the production of Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel can be improved forage. by planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the This soil is suited to loblolly pine. Other species that existing plant cover, or by promoting the natural commonly grow in areas of this soil include shortleaf establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On the basis of a 50- every three years, rotated among several small tracts year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse 80. The average annual growth of well stocked, even- for deer and seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved by age is 1.8 cords per acre per year. The understory constructing shallow ponds to provide open water vegetation consists mainly of panicums, blackberry, areas for waterfowl and furbearers. greenbrier, poison ivy, and hawthorns. This Vaiden soil is in capability class IIIw. The This map unit has moderate to severe limitations for woodland ordination symbol is 8C. the management of timber. The main limitations are the restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality rate, and plant competition. The clayey texture of the WdD—Wadley loamy fine sand, 5 to 15 surface layer and subsoil restricts the use of percent slopes equipment, especially during rainy periods. Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil This very deep, somewhat excessively drained is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using low- Wadley soil is on side slopes and narrow ridges in the pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soil uplands. Slopes are generally short and complex, but and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting and they may be long and smooth in some areas. Individual management activities should be planned during areas are irregular in shape. They range from 10 to 250 seasons of the year when the soil is dry. The high acres in size. seedling mortality rate is due to wetness and the Typically, the surface layer is brown loamy fine sand clayey texture. Planting seedlings on raised beds and about 9 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a depth increasing the number of seedlings planted helps to of 57 inches, is yellowish brown loamy fine sand in the compensate for the high rate of seedling mortality. upper part and brownish yellow loamy fine sand in the Plant competition from undesirable plants reduces the lower part. The subsoil, to a depth of 80 inches, is growth of trees and can prevent adequate reforestation yellowish red sandy loam. without intensive site preparation and maintenance. Important properties of the Wadley soil— Site preparation controls the initial plant competition, and herbicides can be used to control the subsequent Permeability: Rapid in the surface layer and subsurface growth. layer; moderate in the subsoil This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It has Available water capacity: Low severe limitations for building sites, local roads and Organic matter content: Low streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main Natural fertility: Very low limitations are the very high shrink-swell potential, the Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches very slow permeability, wetness, and low strength on Root zone: More than 60 inches sites for roads and streets. If excavations are made, Seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet deep Marengo County, Alabama 91

Shrink-swell potential: Low planted. Plant competition from undesirable plants Flooding: None reduces the growth of trees and can prevent adequate reforestation. The competing vegetation can be Included in mapping are a few small areas of controlled by mechanical methods, herbicides, or Boykin, Bibb, Luverne, and Smithdale soils. The poorly prescribed fire. drained Bibb soils are on narrow flood plains. Boykin This soil is suited to most urban uses. It has soils are in landscape positions similar to those of the moderate limitations for building sites and local roads Wadley soil. They have a sandy texture to a depth of and streets and slight to severe limitations for most 20 to 40 inches. Luverne and Smithdale soils are on kinds of sanitary facilities. The main limitations are the the lower parts of slopes. They do not have thick slope and seepage. Cutbanks are unstable and are sandy surface and subsurface layers. Included soils subject to slumping. Support beams should be used to make up about 15 percent of the map unit, but maintain the stability of the cutbanks. If septic tank individual areas are generally less than 5 acres in size. absorption fields are used, effluent can surface in Most areas of this map unit are wooded. A few downslope areas and create a hazard to health. areas are used for pasture or hay. Increasing the length of the absorption lines and This map unit is poorly suited to most cultivated constructing the lines on the contour will help to crops. The main limitations are the low available water compensate for this concern. The sandy texture, the capacity, the low fertility, and the hazard of erosion. low fertility, and the low available water capacity are Conservation tillage, contour farming, and cover crops additional concerns. Applying lime and fertilizer, reduce the runoff rate and help to control erosion. mulching, and irrigating help to establish lawns and Returning all crop residue to the soil helps to maintain landscape plants. tilth and increases the water-holding capacity. Most This map unit has fair potential as habitat for crops respond well to applications of lime and frequent, openland wildlife, poor potential as habitat for woodland light applications of fertilizer. wildlife, and very poor potential as habitat for wetland These soils are suited to pasture and hay. Coastal wildlife. Habitat can be improved by planting bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well suited. The appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing main limitations are the low fertility, the low available plant cover, or by promoting the establishment of water capacity, and the hazard of erosion. The leaching desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years, of plant nutrients is a management concern. Frequent, rotated among several small tracts of land, can light applications of nitrogen are necessary to maintain increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and the productivity of grasses. Proper stocking rates, seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during This Wadley soil is in capability subclass VIs. The prolonged dry periods help to keep the pasture in good woodland ordination symbol is 9S. condition. Tillage should be on the contour or across the slope. This map unit is suited to loblolly pine. Other WxB—Wilcox clay, 1 to 5 percent slopes species that commonly grow in areas of these soils include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and This deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the narrow to broad ridgetops in the uplands. Slopes are mean site index for loblolly pine is 90. The average generally long and smooth. Individual areas are annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged generally oblong in shape. They range from 20 to 250 stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords acres in size. per acre per year. The understory vegetation consists Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish mainly of turkey oak, sandjack oak, blackjack oak, brown clay about 4 inches thick. The subsoil, to a brackenfern, common persimmon, poison oak, prickly depth of 53 inches, is yellowish red clay in the upper pear cactus, little bluestem, and panicums. part; mottled red, light gray, and brownish yellow clay This map unit has moderate limitations for the in the next part; and light gray clay in the lower part. management of timber. The main limitations are the The substratum, to a depth of 65 inches, is light olive restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality brown shale. rate, and plant competition. The sandy texture restricts Important properties of the Wilcox soil— the use of wheeled equipment, especially when the soil is very dry. Harvesting activities should be planned Permeability: Very slow during seasons of the year when the soils are moist. Available water capacity: Moderate The moderate seedling mortality rate can be Organic matter content: Low compensated for by increasing the number of trees Natural fertility: Low 92 Soil Survey

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soil Root zone: 40 to 60 inches and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting and Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5 management activities should be planned during to 3 feet from January to April seasons of the year when the soil is dry. Planting rates Shrink-swell potential: Very high can be increased to compensate for the high rate of Flooding: None seedling mortality. Plant competition from undesirable plants reduces the growth of trees and can prevent Included in mapping are a few small areas of adequate reforestation without intensive site Consul, Halso, and Luverne soils. Consul soils are in preparation and maintenance. Site preparation controls flat to slightly concave landscape positions on the initial plant competition, and herbicides can be ridgetops and are poorly drained. Halso and Luverne used to control the subsequent growth. soils are on higher knolls. They have less clay in the This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It has subsoil than the Wilcox soil. Included soils make up severe limitations for building sites, local roads and about 10 percent of the map unit, but individual areas streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main are generally less than 5 acres in size. limitations are the very high shrink-swell potential, the Most areas of this soil are used for woodland and as very slow permeability, wetness, and low strength on habitat for wildlife. A few areas are used for cultivated sites for roads and streets. If excavations are made, crops or pasture. the cutbanks cave easily. Support beams should be This soil is suited to most cultivated crops. The used to maintain the stability of cutbanks. Properly main limitations are the poor tilth, the wetness, and the designing foundations and footings and diverting runoff hazard of erosion. Erosion is a moderate hazard when water away from buildings help to prevent the structural this soil is cultivated. This soil can be worked only damage that results from shrinking and swelling. Roads within a narrow range of moisture content and becomes and streets can be built if they are designed to cloddy if tilled when it is too wet or too dry. compensate for the instability of the subsoil. Septic Conservation tillage, strip crops, contour farming, and tank absorption fields will not function properly cover crops help to reduce the runoff rate and control because of the very slow permeability and the erosion. Returning all crop residue to the soil improves seasonal high water table. An alternate method of tilth, reduces crusting, and increases the water-holding waste disposal is needed to dispose of sewage capacity. properly. This soil is suited to pasture and hay. Tall This soil has good potential as habitat for openland fescuegrass, dallisgrass, and bahiagrass are the main and woodland wildlife and poor potential as habitat for grasses grown. The seedbed should be prepared on the wetland wildlife. Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel contour or across the slope. Proper stocking rates, can be improved by planting appropriate vegetation, by pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet maintaining the existing plant cover, or by promoting periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. the natural establishment of desirable plants. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among increase the production of forage. several small tracts of land, can increase the amount This soil is suited to loblolly pine. Other species that of palatable browse for deer and seed-producing plants commonly grow in areas of this soil include longleaf for quail and turkey. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On the improved by constructing shallow ponds to provide basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers. loblolly pine is 90. The average annual growth of well This Wilcox soil is in capability class IIIe. The stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine woodland ordination symbol is 9C. at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of panicums, blackberry, greenbrier, poison ivy, waxmyrtle, post oak, WxD2—Wilcox clay, 5 to 15 percent and hawthorns. slopes, eroded This soil has moderate to severe limitations for the management of timber. The main limitations are the This deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on side restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality slopes and narrow ridgetops in the uplands. In most rate, and plant competition. The clayey texture of the areas, the surface layer of this soil is a mixture of the surface layer and subsoil restricts the use of original surface layer and material from the subsoil. In equipment, especially during rainy periods. Using some places, all of the original surface layer has been standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil removed. Most areas have a few rills and gullies. is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using low- Slopes are generally short and complex, but some are Marengo County, Alabama 93

long and smooth. Individual areas are irregular in This soil is well suited to loblolly pine. Other species shape. They range from 10 to more than 350 acres in that commonly grow in areas of this soil include size. longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, post oak, sweetgum, and Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the clay about 5 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 46 mean site index for loblolly pine is 90. The average inches, is yellowish red clay that has gray mottles in annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged the upper part and is mottled red, gray, and yellowish stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords brown clay in the lower part. The substratum, to a per acre per year. The understory vegetation consists depth of 65 inches, is light olive brown shale. mainly of greenbrier, poison ivy, flowering dogwood, little bluestem, huckleberry, American beautyberry, Important properties of the Wilcox soil— yellow jessamine, waxmyrtle, muscadine grape, sweetgum, and water oak. Permeability: Very slow This map unit has moderate to severe limitations for Available water capacity: Moderate the management of timber. The main limitations are the Organic matter content: Low restricted use of equipment, the seedling mortality Natural fertility: Low rate, and plant competition. The low strength of the Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches clayey subsoil restricts the use of equipment, Root zone: 40 to 60 inches especially when the soil is wet. Using standard Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5 wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil is wet to 3 feet from January to April results in rutting and compaction. Using low-pressure Shrink-swell potential: Very high ground equipment reduces damage to the soil and Flooding: None helps to maintain productivity. The moderate rate of Included in mapping are a few small areas of Halso, seedling mortality is caused by the clayey texture of Houlka, Kinston, and Luverne soils. Halso and Luverne the surface layer. It can be compensated for by soils are on the upper parts of slopes and narrow increasing the number of trees planted. Plant ridgetops. They have less clay in the subsoil than the competition from undesirable plants reduces the growth Wilcox soil. Houlka and Kinston soils are on narrow of trees and can prevent adequate reforestation without flood plains and are subject to frequent flooding. They intensive site preparation and maintenance. Site are generally grayish in color. Included soils make up preparation controls the initial plant competition, and about 15 percent of the map unit, but individual areas herbicides can be used to control the subsequent are generally less than 5 acres in size. growth. Most areas of this soil are used for woodland and as This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It has habitat for wildlife. A few areas are used for pasture or severe limitations for building sites, local roads and hay. streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main This soil is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The limitations are the very high shrink-swell potential, the main management concerns are the low fertility, the very slow permeability, and the low strength on sites poor tilth, and the severe hazard of erosion. Terraces, for roads and streets. If excavations are made, the contour farming, minimum tillage, and cover crops cutbanks cave easily. Support beams should be used reduce the runoff rate and help to control erosion. Drop- to maintain the stability of cutbanks. The effects of inlet structures, installed in grassed waterways, help to shrinking and swelling can be minimized by using prevent gullying. Using a sod-based rotation system proper engineering designs and by backfilling with and incorporating crop residue into the soil increase the material that has a low shrink-swell potential. Roads content of organic matter and improve tilth. Most crops and streets should be designed to offset the limited respond well to systematic applications of lime and ability of this soil to support a load. Septic tank fertilizer. absorption fields may not function properly because of This soil is suited to pasture and hay. Erosion is a the moderately slow permeability. Enlarging the size of hazard when the soil surface is bare during the the absorption field or using an alternative method of establishment of pasture. Tillage should be on the waste disposal helps to overcome this limitation. contour or across the slope to reduce soil losses. This soil has good potential as habitat for openland Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted and woodland wildlife and very poor potential as habitat grazing during prolonged wet or dry periods help to for wetland wildlife. Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of lime can be improved by planting or encouraging the growth and fertilizer improve fertility and increase the of existing oak trees and suitable understory plants. production of forage. Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among 94

several small tracts of land, can increase the amount pasture, and hay. Wetness and occasional flooding are of palatable browse for deer and seed-producing plants the main limitations. If cultivated crops are grown, a for quail and turkey. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be surface drainage system is needed. If areas are used improved by constructing shallow ponds to provide for pasture or hay, grasses that tolerate wet soil open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers. conditions should be selected. Common bermudagrass This Wilcox soil is in capability class VIe. The is a suitable grass to plant. woodland ordination symbol is 9C. This soil is suited to loblolly pine and hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in areas of this soil include water oak, sweetgum, and green ash. On the YoA—Yonges fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for percent slopes, occasionally flooded loblolly pine is 95. The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine This very deep, poorly drained soil is in low, slightly at 25 years of age is 2.5 cords per acre per year. The concave landscape positions and in narrow understory vegetation consists mainly of panicums, drainageways of low terraces. Most areas are subject red maple, waxmyrtle, green ash, water oak, and to occasional flooding, generally in late winter and greenbrier. spring. Slopes are smooth and slightly concave. This soil has severe limitations for the management Individual areas are generally long and narrow in shape. of timber. The main limitations are the restricted use of They range from 5 to about 50 acres in size. equipment, the seedling mortality rate, and plant Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown competition. The seasonal high water table restricts the fine sandy loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil, to a use of equipment to periods when the soil is dry. Using depth of 54 inches, is light gray sandy clay loam that standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil has brownish mottles. The substratum, to a depth of 65 is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using low- inches, is light gray sandy loam that has brownish pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soil mottles. and helps to maintain productivity. The high seedling Important properties of the Yonges soil— mortality rate is caused by excessive wetness. It can be reduced by planting on beds or it can be Permeability: Moderately slow compensated for by increasing the number of trees Available water capacity: High planted. Plant competition from undesirable plants Organic matter content: Medium reduces the growth of trees and can prevent adequate Natural fertility: Medium reforestation without intensive site preparation and Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches maintenance. Site preparation controls the initial plant Root zone: More than 60 inches competition, and herbicides can be used to control the Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to subsequent growth. a depth of 1 foot from December to April This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It has Shrink-swell potential: Low severe limitations for building sites, local roads and Flooding: Occasional streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. The major Included in mapping are a few small areas of limitations are the flooding and the wetness. Although it Cahaba, Harleston, Minter, and Steens soils. The well is generally not feasible to control flooding, buildings drained Cahaba, moderately well drained Harleston, can be placed on pilings or mounds to elevate them and somewhat poorly drained Steens soils are in above the expected flood level. slightly higher, more convex landscape positions than This soil has fair potential as habitat for openland, the Yonges soil. Minter soils are in slightly lower woodland, and wetland wildlife. Habitat can be positions than the Yonges soil. They have a clayey improved by planting appropriate vegetation, by subsoil. Included soils make up about 10 percent of the maintaining the existing plant cover, or by promoting map unit, but individual areas are generally less than 5 the establishment of desirable plants. Habitat for acres in size. wetland wildlife can be improved by constructing Most areas of this soil are used for woodland or shallow ponds to provide open water areas for pasture. A few areas are used for cultivated crops or waterfowl and furbearers. hay. This Yonges soil is in capability subclass IVw. The This soil is poorly suited to cultivated crops, woodland ordination symbol is 10W. 95

Prime Farmland

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important section. This list does not constitute a recommendation farmland defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. for a particular land use. On some soils included in the It is of major importance in meeting the Nation’s short- list, measures that overcome a hazard or limitation, and long-range needs for food and fiber. Because the such as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are supply of high-quality farmland is limited, the U.S. needed. Onsite evaluation is needed to determine Department of Agriculture recognizes that responsible whether or not the hazard or limitation has been levels of government, as well as individuals, should overcome by corrective measures. The extent of each encourage and facilitate the wise use of our Nation’s listed map unit is shown in table 5. The location is prime farmland. shown on the detailed soil maps at the back of this Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department publication. The soil qualities that affect use and of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of management are described under the heading “Detailed physical and chemical characteristics for producing Soil Map Units.” food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is The map units that meet the requirements for prime available for these uses. It could be cultivated land, farmland are: pastureland, forest land, or other land, but it is not urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil qualities, BaA Bama fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes growing season, and moisture supply are those needed BaB Bama fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes for the soil to economically produce sustained high CaA Cahaba fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, yields of crops when proper management, including rarely flooded water management, and acceptable farming methods CbA Cahaba fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, are applied. In general, prime farmland has an occasionally flooded adequate and dependable supply of moisture from CcB Cahaba fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and rarely flooded growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an FnB Faunsdale clay loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no FnC Faunsdale clay loam, 3 to 5 percent slopes rocks. It is permeable to water and air. It is not FsB Freest fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes excessively erodible or saturated with water for long HaB Halso fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes periods, and it either is not frequently flooded during IzA Izagora sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, the growing season or is protected from flooding. The rarely flooded slope ranges mainly from 0 to 5 percent. More detailed KpC Kipling clay loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes information about the criteria for prime farmland is LaA Lucedale fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes available at the local office of the Natural Resources LvB Luverne sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes Conservation Service. OkC Oktibbeha clay loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes About 185,000 acres in the survey area, or nearly 30 RvA Riverview fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent percent of the total acreage, meets the soil slopes, occasionally flooded requirements for prime farmland. Scattered areas of SaA Savannah fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent this land are throughout the county, mainly in general slopes soil map units 2, 3, 4, 5, and 11, which are described SdC Smithdale loamy sand, 5 to 8 percent slopes under the heading “General Soil Map Units.” SrB Subran loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes The map units in the survey area that are VdA Vaiden silty clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes considered prime farmland are listed at the end of this WxB Wilcox clay, 1 to 5 percent slopes

97

Use and Management of the Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of soil, the system of land capability classification used the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust by the Natural Resources Conservation Service is land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural explained, and the crops or pasture plants best suited resources and the environment. Also, it can help to to the soils, including some not commonly grown in the prevent soil-related failures in land uses. survey area, are identified. In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, Planners of management systems for individual conservationists, engineers, and others collect fields or farms should consider the detailed information extensive field data about the nature and behavioral given in the description of each soil under “Detailed characteristics of the soils. They collect data on Soil Map Units”. Specific information can be obtained erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that from the local office of the Natural Resources affect various soil uses and management. Field Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension experience and collected data on soil properties and System. performance are used as a basis in predicting soil In 1993, approximately 15,000 acres of cultivated behavior. crops and 130,000 acres of pasture were in Marengo Information in this section can be used to plan the County (12). The total acreage used for cultivated use and management of soils for crops and pasture; as crops and pasture has been decreasing slightly for rangeland and woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary several years. The trend is toward the conversion of facilities, highways and other transportation systems, marginal cropland to woodland, especially in the central and parks and other recreational facilities; and for and southern parts of the county. wildlife habitat. It can be used to identify the potentials The potential in Marengo County for the increased and limitations of each soil for specific land uses and production of food and fiber is good. About 280,000 to help prevent construction failures caused by acres of land that is currently being used for pasture unfavorable soil properties. and woodland is potentially good cropland. The yields Planners and others using survey information can can be increased in cultivated areas if the most current evaluate the effect of land uses on productivity and on technology is applied. This soil survey can help land the environment in all or part of the survey area. The users make sound land management decisions and survey can help planners to maintain or create a land facilitate the application of crop production technology. use pattern in harmony with the natural soil. The field crops that are suited to the soils and Contractors can use this survey to locate sources of climate in Marengo County include many crops that are sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use it to not commonly grown because of economic identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very firm soil considerations. Corn, cotton, grain sorghum, and layers can cause difficulty in excavation. soybeans are the main row crops. Vegetable crops, Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and fruit, and similar crops can be grown if economic others may also find this survey useful. The survey conditions are favorable. Wheat, rye, and oats are the can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and only close-growing crops planted for grain production, locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, although barley and triticale can be grown. The playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. specialty crops grown in the county include sweet corn, sweet potatoes, peas, okra, melons, sod, and Crops and Pasture alfalfa. Many of the soils in the survey area, including Kenneth M. Rogers, conservation agronomist, Natural Bama, Bigbee, Bonneau, Cahaba, Harleston, Izagora, Resources Conservation Service, helped prepare this section. Lucedale, and Savannah soils, are well suited to specialty crops. If economic conditions are favorable, a General management needed for crops and pasture large acreage of these crops can be grown. Pecans are is suggested in this section. The estimated yields of the only orchard crop that are grown commercially in the main crops and pasture plants are listed for each the county. Information regarding specialty crops can 98 Soil Survey

be obtained from the local offices of the Cooperative method in cultivated areas when it is used in Extension System or the Natural Resources conjunction with a water disposal system. It is best Conservation Service. suited to soils that have smooth, uniform slopes, such Soil erosion is a major management concern on as Bama, Kipling, Luverne, Searcy, Smithdale, Subran, about one-fourth of the cropland and one-half of the and Wilcox soils. pasture in Marengo County (1). In areas where the Soil blowing can be a management concern in early slope is more than two percent, erosion is a potential spring in areas of some upland soils, especially if the hazard. Bama, Cahaba, Faunsdale, Kipling, Luverne, soils are dry and are not protected by a plant cover. Oktibbeha, Smithdale, Sumter, and Wilcox soils are The hazard of erosion is generally highest after the some of the sloping soils that are presently cultivated seedbed has been prepared, after planting, and when and that are subject to erosion. the plants are small. Tillage methods that leave crop Soil erosion can reduce productivity and can result residue on the surface reduce the hazard of soil in the pollution of streams. Productivity is reduced as blowing. Conventional planting practices should include the surface layer of the soil erodes and more of the an implement that scratches the surface, leaving a subsoil is incorporated into the plow layer. Loss of the rough, irregular pattern. Also, strips of close-growing surface layer is especially damaging on soils that have crops are effective as windbreaks. If possible, seedbed a clayey subsoil, such as Brantley, Kipling, Luverne, preparation should be delayed until after March, which Oktibbeha, Searcy, and Sumter soils, or on soils that is a generally windy month. Additional information are shallow over bedrock, such as Demopolis and regarding the design of erosion-control practices is Watsonia soils. Controlling erosion on farmland available at the local office of the Natural Resources minimizes the pollution of streams and improves the Conservation Service. quality of water for municipal uses, for recreational Marengo County has an adequate amount of rainfall uses, and for fish and wildlife. for the crops commonly grown. Prolonged periods of Erosion-control practices provide a protective plant drought are rare, but the distribution of rainfall during cover, increase the rate of water infiltration, and help to spring and summer generally results in droughty control runoff. A cropping system that keeps plant periods during the growing season in most years. cover and crop residue on the surface for extended Irrigation may be needed during these periods to periods can hold soil losses to amounts that will not reduce plant stress. Most of the soils that are reduce the productive capacity of the soils. Including commonly used for cultivated crops are suitable for grasses and legumes in the cropping system helps to irrigation; however, the amount of water applied should control erosion in sloping areas and improves tilth for be regulated to prevent excessive runoff. Some soils, the crops that follow in the rotation. The legumes also such as Halso, Luverne, Oktibbeha, Searcy, Subran, increase the nitrogen level in the soils. and Vaiden soils, have a slow or very slow rate of Applying a system of conservation tillage and water infiltration that limits their suitability for irrigation. leaving crop residue on the surface increase the rate of Most of the soils used for crops on terraces and water infiltration and help to control runoff and erosion. uplands of the Coastal Plain in Marengo County have a Using a no-till method of planting reduces the hazard of surface layer of sandy loam which is light in color and erosion in sloping areas, and this practice is suitable has a low content of organic matter. Regular additions on most of the soils in the county. of crop residue, manure, and other organic material can Terraces and diversions help to control runoff and improve the soil structure and reduce crust formation, erosion. They are most practical on very deep, well thus improving the rate of water infiltration. Most of the drained soils that have uniform slopes, such as Bama, soils used for crops in the Blackland Prairie area have Luverne, and Smithdale soils. Soils of the Blackland a dark-colored, clayey surface layer that has a medium Prairie, such as Faunsdale, Oktibbeha, Sumter, and content of organic matter. Regular additions of crop Vaiden soils, are generally poorly suited to terraces residue, manure, and other organic material can because of the very slow rate of water infiltration. The improve the soil structure. use of buffer strips is effective in controlling erosion in The use of heavy equipment during tillage results in areas of these soils. Grassed waterways or soil compaction in most soils. The compacted layers, underground outlets are essential in areas where called plowpans or traffic pans, are generally 4 to 10 terraces and diversions are installed. Diversions can be inches below the soil surface. They restrict the rate of used to intercept surface runoff from hilly uplands and water infiltration and limit the growth of plant roots. to divert the water around the fields to vegetated Soils that develop traffic pans readily include the disposal areas. Bama, Cahaba, Izagora, Luverne, Savannah, and Contour farming is a very effective erosion-control Smithdale soils. Marengo County, Alabama 99

Soil tilth is an important factor in plant growth soils of the Coastal Plain and Sumter soils of the because it influences the rate of water infiltration into Blackland Prairie. the soil. Soils that are considered to have good tilth Several management practices are needed on all of have a granular structure with many pores in the the soils that are used for pasture and hay production. surface layer. Tilth is most commonly affected by past These practices include proper stocking rates, control tillage practices and the degree of erosion that has of weeds, proper fertilization, rotation grazing, and the occurred. Soils of the Blackland Prairie, such as scattering of animal droppings. Overgrazing, low rates Faunsdale, Houlka, Oktibbeha, Sucarnoochee, and of fertilization, and acid soils are the main concerns for Vaiden soils, generally have poor tilth because of the pasture management. They can result in weak plants high content of clay in the surface layer. They become and poor stands that are quickly infested with weeds. cloddy if plowed while too wet or too dry. Maintaining a good, dense cover that has the desired Natural fertility is low in most of the soils on pasture species will prevent weeds from becoming terraces and uplands of the Coastal Plain and is high established. or medium on most of the soils in the Blackland Prairie Yields per Acre area in Marengo County. Most of the soils in the Coastal Plain and on terraces and some soils in the The average yields per acre that can be expected of Blackland Prairie require applications of agricultural the principal crops and pasture plants under a high limestone to neutralize soil acidity. The crops grown in level of management are shown in tables 6 and 7. In the county respond well to applications of lime and any given year, yields may be higher or lower than fertilizer. The level of available phosphorus and potash those indicated in the table because of variations in are generally low in most of the soils; however, some rainfall and other climatic factors. The land capability fields may have a buildup of phosphorus or potassium classification of each map unit also is shown in because of past applications of commercial fertilizer. table 6. Therefore, all applications of lime and fertilizer should The yields are based mainly on the experience and be based on the results of a soil test. Leaching is a records of farmers, conservationists, and extension concern in areas of sandy soils, such as Bigbee, agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and Bonneau, Boykin, and Wadley soils. Higher levels of results of field trials and demonstrations are also nitrogen, applied in split applications, should be used considered. on these soils. The Cooperative Extension System can The management needed to obtain the indicated help in determining the kinds and amounts of fertilizer yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil and lime to apply. and the crop. Management can include drainage, Soil wetness is a management concern in areas of erosion control, and protection from flooding; the proper Bibb, Consul, Houlka, Kinston, Mantachie, Minter, planting and seeding rates; suitable high-yielding crop Steens, Sucarnoochee, Tuscumbia, Una, Urbo, and varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; control of Yonges soils. A drainage system is needed to minimize weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; favorable the harmful effects of excess wetness. Flooding during soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, the growing season is also a concern in areas of these phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each soils. Planting dates may be delayed and crops are crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, damaged in some years because of flooding. and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures Tall fescuegrass, bahiagrass, dallisgrass, the smallest possible loss. johnsongrass, and hybrid bermudagrass are the main The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity perennial grasses grown for pasture and hay in of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are Marengo County. Rye, ryegrass, oats, and wheat are likely to increase as new production technology is grown as annual cool-season grass forage. Millets, developed. The productivity of a given soil compared sorghums, and hybrid forage sorghums provide most of with that of other soils, however, is not likely to the annual warm-season grass forage. These annuals change. are generally grown in areas of cropland for temporary Crops other than those shown in the table are grown grazing or for hay. Arrowleaf clover, ball clover, crimson in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed clover, and other cool-season forage legumes are because the acreage of such crops is small. The local suited to most of the soils in the county, especially if office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service agricultural limestone is applied in proper amounts. or of the Cooperative Extension System can provide Alfalfa, a warm-season legume, is well suited to well information about the management and productivity of drained soils, such as Bama, Cahaba, and Smithdale the soils for those crops. 100 Soil Survey

Land Capability Classification the United States, shows that the chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry. Land capability classification shows, in a general In class I there are no subclasses because the soils way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field of this class have few limitations. Class V contains crops. Crops that require special management are only the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because excluded. The soils are grouped according to their the soils in class V are subject to little or no erosion. limitations for field crops, the risk of damage if they are They have other limitations that restrict their use to used for crops, and the way they respond to pasture, rangeland, woodland, wildlife habitat, or management. The criteria used in grouping the soils do recreation. not include major and generally expensive landforming Capability units are soil groups within a subclass. that would change slope, depth, or other The soils in a capability unit are enough alike to be characteristics of the soils, nor do they include suited to the same crops and pasture plants, to require possible but unlikely major reclamation projects. similar management, and to have similar productivity. Capability classification is not a substitute for Capability units are generally designated by adding an interpretations designed to show suitability and Arabic numeral to the subclass symbol, for example, limitations of groups of soils for rangeland, for IIe-4 and IIIe-6. woodland, and for engineering purposes. The capability classification of each map unit is In the capability system, soils are generally grouped given in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in at three levels— capability class, subclass, and unit. the yields table. Only class and subclass are used in this survey. Capability classes, the broadest groups, are designated by numerals I through VIII. The numerals Woodland Management and Productivity indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower Jerry L. Johnson, forester, Natural Resources Conservation choices for practical use. The classes are defined as Service, helped to prepare this section. follows: Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their Commercial forestland makes up 402,400 acres, or use. about 64 percent of the total land area in Marengo Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce County. The forested acreage increased by about the choice of plants or that require moderate 27,800 acres from 1982 to 1990, primarily because of conservation practices. the conversion of cropland and pasture to forest land Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce (18, 19). Private individuals own 65 percent of the the choice of plants or that require special forest land in the county. The forest industry and conservation practices, or both. private corporations own 35 percent of the forest land Class IV soils have very severe limitations that (18). reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful The forest types in Marengo County include 158,500 management, or both. acres of loblolly-shortleaf pine, 67,100 acres of oak- Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other pine, 103,600 acres of oak-hickory, and 73,200 acres limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. of oak-gum-cypress. The forests in Marengo County Class VI soils have severe limitations that make contain 176,800 acres of sawtimber, 61,000 acres of them generally unsuitable for cultivation. poletimber, and 164,600 acres of seedlings and Class VII soils have very severe limitations that saplings (18). make them unsuitable for cultivation. Most of the soils in the Coastal Plain and the acid Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have soils of the Blackland Prairie have a site index of 80 or limitations that nearly preclude their use for above for loblolly pine. The alkaline soils of the commercial crop production. Blackland Prairie, such as Demopolis, Faunsdale, Capability subclasses are soil groups within one Sucarnoochee, and Sumter soils, are not suited to class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, pines. The Una soils are also unsuited to pine trees w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The because of long periods of ponding. letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of Table 8 can be used by woodland owners or forest erosion unless close-growing plant cover is maintained; managers in planning the use of soils for wood crops. w shows that water in or on the soil interferes with Only those soils suitable for wood crops are listed. The plant growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetness table lists the ordination symbol for each soil. Soils can be partly corrected by artificial drainage); s shows assigned the same ordination symbol require the same that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, general management and have about the same droughty, or stony; and c, used in only some parts of potential productivity. Marengo County, Alabama 101

The first part of the ordination symbol, a number, the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic indicates the potential productivity of the soils for an conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for indicator tree species. The number indicates the seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer, volume, in cubic meters per hectare per year, which depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of the indicator species can produce in a pure stand the period when the water table is high, rock fragments under natural conditions. The number 1 indicates low in the surface layer, effective rooting depth, and slope potential productivity; 2 or 3, moderate; 4 or 5, aspect. A rating of slight indicates that seedling moderately high; 6 to 8, high; 9 to 11, very high; and 12 mortality is not likely to be a problem under normal to 39, extremely high. The second part of the symbol, conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25 percent. a letter, indicates the major kind of soil limitation. The A rating of moderate indicates that some problems letter R indicates steep slopes; W, excess water in or from seedling mortality can be expected. Extra on the soil; D, restricted rooting depth; C, clay in the precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is 25 to upper part of the soil; S, sandy texture; and F, a high 50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that seedling content of rock fragments in the soil. The letter A mortality is a serious problem. Extra precautions are indicates that limitations or restrictions are important. Replanting may be necessary. Expected insignificant. If a soil has more than one limitation, the mortality is more than 50 percent. priority is as follows: R, W, D, C, and S. Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to In the table, slight, moderate, and severe indicate which undesirable species are expected to invade and the degree of the major soil limitations to be grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The considered in management. main factors that affect plant competition are depth to Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will the water table and the available water capacity. A occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where rating of slight indicates that competition from the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire undesirable plants is not likely to prevent natural lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have been regeneration or suppress the more desirable species. burned or overgrazed are also subject to erosion. Planted seedlings can become established without Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the percent undue competition. A rating of moderate indicates that of the slope. A rating of slight indicates that no competition may delay the establishment of desirable particular prevention measures are needed under species. Competition may hamper stand development, ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that but it will not prevent the eventual development of fully erosion-control measures are needed in certain stocked stands. A rating of severe indicates that silvicultural activities. A rating of severe indicates that competition can be expected to prevent regeneration special precautions are needed to control erosion in unless precautionary measures are applied. most silvicultural activities. The potential productivity of merchantable or Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics and common trees on a soil is expressed as a site index conditions of the soil that restrict use of the equipment and as a volume number. The site index is the average generally needed in woodland management or height, in feet, that dominant and codominant trees of harvesting. The chief characteristics and conditions a given species attain in a specified number of years. considered in the ratings are slope, stones on the The site index applies to fully stocked, even-aged, surface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, and texture of the unmanaged stands. Commonly grown trees are those surface layer. A rating of slight indicates that under that woodland managers generally favor in intermediate normal conditions the kind of equipment and season of or improvement cuttings. They are selected on the use are not significantly restricted by soil factors. Soil basis of growth rate, quality, value, and marketability. wetness can restrict equipment use, but the wet period The estimates of the productivity of the soils in this does not exceed 1 month. A rating of moderate survey are based on data acquired in the county and indicates that equipment use is moderately restricted on published data (5, 6, 7, 17). because of one or more soil factors. If the soil is wet, The volume, a number, is the yield likely to be the wetness restricts equipment use for a period of 1 to produced by the most important trees. This number, 3 months. A rating of severe indicates that equipment expressed as cords per acre per year, indicates the use is severely restricted either as to the kind of amount of fiber produced in a fully stocked, even-aged, equipment that can be used or the season of use. If unmanaged stand. the soil is wet, the wetness restricts equipment use for The first species listed under common trees for a more than 3 months. soil is the indicator species for that soil. It generally is Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally the most common species on the soil and is the one occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by that determines the ordination class. 102 Soil Survey

Trees to plant are those that are suitable for flooding during the period of use, and do not have commercial wood production. slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of shaping sites or of building access roads and parking Recreation areas. Playgrounds require soils that can withstand The soils of the survey area are rated in table 9 intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level according to limitations that affect their suitability for and are not wet or subject to flooding during the recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil season of use. The surface is free of stones and features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry. surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock Not considered in the ratings, but important in should be considered. evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic should require little or no cutting and filling. The best quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines. when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent once a year during the period of use. They have and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for the surface. recreational uses by the duration and intensity of Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not flooding is essential. subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use. In table 9, the degree of soil limitation is expressed They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or properties are generally favorable and that limitations greens is not considered in rating the soils. are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning, design, or special maintenance. Severe means that Wildlife Habitat soil properties are unfavorable and that limitations can Tommy Counts, wildlife biologist, Natural Resources be offset only by costly soil reclamation, special Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section. design, intensive maintenance, limited use, or a combination of these measures. Marengo County is dominantly a rural area that has The information in the table can be supplemented by suitable habitat for many kinds of wildlife. The county other information in this survey, for example, is about 64 percent forest land, but it is interspersed interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table with areas of cultivated crops, pasture, and hay. 12 and interpretations for dwellings without basements The common species of wild game found in and for local roads and streets in table 11. Marengo County are the eastern wild turkey, bobwhite Camp areas require site preparation, such as quail, whitetailed deer, eastern cottontail rabbit, shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, mourning dove, Canada geese, and ducks. stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and The nongame wildlife species in the county include installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp armadillos, snakes, egrets, herons, crows, blackbirds, areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some hawks, owls, and songbirds such as cardinals, robins, vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and thrushes, bluejays, meadowlarks, mockingbirds, are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of sparrows, woodpeckers, vireos, and warblers. use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders, The forest stands generally consist of loblolly pine absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not or mixed pine-hardwoods in the upland areas and dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders bottom land hardwoods on the flood plains of streams can greatly increase the cost of constructing and rivers. The forest types and their associated plant campsites. communities are of major importance to wildlife. Many Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most of these forest areas are managed primarily to provide vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and habitat for various species of wildlife, such as the parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm bobwhite quail, whitetailed deer, and turkey. when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to Management practices that benefit wildlife, such as Marengo County, Alabama 103

prescribed burning, forest openings, and stand Moderately intensive management is required for thinnings are commonly applied throughout the county. satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that Areas of cultivated crops, hay, and pasture are often limitations are severe for the designated element or interspersed with the forest land. The open areas are kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or very important to many species of wildlife. The areas maintained in most places, but management is difficult of cropland are primarily used for agricultural and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates commodities, such as soybeans, corn, and grain that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are sorghum. The pasture and hayland areas are generally very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be used for perennial grasses, such as bahiagrass, expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat is bermudagrass, tall fescuegrass, or johnsongrass. impractical or impossible. Wetlands are used by many kinds of wildlife, but The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the many of the furbearers and wading birds depend upon following paragraphs. these areas almost exclusively. Natural depressions Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and seed- and areas of saturated soils along creeks and rivers, producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties and bodies of open water, and beaver ponds make up most features that affect the growth of grain and seed crops of the wetland areas in the county. They occur mostly are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, along the Chickasaw Bogue, Powell, Beaver, Horse, available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface Dry, Watkins, and Double Creeks and in areas that are stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil adjacent to the Tombigbee River. moisture are also considerations. Examples of grain Some of the furbearers in the county include beaver, and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, grain sorghum, muskrat, river otter, mink, bobcat, foxes, opossum, soybeans, rye, and millet. coyote, raccoon, and skunks. Waterfowl and wading Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial birds are numerous during certain times of the year in grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and wetland areas, especially in those areas along the features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes Tombigbee River. are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, The wildlife species in Marengo County that the available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, Federal government has listed as threatened or flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture endangered include the bald eagle and the American are also considerations. Examples of grasses and alligator. legumes are tall fescue, bahiagrass, johnsongrass, Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that clover, lespedeza, chufa, and bermudagrass. is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally affect the construction of water impoundments. The established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the properties and features that affect the growth of these amount and distribution of food, cover, and water. plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting layer, available water capacity, wetness, surface appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment moisture are also considerations. Examples of wild of desirable plants. herbaceous plants are dewberry, blackberry, goldenrod, In table 10, the soils in the survey area are rated crotons, beggarweed, pokeweed, paspalums, ragweed, according to their potential for providing habitat for and partridge pea. various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used Hardwood trees and woody understory produce nuts in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and foliage. and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils Soil properties and features that affect the growth of that are suitable for establishing, improving, or hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the root zone, maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in available water capacity, and wetness. Examples of determining the intensity of management needed for these plants are oak, yellow-poplar, black cherry, each element of the habitat. sweetgum, apple, hawthorn, dogwood, persimmon, The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or sassafras, sumac, holly, hickory, and blueberry. very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element Examples of fruit-producing shrubs that are suitable for or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or planting on soils rated good are pyracantha, autumn- maintained. Few or no limitations affect management, olive, and crabapple. and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be properties and features that affect the growth of established, improved, or maintained in most places. coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth 104 Soil Survey

of the root zone, available water capacity, and ponds or in open ponds. Open-pond culture is the only wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine, method currently in use in Marengo County (fig. 9). The cedar, and baldcypress. county currently has about 1,100 acres of catfish Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild ponds and about 2,300 acres of bass and bream herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites. ponds. Other species of fish are being considered for Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. Soil pond production, and the growth of fish farming should properties and features affecting wetland plants are provide an excellent source of additional income for texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, salinity, some landowners. slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of wetland Some of the tables included with this survey can plants are smartweed, wild millet, rushes, sedges, help in evaluating potential pond sites. In table 14, for reeds, smartweed, barnyardgrass, pondweed, cattails, example, the soil limitations affecting pond reservoir and water shield. areas and embankments, dikes, and levees are given. Shallow water areas have an average depth of less Indications of flooding frequency and water table levels than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are are in table 17. These tables and the detailed soil maps created by dams, levees, or other water-control can help in evaluating a selected location for its pond- structures. Soil properties and features affecting building and water-retaining potential. Once the pond shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness, site is selected, however, additional soil borings should surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples be made. of shallow water areas are marshes, waterfowl-feeding An understanding of soil characteristics is important areas, beaver ponds, and other ponds. in determining the potential of a pond site. The The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described Faunsdale, Kipling, Oktibbeha, Sucarnoochee, Sumter, in the following paragraphs. and Vaiden soils of the Blackland Prairie and the Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland, Consul, Halso, Luverne, Searcy, and Wilcox soils of pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with the Coastal Plain are generally suited to pond grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas construction. produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes, The construction of buildings and the accessibility and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these of the area are important considerations in evaluating a areas include bobwhite quail, meadowlark, field pond site. Depending upon the size and planned use of sparrow, cottontail rabbits, red fox, coyote, armadillo, the site, road systems must be planned to dove, killdeer, and hawks. accommodate harvest trucks. Large trucks are used in Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of commercial operations. Feed trucks or similar deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and equipment also require suitable access to the fish associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous farm. If the farm is planned for fingerling production, a plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild hatchery building will probably be on the site. Other turkey, woodcock, thrushes, woodpeckers, squirrels, buildings may be needed to store equipment or feed. gray fox, raccoon, deer, bear, bobcat, opossum, and Table 11 gives soil limitations affecting roads and skunk. building sites. Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy The quality of water in a pond is influenced by the or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife soil. Several variables of water quality affect the attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons, production of fish. Total alkalinity, for example, is shore birds, muskrat, mink, otter, beaver, turtle, rails, directly influenced by the soil. Total alkalinity values and kingfishers. ranging from 30 to 150 parts per million are preferred. Fish production can be acceptable in ponds that have a low alkalinity level— less than 20 parts per million— Aquaculture provided that the fish are well fed. Other complicating H. D. Kelly, biologist, Natural Resources Conservation Service, factors, however, affect fish production when alkalinity helped to prepare this section. values are below 20 parts per million. The application of agricultural lime can often prevent production Aquaculture is the controlled production and harvest problems associated with low alkalinity values. of animals or plants grown in or on water. In Marengo The soil in pond basins should be analyzed before County, catfish farming (channel catfish), and sport the basins are limed and filled with water. The amount fish production (bass and bream) are the most of lime needed should be based on the results of the common types of aquaculture. The channel catfish, analysis, and the lime should be applied before the Ictulurus punctatus, is produced either in cages within ponds are filled with water. Thereafter, annual Marengo County, Alabama 105

Figure 9.—A newly constructed farm pond in an area of Luverne sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded. Luverne soils are well suited as sites for ponds and lakes. applications of lime, even in ponds full of water, should fish farm. For example, if runoff water is to be used, range from 20 to 25 percent of the original application the watershed must also be evaluated. Technical to maintain desirable levels of alkalinity. The assistance in solving site and production problems is importance of proper alkalinity levels cannot be available from the local office of the Natural Resources overemphasized. Some soils suitable for pond sites in Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Marengo County require applications of lime; however, System. ponds constructed on soils within the watershed of the Blackland Prairie generally will not require additional Engineering lime. The source and amounts of water to be used should This section provides information for planning land also be considered when evaluating a site for a pond or uses related to urban development and to water 106 Soil Survey

management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the and pavements by comparing the performance of most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given existing similar structures on the same or similar soils. for building site development, sanitary facilities, The information in the tables, along with the soil construction materials, and water management. The maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in ratings are based on observed performance of the soils this survey, can be used to make additional and on the estimated data and test data in the “Soil interpretations. Properties” section. Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a Information in this section is intended for land use special meaning in soil science and are defined in the planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for Glossary. planning site investigations prior to design and Building Site Development construction. The information, however, has limitations. For example, estimates and other data generally apply Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet. limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings Because of the map scale, small areas of different with and without basements, small commercial soils may be included within the mapped areas of a buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and specific soil. landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if soil The information is not site specific and does not properties and site features are generally favorable for eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils the indicated use and limitations are minor and easily or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in overcome; moderate if soil properties or site features the design and construction of engineering works. are not favorable for the indicated use and special Government ordinances and regulations that restrict planning, design, or maintenance is needed to certain land uses or impose specific design criteria overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil were not considered in preparing the information in properties or site features are so unfavorable or so this section. Local ordinances and regulations should difficult to overcome that special design, significant be considered in planning, in site selection, and in increases in construction costs, and possibly design. increased maintenance are required. Special feasibility Soil properties, site features, and observed studies may be required where the soil limitations are performance were considered in determining the ratings severe. in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil survey, Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a determinations were made about grain-size distribution, maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, depth to utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 feet of the ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal high water observed performance of the soils. The ease of table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected to bedrock or a very firm dense layer; stone content; about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand soil texture; and slope. The time of the year that and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed cations. excavations can be made is affected by the depth to a Estimates were made for erodibility, permeability, seasonal high water table and the susceptibility of the corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, available water soil to flooding. The resistance of the excavation walls capacity, and other behavioral characteristics affecting or banks to sloughing or caving is affected by soil engineering uses. texture and depth to the water table. This information can be used to evaluate the Dwellings and small commercial buildings are potential of areas for residential, commercial, structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family estimates of construction conditions; evaluate dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, made for small commercial buildings without pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate alternative basements, for dwellings with basements, and for sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank absorption fields, dwellings without basements. The ratings are based on and sewage lagoons; plan detailed onsite soil properties, site features, and observed investigations of soils and geology; locate potential performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; plan shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, terraces, the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to and other structures for soil and water conservation; bedrock, large stones, slope, and flooding affect the and predict performance of proposed small structures ease of excavation and construction. Landscaping and Marengo County, Alabama 107

grading that require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires feet are not considered. special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration. Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on site features, and observed performance of the soils. soil properties, site features, and observed Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, and performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock, a high flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Large stones water table, flooding, large stones, and slope affect the and bedrock interfere with installation. ease of excavating and grading. Soil strength (as Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank inferred from the engineering classification of the soil), absorption fields, including excessively slow shrink-swell potential, frost action potential, and depth absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside to a high water table affect the traffic-supporting seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can be capacity. polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the and maintained. The ratings are based on soil water table is near the surface. There must be properties, site features, and observed performance of unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances bedrock, the available water capacity in the upper 40 require that this material be of a certain thickness. inches, and the content of salts, sodium, and sulfidic Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to materials affect plant growth. Flooding, wetness, slope, hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or organic solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly matter in the surface layer affect trafficability after level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments vegetation is established. of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly Sanitary Facilities impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides Table 12 shows the degree and kind of soil is required to minimize seepage and contamination of limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, ground water. sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations Table 12 gives ratings for the natural soil that makes are considered slight if soil properties and site features up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, generally, 1 are generally favorable for the indicated use and or 2 feet of soil material below the surface layer are limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if excavated to provide material for the embankments. soil properties or site features are not favorable for the The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, indicated use and special planning, design, or and observed performance of the soils. Considered in maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the the ratings are slope, permeability, a high water table, limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features depth to bedrock, flooding, large stones, and content of are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that organic matter. special design, significant increases in construction Excessive seepage resulting from rapid permeability costs, and possibly increased maintenance are in the soil or a water table that is high enough to raise required. the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to Table 12 also shows the suitability of the soils for function unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good excessive or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high indicates that soil properties and site features are content of organic matter is detrimental to proper favorable for the use and good performance and low functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil activity. Slope and bedrock can cause construction properties and site features are moderately favorable problems, and large stones can hinder compaction of for the use and one or more soil properties or site the lagoon floor. features make the soil less desirable than the soils Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of properties or site features are unfavorable for the use landfill— trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste 108 Soil Survey

is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and place and used in road embankments in another place. covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the In this table, the soils are rated as a source of roadfill site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in for low embankments, generally less than 6 feet high successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste and less exacting in design than higher embankments. is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin The ratings are for the soil material below the layer of soil from a source away from the site. surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation suitability within their profile. The table showing should be considered. engineering index properties provides detailed The ratings in the table are based on soil properties, information about each soil layer. This information can site features, and observed performance of the soils. help to determine the suitability of each layer for use Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, a as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized high water table, slope, and flooding affect both types with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings. of landfill. Texture, stones and boulders, highly organic The ratings are based on soil properties, site layers, soil reaction, and content of salts and sodium features, and observed performance of the soils. The affect trench landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. ratings apply only to that part of the soil within a depth The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs slight or moderate may not be valid. Onsite in place after it has been compacted and drained is investigation is needed. determined by its strength (as inferred from the Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell used to cover compacted solid waste in an area potential. sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, Soils rated good contain significant amounts of sand transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of suitable Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope material, a low shrink-swell potential, few cobbles and affect the ease of removing and spreading the material stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. Depth to the during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that are water table is more than 3 feet. Soils rated fair are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized particles and cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy have a plasticity index of less than 10. They have a and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of 15 to 25 wind erosion. percent, or many stones. Depth to the water table is 1 After soil material has been removed, the soil to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity index of material remaining in the borrow area must be thick more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, many enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They are table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as wet and have a water table at a depth of less than 1 the final cover for a landfill should be suitable for foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but the plants. The surface layer generally has the best material is less than 3 feet thick. workability, more organic matter, and the best potential Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for for plants. Material from the surface layer should be commercial use with a minimum of processing. They stockpiled for use as the final cover. are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications for each use vary widely. In the table, only the Construction Materials probability of finding material in suitable quantity is Table 13 gives information about the soils as a evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and excavation of the material. topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as soil properties and site features that affect the removal indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal the thickness of suitable material, and the content of compaction, minor processing, and other standard rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification construction practices are assumed. Each soil is are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one properties. Marengo County, Alabama 109

A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of properties or site features are not favorable for the clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is indicated use and special planning, design, or up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as special design, significant increase in construction shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and costs, and possibly increased maintenance are gravel. required. Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation This table also gives for each soil the restrictive can be established and maintained. The upper 40 features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also diversions, and grassed waterways. evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or area. embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The seepage such properties as soil reaction, available water potential is determined by the permeability of the soil capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, and the depth to fractured bedrock or other permeable and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a material. Excessive slope can affect the storage water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable capacity of the reservoir area. material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet toxic material. high, constructed to impound water or to protect land Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones and source of material for embankment fill. The ratings cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes of apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a less than 8 percent. They are low in content of soluble depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to fertilizer, be uniformly mixed and compacted during and are not so wet that excavation is difficult. construction. Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that depth even greater than the height of the embankment have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or can affect performance and safety of the embankment. soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is determine these properties. difficult. Soil material in embankments must be resistant to Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high water content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts table at or near the surface. or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of The surface layer of most soils is generally usable material. It also affects trafficability. preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter Drainage is the removal of excess surface and content. Organic matter greatly increases the subsurface water from the soil. How easily and absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to plant growth. bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth Water Management to a high water table or depth of standing water if the Table 14 gives information on the soil properties and soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to site features that affect water management. The degree flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and the and kind of soil limitations are given for pond reservoir potential for frost action. Excavating and grading and areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and aquifer- the stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to fed excavated ponds. The limitations are considered bedrock, large stones, slope, and the hazard of slight if soil properties and site features are generally cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil after favorable for the indicated use and limitations are drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity or by minor and are easily overcome; moderate if soil toxic substances in the root zone, such as salts, 110

sodium, and sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets is depth to bedrock affect the construction of terraces not considered in the ratings. and diversions. A restricted rooting depth, a severe Irrigation is the controlled application of water to hazard of water erosion, an excessively coarse supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect design and management of an irrigation system are maintenance. affected by depth to the water table, the need for Grassed waterways are natural or constructed drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large construction of a system is affected by large stones stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock affect and depth to bedrock. The performance of a system is the construction of grassed waterways. A hazard of affected by the depth of the root zone, the amount of wind erosion, low available water capacity, restricted salts or sodium, and soil reaction. rooting depth, toxic substances such as salts and Terraces and diversions are embankments or a sodium, and restricted permeability adversely affect combination of channels and ridges constructed across the growth and maintenance of the grass after a slope to control erosion and conserve moisture by construction. intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large stones, and 111

Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected during is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less the course of the soil survey. The data and the than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an are explained on the following pages. appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.” Soil properties are determined by field examination Textural terms are defined in the Glossary. of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some Classification of the soils is determined according to benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are the Unified soil classification system (4) and the followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are system adopted by the American Association of State made and examined to identify and classify the soils Highway and Transportation Officials (3). and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are The Unified system classifies soils according to taken from some typical profiles and tested in the properties that affect their use as construction laboratory to determine grain-size distribution, material. Soils are classified according to grain-size plasticity, and compaction characteristics. distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in Estimates of soil properties are based on field diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and observations, verify properties that cannot be OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting estimated accurately by field observation, and help to engineering properties of two groups can have a dual characterize key soils. classification, for example, CL-ML. The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables The AASHTO system classifies soils according to include the range of grain-size distribution and those properties that affect roadway construction and Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral physical and chemical properties of the major layers of soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the given. basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained Engineering Index Properties and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly Table 15 gives estimates of the engineering organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of classification and of the range of index properties for visual inspection. the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A- soils have layers of contrasting properties within the 7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, upper 5 or 6 feet. A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an additional Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade layer is indicated. The range in depth and information material can be indicated by a group index number. on other properties of each layer are given for each soil Group index numbers range from 0 for the best series under the heading “Soil Series and Their subgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest. Morphology.” Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated Texture is given in the standard terms used by the sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil that millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on 112 Soil Survey

laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area downward movement of water when the soil is and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the saturated. They are based on soil characteristics field. observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption estimates are based on test data from the survey area fields. or from nearby areas and on field examination. Available water capacity refers to the quantity of The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, water that the soil is capable of storing for use by and plasticity index are generally rounded to the plants. The capacity for water storage is given in nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil properties percentage points) across classification boundaries, that affect the retention of water and the depth of the the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the root zone. The most important properties are the table. content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is an Physical and Chemical Properties important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and management of irrigation Table 16 shows estimates of some characteristics systems. Available water capacity is not an estimate of and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates the quantity of water actually available to plants at any are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey given time. area. The estimates are based on field observations Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and and on test data for these and similar soils. is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in many soils, values have been verified by laboratory diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of millimeters in diameter. corrosion. The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume fertility and physical condition of the soil. They change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and change occurs mainly because of the interaction of to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell clay minerals with water and varies with the amount potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in soil kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving moisture content influence the amount of swelling of operations. soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling of Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on 1 /3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after measurements of similar soils. drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to very estimated moist bulk density of each major soil horizon high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil buildings, roads, and other structures. Special design material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. is often needed. Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the potential, available water capacity, total pore space, change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The soil indicates the pore space available for water and classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent; roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, more than 6 percent; water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density and very high, greater than 9 percent. is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil organic matter, and soil structure. to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of (USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss Marengo County, Alabama 113

by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, and structure and permeability. Values of K range from 0.02 soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material. to 0.64. Other factors being equal, the higher the value, These soils have a very slow rate of water the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion transmission. by water. Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short that can occur without affecting crop productivity over periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes year. is considered ponding rather than flooding. Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in the Table 17 gives the frequency and duration of soil at various stages of decomposition. In table 16, flooding and the time of year when flooding is most the estimated content of organic matter is expressed likely. as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is Frequency, duration, and probable dates of less than 2 millimeters in diameter. occurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed as The content of organic matter in a soil can be none, rare, occasional, and frequent. None means that maintained or increased by returning crop residue to flooding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but the soil. Organic matter affects the available water possible under unusual weather conditions (the chance capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of of flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year); nitrogen and other nutrients for crops. occasional that it occurs, on the average, once or less in 2 years (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in Soil and Water Features any year); and frequent that it occurs, on the average, more than once in 2 years (the chance of flooding is Table 17 gives estimates of various soil and water more than 50 percent in any year). Common is used features. The estimates are used in land use planning when the occasional and frequent classes are grouped that involves engineering considerations. for certain purposes. Duration is expressed as very Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, long if 7 runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four days to 1 month, and very long if more than 1 month. groups according to the rate of water infiltration when Probable dates are expressed in months. About two- the soils are not protected by vegetation, are thirds to three-fourths of all flooding occurs during the thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long- stated period. duration storms. The information is based on evidence in the soil The four hydrologic soil groups are: profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist matter content with increasing depth; and little or no mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained horizon development. sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate Also considered are local information about the of water transmission. extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of the extent of flooding based on soil data is less moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or specific than that provided by detailed engineering well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific moderately coarse texture. These soils have a flood frequency levels. moderate rate of water transmission. High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a are based mainly on observations of the water table at layer that impedes the downward movement of water or selected sites and on the evidence of a saturated soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These zone, namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic soils have a slow rate of water transmission. features) in the soil. Indicated in table 17 are the depth Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate to the seasonal high water table; the kind of water (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These table— that is, perched, apparent, or artesian; and the 114

months of the year that the water table commonly is For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed high. A water table that is seasonally high for less than as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, 1 month is not indicated in table 17. acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water extract. in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is Physical and Chemical Analyses of allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A Selected Soils perched water table is water standing above an unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched, The results of physical analysis of several typical water table is separated from a lower one by a dry pedons in the survey area are given in table 18 and the zone. results of chemical analysis in table 19. The data are Two numbers in the column showing depth to the for soils sampled at carefully selected sites. Unless water table indicate the normal range in depth to a otherwise indicated, the pedons are typical of the saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot. series. They are described in the section “Soil Series The first numeral in the range indicates the highest and Their Morphology.” Soil samples were analyzed by water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth the Agronomy and Soils Mineralogy Laboratory, Auburn indicates that the water table is above the surface of University, and the National Soil Survey Laboratory, the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table Natural Resources Conservation Service, Lincoln, is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of Nebraska. 6 feet for less than a month. Most determinations, except those for grain-size Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a analysis and bulk density, were made on soil material depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil smaller than 2 millimeters in diameter. Measurements borings and on observations during soil mapping. The reported as percent or quantity of unit weight were rock is either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or calculated on an ovendry basis. The methods used in fractured, excavations can be made with trenching obtaining the data are indicated in the list that follows. machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is The codes in parentheses refer to published methods hard or massive, blasting or special equipment (10, 20). generally is needed for excavation. Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced Sand— (0.05-2.0 mm fraction) weight percentages of electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or material less than 2 mm (3A1). weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of Silt— (0.002-0.05 mm fraction) pipette extraction, corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors weight percentages of all material less than 2 mm as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and (3A1). electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion Clay— (fraction less than 0.002 mm) pipette of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium extraction, weight percentages of material less than 2 content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the mm (3A1). soil. Special site examination and design may be Carbonate clay— (fraction less than 0.002 mm) needed if the combination of factors results in a severe pipette extraction, weight percentages of material less hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that than 2 mm (3A1). intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more Extractable bases— method of Hajek, Adams, and susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that Cope (10). are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil Extractable acidity— method of Hajek, Adams, and layer. Cope (10). For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed Cation-exchange capacity— sum of cations as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage (5A3a). class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field Base saturation— method of Hajek, Adams, and capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation Cope (10). extract. Reaction (pH)— 1:1 water dilution (8C1a). 115

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the on the basis of physical and chemical properties and National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories other characteristics that affect management. (16, 22). Beginning with the broadest, these categories Generally, the properties are those of horizons below are the order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, plow depth where there is much biological activity. and series. Classification is based on soil properties Among the properties and characteristics considered observed in the field or inferred from those are particle size, mineral content, clay activity, soil observations or from laboratory measurements. Table temperature regime, soil depth, and reaction. A family 20 shows the classification of the soils in the survey name consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by area. The categories are defined in the following terms that indicate soil properties. An example is fine- paragraphs. loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults. ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The SERIES. The series consists of soils within a family differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- that have horizons similar in color, texture, structure, forming processes and the degree of soil formation. reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An composition, and arrangement in the profile. An example is Ultisol. example is the Smithdale series, which is a fine-loamy, SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults. primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil genesis and are important to plant growth or properties Soil Series and Their Morphology that reflect the most important variables within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder In this section, each soil series recognized in the indicates the order. An example is Udult (Ud, meaning survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil humid, plus ult, from Ultisol). and the material in which it formed are identified for GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is arrangement, and degree of development of pedogenic described. The detailed description of each soil horizon horizons; soil moisture and temperature regimes; type follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” (21). of saturation; and base status. Each great group is Many of the technical terms used in the descriptions identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (16) and in “Keys to Soil that indicates a property of the soil. An example is Taxonomy” (22). Unless otherwise indicated, colors in Hapludults (Hapl, meaning minimal horizonation, plus the descriptions are for moist soil. Following the pedon udult, the suborder of the Ultisols that has a udic description is the range of important characteristics of moisture regime). the soils in the series. SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic The map units of each soil series are described in subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept of the great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders, Bama Series suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some properties that are not representative of the great group The Bama series consists of very deep, well drained but do not indicate transitions to any other taxonomic soils on broad ridgetops and on side slopes of high class. Each subgroup is identified by one or more terraces. These soils formed in loamy sediments. adjectives preceding the name of the great group. The Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the Soils of the Bama series are fine-loamy, siliceous, great group. An example is Typic Hapludults. subactive, thermic Typic Paleudults. FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup Bama soils are commonly associated on the 116 Soil Survey

landscape with Lucedale, Luverne, Savannah, and Bibb soils are subject to frequent flooding for brief Smithdale soils. Lucedale soils are in landscape periods several times each year. Slopes range from 0 positions similar to those of the Bama soils. They have to 1 percent. a dark red argillic horizon. Luverne and Smithdale soils Soils of the Bibb series are coarse-loamy, siliceous, are in lower positions on the landscape. Luverne soils active, acid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents. have a clayey argillic horizon. Smithdale soils have an Bibb soils are commonly associated on the argillic horizon that decreases in clay content by 20 landscape with Cahaba, Iuka, Mantachie, and percent or more within a depth of 60 inches. Savannah Mooreville soils. Cahaba soils are on adjacent stream soils are in landscape positions similar to those of the terraces. The moderately well drained Iuka soils, the Bama soils but are at lower elevations. They have a somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils, and the fragipan and are brownish in color. moderately well drained Mooreville soils are in slightly Typical pedon of Bama fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 higher, more convex positions on the stream flood percent slopes, about 1 mile south of the Magnolia plain. Terminal, 1,500 feet west and 900 feet south of the Typical pedon of Bibb fine sandy loam, in an area of northeast corner of sec. 15, T. 13 N., R. 4 E. Bibb-Iuka complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded; about 0.25 mile east of Vineland, 400 feet Ap— 0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy west and 1,000 feet south of the northeast corner of loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; sec. 10, T. 12 N., R. 4 E. many fine roots; common fine pores; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. A1— 0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) BE— 5 to 11 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) fine sandy fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine and common medium roots; friable; common fine roots; strongly acid; clear strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. smooth boundary. A2— 3 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine Bt1— 11 to 41 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam; sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and common medium roots; friable; few fine roots; common faint clay films on few medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in pores and boundary. root channels; strongly acid; clear wavy Bt2— 41 to 65 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) fine sandy loam; boundary. weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; Cg1— 8 to 13 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) sandy loam; few fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of massive; very friable; common fine and medium peds; very strongly acid. roots; few medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; strongly The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. acid; clear wavy boundary. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid Cg2— 13 to 35 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) sandy throughout the profile, except for the surface and loam; massive; very friable; common fine and few subsurface layers in areas where lime has been added. medium roots; few thin strata of loamy sand; few The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; clear The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or wavy boundary. 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is fine Cg3— 35 to 50 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) loam; massive; sandy loam or sandy loam. very friable; few fine roots; few thin strata of loamy The BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or sand; few medium and coarse distinct yellowish 5YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is loam, brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; fine sandy loam, or sandy loam. strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 Cg4— 50 to 58 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) loam; or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. Texture is sandy clay loam massive; very friable; few medium distinct or fine sandy loam. brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bibb Series Cg5— 58 to 68 inches; gray (5Y 6/1) sandy loam; massive; very friable; common medium distinct The Bibb series consists of very deep, poorly brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron drained soils in low positions on flood plains. These accumulation; few medium soft black masses (iron soils formed in stratified loamy and sandy alluvium. and manganese oxides); strongly acid. Marengo County, Alabama 117

Reaction ranges from extremely acid to strongly The upper part of the C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or acid throughout the profile. 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. Texture is The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and loamy sand, fine sand, or sand. chroma of 1 to 3. The lower part of the C horizon has hue of 10YR, The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 6. Some pedons 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many redox have few or common redox depletions in shades of accumulations in shades of red, yellow, or brown. The gray and redox accumulations in shades of brown. texture is commonly sandy loam, fine sandy loam, silt Texture is sand, fine sand, or loamy sand. loam, or loam. Some pedons have textures of sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand in the lower part. Bonneau Series

Bigbee Series The Bonneau series consists of very deep, well drained soils on stream terraces. These soils formed in The Bigbee series consists of very deep, sandy and loamy sediments. Slopes range from 0 to 5 excessively drained soils on low stream terraces and percent. on natural levees. These soils formed in sandy Soils of the Bonneau series are loamy, siliceous, sediments. Bigbee soils are subject to rare or semiactive, thermic Arenic Paleudults. occasional flooding for brief periods. Slopes range from Bonneau soils are commonly associated on the 0 to 5 percent. landscape with Izagora, Savannah, and Yonges soils. Soils of the Bigbee series are thermic, coated Typic Izagora and Savannah soils are in landscape positions Quartzipsamments. similar to those of the Bonneau soils. They do not Bigbee soils are commonly associated on the have a thick, sandy epipedon. The poorly drained landscape with Cahaba, Chrysler, Harleston, Riverview, Yonges soils are in lower positions than the Bonneau and Urbo soils. Cahaba and Harleston soils are in soils. positions similar to those of the Bigbee soils. They Typical pedon of Bonneau loamy fine sand, 0 to 5 have a loamy argillic horizon. Chrysler soils are on percent slopes, about 2 miles northeast of Providence, terraces at slightly lower elevations than the Bigbee about 2,200 feet west and 1,000 feet south of the soils and have a clayey argillic horizon. Riverview soils northeast corner of sec. 7, T. 16 N., R. 4 E. are in slightly lower positions on natural levees and are fine-loamy. Urbo soils are in lower positions on the Ap— 0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loamy fine sand; flood plain and have a clayey cambic horizon. weak fine granular structure; very friable; common Typical pedon of Bigbee loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent fine roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth slopes, occasionally flooded; about 2 miles south of boundary. Coatopa, 900 feet east and 200 feet north of the E— 7 to 21 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy sand; southwest corner of sec. 32, T. 17 N., R. 1 E. single grained; loose; few fine roots; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Ap— 0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loamy sand; Bt1— 21 to 36 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) single grained; loose; few fine and medium roots; sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint C1— 9 to 47 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loamy clay films on faces of peds; few medium distinct sand; single grained; loose; few fine roots; very strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. accumulation; very strongly acid; clear smooth C2— 47 to 62 inches; yellow (10YR 7/6) sand; single boundary. grained; loose; very strongly acid; gradual wavy Bt2— 36 to 51 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) boundary. sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular C3— 62 to 80 inches; yellow (10YR 7/6) sand; single blocky structure; friable; few medium roots; few grained; loose; common fine faint very pale brown faint clay films on faces of peds; few medium (10YR 7/3) iron depletions; very strongly acid. distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions and The thickness of sandy sediments is more than 80 few coarse prominent red (2.5 YR 4/8) masses of inches. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear smooth acid throughout the profile, except in areas where lime boundary. has been added. Bt3— 51 to 65 inches; 35 percent brownish yellow The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to (10YR 6/6), 35 percent light gray (10YR 7/2), and 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. 30 percent red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam; 118 Soil Survey

moderate medium subangular blocky structure; loamy fine sand; single grained; loose; common friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds; the fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; clear areas of light gray are iron depletions and the smooth boundary. areas of red are masses of iron accumulation; very E2— 19 to 28 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) strongly acid. loamy fine sand; single grained; loose; few fine roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. Bt1— 28 to 44 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; acid in the A and E horizons and from very strongly very friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films on acid to strongly acid in the Bt horizon. faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual smooth The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or boundary. 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Bt2— 44 to 58 inches; reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) sandy The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 to 7, and clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is loamy sand or loamy fine structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of sand. peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR, Bt3— 58 to 80 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) sandy clay loam; value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It has few to weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many redox accumulations in shades of red or brown common distinct clay films on faces of peds; very and redox depletions in shades of gray. The texture is strongly acid. sandy loam or sandy clay loam. The lower part of the Bt horizon has the same range The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. in colors as the upper part, or it has no dominant Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid matrix color and is multicolored in shades of red, gray, throughout the profile, except for the surface and and brown. The texture is sandy loam, sandy clay subsurface layers in areas where lime has been added. loam, or sandy clay. The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 Boykin Series to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is loamy fine sand or loamy sand. The Boykin series consists of very deep, well The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 drained soils on narrow ridgetops and side slopes in to 6, and chroma of 6 to 8. Texture is sandy loam or the uplands. These soils formed in sandy and loamy sandy clay loam. sediments. Slopes range from 0 to 45 percent. Soils of the Boykin series are loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Arenic Paleudults. Brantley Series Boykin soils are commonly associated on the The Brantley series consists of very deep, well landscape with Luverne, Smithdale, and Wadley soils. drained soils on narrow ridgetops and on side slopes of Luverne, Smithdale, and Wadley soils are in landscape uplands. These soils formed in clayey and loamy positions similar to those of the Boykin soils. Luverne sediments. Slopes range from 5 to 35 percent. soils have a clayey argillic horizon and do not have a Soils of the Brantley series are fine, mixed, active, thick sandy epipedon. Smithdale soils do not have a thermic Ultic Hapludalfs. thick sandy epipedon. Wadley soils have a sandy Brantley soils are commonly associated with epipedon more than 40 inches thick. Kipling, Okeelala, Oktibbeha, and Searcy soils. Kipling Typical pedon of Boykin loamy fine sand, 0 to 5 and Searcy soils are in lower, less sloping positions percent slopes, about 0.5 miles west of Bethel than Brantley soils. Kipling soils are somewhat poorly Cemetery in the Clayhill community, 100 feet south drained. Searcy soils are moderately well drained and and 2,600 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 22, have a solum thickness of 60 inches or more. Okeelala T. 12 N., R. 3 E. and Oktibbeha soils are in landscape positions similar Ap— 0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) to those of the Brantley soils. Okeelala soils are fine- loamy fine sand: weak fine granular structure; very loamy. Oktibbeha soils have a very fine textured argillic friable; common fine and medium roots; very horizon. strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Brantley fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 E1— 5 to 19 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) percent slopes; about 1.25 miles north of Consul, 200 Marengo County, Alabama 119

feet west and 1,200 feet north of the southeast corner Cahaba Series of sec. 11, T. 15 N., R. 5 E. The Cahaba series consists of very deep, well Ap— 0 to 5 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) drained soils on low terraces that are adjacent to the fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very major streams. These soils formed in loamy alluvium. friable; many fine roots; common fine pores; Cahaba soils are subject to rare or occasional flooding. moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. BA— 5 to 10 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) fine Soils of the Cahaba series are fine-loamy, siliceous, sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults. very friable; few fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt Cahaba soils are commonly associated on the smooth boundary. landscape with Bigbee, Chrysler, Harleston, Izagora, Bt1— 10 to 20 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay and Urbo soils. Bigbee soils are in landscape positions loam; moderate medium subangular blocky similar to those of the Cahaba soils. They are sandy structure; firm; few fine roots; few faint clay films throughout the profile. Chrysler, Harleston, and Izagora on faces of peds; moderately acid; clear smooth soils are in slightly lower, less convex landscape boundary. positions. Chrysler soils have a clayey argillic horizon. Bt2— 20 to 41 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay Harleston soils have a coarse-loamy argillic horizon loam; moderate medium subangular blocky and brownish colors. Izagora soils have a brownish structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint clay subsoil. Urbo soils are on adjacent flood plains and films on faces of peds; few fine flakes of mica; have a clayey cambic horizon. common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR Typical pedon of Cahaba fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 6/8) and few medium prominent yellowish red (5YR percent slopes, rarely flooded, about 3.5 miles west of 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; moderately acid; Jefferson, 500 feet east and 700 feet north of the clear smooth boundary. southwest corner of sec. 36, T. 17 N., R. 1 E. Bt3— 41 to 55 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Ap— 0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam; structure; firm; common faint clay films on faces of weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine peds; common fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; and medium roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth clear smooth boundary. boundary. C— 55 to 69 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) fine Bt1— 6 to 22 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam; sandy loam; massive; very friable; common fine weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; flakes of mica; common fine and medium distinct many fine and medium roots; few faint clay films light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions; very on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy strongly acid. boundary. Bt2— 22 to 47 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam; The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60 moderate medium subangular blocky structure; inches. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces acid throughout the profile, except for the surface layer of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. in areas where lime has been added. C1— 47 to 75 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) fine The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine flakes of value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is fine mica; common fine distinct yellow (10YR 7/6) sandy loam or loam. masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; The BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or clear wavy boundary. 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture is C2— 75 to 90 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) loamy sand; fine sandy loam or loam. single grained; loose; few fine flakes of mica; few The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture is clay, sandy clay, accumulation; very strongly acid. or clay loam in the upper part and clay loam or sandy clay loam in the lower part. The thickness of the solum ranges from 36 to 60 The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Some pedons have few to moderately acid throughout the profile, except for the common redox accumulations in shades of brown and surface layer in areas where lime has been added. red and few to common redox depletions in shades of The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or gray. Texture is sandy clay loam, fine sandy loam, 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. sandy loam, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand. The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value 120 Soil Survey

of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and common fine fine sandy loam, or loamy fine sand. distinct yellowish red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 accumulation; few fine distinct light brownish gray or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. Texture is loam, sandy clay (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid; clear loam, or clay loam. wavy boundary. The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 Bt3— 24 to 42 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay; or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture is fine sandy loam, strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm; sandy loam, or loamy sand. It has common strata of few fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of coarser or finer textured material. peds; common medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) iron depletions; common medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; very Chrysler Series strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt4— 42 to 65 inches; 40 percent light gray (10YR 7/1), The Chrysler series consists of very deep, 30 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), and 30 moderately well drained soils on low terraces adjacent percent red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate coarse to the Tombigbee River and other large streams. These subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint soils formed in clayey sediments. Chrysler soils are clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid. subject to occasional flooding. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. Soils of the Chrysler series are fine, mixed, Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid semiactive, thermic Aquic Paleudults. throughout the profile, except for the surface layer in Chrysler soils are commonly associated on the areas where lime has been added. landscape with Bigbee, Cahaba, Lenoir, Minter, and The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, Urbo soils. Bigbee and Cahaba soils are in slightly value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt higher, more convex positions than the Chrysler soils. loam. Bigbee soils are sandy throughout the profile. Cahaba The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value soils are fine-loamy. The somewhat poorly drained of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is silt loam or Lenoir soils and the poorly drained Minter soils are in loam. slightly lower, less convex positions than the Chrysler The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR soils. The somewhat poorly drained Urbo soils are on or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8; or it has adjacent flood plains. no dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades Typical pedon of Chrysler silt loam, in an area of of red, yellow, gray, and brown. Some pedons have few Chrysler-Lenoir complex, gently undulating, or common redox depletions in shades of gray and occasionally flooded; about 1.25 miles east of Moscow, redox accumulations in shades of red, brown, and 1,600 feet west and 2,400 feet north of the southeast yellow. Texture is clay, clay loam, silty clay loam, or corner of sec. 20, T. 17 N., R. 1 E. silty clay. The lower part of the Bt horizon has colors similar to Ap— 0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt those of the upper part and includes hue of 10YR, loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 8. It has few to many fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; many redox depletions and accumulations. Texture is abrupt smooth boundary. clay loam, silty clay, or clay. E— 3 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; many medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR Consul Series 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The Consul series consists of deep, poorly drained Bt1— 6 to 18 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) silty clay soils on broad ridgetops of the uplands. These soils loam; strong medium subangular blocky structure; formed in clayey sediments and the underlying alkaline firm; common fine and medium roots; common shale. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. faint clay films on faces of peds; very strongly Soils of the Consul series are very-fine, smectitic, acid; gradual wavy boundary. thermic Chromic Dystraquerts. Bt2— 18 to 24 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) silty Consul soils are commonly associated on the clay; strong medium subangular blocky structure; landscape with Wilcox soils. Wilcox soils are on very firm; few medium roots; common faint clay adjacent side slopes and have reddish colors in the films on faces of peds; common medium distinct upper part of the subsoil. Marengo County, Alabama 121

Typical pedon of Consul clay, 0 to 2 percent slopes, distinct yellow (2.5Y 7/6) masses of iron about 1.5 miles west of Thomaston, 2,700 feet west accumulation on structural faces; slightly alkaline. and 2,100 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 27, The thickness of the solum and the depth to shale T. 15 N., R. 4 E. bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches. Ap— 0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay; The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value weak fine granular and moderate medium of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. Reaction ranges from subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and extremely acid to strongly acid, except in areas where medium roots; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. lime has been added. Bssg1— 6 to 20 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) The Bssg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of clay; weak coarse prisms parting to moderate fine 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many and medium angular blocky structure; very firm; redox depletions in shades of gray and redox common fine roots on surfaces of peds; common accumulations in shades of brown and red. It has few intersecting slickensides that have faint, slightly to many black or brown concretions of iron and grooved surfaces; common fine brown and black manganese oxides. Reaction is extremely acid or very concretions (iron and manganese oxides); common strongly acid in the upper part and ranges from very medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) strongly acid to neutral in the lower part. masses of iron accumulation on faces of peds and The Cr horizon is weathered shale. It has platy and within the matrix; extremely acid; gradual wavy conchoidal rock structure. Some pedons have few or boundary. common soft masses of calcium carbonate. Reaction Bssg2— 20 to 40 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline. It can be clay; large wedge-shaped aggregates parting to dug with difficulty with hand tools and is rippable by strong medium and coarse angular blocky light machinery. structure; very firm; few fine roots on surfaces of peds; common large intersecting slickensides that have distinct polished and grooved surfaces; many Demopolis Series fine brown and black concretions (iron and The Demopolis series consists of shallow, well manganese oxides); common medium distinct drained soils on ridgetops and side slopes of uplands yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron in the Blackland Prairie. These soils formed in material accumulation on faces of peds and within the weathered from soft limestone (chalk). Slopes range matrix; many medium faint light gray (5Y 7/1) iron from 1 to 12 percent. depletions on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual Soils of the Demopolis series are loamy, carbonatic, wavy boundary. thermic, shallow Typic Udorthents. Bssg3— 40 to 52 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay; Demopolis soils are commonly associated on the large wedge-shaped aggregates parting to strong landscape with Sumter and Watsonia soils. Sumter and medium and coarse angular blocky structure; very Watsonia soils are in slightly higher landscape firm; few fine roots on surfaces of peds; common positions. Sumter soils are moderately deep over large intersecting slickensides that have distinct bedrock. Watsonia soils are clayey and are acid in the polished and grooved surfaces; common fine upper part of the solum. fragments of soft shale; many fine brown and black Typical pedon of Demopolis silty clay loam, 3 to 8 concretions (iron and manganese oxides); many percent slopes, eroded, about 2.1 miles south of black stains (manganese oxides) on faces of peds Demopolis, 1,000 feet north and 1,000 feet east of the in a 2-inch layer above the lower boundary; many southwest corner of sec. 4, T. 17 N., R. 3 E. fine distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) masses of iron accumulation on faces of peds and within the Ap— 0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silty matrix; many fine faint light gray (5Y 7/1) iron clay loam; moderate medium granular structure; depletions on faces of peds; neutral; abrupt wavy friable; few medium and many fine roots; common boundary. fine and medium nodules of calcium carbonate; Cr— 52 to 80 inches; shale that is light olive brown about 5 percent fragments of soft limestone (2.5Y 5/4) in the interior and grayish brown (2.5Y (chalk); strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; 5/2) on the exterior; weak medium platy and clear smooth boundary. conchoidal rock structure; common soft masses of C— 6 to 13 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silty calcium carbonate; many fine black concretions clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky (iron and manganese oxides); common medium structure; friable; common fine roots; many 122 Soil Survey

fragments of soft limestone (chalk); common fine Ap— 0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) and medium nodules and soft masses of calcium clay loam; moderate fine granular and moderate carbonate; violently effervescent; moderately medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. fine and medium roots; neutral; abrupt smooth Cr— 13 to 65 inches; light gray (5Y 7/2) and gray (5Y boundary. 6/1) soft limestone (chalk); moderate medium and A— 5 to 13 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silty thick platy rock structure; level-bedded; very firm; clay; moderate medium angular and subangular violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. blocky structure; firm; common fine and medium roots; few fine black nodules (iron and manganese The depth to soft limestone (chalk) bedrock is 10 to oxides); few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) 20 inches. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately masses of iron accumulation; neutral; clear wavy alkaline throughout the profile. Soft limestone (chalk) boundary. fragments are pararock fragments. Bss— 13 to 30 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value loam; coarse wedge-shaped fragments of soil of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. The content of soft parting to moderate medium angular blocky limestone fragments ranges from 5 to 15 percent. This structure; firm; few fine roots along faces of horizon has few to many concretions and soft masses slickensides; common large intersecting of calcium carbonate. slickensides that have distinct, polished and The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 grooved surfaces; common fine and few medium to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is loam, silt loam, soft black masses (iron and manganese oxides); clay loam, or silty clay loam. This horizon has common few fine black nodules (iron and manganese or many concretions or soft masses of calcium oxides); common fine and medium faint grayish carbonate. Some pedons have 5 to 35 percent brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions on faces of peds channers of soft limestone. and in pores; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; The Cr horizon is level-bedded, soft limestone clear wavy boundary. (chalk) that has platy rock structure. It can be Bkss1— 30 to 51 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) excavated with difficulty with hand tools and is rippable silty clay; coarse wedge-shaped fragments of soil by light machinery. Thin, discontinuous strata of hard parting to moderate medium angular blocky limestone are in some areas. structure; firm; few fine roots on faces of slickensides; common large intersecting slickensides that have distinct, polished and Faunsdale Series grooved surfaces; many fine and few medium soft black masses (iron and manganese oxides); The Faunsdale series consists of very deep, common fine distinct olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) somewhat poorly drained soils on concave side slopes masses of iron accumulation; common fine faint and toe slopes of the Blackland Prairie. These soils gray (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions on faces of peds formed in alkaline clay and the underlying soft and within peds; many soft masses and common limestone (chalk). Slopes range from 1 to 5 percent. nodules of calcium carbonate; slightly Soils of the Faunsdale series are fine, smectitic, effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy thermic Aquic Hapluderts. boundary. Faunsdale soils are commonly associated on the Bkss2— 51 to 68 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) landscape with Demopolis, Sucarnoochee, Sumter, and clay; coarse wedge-shaped fragments of soil Vaiden soils. Demopolis and Sumter soils are in parting to strong medium angular blocky structure; slightly higher positions than the Faunsdale soils. firm; common large intersecting slickensides that Demopolis soils are shallow over bedrock. Sumter soils have distinct, polished and grooved surfaces; few are moderately deep over bedrock. Sucarnoochee soils fine and medium soft black masses (iron and are on adjacent flood plains and are subject to frequent manganese oxides); common coarse distinct flooding. Vaiden soils are in lower positions than the brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron Faunsdale soils and are acid in the upper part of the accumulation; few fine distinct light brownish gray subsoil. (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; many soft masses and Typical pedon of Faunsdale clay loam, 1 to 3 common nodules of calcium carbonate; strongly percent slopes, about 4 miles south of Faunsdale, effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy 1,350 feet south and 200 feet east of the northwest boundary. corner of sec. 33, T. 17 N., R. 5 E. C— 68 to 90 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay; Marengo County, Alabama 123

massive; firm; common fine distinct olive yellow 2,200 feet east and 1,000 feet north of the southwest (2.5Y 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; few soft corner of sec. 25, T. 16 N., R. 2 E. masses of calcium carbonate; violently Ap— 0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very boundary. friable; few fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth Cr— 90 to 95 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) boundary. soft limestone (chalk); moderate thick platy rock E— 4 to 8 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) structure; very firm; violently effervescent; loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; moderately alkaline. few fine roots; strongly acid; clear smooth The thickness of the solum is more than 40 boundary. inches, and the depth to bedrock is more than 60 Bt1— 8 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; inches. weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of or 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. Reaction is neutral or peds; few medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR slightly alkaline. 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; few fine distinct The B horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, value gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions; strongly acid; clear of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. It has few to many smooth boundary. redox accumulations in shades of brown and olive and Bt2— 24 to 48 inches; 40 percent brownish yellow redox depletions in shades of gray. It has few to many (10YR 6/8), 30 percent gray (10YR 7/2), and 30 soft masses or nodules and concretions of iron and percent reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay loam; manganese oxides. Some pedons have few to many moderate medium subangular blocky structure; soft masses or nodules and concretions of calcium firm; few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of carbonate, which generally increase with increasing peds; the areas of gray are iron depletions and the depth. Texture is clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, areas of reddish brown are masses of iron or clay. Reaction ranges from neutral to moderately accumulation; very strongly acid; clear smooth alkaline. boundary. The C horizon has a hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 5 or Bt3— 48 to 65 inches; 40 percent brownish yellow 6, and chroma of 1 to 3. It has few to many redox (10YR 6/8), 30 percent gray (10YR 7/2), and 30 accumulations in shades of brown and olive. Texture is percent red (2.5YR 3/4) clay loam; moderate clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam. medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine The Cr horizon, if it occurs, is soft limestone (chalk). roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; It is massive or has platy rock structure. It can be dug the areas of gray are iron depletions and the areas with difficulty with hand tools and is rippable by light of red are masses of iron accumulation; very machinery. strongly acid. The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. Freest Series Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the profile, except for the surface layer in The Freest series consists of very deep, moderately areas where lime has been added. well drained soils on stream terraces in the Blackland The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or Prairie. These soils formed in loamy sediments. Slopes 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. range from 1 to 3 percent. The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value Soils of the Freest series are fine-loamy, siliceous, of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is sandy loam, active, thermic Aquic Paleudalfs. fine sandy loam, or loam. Freest soils are commonly associated on the The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR, landscape with Kipling, Searcy, Sucarnoochee, and value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. It has few or Vaiden soils. Kipling, Searcy, and Vaiden soils are in common redox accumulations in shades of brown and higher positions on the landscape than the Freest soils. red and redox depletions in shades of gray. Texture is They have a clayey argillic horizon. Sucarnoochee loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam. soils are on adjacent flood plains and are clayey The lower part has a similar range in colors as the throughout. upper part, or it has no dominant matrix color and is Typical pedon of Freest fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 multicolored in shades of brown, gray, and red. Texture percent slopes, about 2 miles northeast of Linden, is clay loam or clay. 124 Soil Survey

Halso Series The thickness of the solum ranges from 25 to 50 inches, and the depth to soft shale bedrock ranges The Halso series consists of deep, moderately well from 40 to 60 inches. Reaction ranges from extremely drained soils on ridgetops and side slopes of the acid to strongly acid throughout the profile, except for uplands. These soils formed in clayey sediments and the surface layer in areas where lime has been added. the underlying shale. Slopes range from 2 to 15 The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, percent. value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Soils of the Halso series are fine, smectitic, thermic The BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR, value Vertic Hapludults. of 3 or 4, and chroma of 4 to 6. Texture is clay loam, Halso soils are commonly associated on the silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. landscape with Houlka and Luverne soils. Houlka soils The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR are on adjacent flood plains and are subject to frequent or 5YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture flooding. Luverne soils are in landscape positions is clay loam, clay, or silty clay. similar to those of the Halso soils but are at higher The lower part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or elevations. They have mixed clay mineralogy and do 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8; or it has no not have vertic properties. dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of Typical pedon of Halso fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 gray, red, brown, and yellow. It has common to many percent slopes, about 2 miles south of Vineland, 600 redox depletions in shades of gray and redox feet south and 800 feet east of the northwest corner of accumulations in shades of red, yellow, and brown. sec. 23, T. 12 N., R. 4 E. Texture is clay or silty clay. The Cr horizon is clayey shale that can be cut with Ap— 0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy hand tools and is rippable by light machinery. loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Harleston Series Bt1— 7 to 16 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate The Harleston series consists of very deep, medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common moderately well drained soils on low stream terraces. fine and medium roots; common faint clay films on These soils formed in loamy sediments. Harleston faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. soils are rarely flooded, but they may be flooded during Bt2— 16 to 21 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate periods of unusually heavy and prolonged rainfall. medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. medium roots; common faint clay films on faces of Soils of the Harleston series are coarse-loamy, peds; common medium prominent light yellowish siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aquic Paleudults. brown (2.5Y 6/4) masses of iron accumulation; Harleston soils are commonly associated on the strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. landscape with Bigbee, Cahaba, Steens, and Yonges Bt3— 21 to 29 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate soils. Bigbee and Cahaba soils are in landscape medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine positions similar to those of the Harleston soils. Bigbee and medium roots; common distinct light yellowish soils are sandy throughout the profile. Cahaba soils are brown (2.5Y 6/4) clay films on faces of peds; fine-loamy and have a reddish subsoil. The somewhat common fine prominent light gray (2.5Y 7/2) iron poorly drained Steens soils and the poorly drained depletions; very strongly acid; clear wavy Yonges soils are in slightly lower, less convex boundary. landscape positions than the Harleston soils. Bt4— 29 to 44 inches; 40 percent red (2.5YR 4/8), 30 Typical pedon of Harleston fine sandy loam, in an percent light gray (2.5Y 7/2), and 30 percent strong area of Steens-Yonges-Harleston complex, 0 to 2 brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay; moderate medium angular percent slopes, about 1 mile north of Putnam, 200 feet blocky structure; firm; common distinct brownish north and 1,600 feet east of the southwest corner of yellow (10YR 6/6) clay films on faces of peds; the sec. 32, T. 13 N., R. 1 E. areas of light gray are iron depletions and the areas of strong brown are masses of iron Ap— 0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine accumulation; very strongly acid; abrupt irregular sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very boundary. friable; few fine and medium roots; moderately Cr— 44 to 65 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) clayey shale; acid; abrupt smooth boundary. moderate medium platy rock structure; very firm; E— 5 to 13 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) fine extremely acid. sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky Marengo County, Alabama 125

structure; very friable; few fine and medium roots; Houlka Series very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt1— 13 to 22 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) fine The Houlka series consists of very deep, somewhat sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky poorly drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed structure; very friable; few medium roots; few faint in acid, clayey alluvium. Houlka soils are subject to clay films on faces of peds; few medium distinct flooding for brief periods one or more times each year. strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron Slopes range from 0 to 1 percent. accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual smooth Soils of the Houlka series are fine, smectitic, boundary. thermic Aeric Epiaquerts. Bt2— 22 to 36 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) Houlka soils are commonly associated on the loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; landscape with Consul, Halso, and Wilcox soils. very friable; few medium roots; few faint clay films Consul, Halso, and Wilcox soils are on adjacent on faces of peds; few medium distinct strong uplands and are not subject to flooding. Consul and brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; Wilcox soils are very fine textured. Halso soils are common fine prominent gray (10YR 7/2) iron moderately well drained. depletions; very strongly acid; clear wavy Typical pedon of Houlka silty clay loam, 0 to 1 boundary. percent slopes, frequently flooded, about 8 miles south Bt3— 36 to 48 inches; 40 percent brownish yellow of Thomaston, 2,100 feet east and 400 feet south of (10YR 6/6), 30 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), the northwest corner of sec. 28, T. 14 N., R. 5 E. and 30 percent gray (10YR 7/2) loam; weak A— 0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; clay loam; moderate medium granular structure; few faint clay films on faces of peds; the areas of friable; many fine roots; strongly acid; clear wavy strong brown are masses of iron accumulation and boundary. the areas of gray are iron depletions; very strongly Bg— 6 to 13 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) acid; gradual smooth boundary. clay; strong medium subangular blocky structure; Bt4— 48 to 62 inches; 40 percent brownish yellow firm; few fine roots; common pressure faces; few (10YR 6/6), 30 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; and 30 percent gray (10YR 7/2) sandy clay loam; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; Bssg1— 13 to 34 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay; few faint clay films on faces of peds; the areas of strong medium angular blocky structure; firm; few strong brown are masses of iron accumulation and fine roots; common large intersecting slickensides the areas of gray are iron depletions; very strongly that have distinct striated surfaces; common fine acid. soft black masses (iron and manganese oxides); The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. many coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; throughout the profile, except for the surface layer in gradual wavy boundary. areas where lime has been added. Bssg2— 34 to 49 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay; weak The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or coarse subangular blocky structure parting to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. strong medium angular blocky; firm; common large The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, intersecting slickensides that have distinct, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is fine polished and grooved surfaces; common fine soft sandy loam or sandy loam. black masses (iron and manganese oxides); many The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Some of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy pedons have few or common redox depletions in boundary. shades of gray and redox accumulations is shades of Bssg3— 49 to 65 inches; gray (5Y 6/1) clay; weak brown or red. Texture is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, coarse subangular blocky structure parting to or loam. moderate medium angular blocky; firm; common The lower part of the Bt horizon has a similar range large intersecting slickensides that have distinct, in colors as the upper part, or it has no dominant polished and grooved surfaces; common fine soft matrix color and is multicolored in shades of gray, black masses (iron and manganese oxides); brown, and red. It has common or many redox common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR depletions in shades of gray. Texture is fine sandy 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly loam, sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam. acid. 126 Soil Survey

The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. oxides); few medium distinct brownish yellow Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid (10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; strongly throughout the profile, except for the surface layer in acid. areas where lime has been added. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or throughout the profile, except for the surface layer in 5, and chroma of 2. areas where lime has been added. Thin strata of The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, contrasting textures are common in most pedons. and chroma of 2. Some pedons have few or common The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or redox accumulations in shades of brown and red. 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silty clay loam, clay loam, clay, or silty clay. The C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and The Bssg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 chroma of 3 to 6. It has redox depletions that have or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many redox chroma of 2 or less within a depth of 20 inches. Texture accumulations in shades of brown and red. Texture is is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam. clay or silty clay. The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many redox Iuka Series accumulations in shades of brown, red, or yellow. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy sand. The Iuka series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils on stream flood plains. These soils formed in stratified loamy and sandy alluvium. Iuka Izagora Series soils are subject to frequent flooding for brief periods one or more times each year. Slopes range from 0 to 1 The Izagora series consists of very deep, percent. moderately well drained soils on low terraces that are Soils of the Iuka series are coarse-loamy, siliceous, adjacent to major streams. These soils formed in active, acid, thermic Aquic Udifluvents. loamy alluvium. Izagora soils are rarely flooded, but Iuka soils are commonly associated with Bibb, they may be flooded during periods of unusually heavy Kinston, and Mantachie soils. The poorly drained Bibb and prolonged rainfall. Slopes range from 0 to 2 and Kinston soils and the somewhat poorly drained percent. Mantachie soils are in slightly lower, less convex Soils of the Izagora series are fine-loamy, siliceous, landscape positions than the Iuka soils. semiactive, thermic Aquic Paleudults. Typical pedon of Iuka fine sandy loam, in an area of Izagora soils are commonly associated with Bibb-Iuka complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently Cahaba, Chrysler, Lenoir, and Urbo soils. Cahaba soils flooded; about 0.25 mile west of Shiloh, 1,830 feet east are in landscape positions similar to those of the and 150 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 1, T. Izagora soils. They are well drained and have a reddish 13 N., R. 3 E. subsoil. Chrysler and Lenoir soils are on terraces at slightly lower elevations than the Izagora soils. They A1— 0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) have a clayey argillic horizon. Urbo soils are on fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very adjacent flood plains and have a clayey cambic friable; many fine and common medium roots; horizon. strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Typical pedon of Izagora sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent A2— 4 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy slopes, rarely flooded, about 1.75 miles southeast of loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; Dixons Mill, 2,400 feet west and 100 feet south of the many fine and common medium roots; strongly northeast corner of sec. 3, T. 12 N., R. 3 E. acid; clear wavy boundary. C— 10 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy Ap— 0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam; massive; very friable; common fine and sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very medium roots; few thin strata of pale brown (10YR friable; common fine and few medium roots; many 6/3) loamy sand; common medium distinct light fine pores; moderately acid; abrupt smooth brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; strongly boundary. acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt1— 8 to 18 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Cg— 24 to 65 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) sandy loam; loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; massive; very friable; few fine roots; common thin very friable; few fine and medium roots; few faint strata of pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy sand; few clay films on faces on peds; strongly acid; clear fine soft black masses (iron and manganese smooth boundary. Marengo County, Alabama 127

Bt2— 18 to 32 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay times each year. Slopes range from 0 to 1 percent. loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to Soils of the Kinston series are fine-loamy, siliceous, moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine semiactive, acid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents. and medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of Kinston soils are commonly associated on the peds; few fine prominent yellowish red (2.5YR 5/8) landscape with Mantachie and Mooreville soils. The masses of iron accumulation and common coarse somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils and the distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron moderately well drained Mooreville soils are in slightly depletions; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. higher, more convex positions on flood plains than the Bt3— 32 to 56 inches; 40 percent brownish yellow Kinston soils. (10YR 6/6), 30 percent light brownish gray (10YR Typical pedon of Kinston fine sandy loam, in an area 6/2), and 30 percent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay of Mooreville, Mantachie, and Kinston soils, 0 to 1 loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to percent slopes, frequently flooded; about 1 mile south moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine of Octagon, 2,000 feet north and 2,000 feet east of the and medium roots; common faint clay films on southwest corner of sec. 15, T. 14 N., R. 3 E. faces of peds; strongly acid; clear smooth A— 0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy boundary. loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; Btg— 56 to 65 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay many fine roots; strongly acid; clear wavy loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to boundary. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Cg1— 3 to 14 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds; loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR friable; common fine roots; common medium 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly distinct light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses of acid. iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. boundary. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid Cg2— 14 to 30 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) loam; weak throughout the profile, except for the surface layer in coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few areas where lime has been added. fine roots; few thin strata of pale brown (10YR 6/3) The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or loamy sand; common medium prominent brownish 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR, very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Some pedons Cg3— 30 to 48 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/1) clay loam; have few or common redox accumulations in shades of weak very coarse subangular blocky structure; brown, yellow, and red and redox depletions in shades firm; few medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR of gray. Texture is loam or clay loam. 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly The lower part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or acid; gradual smooth boundary. 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8; or it has no Cg4— 48 to 65 inches; gray (2.5Y 5/1) clay loam; dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of massive; firm; few thin strata of light gray (10YR brown, gray, red, and yellow. It has common or many 7/1) loamy sand; few medium prominent brownish redox accumulations in shades of brown, yellow, and yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; red and redox depletions in shades of gray. Texture is very strongly acid. clay loam or clay. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid The Btg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or throughout the profile, except for the surface layer in 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has areas where lime has been applied. common or many redox accumulations in shades of The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to brown, yellow, and red. Texture is clay loam or clay. 5, and chroma of 1 to 3. The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 Kinston Series to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few or common redox accumulations in shades of brown and yellow. The The Kinston series consists of very deep, poorly texture commonly is loam or clay loam. Thin strata of drained soils in low positions on flood plains. These finer and coarser-textured material are in most pedons. soils formed in loamy alluvium. Kinston soils are Some pedons have textures of sand, loamy sand, or subject to frequent flooding for brief periods several gravelly sand below a depth of 40 inches. 128 Soil Survey

Kipling Series are iron depletions; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. The Kipling series consists of very deep, somewhat Btss2— 41 to 65 inches; 55 percent light yellowish poorly drained soils on ridgetops in the Blackland brown (2.5Y 6/3) and 45 percent gray (2.5Y 6/1) Prairie. These soils formed in acid, clayey sediments silty clay; weak coarse angular blocky structure overlying soft limestone (chalk). Slopes range from 1 to parting to moderate fine and medium angular 5 percent. blocky; few very fine roots; common large Soils of the Kipling series are fine, smectitic, intersecting slickensides that have distinct, thermic Vertic Paleudalfs. polished and grooved surfaces; common fine soft Kipling soils are commonly associated on the black masses (iron and manganese oxides); areas landscape with Brantley, Freest, Oktibbeha, Sumter, of gray are iron depletions; moderately acid. and Vaiden soils. Brantley and Oktibbeha soils are on The thickness of the solum and the depth to soft adjacent side slopes. Brantley soils are well drained. limestone (chalk) is more than 60 inches. Oktibbeha soils are very fine textured. Freest soils are The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or in landscape positions similar to those of the Kipling 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. Reaction ranges from very soils but are at lower elevations. They have a loamy strongly acid to moderately acid, except in areas where argillic horizon. Sumter soils are in higher positions lime has been added. than Kipling soils and are alkaline to the surface. The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of Vaiden soils are in lower positions than the Kipling 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8; or it has no dominant soils and are very fine textured. matrix color and is multicolored in shades of brown, Typical pedon of Kipling clay loam, 1 to 5 percent gray, and red. It has common or many redox depletions slopes, in the town of Linden, 1,000 feet west and in shades of gray and redox accumulations in shades 1,500 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 4, T. 15 of brown, yellow, and red. Texture is silty clay loam, N., R. 3 E. silty clay, or clay. Reaction ranges from very strongly Ap— 0 to 7 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) acid to moderately acid. clay loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable; The Btss horizon has hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of many fine and medium roots; moderately acid; 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 6; or it has no dominant abrupt smooth boundary. matrix color and is multicolored in shades of brown, Bt1— 7 to 16 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) olive, red, and gray. It has few to many redox silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular depletions in shades of gray and redox accumulations blocky structure; firm; common fine and medium in shades of brown, yellow, and red. Reaction ranges roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; from very strongly acid to moderately acid. Texture is common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR silty clay or clay. 5/8) masses of iron accumulation and common The Bkss horizon, if it occurs, has a range in colors fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron similar to that of the Btss horizon. It has few to many depletions; few fine soft black masses (iron and soft masses or concretions of calcium carbonate. manganese oxides); strongly acid; clear smooth Reaction ranges from slightly acid to moderately boundary. alkaline. Texture is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. Bt2— 16 to 25 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few medium roots; common faint Lenoir Series clay films on faces of peds; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron The Lenoir series consists of very deep, somewhat accumulation and many medium distinct light poorly drained soils on low terraces adjacent to the brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; few fine Tombigbee River and other major streams. These soils soft black masses (iron and manganese oxides); formed in clayey sediments. Lenoir soils are subject to strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. occasional flooding. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Btss1— 25 to 41 inches; 60 percent strong brown Soils of the Lenoir series are fine, mixed, (7.5YR 4/6) and 40 percent light gray (10YR 7/1) semiactive, thermic Aeric Paleaquults. silty clay; weak coarse angular blocky structure Lenoir soils are commonly associated on the parting to strong fine and medium angular blocky landscape with Bigbee, Cahaba, Chrysler, Minter, and structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; few Urbo soils. Bigbee and Cahaba soils are in higher, more large intersecting slickensides that have distinct, convex landscape positions than Lenoir soils. Bigbee polished and grooved surfaces; areas of light gray soils are sandy throughout the profile. Cahaba soils are Marengo County, Alabama 129

fine-loamy. Chrysler soils are in slightly higher, more The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and convex landscape positions and have reddish colors in chroma of 2 to 4. It has few or common redox the upper part of the argillic horizon. The poorly drained accumulations in shades of brown and redox Minter soils are in slightly lower positions than the depletions in shades of gray. Texture is fine sandy loam Lenoir soils. Urbo soils are on adjacent flood plains and or loam. are subject to frequent flooding. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 Typical pedon of Lenoir loam, in an area of Chrysler- or 6, and chroma of 3 to 8; or it has no dominant matrix Lenoir complex, gently undulating, occasionally color and is multicolored in shades of brown, yellow, flooded; about 3 miles west of Demopolis, 250 feet and gray. It has common or many redox accumulations east and 1,200 feet north of the southwest corner of in shades of brown, yellow, and red and redox sec. 22, T. 18 N., R. 2 E. depletions in shades of gray. Texture is clay, clay loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay. Ap— 0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 weak medium granular structure; very friable; many to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many redox fine roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. accumulations in shades of brown and yellow. Texture E— 3 to 10 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam; weak is clay, clay loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay. coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; The BCg horizon has colors similar to those of the many fine roots; many medium faint grayish brown Btg horizon, or it has no dominant matrix color and is (10YR 5/2) iron depletions and common medium multicolored in shades of gray and brown. Texture is distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron clay, clay loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay. accumulation; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt1— 10 to 22 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Lucedale Series structure; firm; common fine roots; nearly continuous distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) The Lucedale series consists of very deep, well clay films on faces of peds; common medium and drained soils on high terraces. These soils formed coarse distinct light gray (2.5Y 7/2) iron depletions in loamy sediments. Slopes range from 0 to 2 within the matrix; very strongly acid; clear wavy percent. boundary. Soils of the Lucedale series are fine-loamy, Btg1— 22 to 45 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) siliceous, subactive, thermic Rhodic Paleudults. clay; moderate medium subangular blocky Lucedale soils are commonly associated on the structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; landscape with Bama and Smithdale soils. Bama soils common faint clay films on faces of peds; are in landscape positions similar to those of the common medium and coarse distinct yellowish Lucedale soils. They do not have dark red colors brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; throughout the argillic horizon. Smithdale soils are on very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. adjacent side slopes and do not have dark red colors Btg— 45 to 66 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) clay; throughout the argillic horizon. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Typical pedon of Lucedale fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds; percent slopes, about 0.5 miles south of Jefferson, common coarse distinct brownish yellow (10YR 1,350 feet west and 200 feet north of the southeast 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly corner of sec. 5, T. 16 N., R. 2 E. acid; gradual smooth boundary. Ap— 0 to 8 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) fine BCg— 66 to 80 inches; 60 percent light gray (2.5Y 7/2) sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very and 40 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt loam; weak very coarse subangular blocky smooth boundary. structure; firm; areas of yellowish brown are Bt1— 8 to 30 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid. sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; few faint Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual acid throughout the profile, except for the surface layer wavy boundary. in areas where lime has been added. Bt2— 30 to 65 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) sandy clay The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to loam; moderate medium subangular blocky 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is fine sandy loam or structure; firm; few fine roots; few faint clay films loam. on faces of peds; very strongly acid. 130 Soil Survey

The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. BC— 37 to 50 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam; The Ap horizon has hue of 5YR, value of 3, and weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; chroma of 2 to 4. Reaction is strongly acid or common fine flakes of mica; common medium moderately acid, except in areas where lime has been prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of applied. iron accumulation; extremely acid; clear wavy The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR, value of 3, and boundary. chroma of 4 to 6. Texture is sandy clay loam, clay C— 50 to 65 inches; thinly stratified yellowish red (5YR loam, or loam. Reaction is very strongly acid or 4/6) sandy clay loam and brownish yellow (10YR strongly acid throughout. 6/6) sandy loam; weak medium platy structure; friable; common fine flakes of mica; few thin lenses of ironstone; extremely acid. Luverne Series The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 50 The Luverne series consists of very deep, well inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to drained soils on ridgetops and side slopes of the strongly acid throughout the profile, except for the uplands. These soils formed in stratified clayey and surface layer in areas where lime has been added. loamy sediments. Slopes range from 2 to 45 percent. The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, Soils of the Luverne series are fine, mixed, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults. The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value Luverne soils are commonly associated on the of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is sandy loam landscape with Boykin, Halso, Smithdale, and Wadley or fine sandy loam. soils. Boykin, Smithdale, and Wadley soils are in The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 landscape positions similar to those of the Luverne or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture is clay loam, sandy soils. Boykin and Wadley soils have a thick sandy clay, or clay. epipedon. Smithdale soils are fine-loamy. Halso soils The BC horizon, if it occurs, has colors similar to are in landscape positions similar to those of the those of the Bt horizon. Texture is sandy clay loam or Luverne soils but are at lower elevations. They have clay loam. smectitic clay mineralogy. The C horizon consists of stratified, loamy to clayey Typical pedon of Luverne fine sandy loam, 5 to 15 sediments that have a high content of mica. The percent slopes, eroded, about 1 mile east of texture of individual strata ranges from loamy sand to Bethlehem Church, 800 feet west and 1,000 feet north clay, and the thickness of individual strata ranges from of the southeast corner of sec. 21, T. 14 N., R. 3 E. a few millimeters to several centimeters. Some pedons have few to common thin strata of clayey shale or Ap— 0 to 6 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) ironstone. The colors are variable, but sandy and loamy fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very strata commonly have hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of friable; many fine roots; very strongly acid; abrupt 4 to 6, and chroma of 5 to 8. The clayey strata are wavy boundary. generally gray in color. Bt1— 6 to 18 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many fine roots; common faint clay films on Mantachie Series faces of peds; extremely acid; gradual wavy boundary. The Mantachie series consists of very deep, Bt2— 18 to 26 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam; somewhat poorly drained soils on the flood plains of moderate medium subangular blocky structure; streams. These soils formed in loamy alluvium. firm; many fine roots; common distinct clay films Mantachie soils are subject to flooding for brief periods on faces of peds; common fine flakes of mica; one or more times in most years. Slopes range from 0 common medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR to 1 percent. 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; extremely acid; Soils of the Mantachie series are fine-loamy, clear wavy boundary. siliceous, active, acid, thermic Aeric Endoaquepts. Bt3— 26 to 37 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy Mantachie soils are commonly associated on the clay; firm; few fine roots; common faint clay films landscape with Iuka, Kinston, and Mooreville soils. on faces of peds; common fine flakes of mica; Iuka and Mooreville soils are in slightly higher, more common medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR convex positions than the Mantachie soils. Iuka soils 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; extremely acid; are coarse-loamy. Mooreville soils are moderately well gradual wavy boundary. drained. The poorly drained Kinston soils are in slightly Marengo County, Alabama 131

lower positions than the Mantachie soils and are to occasional flooding. Slopes range from 0 to 1 grayish throughout the profile. percent. Typical pedon of Mantachie fine sandy loam, in an Soils of the Minter series are fine, mixed, area of Mooreville, Mantachie, and Kinston soils, 0 to 1 semiactive, thermic Typic Endoaqualfs. percent slopes, frequently flooded; about 2 miles north Minter soils are commonly associated on the of Shiloh, 900 feet south and 1,800 feet west of the landscape with Cahaba, Chrysler, and Lenoir soils. northeast corner of sec. 25, T. 14 N., R. 3 E. Cahaba, Chrysler, and Lenoir soils are in higher positions than the Minter soils. The well drained Ap— 0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy Cahaba soils are fine-loamy. The moderately well loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; drained Chrysler soils have a reddish argillic horizon. many fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth The somewhat poorly drained Lenoir soils are brownish boundary. in the upper part of the argillic horizon. Bw— 3 to 11 inches; 40 percent yellowish brown (10YR Typical pedon of Minter loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, 5/6), 30 percent brown (10YR 5/3), and 30 percent occasionally flooded, about 4 miles south of Jefferson, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy clay loam; 2,200 feet east and 1,300 feet south of the northwest moderate medium subangular blocky structure; corner of sec. 29, T. 16 N., R. 2 E. friable; common fine roots; areas of yellowish brown are masses of iron accumulation and areas Ap— 0 to 5 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) loam; weak of grayish brown are iron depletions; very strongly medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; acid; clear smooth boundary. common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Bg1— 11 to 41 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) masses of iron accumulation in root channels; sandy clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. structure; friable; few fine roots; common medium Btg1— 5 to 10 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and few fine clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron structure; firm; many fine roots; common distinct accumulation; very strongly acid; clear smooth clay films on faces of peds; few medium prominent boundary. strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron Bg2— 41 to 62 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky boundary. structure; friable; many medium distinct yellowish Btg2— 10 to 20 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam; brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very strongly acid. many fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; many medium prominent strong brown The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 65 (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. throughout the profile, except for the surface layer in Btg3— 20 to 55 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam; areas where lime has been added. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or firm; few fine roots; common faint clay films on 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. faces of peds; many medium prominent strong The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; or 5, chroma of 3 to 6; or it has no dominant matrix very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. color and is multicolored in shades of gray, brown, and Btg4— 55 to 65 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) sandy yellow. It has common or many redox depletions in clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky shades of gray. Texture is loam, clay loam, or sandy structure; firm; common faint clay films on faces of clay loam. peds; many medium prominent strong brown The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 (7.5YR 5/8) and common medium prominent red or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron accumulation; very redox accumulations in shades of brown, yellow, and strongly acid. red. Texture is loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam. The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. Minter Series Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the profile, except for the surface layer in The Minter series consists of very deep, poorly areas where lime has been added. drained soils on low stream terraces. These soils The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to formed in clayey sediments. Minter soils are subject 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. 132 Soil Survey

The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y. It has and 30 percent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) loam; value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 1 or less, or it has value massive; very friable; few thin strata of pale brown of 6 or 7 and chroma of 2 or less. It has few to many (10YR 6/3) loamy sand; areas of yellowish brown redox accumulations in shades of yellow, brown, or red. and brownish yellow are masses of iron Texture is clay, clay loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay. accumulation and areas of light brownish gray are iron depletions; very strongly acid. Mooreville Series The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the profile, except for the surface layer in The Mooreville series consists of very deep, areas where lime has been added. moderately well drained soils on stream flood plains. The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or These soils formed in loamy alluvium. Mooreville soils 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. are subject to frequent flooding for brief periods one or The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, more times each year. Slopes range from 0 to 2 and chroma of 4 to 8. It has few to many redox percent. depletions in shades of gray and redox accumulations Soils of the Mooreville series are fine-loamy, in shades of yellow, brown, and red. Texture is sandy siliceous, active, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts. clay loam, clay loam, or loam. Mooreville soils are commonly associated on the The C horizon commonly has no dominant matrix landscape with Kinston, Mantachie, Una, and Urbo color and is multicolored in shades of brown, yellow, soils. The poorly drained Kinston and Una soils are in and gray. Thin strata of finer or coarser textured lower positions than the Mooreville soils. They have material are in most pedons. Texture is loam, sandy grayish colors throughout the profile. Mantachie and loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam. Urbo soils are in slightly lower, less convex positions than the Mooreville soils. Mantachie soils are somewhat poorly drained. Urbo soils are somewhat Okeelala Series poorly drained and are clayey throughout the profile. Typical pedon of Mooreville loam, in an area of The Okeelala series consists of very deep, well Mooreville, Mantachie, and Kinston soils, 0 to 1 drained soils on side slopes of the uplands. These soils percent slopes, frequently flooded; about 2 miles south formed in loamy sediments. Slopes range from 15 to of Dixons Mill, 1,100 feet south and 200 feet east of 35 percent. the northwest corner of sec. 10, T. 12 N., R. 3 E. Soils of the Okeelala series are fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs. Ap— 0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Okeelala soils are commonly associated on the loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; landscape with Boykin and Brantley soils. Boykin many fine and medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt soils are in higher landscape positions than the smooth boundary. Okeelala soils and have a thick sandy epipedon. Bw1— 5 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay Brantley soils are in landscape positions similar to loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; those of the Okeelala soils and have a clayey argillic friable; common fine and medium roots; very horizon. strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Okeelala fine sandy loam, in an Bw2— 14 to 23 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay area of Brantley-Okeelala complex, 15 to 35 percent loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slopes, eroded; about 4.5 miles northeast of friable; common fine and medium roots; few Sweetwater, 1,200 feet south and 2,000 feet east of medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron the northwest corner of sec. 4, T. 13 N., R. 3 E. depletions; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. A— 0 to 3 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine Bw3— 23 to 48 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; about 5 friable; few fine roots; many medium distinct light percent nodules of ironstone; very strongly acid; brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions and few abrupt wavy boundary. medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) Bt1— 3 to 10 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam; masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; clear smooth boundary. friable; few fine and medium roots; common faint C— 48 to 72 inches; 40 percent light brownish gray clay films on faces of peds and in pores; strongly (10YR 6/2), 30 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), acid; clear wavy boundary. Marengo County, Alabama 133

Bt2— 10 to 19 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam; 1,800 feet east and 1,800 feet south of the northwest moderate medium subangular blocky structure; corner of sec. 18, T. 16 N., R. 5 E. friable; few fine and medium roots; common faint Ap— 0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay loam; clay films on faces of peds and in pores; strongly weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; acid; clear wavy boundary. many fine and very fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt Bt3— 19 to 65 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) loam; weak smooth boundary. medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few Bt1— 4 to 9 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of moderate fine and medium subangular blocky peds; strongly acid. structure; firm; common fine roots and few coarse The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more roots; distinct pressure faces on surfaces of peds; than 60 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. strongly acid throughout the profile. Bt2— 9 to 13 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 weak coarse prismatic structure parting to to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or common fine roots and few coarse roots; distinct 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. The pressure faces on surfaces of peds; few medium texture is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand. distinct red (2.5YR 5/6) masses of iron The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 accumulation within the matrix; very strongly acid; or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. Some pedons have few or clear wavy boundary. common redox accumulations in shades of red or Btss1— 13 to 34 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) brown. The texture is commonly clay loam or sandy clay; weak coarse prismatic blocky structure clay loam in the upper part and loam or sandy loam in parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; the lower part. firm; few fine roots; common large intersecting The C horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR to slickensides that have distinct, polished and 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It has few grooved surfaces; few medium faint strong brown to many redox accumulations in shades of brown and (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation and few red. The texture is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy fine faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions on fine sand, or sand. Strata of coarser and finer textured faces of peds and within the matrix; very strongly material are in most pedons. acid; clear wavy boundary. Btss2— 34 to 45 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay; weak coarse subangular blocky structure Oktibbeha Series parting to moderate medium subangular and angular blocky; firm; few fine roots flattened on The Oktibbeha series consists of very deep, structural faces; common large intersecting moderately well drained soils on ridgetops and side slickensides that have prominent, polished and slopes in the Blackland Prairie. These soils formed in grooved surfaces; common medium distinct light acid, clayey sediments and the underlying alkaline clay brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions on faces or soft limestone (chalk). Slopes range from 1 to 8 of peds and within the matrix; slightly acid; abrupt percent. wavy boundary. Soils of the Oktibbeha series are very-fine, Bkss1— 45 to 62 inches; silty clay that is light olive smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystruderts. brown (2.5Y 5/4) in the interior and is olive gray Oktibbeha soils are commonly associated on the (2.5Y 6/2) on the exterior; weak very coarse landscape with Brantley, Kipling, Searcy, Sumter, and subangular blocky structure parting to strong fine Watsonia soils. Brantley and Watsonia soils are in and medium angular blocky; firm; few fine roots landscape positions similar to those of the Oktibbeha flattened on structural surfaces; common large soils. Brantley soils do not have vertic properties. intersecting slickensides that have prominent, Watsonia soils are shallow over soft limestone (chalk). polished and grooved surfaces; few fine and Kipling and Searcy soils are in lower positions than the medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron Oktibbeha soils. They are fine-textured. Sumter soils depletions within the matrix; olive gray areas on are in lower positions than the Oktibbeha soils. They faces of slickensides are iron depletions; many are moderately deep over soft limestone (chalk) and fine and medium rounded soft masses of calcium are alkaline throughout the profile. carbonate and few fine rounded calcium carbonate Typical pedon of Oktibbeha clay loam, 1 to 5 nodules; violently effervescent; slightly alkaline; percent slopes, about 1 mile northeast of Dayton, clear wavy boundary. 134 Soil Survey

Bkss2— 62 to 80 inches; clay that is light olive brown be dug with difficulty with hand tools and is rippable by (2.5Y 5/6) in the interior and is olive gray (5Y 5/2) light machinery. on the exterior; weak very coarse subangular blocky structure parting to strong fine and medium angular blocky; firm; few fine roots flattened on Riverview Series structural surfaces; common large intersecting The Riverview series consists of very deep, well slickensides that have prominent, polished and drained soils on high parts of the flood plain of the grooved surfaces; few fine distinct light brownish Tombigbee River. These soils formed in stratified loamy gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; olive alluvium. Riverview soils are subject to occasional gray areas on faces of slickensides are iron flooding. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. depletions; many fine and medium rounded soft Soils of the Riverview series are fine-loamy, mixed, masses of calcium carbonate; violently active, thermic Fluventic Dystrochrepts. effervescent; moderately alkaline. Riverview soils are commonly associated on the The depth to horizons that have secondary landscape with Bigbee, Mooreville, Una, and Urbo carbonates ranges from 30 to 50 inches. The depth to soils. Bigbee and Mooreville soils are in landscape soft limestone (chalk) is more than 60 inches. positions similar to those of the Riverview soils. Bigbee The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, soils are sandy throughout the profile. Mooreville soils value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. Reaction ranges are moderately well drained. Una and Urbo soils are in from very strongly acid to moderately acid, except in slightly lower, less convex positions and are clayey areas where lime has been added. Texture is clay loam throughout the profile. or clay. Typical pedon of Riverview fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 percent slopes, occasionally flooded, about 0.75 mile or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. Some pedons have few or south of Moscow, 1,400 feet north and 300 feet west of common redox depletions in shades of gray and redox the southeast corner of sec. 25, T. 17 N., R. 1 W. accumulations in shades of brown and red. Reaction A— 0 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid. sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very The upper part of the Btss horizon has hue of 2.5YR friable; many fine and medium roots; very strongly to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8; or it has acid; clear smooth boundary. no dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades Bw1— 10 to 25 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak of brown, red, and gray. Reaction ranges from medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; extremely acid to strongly acid. Texture is clay. many fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; The lower part of the Btss horizon has hue of 10YR clear smooth boundary. or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. It has Bw2— 25 to 39 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay few or many redox depletions in shades of gray and loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; redox accumulations in shades of brown, yellow, and friable; common fine roots; very strongly acid; clear red. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly smooth boundary. acid. Texture is clay. Bw3— 39 to 56 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay The Bkss horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y and value loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; of 4 to 6. The chroma ranges from 4 to 8 in the ped friable; few fine roots; common fine flakes of mica; interiors and from 2 to 4 on the exterior faces of peds common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) or on slickenside faces. It has few to many redox masses of iron accumulation and few faint light depletions in shades of gray and redox accumulations gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid; in shades of brown. They are commonly on the surface gradual smooth boundary. of peds or slickensides. Some pedons do not have a C— 56 to 65 inches; thinly stratified yellowish brown dominant matrix color and are multicolored in shades (10YR 5/6) sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam, of olive, brown, and gray. Reaction ranges from neutral and pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy sand; massive; to moderately alkaline. Texture is clay or silty clay. This very friable; many fine flakes of mica; very strongly horizon has common or many soft masses of calcium acid. carbonate and few to many concretions of calcium carbonate. The thickness of the solum ranges from 24 inches The 2C horizon, if it occurs, is soft limestone (chalk) to 60 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly or alkaline clay. It is massive or has platy rock acid to moderately acid throughout the profile, except structure. Some pedons have a 2Cr horizon below a for the surface layer in areas where lime has been depth of 60 inches that is soft limestone (chalk). It can added. Marengo County, Alabama 135

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to weak medium subangular blocky structure; very 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of of peds; common fine distinct brownish yellow 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Some pedons have few or (10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; strongly common redox accumulations in shades of yellow, acid; abrupt smooth boundary. brown, and red. Texture is loam, silt loam, sandy clay Btx1— 27 to 42 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) loam, or clay loam. loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure; The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 firm; brittle in about 60 percent of the mass; few to 6, and chroma or 4 to 6. Some pedons have few or fine roots in seams between prisms; few faint clay common redox depletions in shades of gray and redox films on faces of peds; common medium distinct accumulations in shades of red, brown, and yellow. gray (10YR 7/2) clay depletions on faces of This horizon is commonly stratified. The texture of prisms; common medium distinct dark yellowish individual strata is loam, sandy loam, loamy fine sand, brown (10YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation in loamy sand, or sand. the matrix; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Btx2— 42 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Savannah Series loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure; firm; brittle in about 70 percent of the mass; few The Savannah series consists of very deep, fine roots in seams between prisms; few faint clay moderately well drained soils on high stream terraces. films on faces of peds; common medium distinct These soils formed in loamy sediments. Slopes range gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions on faces of prisms; from 0 to 2 percent. many medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR Soils of the Savannah series are fine-loamy, 4/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiudults. very strongly acid. Savannah soils are commonly associated on the landscape with Bama, Bonneau, Izagora, and The thickness of the solum ranges from 50 to more Smithdale soils. Bama soils are in landscape positions than 80 inches. The depth to the fragipan ranges from similar to those of the Savannah soils but are at higher 20 to 30 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid to elevations. They have a reddish argillic horizon and do moderately acid throughout the profile, except for the not have a fragipan. Bonneau and Izagora soils are in surface layer in areas where lime has been added. landscape positions similar to those of the Savannah The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or soils but are at lower elevations. Bonneau soils have a 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. thick sandy epipedon. Izagora soils do not have a The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value fragipan. Smithdale soils are on adjacent side slopes. of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is fine sandy They have a reddish argillic horizon and do not have a loam or loam. fragipan. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 Typical pedon of Savannah fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. Some pedons have few or percent slopes, about 2 miles west of Coxheath, 800 common redox accumulations in shades of brown. feet west and 600 feet south of the northeast corner of Texture is loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam. sec. 26, T. 13 N., R. 1 E. The Btx horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Some pedons have few to many Ap— 0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine redox accumulations in shades of brown and redox sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very depletions in shades of gray. Texture is loam, clay friable; many fine and medium roots; moderately loam, or sandy clay loam. acid; abrupt smooth boundary. E— 8 to 14 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky Searcy Series structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. The Searcy series consists of very deep, Bt1— 14 to 20 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) loam; moderately well drained soils on side slopes in the weak medium subangular blocky structure; very uplands of the Blackland Prairie. These soils formed in friable; many fine and medium roots; few faint clay clayey sediments. Slopes range from 5 to 8 percent. films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear Soils of the Searcy series are fine, mixed, active, smooth boundary. thermic Aquic Paleudalfs. Bt2— 20 to 27 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) loam; Searcy soils are commonly associated on the 136 Soil Survey

landscape with Brantley, Freest, and Oktibbeha soils. pedons have few or common redox depletions in Brantley soils are in landscape positions similar to shades of gray and redox accumulations in shades of those of the Searcy soils. They do not have low- brown and red. Texture is clay loam, clay, or sandy chroma redox depletions in the upper part of the argillic clay. horizon. Freest soils are on stream terraces at lower The lower part of the Bt horizon has colors similar to elevations than the Searcy soils. They are fine-loamy. those of the upper part, or it does not have a dominant Oktibbeha soils are commonly in lower positions than matrix color and is multicolored in shades of red, the Searcy soils. They are very fine textured and have brown, and gray. The texture is sandy clay, clay, or smectitic clay mineralogy. silty clay. Typical pedon of Searcy fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 The 2Bt horizon, if it occurs, commonly does not percent slopes, eroded, about 2.5 miles northeast of have a dominant matrix color and is multicolored in Thomaston, 1,300 feet north and 1,600 feet west of the shades of brown, gray, and red. Texture is silty clay, southeast corner of sec. 5, T. 16 N., R. 5 E. sandy clay, or clay. Ap— 0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine Smithdale Series roots and few medium roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. The Smithdale series consists of very deep, well E— 3 to 8 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) fine drained soils on narrow ridgetops and on side slopes of sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky the uplands. These soils formed in loamy sediments. structure; very friable; many fine roots and few Slopes range from 5 to 45 percent. medium roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth Soils of the Smithdale series are fine-loamy, boundary. siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults. Bt1— 8 to 22 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay Smithdale soils are commonly associated on the loam; moderate medium subangular blocky landscape with Bama, Boykin, Lucedale, Luverne, and structure; firm; common fine roots; common Wadley soils. Bama and Lucedale soils are in higher distinct clay films on faces of peds; common fine landscape positions than the Smithdale soils. Bama flakes of mica; very strongly acid; clear smooth soils have an argillic horizon that does not decrease in boundary. clay content with increasing depth. Lucedale soils have Bt2— 22 to 31 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate a dark red argillic horizon. Boykin, Luverne, and Wadley medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine soils are in landscape positions similar to those of the roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; Smithdale soils. Boykin and Wadley soils have a thick common fine flakes of mica; common medium sandy epipedon. Luverne soils have a clayey argillic distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron horizon. accumulation and common fine prominent light Typical pedon of Smithdale loamy sand, 5 to 8 gray (10YR 7/1) iron depletions; very strongly acid; percent slopes, about 0.5 miles west of Putman, 2,100 clear smooth boundary. feet west and 2,600 feet south of the northeast corner 2Bt3— 31 to 65 inches; 55 percent red (2.5YR 4/8) and of sec. 12, T. 12 N., R. 1 W. 45 percent light gray (10YR 7/1) clay; moderate Ap— 0 to 7 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) loamy sand; coarse subangular blocky structure parting to single grained; loose; common fine and medium moderate medium subangular blocky; common roots; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. faint clay films on faces of peds; many fine flakes Bt1— 7 to 49 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam; of mica; very strongly acid. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films on Reaction ranges from extremely acid to moderately faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual smooth acid throughout the profile, except for the surface layer boundary. in areas where lime has been added. Bt2— 49 to 69 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy loam; The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, weak medium subangular blocky structure; very value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. friable; few streaks of uncoated sand; sand grains The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or are coated and bridged with clay; very strongly 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is acid; gradual smooth boundary. fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam. Bt3— 69 to 75 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) sandy loam; The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very to 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. Some friable; few streaks of uncoated sand; sand grains Marengo County, Alabama 137

are coated and bridged with clay; very strongly on faces of peds; areas of light brownish gray are acid. iron depletions; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. Btg1— 36 to 46 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky throughout the profile, except for the surface layer in structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; areas where lime has been added. common faint clay films on faces of peds; many The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value gradual smooth boundary. of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is loamy fine Btg2— 46 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; sand or loamy sand. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR friable; common faint clay films on faces of peds; or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. Texture many medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) is sandy clay loam, clay loam, or loam. and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron The lower part of the Bt horizon has colors similar to accumulation; very strongly acid. those of the upper part. It commonly has streaks and pockets of uncoated sand. Texture is sandy loam or The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. loam. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the profile, except for the surface layer in areas where lime has been added. Steens Series The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. The Steens series consists of very deep, somewhat The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 poorly drained soils on low stream terraces. These or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is loam or fine soils formed in loamy sediments. Slopes range from 0 sandy loam. to 2 percent. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, Soils of the Steens series are fine-loamy, siliceous, and chroma of 3 to 8; or it does not have a matrix color semiactive, thermic Aeric Endoaqualfs. and is multicolored in shades of brown and gray. This Steens soils are commonly associated on the horizon has common or many redox depletions and landscape with Harleston and Yonges soils. The accumulations. Texture is sandy clay loam, loam, or moderately well drained Harleston soils are in slightly clay loam. higher, more convex positions than the Steens soils. The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 The poorly drained Yonges soils are in slightly lower, or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many redox more concave positions than the Steens soils. accumulations in shades of brown and red. Texture is Typical pedon of Steens fine sandy loam, in an area loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam. of Steens-Yonges-Harleston complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes; about 4.5 miles south of Nanafalia, 2,400 feet east and 2,000 feet north of the southwest corner of Subran Series sec. 33, T. 13 N., R. 2 E. A— 0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy The Subran series consists of very deep, loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; moderately well drained soils on broad ridgetops in the common fine roots; strongly acid; clear smooth uplands. These soils formed in loamy and clayey boundary. marine sediments. Slopes range from 2 to 5 percent. E— 5 to 13 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy Soils of the Subran series are fine, mixed, loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; semiactive, thermic Aquic Paleudults. very friable; common fine roots; common medium Subran soils are commonly associated on the distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron landscape with Brantley, Luverne, and Oktibbeha soils. accumulation and common medium faint light Brantley, Luverne, and Oktibbeha soils are on adjacent brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; strongly side slopes. Brantley soils have a base saturation of acid; clear smooth boundary. 35 to 60 percent in the lower part of the subsoil. Bt— 13 to 36 inches; 50 percent yellowish brown (10YR Luverne soils are well drained. Oktibbeha soils have 5/6) and 50 percent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) vertic properties. loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Typical pedon of Subran loam, 2 to 5 percent very friable; few fine roots; common faint clay films slopes, about 0.75 miles east of Thomaston, 1,300 feet 138 Soil Survey

north and 2,100 feet west of the southeast corner of The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or sec. 18, T. 15 N., R. 5 E. 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR Ap— 0 to 7 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; is generally clay loam but can range to clay. Redox many fine and few medium roots; few fine and depletions that have chroma of 2 or less are within a medium black and brown nodules (iron and depth of 30 inches. manganese oxides); moderately acid; abrupt The lower part of the Bt horizon has colors similar to smooth boundary. those of the upper part, or it has no dominant matrix Btc1— 7 to 23 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay color and is multicolored in shades of brown, gray, loam; moderate medium subangular blocky yellow, and red. Texture is clay loam, clay, or silty structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; clay. few distinct clay films on faces of peds; common fine and few medium black and brown nodules (iron and manganese oxides); common black web-like Sucarnoochee Series stains on faces of some peds; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. The Sucarnoochee series consists of very deep, Btc2— 23 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) somewhat poorly drained soils on flood plains of the clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Blackland Prairie. These soils formed in alkaline, structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; clayey alluvium. Sucarnoochee soils are subject to few distinct clay films on faces of peds; common frequent flooding for brief periods in late winter and fine and few medium black and brown nodules (iron early spring in most years. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 and manganese oxides); few fine distinct light percent. brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions and Soils of the Sucarnoochee series are fine, smectitic, common medium prominent reddish yellow (5YR thermic Chromic Epiaquerts. 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; Sucarnoochee soils are commonly associated on clear smooth boundary. the landscape with Faunsdale, Freest, Sumter, Btc3— 30 to 48 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Tuscumbia, and Vaiden soils. Faunsdale, Sumter, and clay; moderate medium subangular blocky Vaiden soils are on adjacent uplands and are not structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct clay subject to flooding. Faunsdale soils have olive brown films on faces of peds; many medium and colors in the upper part of the subsoil. Sumter soils are common coarse black and brown nodules (iron and moderately deep over bedrock. Vaiden soils are acid in manganese oxides); common medium distinct light the upper part of the subsoil. Freest soils are on gray (2.5Y 7/2) iron depletions and few coarse adjacent stream terraces and are fine-loamy. prominent reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) masses of iron Tuscumbia soils are in slightly lower, more concave accumulation; very strongly acid; clear smooth positions than the Sucarnoochee soils. They are poorly boundary. drained. B´t— 48 to 65 inches; 45 percent yellowish brown Typical pedon of Sucarnoochee clay, 0 to 1 percent (10YR 5/6), 35 percent red (2.5YR 4/6), and 20 slopes, frequently flooded, about 3 miles northeast of percent light gray (2.5Y 7/2) clay; moderate coarse Dayton, 2,300 feet west and 200 feet north of the subangular blocky structure parting to moderate southeast corner of sec. 9, T. 16 N., R. 5 E. medium angular blocky; firm; few fine roots; Ap— 0 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) clay; common faint clay films on faces of peds; areas of moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm, yellowish brown and red are masses of iron common fine roots; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. accumulation and areas of light gray are iron AB— 10 to 18 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) depletions; very strongly acid. clay; strong medium subangular blocky structure; The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. firm; common fine roots; common medium distinct Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) masses of iron throughout the profile, except for the surface layer in accumulation; neutral; clear wavy boundary. areas where lime has been added. The content of black Bss1— 18 to 33 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) nodules or stains, which are presumed to be iron and clay; moderate coarse angular blocky structure manganese oxides, is few in the Ap and B´t horizons parting to strong medium angular blocky; very firm; and is common or many in the Btc horizon. few fine roots; common large slickensides that Marengo County, Alabama 139

have distinct, polished and grooved surfaces; few Soils of the Sumter series are fine-silty, carbonatic, soft black masses (iron and manganese oxides); thermic Rendollic Eutrochrepts. common coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Sumter soils are commonly associated on the and common medium distinct olive yellow (2.5Y landscape with Demopolis, Faunsdale, Oktibbeha, 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; neutral; gradual Sucarnoochee, and Watsonia soils. Demopolis, wavy boundary. Oktibbeha, and Watsonia soils are in landscape Bss2— 33 to 47 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) positions similar to those of the Sumter soils. clay; weak very coarse angular blocky structure Demopolis soils are shallow over bedrock. Oktibbeha parting to strong medium angular blocky; very firm; soils are acid in the upper part of the subsoil. Watsonia common large slickensides that have distinct, soils are shallow over bedrock and are acid in the polished and grooved surfaces; few soft black upper part of the subsoil. Faunsdale soils are in lower masses (iron and manganese oxides); many positions than the Sumter soils and are very deep over coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses bedrock. Sucarnoochee soils are on adjacent flood of iron accumulation; neutral; gradual wavy plains and are subject to frequent flooding. boundary. Typical pedon of Sumter silty clay loam, in an area Bkss— 47 to 65 inches; 40 percent gray (2.5Y 6/1), 30 of Sumter-Watsonia complex, 1 to 3 percent slopes; percent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4), and 30 percent about 1.8 miles northeast of Dayton, 950 feet west and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay; weak very coarse 1,750 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 7, T. 16 angular blocky structure parting to strong medium N., R. 5 E. angular blocky; very firm; common large Ap— 0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silty slickensides that have distinct polished and clay loam; moderate medium granular structure; grooved surfaces; common fine soft masses and friable; many fine roots; common fine and medium concretions of calcium carbonate; few soft black nodules of calcium carbonate; strongly masses (iron and manganese oxides); areas of effervescent; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth gray are iron depletions and areas of strong brown boundary. (7.5YR 5/8) are masses of iron accumulation; Bk1— 5 to 10 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) silty slightly alkaline. clay; moderate medium subangular blocky The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. structure; firm; common fine roots; common fine Reaction ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline and medium soft masses and nodules of calcium throughout the profile. carbonate; common coarse faint olive brown (2.5Y The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; strongly of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth The AB horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR to 5Y, boundary. value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. The texture is Bk2— 10 to 23 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) silty clay or silty clay. clay; moderate medium subangular blocky The Bss horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 structure; firm; common fine roots; few fragments or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6; or it has no dominant matrix of soft chalk; common fine and medium soft color and is multicolored in shades of brown, olive, masses and nodules of calcium carbonate; many yellow, and gray. It has few to many redox depletions in coarse faint olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) masses of iron shades of gray and redox accumulations in shades of accumulation; strongly effervescent; slightly brown, yellow, and olive. Texture is silty clay or clay. alkaline; clear smooth boundary. The Bkss horizon generally has no dominant matrix Bk3— 23 to 31 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) color and is multicolored in shades of olive, brown, and silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky gray. It has few to many soft masses or nodules of structure; firm; few fine roots; common fragments calcium carbonate. of soft chalk; common fine and medium soft masses and nodules of calcium carbonate; common medium distinct olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) Sumter Series masses of iron accumulation; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy The Sumter series consists of moderately deep, boundary. well drained soils on ridgetops and side slopes of Cr— 31 to 65 inches; level-bedded soft limestone uplands in the Blackland Prairie. These soils formed in (chalk); strong medium and thick platy rock alkaline, loamy and clayey residuum derived from soft structure; very firm; few fine roots in fractures; limestone (chalk). Slopes range from 1 to 12 percent. violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. 140 Soil Survey

The thickness of the solum and depth to soft brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron limestone (chalk) ranges from 20 to 40 inches. accumulation; few fine soft black masses (iron and Reaction ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline in manganese oxides); moderately alkaline; clear the surface layer and is slightly alkaline or moderately smooth boundary. alkaline in the subsoil. Bssg2— 41 to 65 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay; The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value moderate coarse angular blocky structure; firm; few of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. large intersecting slickensides that have distinct The Bk horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4 to polished and grooved surfaces; few medium 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It has few or common redox prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of accumulations in shades of brown and olive. It has iron accumulation; moderately alkaline. common or many nodules and soft masses of calcium The solum is more than 50 inches thick. Reaction carbonate. Most pedons have fragments of soft ranges from slightly acid to moderately alkaline limestone (chalk). The content of these fragments throughout the profile. ranges from 2 to 15 percent, by volume, and generally The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value increases with increasing depth. Texture is silty clay of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. loam, silty clay, or clay. The Bg and Bssg horizons have hue of 10YR or The Cr horizon is level-bedded, soft limestone 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. They have (chalk). It restricts the growth of plant roots, but it can few to many redox accumulations in shades of brown be cut with hand tools and is rippable by mechanized and yellow. Texture is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. equipment.

Tuscumbia Series Una Series The Una series consists of very deep, poorly The Tuscumbia series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils in depressional areas on the flood plain of drained soils in low positions on flood plains of the the Tombigbee River. These soils formed in acid, Blackland Prairie. These soils formed in clayey clayey alluvium. Una soils are subject to frequent alluvium. Slopes range from 0 to 1 percent. flooding and ponding for long periods in winter and Soils of the Tuscumbia series are fine, mixed, spring during most years. Slopes range from 0 to 1 active, nonacid, thermic Vertic Epiaquepts. percent. Tuscumbia soils are commonly associated on the Soils of the Una series are fine, mixed, active, acid, landscape with Sucarnoochee soils. Sucarnoochee thermic Typic Epiaquepts. soils are in slightly higher, more convex positions on Una soils are commonly associated on the flood plains. They are somewhat poorly drained. landscape with Bigbee, Mooreville, Riverview, and Urbo Typical pedon of Tuscumbia clay loam, 0 to 1 soils. Bigbee, Mooreville, and Riverview soils are in percent slopes, frequently flooded, about 4 miles south higher, more convex positions on flood plains than the of Demopolis, 2,100 feet west and 2,500 feet south of Una soils. Bigbee soils are sandy throughout the the northeast corner of sec. 18, T. 17 N., R. 3 E. profile. Mooreville and Riverview soils are fine-loamy. Urbo soils are in slightly higher positions than the Una Ap— 0 to 7 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay soils and are somewhat poorly drained. loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; Typical pedon of Una silty clay, ponded, about 3 many fine and medium roots; slightly acid; clear miles southwest of Pinhook, 600 feet south and 1,800 smooth boundary. feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 32, T. 16 N., Bg1— 7 to 21 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay loam; R. 2 E. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; many medium prominent A— 0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure; accumulation; few fine soft black masses (iron and firm; many fine roots; common coarse prominent manganese oxides); slightly alkaline; clear smooth strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron boundary. accumulation on faces of peds; few fine black Bssg1— 21 to 41 inches; gray (2.5Y 5/1) silty clay; concretions (iron and manganese oxides); very moderate medium subangular blocky structure; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. firm; few fine roots; few large intersecting Bg1— 4 to 26 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay; weak slickensides that have distinct polished and medium subangular blocky structure; many fine grooved surfaces; many medium prominent roots; common medium prominent strong brown Marengo County, Alabama 141

(7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation on faces A— 0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty of peds; common fine black concretions and stains clay loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; (iron and manganese oxides); very strongly acid; many fine roots; strongly acid; clear smooth clear smooth boundary. boundary. Bg2— 26 to 42 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay; moderate Bw— 8 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many fine roots; common medium prominent strong fine roots; common medium distinct strong brown brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation on (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation and faces of peds; common fine black concretions and common medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) iron stains (iron and manganese oxides); strongly acid; depletions on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear clear smooth boundary. smooth boundary. Bg3— 42 to 60 inches; gray (2.5Y 6/1) clay; weak Bg— 15 to 32 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) roots; many coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR masses of iron accumulation on faces of peds; 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; common soft common fine black concretions and stains (iron black masses (iron and manganese oxides); very and manganese oxides); strongly acid. strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bssg1— 32 to 47 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay; The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction is moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the firm; few large intersecting slickensides that have profile. faint polished and slightly grooved surfaces; The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 common coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. 5/6) and few medium distinct yellowish brown The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 or (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation; 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many redox common soft black masses (iron and manganese accumulations in shades of brown and yellow. The oxides); very strongly acid; gradual smooth texture is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. boundary. Bssg2— 47 to 65 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) clay; Urbo Series weak coarse angular blocky structure; firm; common large intersecting slickensides that The Urbo series consists of very deep, somewhat have distinct polished and slightly grooved poorly drained soils on the flood plain of the Tombigbee surfaces; common medium prominent strong brown River. These soils formed in clayey alluvium. Urbo soils (7.5YR 5/6) and few fine prominent red (5YR 5/6) are subject to frequent flooding for brief periods in masses of iron accumulation; many soft black winter and spring in most years. Slopes range from 0 to masses (iron and manganese oxides); very 1 percent. strongly acid. Soils of the Urbo series are fine, mixed, active, acid, thermic Vertic Epiaquepts. The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction is Urbo soils are commonly associated on the very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the landscape with Cahaba, Chrysler, Mooreville, profile, except in the surface layer in areas where lime Riverview, and Una soils. Cahaba and Chrysler soils has been added. are on adjacent low terraces. The well drained Cahaba The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or soils are fine-loamy. Chrysler soils have a reddish 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. argillic horizon. Mooreville and Riverview soils are in The Bw horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or slightly higher positions than the Urbo soils. They are 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. It has few fine-loamy. Una soils are in slightly lower, more to many redox accumulations in shades of brown and concave landscape positions than the Urbo soils and redox depletions in shades of gray. The texture is silty are poorly drained. clay loam, clay loam, silty clay, or clay. Typical pedon of Urbo silty clay loam, in an area of The Bg and Bssg horizons have hue of 10YR or Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, gently undulating, 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. They have frequently flooded; about 3 miles west of Myrtlewood, common or many redox accumulations in shades of 2,200 feet west and 1,200 feet north of the southeast brown and yellow. The texture is silty clay loam, clay corner of sec. 29, T. 15 N., R. 1 E. loam, silty clay, or clay. 142 Soil Survey

Vaiden Series Bkss1— 38 to 55 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to The Vaiden series consists of very deep, somewhat strong fine angular blocky; firm; few fine roots; poorly drained soils on uplands of the Blackland common large intersecting slickensides that have Prairie. They formed in acid, clayey sediments and the prominent polished and grooved surfaces; few soft underlying alkaline clay or soft limestone (chalk). masses of calcium carbonate; many medium Slopes range from 0 to 1 percent. distinct gray (5Y 5/1) iron depletions on faces of Soils of the Vaiden series are very-fine, smectitic, slickensides; common coarse distinct gray (2.5Y thermic Aquic Dystruderts. 5/1) iron depletions within the matrix; few fine black Vaiden soils are commonly associated on the stains on faces of peds (iron and manganese landscape with Faunsdale, Oktibbeha, Sucarnoochee, oxides); slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. and Sumter soils. Faunsdale and Sumter soils are in Bkss2— 55 to 65 inches; clay that is light olive brown lower positions on the landscape than the Vaiden soils. (2.5Y 5/6) in the interior and is gray (5Y 5/1) on the Faunsdale soils are alkaline throughout the profile. exterior; weak very coarse angular blocky structure Sumter soils are moderately deep over bedrock and parting to strong fine and medium angular blocky; are alkaline throughout the profile. Oktibbeha soils are firm; few fine roots; common large intersecting in slightly higher, more convex positions than the slickensides that have prominent polished and Vaiden soils. Oktibbeha soils have a reddish argillic grooved surfaces; many medium distinct gray (5Y horizon. Sucarnoochee soils are on adjacent flood 5/1) iron depletions on faces of slickensides; plains and are alkaline throughout the profile. common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR Typical pedon of Vaiden silty clay, 0 to 1 percent 6/8) masses of iron accumulation within the matrix; slopes, about 0.6 mile south of Demopolis, 1,000 feet common fine soft black masses (iron and east and 2,500 feet south of the northwest corner of manganese oxides); common medium and coarse sec. 32, T. 18 N., R. 3 E. soft masses of calcium carbonate; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy Ap— 0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay; boundary. moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; Bkss3— 65 to 83 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) many fine and medium roots; slightly acid; abrupt clay; weak very coarse angular blocky structure smooth boundary. parting to strong fine and medium angular blocky; Bt— 4 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay; firm; few fine roots; common large intersecting moderate medium subangular blocky structure; slickensides that have prominent polished and firm; common fine and medium roots; few medium grooved surfaces; many medium distinct gray (5Y distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions and 5/1) iron depletions on faces of slickensides; common medium prominent red (5YR 4/6) masses common coarse distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy iron depletions within the matrix; common fine soft boundary. black masses (iron and manganese oxides); few Btss1— 10 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) medium and coarse soft masses of calcium clay; moderate medium subangular blocky carbonate; violently effervescent; moderately structure; firm; common fine and medium roots; alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary. common large intersecting slickensides that have 2Cr— 83 to 95 inches; level-bedded, soft limestone slightly grooved surfaces; common fine and (chalk); weak thick platy rock structure; very firm; medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. accumulation and common fine and medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; very The depth to horizons that have secondary strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. carbonates ranges from 36 to 80 inches. The depth to Btss2— 24 to 38 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) soft limestone (chalk) is more than 60 inches. clay; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 strong fine angular blocky; firm; common fine and or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Reaction is very strongly medium roots; common large intersecting acid or strongly acid, except in areas where lime has slickensides that have prominent polished and been applied. grooved surfaces; many fine and medium distinct The Btss horizon, or the Bt horizon, if it occurs, has light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions within hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 the matrix; few fine prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) to 8. It has common or many redox depletions in masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; clear shades of gray and redox accumulations in shades of wavy boundary. brown, yellow, and red. Some pedons do not have a Marengo County, Alabama 143

dominant matrix color and are multicolored in shades sandy loam; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy of brown, gray, red, and yellow. Texture is clay. boundary. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid. Bt— 57 to 80 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy The Bkss horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; 2.5Y, or 5Y, and has value of 4 to 6. The chroma very friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds; ranges from 4 to 6 in ped interiors and is 1 or 2 on the very strongly acid. exterior of peds or on faces of slickensides. Some The thickness of the solum is more than 80 inches. pedons do not have a dominant matrix color and are The combined thickness of the A and E horizons multicolored in shades of gray, brown, and olive. This ranges from 40 to 80 inches. Reaction is very strongly horizon has few to many redox depletions in shades of acid or strongly acid throughout the profile, except for gray and redox accumulations in shades of brown and the surface and subsurface layers in areas where lime olive. Texture is clay or silty clay. This horizon has few has been added. to many soft masses and nodules or concretions of The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, calcium carbonate. Some pedons have few or common value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. soft masses or nodules of iron and manganese. The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 Reaction ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline. to 8, and chroma of 3 to 8. Texture is loamy sand or The 2C horizon, if it occurs, is highly weathered loamy fine sand. limestone (chalk) or alkaline clay. It is massive or has The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 platy rock structure. Some pedons have a 2Cr horizon to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture is sandy loam, fine below a depth of 60 inches that is weathered limestone sandy loam, or sandy clay loam. (chalk). It can be dug with difficulty with hand tools and is rippable by mechanized equipment. Watsonia Series

Wadley Series The Watsonia series consists of shallow, well drained soils on ridgetops and side slopes of the The Wadley series consists of very deep, somewhat uplands in the Blackland Prairie. They formed in clayey excessively drained soils on side slopes of the sediments and the underlying soft limestone (chalk). uplands. These soils formed in sandy and loamy Slopes range from 1 to 8 percent. sediments. Slopes range from 5 to 30 percent. Soils of the Watsonia series are very-fine, smectitic, Soils of the Wadley series are loamy, siliceous, thermic Leptic Hapluderts. subactive, thermic Grossarenic Paleudults. Watsonia soils are commonly associated on the Wadley soils are commonly associated on the landscape with Demopolis, Oktibbeha, and Sumter landscape with Boykin, Luverne, and Smithdale soils. soils. All of these soils are in landscape positions All of these soils are in landscape positions similar to similar to those of the Watsonia soils. Demopolis soils those of the Wadley soils. Boykin soils have a sandy are loamy and are alkaline throughout the profile. epipedon that is 20 to 40 inches thick. Luverne soils Sumter soils are moderately deep and are alkaline have a clayey argillic horizon and do not have a thick throughout the profile. Oktibbeha soils are very deep sandy epipedon. Smithdale soils do not have a thick over bedrock. sandy epipedon. Typical pedon of Watsonia clay, in an area of Typical pedon of Wadley loamy fine sand, 5 to 15 Sumter-Watsonia complex, 1 to 3 percent slopes; percent slopes, about 3 miles south of Shiloh, 800 feet about 2 miles southwest of Faunsdale, 1,200 feet west east and 1,650 feet north of the southwest corner of and 1,500 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 13, sec. 18, T. 13 N., R. 4 E. T. 17 N., R. 4 E. A— 0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loamy fine sand; Ap— 0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay; weak single grained; loose; common fine and medium coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth E1— 9 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) loamy boundary. fine sand; single grained; loose; common fine and Bss1— 3 to 9 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; medium roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy weak coarse angular blocky structure parting to boundary. moderate medium angular blocky; very firm; few E2— 24 to 57 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) fine roots flattened on ped faces; common large loamy fine sand; single grained; loose; few fine intersecting slickensides that have distinct roots; few fine spots of yellowish red (5YR 5/8) polished and grooved surfaces; few medium 144 Soil Survey

distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron about 4 miles southwest of Linden, 50 feet west and accumulation; moderately acid; clear smooth 400 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 14, T. 15 boundary. N., R. 2 E. Bss2— 9 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay; A— 0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderate coarse angular blocky structure; very clay; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots flattened on ped faces; firm; many fine and medium roots; very strongly common large intersecting slickensides that have acid; abrupt smooth boundary. distinct polished and grooved surfaces; common Btss1— 4 to 14 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay; fine soft black masses (iron and manganese weak coarse angular blocky structure parting to oxides); few fine prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) and strong fine and medium angular blocky; very firm; common fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) few fine and medium roots; few faint clay films in masses of iron accumulation; few soft masses of pores; few fine and medium nodules of ironstone; calcium carbonate at the contact with chalk; few large intersecting slickensides that have slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. distinct polished and grooved surfaces; many fine 2Cr— 17 to 80 inches; light gray (5Y 7/2) soft limestone and medium distinct light gray (2.5Y 7/2) iron (chalk); strong medium and thick platy rock depletions on faces of peds and within the matrix; structure; very firm; violently effervescent; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. moderately alkaline. Btss2— 14 to 35 inches; 40 percent red (2.5YR 4/8), 30 The thickness of the soil over soft limestone (chalk) percent light gray (2.5Y 7/2), and 30 percent ranges from 10 to 20 inches. brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay; moderate coarse The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 angular blocky structure parting to strong medium or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. Reaction ranges from angular blocky; very firm; few fine and medium strongly acid to slightly acid. Texture is clay. roots; few fine nodules of ironstone; common large The upper part of the Bss horizon has hue of 2.5YR intersecting slickensides that have prominent or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. Reaction polished and grooved surfaces; areas of red and ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid. Texture brownish yellow are masses of iron accumulation is silty clay or clay. and areas of light gray are iron depletions; very The lower part of the Bss horizon has hue of 10YR strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Some Bssg— 35 to 53 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) clay; weak pedons have few or common redox accumulations in very coarse angular blocky structure parting to shades of red, olive, or brown. Reaction ranges from strong fine and medium angular blocky; very firm; slightly acid to moderately alkaline. Texture is silty clay few fine roots flattened on faces of peds; common or clay. large intersecting slickensides that have prominent The 2Cr horizon is level-bedded, soft limestone polished and grooved surfaces; few medium (chalk). It can be cut with hand tools and is rippable by distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and common light machinery. medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron accumulation on faces of peds; the light gray colors are relic redoximorphic features; very Wilcox Series strongly acid; clear irregular boundary. Cr— 53 to 65 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) shale; The Wilcox series consists of deep, somewhat strong thick platy rock structure; very firm; very poorly drained soils on broad ridgetops and on side strongly acid. slopes of the uplands. These soils formed in clayey sediments and the underlying shale. Slopes range from The thickness of the solum and the depth to shale 1 to 15 percent. bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches. Soils of the Wilcox series are very-fine, smectitic, The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or thermic Chromic Dystruderts. 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. Reaction ranges from Wilcox soils are commonly associated on the extremely acid to strongly acid, except in areas that landscape with Consul and Houlka soils. Consul soils have been limed. are on smooth, nearly level ridgetops. They are grayish The Btss horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value throughout the profile. Houlka soils are on flood plains of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8; or it has no dominant and are subject to frequent flooding. matrix color and is multicolored in shades of brown, Typical pedon of Wilcox clay, 1 to 5 percent slopes, red, and gray. It has few to many redox depletions in Marengo County, Alabama 145

shades of gray and redox accumulations in shades of accumulation in pores; strongly acid; abrupt brown, yellow, and red range. Texture is clay. Reaction smooth boundary. is extremely acid or very strongly acid. Btg1— 7 to 30 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) sandy clay The Bssg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or loam; moderate medium subangular blocky 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; common or many redox accumulations in shades of few faint clay films on faces of peds; few fine soft red, yellow, or brown. Some pedons have a Bss black masses (iron and manganese oxides); few horizon that does not have a dominant matrix color and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 6/6) is multicolored in shades of brown, gray, and red. masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; clear Texture is clay. Reaction commonly ranges from wavy boundary. extremely acid to strongly acid but can range to Btg2— 30 to 54 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) sandy moderately acid in some pedons. clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky The Cr horizon is shale or clayey shale. It has platy structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; few or conchoidal rock structure and restricts the growth of faint clay films on faces of peds; few fine soft roots. It can be cut with hand tools and is rippable by black masses (iron and manganese oxides); light machinery. common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and few medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly Yonges Series acid; clear smooth boundary. Cg— 54 to 65 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) sandy loam; The Yonges series consists of very deep, poorly massive; few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed in 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly alkaline. loamy sediments. Slopes range from 0 to 1 percent. Soils of the Yonges series are fine-loamy, mixed, The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 80 active, thermic Typic Endoaqualfs. inches. Yonges soils are commonly associated on the The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value landscape with Bonneau, Harleston, Minter, and of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many Steens soils. Bonneau, Harleston, and Steens soils are redox accumulations in shades of yellow and brown. in higher, more convex landscape positions than the Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately Yonges soils. Bonneau soils have a thick sandy acid, except in areas where lime has been added. epipedon. Harleston soils are moderately well drained The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, and are coarse-loamy. Steens soils are somewhat value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to poorly drained. Minter soils are in landscape positions many redox accumulations in shades of yellow and similar to those of the Yonges soils. They have a brown. Texture is fine sandy loam or loamy fine sand. clayey argillic horizon. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately Typical pedon of Yonges fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 acid. percent slopes, occasionally flooded, about 3 miles The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 northeast of Providence, 400 feet north and 2,600 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 5, T. 16 N., redox accumulations in shades of brown, yellow, or red. R. 4 E. Texture is sandy clay loam or clay loam. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid. Ap— 0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine The Cg horizon, if it occurs, has a range in colors sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very similar to that of the Btg horizon. Texture ranges from friable; many fine and medium roots; few fine sandy to clayey. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron moderately alkaline.

147

Formation of the Soils

In this section, the factors of soil formation are Oktibbeha, Sumter, Vaiden, and Watsonia soils related to the soils in Marengo County, and the formed in materials weathered from soft limestone processes of horizon differentiation are explained. (chalk). Climate Factors of Soil Formation The climate of Marengo County is warm and humid. Soil is a natural, three-dimensional body on the Summers are long and hot. Winters are short and mild, earth’s surface that supports plants. Soil forms through and the ground rarely freezes to a depth of more than a weathering and other processes that act on deposited few inches. The climate is fairly even throughout the or accumulated geologic material. The kind of soil that county and accounts for few differences among the forms depends on the type of parent material; the soils. Rainfall averages 55 inches a year. climate under which soil material has existed since This mild, humid climate favors rapid decomposition accumulation; the relief, or lay of the land; the plant of organic matter and hastens chemical reaction in the and animal life in and on the soil; and the length of time soil. The plentiful rainfall leaches large amounts of that the forces of soil formation have acted on the soil soluble bases and carries the less soluble fine material. The relative importance of each of these particles downward, resulting in acid and sandy soils factors differs from place to place; in some areas, one that are low in natural fertility. The large amount of factor is more important, and in other areas another moisture and the warm temperature favor the growth of may dominate. A modification or variation in any of the bacteria and fungi and speed the decomposition of factors results in a different kind of soil. organic matter, resulting in soils that are low in organic Climate and living organisms are the active factors matter content. of soil formation. They act on parent material and Relief change it to a natural body with definite characteristics. The effects of climate and living organisms are Relief influences the formation of soil through its conditioned by relief, which influences surface effect on drainage, runoff, and erosion. In Marengo drainage, the amount of water that percolates through County, the topography ranges from nearly level to the soil, the rate of erosion, and the kind of vegetation steep. The elevation ranges from about 45 to about 400 that grows on the soil. The nature of the parent material feet above sea level. Large flat areas and depressions also affects the kind of soil profile that is formed. Time generally are poorly drained, and accumulated water, is needed for the parent material to change into a soil. received mainly as runoff from adjacent areas, retards The development of a distinct soil horizon normally soil formation. As slope increases, the hazard of requires a long period of time. erosion becomes greater, and runoff increases, but less water soaks into the soil and leaching decreases. Parent Material In places, erosion nearly keeps pace with soil The soils of Marengo County formed mainly in formation; therefore, soils on steep slopes are three kinds of parent material— loamy and clayey generally thin and weakly developed. marine sediment that has undergone considerable The aspect of slope affects the microclimate. Soils weathering in place, water-deposited material on that have slopes facing the south or southwest warm stream terraces and flood plains, and materials up somewhat earlier in spring and generally reach a weathered from soft limestone (chalk). Luverne, higher temperature each day than those slopes facing Searcy, Smithdale, and Subran soils formed in north. As a result, soils that have south- or southwest- weathered marine sediments. Bama, Cahaba, Chrysler, facing slopes have accelerated chemical weathering. Iuka, Izagora, Kinston, Mantachie, and Sucarnoochee Soils that have north-facing slopes retain moisture soils formed in the water-deposited material on stream longer because they are shaded for longer periods and terraces and flood plains. Demopolis, Faunsdale, have a lower temperature. In Marengo County, 148 Soil Survey

differences caused by the direction of slope are slight Soils on terraces of the Tombigbee River are older and of minor importance in soil formation. than soils on flood plains but are still relatively young. They formed in material deposited by the river, but the Plants and Animals river channels are now deeper and the overflow no Living organisms greatly influence the processes of longer reaches these soils. Many of these soils have soil formation and the characteristics of the soils. relatively strong horizon development. The Bama, Trees, grasses, earthworms, rodents, fungi, bacteria, Cahaba, Chrysler, Izagora, Lucedale, and Savannah and other forms of plant and animal life are affected by soils are examples of soils on stream terraces of the other soil-forming factors. Animal activity is largely varying age. confined to the surface layer of the soil. The soil is The oldest soils in the county are on uplands and continually mixed by their activity, which improves formed in marine sediment that has undergone water infiltration. Plant roots create channels through considerable weathering. The Luverne, Smithdale, which air and water move more rapidly, thereby Subran, and Wadley soils are examples. improving soil structure and increasing the rate of chemical reactions in the soil. Processes of Horizon Differentiation Microorganisms help to decompose organic matter, which releases plant nutrients and chemicals into the The main processes involved in the formation of soil soil. These nutrients are either used by the plants or horizons are accumulation of organic matter, leaching are leached from the soil. Human activities that of calcium carbonate and bases, reduction and transfer influence the plant and animal populations in the soil of iron, and formation and translocation of silicate clay affect the future rate of soil formation. minerals. These processes can occur in combination or The native vegetation in the uplands of Marengo individually, depending on the integration of the factors County consisted of coniferous and deciduous trees as of soil formation. dominant overstory. The understory species were holly, Most soils have four main horizons. The A horizon is panicums, bluestems, American beautyberry, the surface layer. It is the horizon of maximum indiangrass, longleaf uniola, and flowering dogwood. accumulation of organic matter. The E horizon, usually These species represent only a very limited variety called the subsurface layer, is the horizon of that once grew in this county and can be used as a maximum loss of soluble or suspended material. guide to plants presently in the county. Bonneau and Boykin soils have both an A horizon and The species distribution of fauna also reflect these an E horizon. Other soils such as Mantachie soils, plant communities. Animals have an impact on the soil have an A horizon but do not have an E horizon. properties of a particular area. For example, worms, Organic matter has accumulated in the surface layer of moles, armadillo, and gophers can improve aeration in all soils in Marengo County to form an A horizon. The a compacted soil. Microbes that thrive in a particular content of organic matter varies in different soils plant community will react to various soil conditions because of differences in relief, wetness, and natural and consequently influence the soil profile by providing fertility. decayed organic matter and nitrogen to the soil matrix. The B horizon, usually called the subsoil, is immediately below the A or E horizon. It is the horizon Time of maximum accumulation of dissolved or suspended If all other factors of soil formation are equal, the material, such as iron or clay. The B horizon has not degree of soil formation is in direct proportion to time. yet developed in very young soils such as Iuka soils. If soil-forming factors have been active for a long time, The C horizon is the substratum. It has been horizon development is stronger than if these same affected very little by the soil forming processes, but it factors have been active for a relatively short time. may be somewhat modified by weathering. Geologically, the soils in Marengo County are The chemical reduction and transfer of iron, called relatively young. The youngest soils are the alluvial gleying, is evident in the wet soils in the county. soils in active flood plains of streams and rivers. These Gleying results in gray colors in the subsoil and gray soils receive deposits of sediment and are undergoing mottles in other horizons. The gray color indicates the a cumulative soil-forming process. In most cases, reduction and loss of iron and manganese. The these young soils have very weakly defined horizons, horizons of some soils, such as in the Subran soils, mainly because the soil-forming processes have only have reddish mottles and dark concretions, which been active for a short time. The Bibb, Iuka, Houlka, indicate a segregation of iron and manganese. Mantachie, Riverview, and Sucarnoochee soils are Leaching of carbonates and bases has occurred in examples of young soils. most of the soils of the county. This process Marengo County, Alabama 149

contributes to the development of distinct horizons and color. Soils that formed where drainage is intermediate, to the naturally low fertility and acid reaction of most have a subsoil that is mottled in shades of gray and soils in the Coastal Plain. Some soils of the Blackland brown. Freest, Izagora, Lenoir, and Sucarnoochee soils Prairie, such as Demopolis, Faunsdale, Sucarnoochee, are examples. The grayish color persists even after and Sumter soils, have developed in materials artificial drainage is provided. The dark grayish brown weathered from soft limestone (chalk). They are high to colors in the upper part of the Sucarnoochee soils is medium in natural fertility and are alkaline throughout assumed to be inherited from the color of the parent the profile. material. In uniform materials, natural drainage generally is In steep areas, the surface soil erodes. In low areas, closely associated with slope or relief. It generally or in depressions, soil materials often accumulate and affects the color of the soil. Soils that formed under add to the thickness of the surface soil. In some areas, good drainage conditions, such as Bama and Lucedale the formation of soil materials and the rates of removal soils, have a subsoil that is uniformly bright in color. are in equilibrium with soil development. The eluviation Soils that formed under poor drainage conditions, such of clay from the E horizon to the Bt horizon is also as Kinston, Minter, and Yonges soils, have grayish related to the degree of relief.

151

References

(1) Anonymous. 1984. Long Range Program, Marengo County Soil and Water Conservation District.

(2) Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs. 1994. Alabama County Data Book.

(3) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1986. Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. Ed. 14, 2 vols.

(4) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.

(5) Broadfoot, W. M., and R.M. Krinard. 1959. Guide for evaluating sweetgum sites. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Sta. Occas. Pap. 176.

(6) Broadfoot, W.M. 1963. Guide for evaluating water oak sites. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Sta. Res. Pap. SO-1.

(7) Coile, T. S., and F.X. Schumacher. 1953. Site index curves for young stands of loblolly and shortleaf pines in the Piedmont Plateau Region. J. For. 51.

(8) Burchard, E.F. 1940. The cement industry in Alabama. Alabama Geol. Surv. Cir. 14.

(9) Daniel, T.W. 1973. A strippable lignite bed in south Alabama. Alabama Geol. Surv. Bull.

(10) Hajek, B.F., F. Adams, and J.T. Cope, Jr. 1972. Rapid determination of exchangeable bases, acidity, and base saturation for soil characterization. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., vol. 36.

(11) Johnson, William M. 1961. Transect methods for determination of composition of soil mapping units. Soil Surv. Tech. Notes, U.S. Dep. of Agric., Soil Conserv. Serv.

(12) Kleweno, D.D., and W.T. Placke. 1993. Alabama agricultural statistics. Alabama Agric. Stat. Bull. 36.

(13) Newton, J.G., H. Sutcliffe, Jr., and P.E. LaMoreaux. 1961. Geology and ground- water resources of Marengo County, Alabama. U.S. Geol. Surv. and Geol. Surv. of Alabama, County Report 5.

(14) Phillips, S.W., R.A. Devereux, R.W. Winston, and E.W. Knobel. 1923. Soil survey of Marengo County, Alabama. U. S. Dep. Agric., Bureau of Soils. 152

(15) Steers, C. A., and B.F. Hajek. 1979. Determination of map unit composition by a random selection of transects. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., vol. 43.

(16) United States Department of Agriculture. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.

(17) United States Department of Agriculture. 1976. Volume, yield, and stand tables for second growth southern pines. Forest Serv. Misc. Publ. 50.

(18) United States Department of Agriculture. 1985. Forest statistics for west-central Alabama counties. Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Sta., Resour. Bull. SO-97.

(19) United States Department of Agriculture 1991. Forest statistics for Alabama counties. Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Sta., Resour. Bull. SO-158.

(20) United States Department of Agriculture. 1991. Soil survey laboratory methods manual. Soil Conserv. Serv., Soil Surv. Invest. Rep. 42, ver. 2.0.

(21) United States Department of Agriculture. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18.

(22) United States Department of Agriculture. 1994. Keys to soil taxonomy. 7th. ed., Soil Surv. Staff. 153

Glossary

ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon. Low ...... 3 to 6 AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon. Moderate ...... 6 to 9 Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium or High ...... 9 to 12 Very high ...... more than 12 on steep, rocky slopes. Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from Back slope. The geomorphic component that forms the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is the steepest inclined surface and principal similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a element of many hillsides. Back slopes in profile poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in are commonly steep, are linear, and may or may carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen. not include cliff segments. Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree, mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as generally referring to the section at breast height granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. stand density, commonly expressed in square Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, feet. deposited on land by streams. Base saturation. The degree to which material having Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in cation-exchange properties is saturated with 1N ammonium acetate is used to detect the exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A expressed as a percentage of the total cation- positive reaction indicates a type of redoximorphic exchange capacity. feature. Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5 millimeters Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, lacustrine, required by one mature cow of approximately or marine sediment. 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 Bedding system. A drainage system made by month. plowing, grading, or otherwise shaping the Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized surface of a flat field. It consists of a series of by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic low ridges separated by shallow, parallel dead features. furrows. Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and after the removal of soil for construction and other other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at uses. Revegetation and erosion control are the surface. extremely difficult. Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by subject to flooding. an accumulation of illuvial clay. Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces. the ground surface; the point on a tree where Available water capacity (available moisture diameter measurements are ordinarily taken. capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a available for use by most plants. It is commonly nearby central area for transport to a processing defined as the difference between the amount of facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of soil water at field moisture capacity and the a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or expressed as: the entire log is suspended. Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium Very low ...... 0 to 3 carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium 154 Soil Survey

carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See or establishing terraces, diversions, and other Crown.) water-control structures on a complex slope is Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil difficult. particles and in tiny spaces between particles. Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern capillary water in the soil. or so small in area that it is not practical to map Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a them separately at the selected scale of mapping. landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent The pattern and proportion of the soils or material but have different characteristics as a miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all result of differences in relief and drainage. areas. Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. plane. They typically take the form of concentric Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate, exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 compounds making up concretions. If formed in grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese other stated pH value. The term, as applied to oxide are generally considered a type of soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity redoximorphic concentration. but is more precise in meaning. Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in Channery soil material. Soil material that is, by combination with needed cultural and volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of management practices. In a good conservation sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as cropping system, the soil-improving crops and much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the practices more than offset the effects of the soil- longest axis. A single piece is called a channer. depleting crops and practices. Cropping systems Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving through the use of chemicals. practices in a conservation cropping system Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or include the use of rotations that contain grasses more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen and legumes and the return of crop residue to the hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal soil. Other practices include the use of green plow depth. manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural control. class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 not invert the soil and that leaves a protective percent silt. amount of crop residue on the surface throughout Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low the year. content of iron, manganese, and clay because of Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion the chemical reduction of iron and manganese and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes type of redoximorphic depletion. resistance of soil material to rupture and to Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness of surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root puddled soil material; and the manner in which the channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. soil material behaves when subject to Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that compression. Terms describing consistence are contains much more clay than the horizons above defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.” it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that plastic or stiff when wet. follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing Climax plant community. The stabilized plant crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled community on a particular site. The plant cover crops or summer fallow. reproduces itself and does not change so long as Control section. The part of the soil on which the environment remains the same. classification is based. The thickness varies Marengo County, Alabama 155

among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that changed the morphology of the soil. Seven part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches classes of natural soil drainage are recognized— and 40 or 80 inches. excessively drained, somewhat excessively Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical drained, well drained, moderately well drained, action that dissolves or weakens concrete or somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and uncoated steel. very poorly drained. These classes are defined in Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to the “Soil Survey Manual.” improve and protect the soil between periods of Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, regular crop production, or a crop grown between from an area. trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. Duff. A generally firm organic layer on the surface of Cropping system. Growing crops according to a mineral soils. It consists of fallen plant material planned system of rotation and management that is in the process of decomposition and practices. includes everything from the litter on the surface to Crop residue management. Returning crop residue underlying pure humus. to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution organic matter content, and fertility and helps to or colloidal suspension from one place to another control erosion. within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting through eluviation are eluvial; those that have farming operations on sloping farmland in such a received material are illuvial. way that tillage is across the general slope. Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI). which all horizons between the upper boundary of The average annual increase per acre in the saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated. volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, volume of the stand by its age. As the stand that flows only in direct response to precipitation. It increases in age, the mean annual increment receives no long-continued supply from melting continues to increase until mortality begins to snow or other source, and its channel is above the reduce the rate of increase. The point where the water table at all times. stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a is called the culmination of the mean annual perched water table in a soil in which saturated increment. layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations layers within 2 meters of the surface. tend to cave in or slough. Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by grazing land for a prescribed period. such processes as gravitational creep. Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer that Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per processes acting over long geologic periods and cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of resulting in the wearing away of mountains and digging and can affect filling and compacting. the building up of such landscape features as Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches erosion. deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human 20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches. or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the such as a fire, that exposes the surface. surface for the specified use. Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, or cliff breaking the general continuity of more generally a terrace, built to protect downslope gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the duration of wet periods under conditions similar to soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel those under which the soil formed. Alterations of or sand for construction purposes. the water regime by human activities, either Excess lime (in tables). Excess carbonates in the soil through drainage or irrigation, are not a that restrict the growth of some plants. consideration unless they have significantly Excess sodium (in tables). Excess exchangeable 156 Soil Survey

sodium in the soil. The resulting poor physical When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under properties restrict the growth of plants. pressure rather than to deform slowly. Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers productivity through accumulation of moisture. especially to the processes or soil-forming factors Summer fallow is common in regions of limited responsible for the formation of the solum, or true rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. tilled for at least one growing season for weed Gilgai. Commonly, a succession of microbasins and control and decomposition of plant residue. microknolls in nearly level areas or of microvalleys Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water and microridges parallel with the slope. Typically, into the soil. the microrelief of clayey soils that shrink and swell Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide considerably with changes in moisture content. plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, balance, for the growth of specified plants when resulting in the reduction of iron and other light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth elements in the profile and in gray colors. factors are favorable. Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a grade toward a protected waterway. soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3 grass as protection against erosion. Conducts days after a soaking rain; also called normal field surface water away from cropland. capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as capacity. much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavated centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a soil material from a road cut. It commonly is on the pebble. downhill side of the road. Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock Firebreak. Area cleared of flammable material to stop fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as or help control creeping or running fires. It also 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. serves as a line from which to work and to Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving facilitate the movement of firefighters and crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage equipment. Designated roads also serve as of maturity or soon after maturity. firebreaks. Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, the material below the water table. subject to frequent or occasional flooding. Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a running water and through which water ordinarily stream and is subject to flooding unless protected runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a artificially. gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to action, as a fluvial plain. be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary hill. tillage. Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. from these crops can be used to control erosion Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition until the next crop in the rotation is established. and development because of given physical and These crops return large amounts of organic biological factors by which it may be differentiated matter to the soil. from other stands. Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, porosity and content of organic matter and low or commonly of limited summit area and having a moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand. well defined outline; hillsides generally have A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots. slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is bulk density than the horizon or horizons above. dependent on local usage. Marengo County, Alabama 157

Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to permeable layer. The slope and the kind of plant the surface, having distinct characteristics cover are not considered but are separate factors produced by soil-forming processes. In the in predicting runoff. identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one represents the major horizons. Numbers or horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, lowercase letters that follow represent material is removed from an upper horizon and subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation deposited in a lower horizon. of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as immediate surface of soil or other material, as follows: contrasted with percolation, which is movement of O horizon.— An organic layer of fresh and water through soil layers or material. decaying plant residue. Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which A horizon.— The mineral horizon at or near the water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of surface in which an accumulation of humified conditions. organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually originally part of a B horizon. expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be E horizon.— The mineral horizon in which the main limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or rate at which water is applied at the surface. some combination of these. Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, B horizon.— The mineral horizon below an A that flows for prolonged periods only when it horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of receives ground-water discharge or long, transition from the overlying A to the underlying C continued contributions from melting snow or other horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive surface and shallow subsurface sources. characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; content of iron and manganese oxide because of (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A a combination of these. type of redoximorphic depletion. C horizon.— The mineral horizon or layer, Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: by soil-forming processes and does not have the Basin.— Water is applied rapidly to nearly level properties typical of the overlying soil material. plains surrounded by levees or dikes. The material of a C horizon may be either like or Border.— Water is applied at the upper end of a strip unlike that in which the solum formed. If the in which the lateral flow of water is controlled by material is known to differ from that in the solum, small earth ridges called border dikes, or borders. an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the Controlled flooding.— Water is released at letter C. intervals from closely spaced field ditches and Cr horizon.— Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath distributed uniformly over the field. the soil. Corrugation.— Water is applied to small, closely R layer.— Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close- The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but growing crops or in orchards so that it flows in only it can be directly below an A or a B horizon. one direction. Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable Drip (or trickle).— Water is applied slowly and part of the organic matter in mineral soils. under low pressure to the surface of the soil or Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped into the soil through such applicators as emitters, according to their runoff potential. The soil porous tubing, or perforated pipe. properties that influence this potential are those Furrow.— Water is applied in small ditches made that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for on a bare soil during periods after prolonged tree and row crops. wetting when the soil is not frozen. These Sprinkler.— Water is sprayed over the soil surface properties are depth to a seasonal high water through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. table, the infiltration rate and permeability after Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent prolonged wetting, and depth to a very slowly landforms. 158 Soil Survey

Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, and exposed when the water level is lowered or and biological properties of the various horizons, the elevation of the land is raised. and the thickness and arrangement of those Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches horizons in the soil profile. (7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that adversely affect the specified use of the soil. vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or follows: abundance— few, common, and many; other material by percolating water. size— fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast— Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil faint, distinct, and prominent. The size passes from a plastic to a liquid state. measurements are of the diameter along the Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 than 52 percent sand particles. millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees these crops is not adequate to control erosion until of three simple variables— hue, value, and the next crop in the rotation is established. These chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a crops return little organic matter to the soil. color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to of 4. support loads. Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. Marl. An earthy, unconsolidated deposit consisting (See Reaction, soil.) chiefly of calcium carbonate mixed with clay in Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal approximately equal amounts. structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil manganese oxide are common compounds matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary making up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of with the surrounding soil material and cannot be iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds types of redoximorphic concentrations. making up masses are calcium carbonate, Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly manganese oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, or manganese oxide generally are considered a magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, type of redoximorphic concentration. boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and for seeding, brush management, and other water. management practices. Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, various stages of decomposition. The content of silt loam, or silt. organic matter in the surface layer is described as Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and follows: low in organic material. Its bulk density is more than that of organic soil. Very low ...... less than 0.5 percent Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop Low ...... 0.5 to 2.0 percent production and prevention of soil damage. Moderate ...... 2.0 to 4.0 percent Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no High ...... 4.0 to 8.0 percent natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy movement of water and the growth of roots. For loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan, Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay and traffic pan. loam, or silty clay loam. Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface mineral material in which soil forms. horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the granule, a prism, or a block. upper part of the subsoil. Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.” Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to including the texture, structure, porosity, permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from Marengo County, Alabama 159

about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 drained, the water can be removed only by square meters), depending on the variability of the percolation or evapotranspiration. soil. Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid Percolation. The downward movement of water permeability, the soil may not adequately filter through the soil. effluent from a waste disposal system. Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil through the soil adversely affects the specified material consisting mainly of particles of nearly use. the same size. Because there is little difference in Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water size of the particles, density can be increased only or air to move downward through the profile. The slightly by compaction. rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth). accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil no properties restricting the penetration of roots to Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in this depth. the engineering profession and with traditional Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow specific management purposes, under the continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Te r m s appropriate conditions of weather and soil describing permeability, measured in inches per moisture and at the proper time of day. hour, are as follows: Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for producing a specified plant or sequence of plants Extremely slow ...... 0.0 to 0.01 inch under specific management. Very slow ...... 0.01 to 0.06 inch Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch through all its horizons and into the parent Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch material. Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches maintains enough cover to protect the soil and Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the desirable vegetation. This practice increases the Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants features that affect its use and management, such and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch as slope, stoniness, and flooding. necessary to conserve soil and water. pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil. because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The Plasticity index. The numerical difference between degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of values, are: moisture content within which the soil remains plastic. Ultra acid ...... less than 3.5 Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil Extremely acid ...... 3.5 to 4.4 changes from semisolid to plastic. Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 Plinthite. The sesquioxide-rich, humus-poor, highly Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 weathered mixture of clay with quartz and other Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 diluents. It commonly appears as red mottles, Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 usually in platy, polygonal, or reticulate patterns. Slightly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstone Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 hardpan or to irregular aggregates on repeated Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher wetting and drying, especially if it is exposed also to heat from the sun. In a moist soil, plinthite can Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules, be cut with a spade. It is a form of laterite. concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil features resulting from the accumulation of iron or directly below the plowed layer. manganese oxide. An indication of chemical Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation. depressions. Unless the soils are artificially Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from 160 Soil Survey

which iron and manganese oxide or a combination Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of removed. These zones are indications of the saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix chemical reduction of iron resulting from into an unlined auger hole. saturation. Second bottom. The first terrace above the normal Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic flood plain (or first bottom) of a river. concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alpha- deposited from suspension in water. The chief dipyridyl, and other features indicating the kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand; manganese compounds resulting from saturation. shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II). many intermediate types. The chemical reduction results from nearly Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after use. exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon type of redoximorphic feature. and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.) Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the almost alike, except for differences in texture of loose earth material above the solid rock. the surface layer. All the soils of a series have Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, considered collectively. and arrangement. Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a weathered or partly weathered mineral material clay deposit. that accumulated as consolidated rock Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of disintegrated in place. soil material from the land surface by the action of Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated rainfall and surface runoff. erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and machinery. swelling can damage roads, dams, building Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical foundations, and other structures. It can also means during road construction. It is commonly on damage plant roots. the uphill side of the road. Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. percent clay. Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly by plant roots. silt-sized particles. Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic channels from an area. The water that flows off the criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, surface of the land without sinking into the soil is and have similar conservation needs or called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil management requirements for the major land uses before reaching surface streams is called ground- in the survey area. water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral based on the height of the dominant stand at an fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a height attained by dominant and codominant trees soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is sand and not more than 10 percent clay. 75 feet, the site index is 75. Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces sand-sized particles. produced by one mass sliding past another. In Marengo County, Alabama 161

soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of blocks, between specified size limits. The names and prisms, and columns; and in swelling clayey soils, sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in where there is marked change in moisture the United States are as follows: content. Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 movement downslope when loaded, excavated, or Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 wet. Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 distance divided by horizontal distance, then Clay ...... less than 0.002 multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. In Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C this survey, classes for simple slopes are as horizon, in which the processes of soil formation follows: are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of Level ...... 0 to 1 percent the material in these horizons are unlike those of Nearly level ...... 0 to 2 percent the material below the solum. The living roots and Very gently sloping ...... 1 to 3 percent plant and animal activities are largely confined to Gently sloping ...... 0 to 5 percent the solum. Moderately sloping ...... 5 to 8 percent Strongly sloping ...... 8 to 15 percent Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic Moderately steep ...... 15 to 25 percent arrangement of strips or bands that provide Steep ...... 25 to 35 percent vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water Very steep ...... 35 percent and higher erosion. Classes for complex slopes are as follows: Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil particles into compound particles or aggregates. Level ...... 0 to 1 percent The principal forms of soil structure are— platy Nearly level ...... 0 to 2 percent (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates Gently undulating ...... 0 to 3 percent longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with Undulating ...... 3 to 8 percent rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), Gently rolling ...... 5 to 15 percent Steep ...... 15 to 25 percent and granular. Structureless soils are either single grained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special massive (the particles adhering without any practices are required to ensure satisfactory regular cleavage, as in many hardpans). performance of the soil for a specific use. Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects into the soil. the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds, harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the resulting from restricted permeability in the soil. next crop, and during the early growing period of Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 the new crop. inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of adversely affect the specified use of the soil. the solum below plow depth. Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan. and other equipment commonly used in Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. construction. Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s or EB) below the surface layer. surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or properties resulting from the integrated effect of its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth climate and living matter acting on earthy parent from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). material, as conditioned by relief over periods of Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the time. “Ap horizon.” Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons, 162

considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related of these horizons. to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a emergence, and root penetration. series recognized in the classification system. Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the base Such soils are named for a series they strongly of a hill; part of a foot slope. resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most that series because they differ in ways too small to favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily be of consequence in interpreting their use and rich in organic matter and is used to topdress behavior. Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. when one or more of their characteristics are Unstable fill (in tables). Risk of caving or sloughing on slightly outside the range defined for the family of banks of fill material. the series for which the soils are named. Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight lowlands along streams. angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or assumed to be inherited from the parent material flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a rather than to be the result of poor drainage. field generally is built so that the field can be Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage areas that are excavated at an angle across a has a deep channel that is maintained in sloping road. They are used to reduce the permanent sod. downward velocity of water and divert it off and Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat away from the road surface. Water bars can easily or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. be driven over if constructed properly. Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, Weathering. All physical and chemical changes and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the textural classes, in order of increasing proportion earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy changes result in disintegration and loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay decomposition of the material. loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam coarse grained particles that are well distributed classes may be further divided by specifying over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” normally can be easily increased in density and Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with that is too thin for the specified use. poorly graded soil. 163

Tables 164 Soil Survey

Table 1.--Temperature and Precipitation

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Camden, Alabama)

______| | | Temperature | Precipitation ______| | | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| | | | | |______10 will have-- | Average | |______will have-- | Average | Month |Average|Average|Average| | |number of|Average| | |number of|Average | daily | daily | daily | Maximum | Minimum | growing | | Less | More |days with|snowfall |maximum|minimum| |temperature|temperature| degree | |than--|than--|0.10 inch| | | | | higher | lower | days* | | | | or more | ______| | | | than-- | than-- | | | | | | | o | o | o | o | o | | | | | | | _F | _F | _F | _F | _F | _____Units | __In | __In | __In | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | January-----| 56.9 | 33.5 | 45.2 | 78 | 8 | 72 | 5.25 | 3.44| 6.90| 8 | 0.3 | | | | | | | | | | | February----| 61.1 | 36.1 | 48.6 | 81 | 15 | 98 | 5.43 | 3.37| 7.29| 6 | 0.1 | | | | | | | | | | | March------| 70.4 | 43.6 | 57.0 | 86 | 23 | 255 | 6.13 | 3.63| 8.36| 7 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | April------| 78.3 | 51.1 | 64.7 | 90 | 32 | 443 | 4.56 | 1.83| 6.86| 5 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | May------| 84.4 | 58.4 | 71.4 | 94 | 41 | 662 | 4.64 | 2.15| 6.78| 6 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | June------| 90.5 | 65.2 | 77.8 | 100 | 51 | 835 | 3.83 | 1.99| 5.43| 6 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | July------| 92.0 | 68.1 | 80.0 | 100 | 59 | 931 | 5.54 | 2.85| 7.90| 8 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | August------| 91.2 | 67.6 | 79.4 | 99 | 58 | 910 | 4.02 | 2.30| 5.55| 6 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | September---| 87.3 | 62.6 | 75.0 | 97 | 45 | 749 | 3.50 | 1.53| 5.17| 5 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | October-----| 78.0 | 50.6 | 64.3 | 91 | 31 | 444 | 2.61 | 0.79| 4.24| 3 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | November----| 68.2 | 42.5 | 55.4 | 84 | 21 | 211 | 4.05 | 2.07| 5.78| 5 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | December----| 59.8 | 36.0 | 47.9 | 80 | 13 | 104 | 5.95 | 3.60| 8.06| 7 | 0.1 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- Yearly: | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- Average---| 76.5 | 51.3 | 63.9 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- Extreme---| 104 | 0 | --- | 102 | 7 | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- Total-----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5,714 | 55.50 | 45.36| 62.29| 72 | 0.4 ______| | | | | | | | | | |

* A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (50 degrees F). Marengo County, Alabama 165

Table 2.--Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Camden, Alabama)

______| | Temperature |______Probability | | | | 24 degrees F| 28 degrees F| 32 degrees F ______| or lower | or lower | or lower | | | | | | Last freezing | | | temperature | | | in spring: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | later than-- | Mar. 13 | Mar. 31 | Apr. 6 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Mar. 7 | Mar. 23 | Apr. 1 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Feb. 23 | Mar. 7 | Mar. 22 | | | First freezing | | | temperature | | | in fall: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 10 | Oct. 30 | Oct. 22 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 19 | Nov. 6 | Oct. 28 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Dec. 6 | Nov. 20 | Nov. 8 ______| | |

Table 3.--Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1961-91 at Camden, Alabama)

______| | Daily minimum temperature | during growing season |______Probability | | | | Higher | Higher | Higher | than | than | than |24 degrees F|28 degrees F|32 degrees F ______| | | | ____Days | ____Days | ____Days | | | 9 years in 10 | 243 | 221 | 205 | | | 8 years in 10 | 258 | 233 | 214 | | | 5 years in 10 | 286 | 257 | 231 | | | 2 years in 10 | 314 | 281 | 248 | | | 1 year in 10 | 328 | 294 | 257 ______| | | 166 Soil Survey

Table 4.--Suitability and Limitations of General Soil Map Units for Major Land Uses ______|Extent | | | | Map unit | of | Cultivated | Pasture and | Woodland | Urban uses ______| area | crops | hayland | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | 1. Urbo-Mooreville-Una------| 7 |Poorly suited: |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Not suited: | | wetness, | wetness, | restricted | wetness, | | flooding. | flooding. | use of | flooding. | | | | equipment, | | | | | seedling | | | | | mortality. | | | | | | 2. Bama-Smithdale-Savannah---| 9 |Well suited-----|Well suited-----|Well suited---|Well suited. | | | | | | | | | | 3. Luverne-Halso------| 3 |Suited: |Well suited-----|Suited: |Poorly suited: | | slope, low | | restricted | slope, shrink- | | fertility | | use of | swell potential, | | hazard of | | equipment, | very slow and | | erosion. | | hazard of | moderately slow | | | | erosion. | permeability. | | | | | 4. Vaiden-Sucarnoochee-Searcy| 4 |Suited: |Suited: |Suited: |Poorly suited: | | wetness, poor | wetness, | restricted | flooding, | | tilth, hazard | flooding. | use of | wetness, shrink- | | of erosion, | | equipment, | swell potential, | | flooding. | | seedling | very slow and | | | | mortality. | slow | | | | | permeability | | | | | 5. Wilcox-Consul------| 13 |Suited: |Suited: |Suited: |Poorly suited: | | wetness, poor | wetness. | restricted | wetness, shrink- | | tilth, hazard | | use of | swell potential, | | of erosion. | | equipment, | very slow | | | | seedling | permeability. | | | | mortality. | | | | | | 6. Oktibbeha-Luverne-Brantley| 7 |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Suited: |Poorly suited: | | slope, hazard | slope, hazard | restricted | slope, shrink- | | of erosion, | of erosion. | use of | swell potential, | | poor tilth. | | equipment, | very slow and | | | | hazard of | moderately slow | | | | erosion, | permeability. | | | | seedling | | | | | mortality. | 7. Mooreville-Mantachie- | | | | | Kinston------| 2 |Poorly suited: |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Not suited: | | wetness, | wetness, | restricted | wetness, | | flooding. | flooding. | use of | flooding. | | | | equipment, | | | | | seedling | | | | | mortality. | | | | | | 8. Wadley-Boykin-Smithdale---| 5 |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Suited: |Poorly suited: | | slope, low | slope, low | restricted | slope, | | fertility, | fertility, | use of | droughtiness, | | hazard of | droughtiness. | equipment, | hazard of | | erosion. | | hazard of | erosion, | | | | erosion, | seepage. | | | | seedling | | | | | mortality. | | | | | | Marengo County, Alabama 167

Table 4.--Suitability and Limitations of General Soil Map Units for Major Land Uses ______|Extent | | | | Map unit | of | Cultivated | Pasture and | Woodland | Urban uses ______| area | crops | hayland | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | 9. Sucarnoochee-Houlka------| 4 |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Suited: |Not suited: | | wetness, | wetness, | restricted | wetness, | | flooding, poor | flooding. | use of | flooding. | | tilth. | | equipment, | | | | | seedling | | | | | mortality. | | | | | | 10. Sumter-Demopolis- | | | | | Faunsdale------| 11 |Suited: |Suited: |Poorly suited:|Poorly suited: | | poor tilth, | droughtiness, | restricted | depth to rock, | | depth to rock, | wetness. | use of | shrink-swell | | hazard of | | equipment, | potential, very | | ersion. | | seedling | slow | | | | mortality. | permeability. | | | | | 11. Cahaba-Izagora-Chrysler--| 9 |Well suited-----|Well suited-----|Well suited---|Poorly suited: | | | | | flooding, | | | | | moderate to | | | | | slow | | | | | permeability. | | | | | 12. Luverne-Smithdale-Boykin-| 26 |Poorly suited: |Suited: |Suited: |Poorly suited: | | slope, hazard | slope, low | restricted | slope, moderate | | of erosion, low| fertility, | use of | and moderately | | fertility, | droughtiness. | equipment, | slow | | droughtiness. | | hazard of | permeability, | | | | erosion, | hazard of | | | | seedling | erosion, | | | | mortality. | seepage. ______| | | | | 168 Soil Survey

Table 5.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent ______symbol| | | | | | | | | BaA |Bama fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 5,670 | 0.9 BaB |Bama fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 13,790 | 2.2 BbA |Bibb-Iuka complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded------| 15,790 | 2.5 BgB |Bigbee loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 5,400 | 0.9 BnB |Bonneau loamy fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes------| 5,630 | 0.9 BoB |Boykin loamy fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes------| 4,960 | 0.8 BpE |Boykin-Wadley complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes------| 18,950 | 3.0 BrC |Brantley fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes------| 2,840 | 0.5 BrD2 |Brantley fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------| 7,920 | 1.3 BsF2 |Brantley-Okeelala complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, eroded------| 12,410 | 2.0 CaA |Cahaba fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded------| 7,020 | 1.1 CbA |Cahaba fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 5,980 | 1.0 CcB |Cahaba fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, rarely flooded------| 4,790 | 0.8 ChB |Chrysler-Lenoir complex, gently undulating, occasionally flooded------| 9,890 | 1.6 CoA |Consul clay, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 15,960 | 2.5 DeD2 |Demopolis silty clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, eroded------| 14,620 | 2.3 DuD |Demopolis-Urban land complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes------| 1,830 | 0.3 FnB |Faunsdale clay loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes------| 8,980 | 1.4 FnC |Faunsdale clay loam, 3 to 5 percent slopes------| 5,260 | 0.8 FsB |Freest fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes------| 2,900 | 0.5 GdE3 |Gullied land-Demopolis complex, 2 to 12 percent slopes, severely eroded------| 240 | * HaB |Halso fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 4,380 | 0.7 HaD2 |Halso fine sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------| 13,480 | 2.1 HbA |Harleston-Bigbee complex, gently undulating, rarely flooded------| 4,940 | 0.8 HoA |Houlka silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded------| 24,740 | 3.9 IzA |Izagora sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded------| 15,000 | 2.4 KpC |Kipling silty clay loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes------| 7,560 | 1.2 KuC |Kipling-Urban land complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes------| 410 | 0.1 LaA |Lucedale fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 730 | 0.1 LvB |Luverne sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 12,380 | 2.0 LvD2 |Luverne sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------| 34,790 | 5.5 MiA |Minter loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 4,810 | 0.8 MKA |Mooreville, Mantachie, and Kinston soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded| 28,830 | 4.6 OkC |Oktibbeha clay loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes------| 17,100 | 2.7 OtD2 |Oktibbeha clay, 5 to 8 percent slopes, eroded------| 6,590 | 1.0 Pt |Pits------| 340 | 0.1 Qu |Quarry------| 230 | * RvA |Riverview fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 8,250 | 1.3 SaA |Savannah fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 7,570 | 1.2 ScC2 |Searcy fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes, eroded------| 8,650 | 1.4 SdC |Smithdale loamy sand, 5 to 8 percent slopes------| 20,270 | 3.2 SdD |Smithdale loamy sand, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 17,560 | 2.8 SmF |Smithdale-Boykin-Luverne complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes------| 50,930 | 8.1 SnA |Steens-Yonges-Harleston complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 8,880 | 1.4 SrB |Subran loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 1,380 | 0.2 StA |Sucarnoochee clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded------| 35,890 | 5.7 SuE2 |Sumter silty clay loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------| 8,980 | 1.4 SwB |Sumter-Watsonia complex, 1 to 3 percent slopes------| 4,480 | 0.7 SwC2 |Sumter-Watsonia complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, eroded------| 11,640 | 1.9 TsA |Tuscumbia clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded------| 710 | 0.1 UnA |Una silty clay, ponded------| 4,370 | 0.7 Ur |Urban land------| 300 | * UuB |Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, gently undulating, frequently flooded------| 26,720 | 4.2 VdA |Vaiden silty clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes------| 9,170 | 1.5 WdD |Wadley loamy fine sand, 5 to 15 percent slopes------| 10,520 | 1.7 WxB |Wilcox clay, 1 to 5 percent slopes------| 27,150 | 4.3 WxD2 |Wilcox clay, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------| 14,110 | 2.2 YoA |Yonges fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 1,420 | 0.2 | Areas of water less than 40 acres in size------| 2,260 | 0.4 | Areas of water more than 40 acres in size------| 720 | 0.1 | |------|------| Total------| 629,070 | 100.0 ______| | |

* Less than 0.1 percent. Marengo County, Alabama 169

Table 6.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)

______| | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | map symbol | capability | Cotton lint | Corn | Soybeans |Grain sorghum| Wheat ______| | | | | | | | ___Lbs | __Bu | __Bu | __Bu | __Bu | | | | | | BaA------| I | 850 | 110 | 35 | 90 | 40 Bama | | | | | | | | | | | | BaB------| IIe | 750 | 90 | 35 | 90 | 35 Bama | | | | | | | | | | | | BbA------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Bibb-Iuka | | | | | | | | | | | | BgB------| IIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Bigbee | | | | | | | | | | | | BnB------| IIs | 700 | 80 | 30 | 70 | 30 Bonneau | | | | | | | | | | | | BoB------| IIs | 600 | 70 | 25 | 60 | 30 Boykin | | | | | | | | | | | | BpE------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Boykin-Wadley | | | | | | | | | | | | BrC------| IVe | 450 | 60 | 20 | 60 | 30 Brantley | | | | | | | | | | | | BrD2------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Brantley | | | | | | | | | | | | BsF2------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Brantley-Okeelala | | | | | | | | | | | | CaA------| I | 800 | 100 | 40 | 100 | 40 Cahaba | | | | | | | | | | | | CbA------| IIw | 800 | 100 | 40 | 100 | 40 Cahaba | | | | | | | | | | | | CcB------| IIe | 750 | 85 | 30 | 80 | 35 Cahaba | | | | | | | | | | | | ChB------| | 650 | 80 | 35 | 70 | 30 Chrysler------| IIIw | | | | | Lenoir------| IVw | | | | | | | | | | | CoA------| IIIw | --- | 70 | 30 | 60 | 30 Consul | | | | | | | | | | | | DeD2------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Demopolis | | | | | | | | | | | | DuD*------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Demopolis-Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | FnB------| IIe | 650 | 80 | 40 | 70 | 40 Faunsdale | | | | | | | | | | | | FnC------| IIIe | 600 | 75 | 35 | 70 | 35 Faunsdale | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 170 Soil Survey

Table 6.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | map symbol | capability | Cotton lint | Corn | Soybeans |Grain sorghum| Wheat ______| | | | | | | | ___Lbs | __Bu | __Bu | __Bu | __Bu | | | | | | FsB------| IIe | 800 | 110 | 40 | 110 | 40 Freest | | | | | | | | | | | | GdE3------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Gullied land------| VIIIs | | | | | Demopolis------| VIs | | | | | | | | | | | HaB------| IIIe | 600 | 70 | 30 | 60 | 30 Halso | | | | | | | | | | | | HaD2------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Halso | | | | | | | | | | | | HbA------| | 600 | 70 | 30 | 60 | 30 Harleston------| IIw | | | | | Bigbee------| IIIs | | | | | | | | | | | HoA------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Houlka | | | | | | | | | | | | IzA------| IIw | 700 | 100 | 40 | 90 | 35 Izagora | | | | | | | | | | | | KpC------| IIIe | 550 | 60 | 25 | 60 | 30 Kipling | | | | | | | | | | | | KuC*------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Kipling-Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | LaA------| I | 900 | 115 | 40 | 110 | 40 Lucedale | | | | | | | | | | | | LvB------| IIIe | 600 | 70 | 30 | 80 | 30 Luverne | | | | | | | | | | | | LvD2------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Luverne | | | | | | | | | | | | MiA------| IVw | --- | --- | 30 | 80 | --- Minter | | | | | | | | | | | | MKA------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Mooreville, Mantachie, | | | | | | and Kinston | | | | | | | | | | | | OkC------| IIIe | 500 | 50 | 30 | 60 | 30 Oktibbeha | | | | | | | | | | | | OtD2------| IVe | --- | --- | 30 | --- | 30 Oktibbeha | | | | | | | | | | | | Pt*------| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | Qu*------| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Quarry | | | | | | | | | | | | RvA------| IIw | 800 | 125 | 40 | 110 | 45 Riverview | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 171

Table 6.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | map symbol | capability | Cotton lint | Corn | Soybeans |Grain sorghum| Wheat ______| | | | | | | | ___Lbs | __Bu | __Bu | __Bu | __Bu | | | | | | SaA------| IIw | 700 | 90 | 35 | 90 | 40 Savannah | | | | | | | | | | | | ScC2------| IVe | 600 | 70 | 25 | 70 | 30 Searcy | | | | | | | | | | | | SdC------| IIIe | 600 | 70 | 30 | 70 | 30 Smithdale | | | | | | | | | | | | SdD------| IVe | 400 | 55 | 25 | 60 | 25 Smithdale | | | | | | | | | | | | SmF------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Smithdale-Boykin-Luverne | | | | | | | | | | | | SnA------| | 500 | 99 | 35 | 70 | 25 Steens------| IIw | | | | | Yonges------| IIIw | | | | | Harleston------| IIw | | | | | | | | | | | SrB------| IIe | 600 | 85 | 35 | 80 | 30 Subran | | | | | | | | | | | | StA------| IVw | --- | 100 | 35 | 80 | --- Sucarnoochee | | | | | | | | | | | | SuE2------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Sumter | | | | | | | | | | | | SwB------| IIIe | --- | --- | 25 | 60 | --- Sumter-Watsonia | | | | | | | | | | | | SwC2------| IVe | --- | --- | 20 | 60 | --- Sumter-Watsonia | | | | | | | | | | | | TsA------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Tuscumbia | | | | | | | | | | | | UnA------| VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Una | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur*------| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | UuB------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Urbo-Mooreville-Una | | | | | | | | | | | | VdA------| IIIw | 500 | 80 | 40 | 60 | 30 Vaiden | | | | | | | | | | | | WdD------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Wadley | | | | | | | | | | | | WxB------| IIIe | 450 | 70 | 35 | 55 | 30 Wilcox | | | | | | | | | | | | WxD2------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Wilcox | | | | | | | | | | | | YoA------| IVw | --- | 80 | 30 | 40 | --- Yonges | | | | | | ______| | | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 172 Soil Survey

Table 7.--Yields per Acre of Pasture and Hay

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)

______| | | | | | Improved | Soil name and | Improved | | | | | bermuda- | map symbol | bermuda- |Bahiagrass |Tall fescue|Dallisgrass-|Cool season| grass |Johnsongrass ______| grass | | | clover | annuals | hay | hay | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____Tons | ____Tons | | | | | | | BaA------| 10.0 | 10.0 | --- | --- | 5.0 | 6.0 | --- Bama | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BaB------| 9.5 | 9.5 | --- | --- | 5.0 | --- | --- Bama | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BbA------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Bibb-Iuka | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BgB------| 7.0 | 7.5 | --- | --- | --- | 3.5 | --- Bigbee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BnB------| 8.5 | 8.0 | --- | --- | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- Bonneau | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BoB------| 7.0 | 7.0 | --- | --- | --- | 3.5 | --- Boykin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BpE------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Boykin-Wadley | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BrC------| 8.0 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | --- Brantley | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BrD2------| 6.5 | 6.5 | 5.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | --- | --- Brantley | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BsF2------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Brantley- | | | | | | | Okeelala | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaA------| 10.0 | 8.5 | --- | --- | 5.0 | 6.0 | --- Cahaba | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CbA------| 10.0 | 8.5 | --- | --- | 5.0 | 6.0 | --- Cahaba | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CcB------| 9.5 | 8.0 | --- | --- | 5.0 | 6.0 | --- Cahaba | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChB------| 8.0 | --- | --- | 7.5 | --- | 4.5 | --- Chrysler-Lenoir| | | | | | | | | | | | | | CoA------| --- | --- | 6.0 | 5.5 | --- | --- | --- Consul | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DeD2------| --- | --- | 3.0 | --- | --- | --- | 3.0 Demopolis | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DuD**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Demopolis- | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FnB------| --- | --- | 9.0 | --- | --- | --- | 5.0 Faunsdale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FnC------| --- | --- | 8.5 | --- | --- | --- | 5.0 Faunsdale | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 173

Table 7.--Yields per Acre of Pasture and Hay--Continued ______| | | | | | Improved | Soil name and | Improved | | | | | bermuda- | map symbol | bermuda- |Bahiagrass |Tall fescue|Dallisgrass-|Cool season| grass |Johnsongrass ______| grass | | | clover | annuals | hay | hay | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____Tons | ____Tons | | | | | | | FsB------| 9.0 | 9.0 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- Freest | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GdE3------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Gullied land- | | | | | | | Demopolis | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HaB------| 7.0 | 6.0 | --- | --- | 4.5 | 4.0 | --- Halso | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HaD2------| 6.0 | 5.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Halso | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HbA------| 8.5 | 8.0 | --- | --- | --- | 4.0 | --- Harleston- | | | | | | | Bigbee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoA------| --- | --- | 6.5 | 6.0 | --- | --- | 4.5 Houlka | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IzA------| 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- Izagora | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KpC------| --- | --- | 6.5 | 7.0 | --- | --- | 5.0 Kipling | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KuC**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Kipling-Urban | | | | | | | land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LaA------| 10.0 | 10.0 | --- | --- | 5.0 | 6.0 | --- Lucedale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LvB------| 9.5 | 8.5 | --- | --- | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- Luverne | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LvD2------| 8.0 | 7.0 | --- | --- | 4.0 | 4.0 | --- Luverne | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MiA------| --- | --- | 6.5 | 6.0 | --- | --- | --- Minter | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MKA------| --- | --- | --- | 6.0 | --- | --- | --- Mooreville, | | | | | | | Mantachie and | | | | | | | Kinston | | | | | | | | | | | | | | OkC------| --- | --- | 8.0 | 7.5 | --- | --- | 5.0 Oktibbeha | | | | | | | | | | | | | | OtD2------| --- | --- | 6.5 | 5.0 | --- | --- | 4.0 Oktibbeha | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pt**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Qu**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Quarry | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 174 Soil Survey

Table 7.--Yields per Acre of Pasture and Hay--Continued ______| | | | | | Improved | Soil name and | Improved | | | | | bermuda- | map symbol | bermuda- |Bahiagrass |Tall fescue|Dallisgrass-|Cool season| grass |Johnsongrass ______| grass | | | clover | annuals | hay | hay | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____Tons | ____Tons | | | | | | | RvA------| 10.0 | 9.0 | --- | 7.0 | 5.0 | 7.0 | 5.0 Riverview | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SaA------| 8.0 | 8.0 | --- | --- | 4.5 | 4.0 | --- Savannah | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ScC2------| 8.0 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | --- Searcy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SdC------| 9.0 | 8.0 | --- | --- | 5.0 | 5.0 | --- Smithdale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SdD------| 8.5 | 7.5 | --- | --- | 4.5 | 4.5 | --- Smithdale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmF------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Smithdale- | | | | | | | Boykin- | | | | | | | Luverne | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SnA------| --- | --- | --- | 7.5 | --- | --- | --- Steens-Yonges- | | | | | | | Harleston | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SrB------| 9.5 | 9.0 | 6.5 | --- | 5.0 | --- | --- Subran | | | | | | | | | | | | | | StA------| --- | --- | 8.5 | 8.0 | --- | --- | 4.5 Sucarnoochee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SuE2------| --- | --- | 3.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- Sumter | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SwB------| --- | --- | 5.0 | --- | --- | --- | 4.0 Sumter-Watsonia| | | | | | | | | | | | | | SwC2------| --- | --- | 5.0 | --- | --- | --- | 4.0 Sumter-Watsonia| | | | | | | | | | | | | | TsA------| --- | --- | 5.5 | 5.0 | --- | --- | --- Tuscumbia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UnA------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Una | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur**------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UuB------| --- | --- | 5.5 | 5.0 | --- | --- | --- Urbo- | | | | | | | Mooreville-Una| | | | | | | | | | | | | | VdA------| --- | --- | 8.5 | 7.0 | --- | --- | 5.0 Vaiden | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WdD------| 4.5 | 4.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Wadley | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WxB------| --- | --- | 8.5 | 7.0 | --- | --- | 5.0 Wilcox | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 175

Table 7.--Yields per Acre of Pasture and Hay--Continued ______| | | | | | Improved | Soil name and | Improved | | | | | bermuda- | map symbol | bermuda- |Bahiagrass |Tall fescue|Dallisgrass-|Cool season| grass |Johnsongrass ______| grass | | | clover | annuals | hay | hay | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____Tons | ____Tons | | | | | | | WxD2------| --- | --- | 6.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- Wilcox | | | | | | | | | | | | | | YoA------| --- | --- | 6.5 | 6.0 | --- | --- | --- Yonges | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | |

* Animal-unit-month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse, one mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days. ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 176 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity

(Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of an entry indicates that information was not available)

______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BaA, BaB------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Bama | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 80 | --- | | | | | | | | | | BbA**: | | | | | | | | | Bibb------| 8W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Water oak------| 90 | 1.0 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Loblolly pine------| 100 | --- | sweetgum. | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 95 | --- | | | | | | | | | | Iuka------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine------| 100 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | --- | eastern | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 105 | --- | cottonwood, | | | | | |Water oak------| 100 | --- | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | | BgB------| 7S |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine------| 75 | 1.4 |Loblolly pine. Bigbee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BnB------| 9S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Bonneau | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 75 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | BoB------| 8S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, Boykin | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 70 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | BpE**: | | | | | | | | | Boykin------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 70 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | Wadley------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 80 | 1.8 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 70 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | BrC, BrD2------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine. Brantley | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | | | | | | | | | | BsF2**: | | | | | | | | | Brantley------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine. | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | | | | | | | | | | Okeelala------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 70 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | CaA, CbA, CcB---| 10A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine, Cahaba | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| --- | --- | water oak. | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | --- | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |Water oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 177

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChB**: | | | | | | | | | Chrysler------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 100 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 90 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | --- | water oak, | | | | | |Water oak------| 100 | --- | yellow-poplar, | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 110 | --- | American | | | | | |American sycamore---| 110 | --- | sycamore. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Lenoir------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Water oak------| --- | --- | sweetgum. | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Swamp chestnut oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Blackgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | CoA------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine. Consul | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 80 | --- | | | | | | | | | | DeD2------| 3D |Slight |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Eastern redcedar----| 40 | * |Eastern Demopolis | | | | | | | | | redcedar. | | | | | | | | | DuD**: | | | | | | | | | Demopolis. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FnB, FnC------| 3C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Eastern redcedar----| 40 | * |Eastern Faunsdale | | | | | | | | | redcedar. | | | | | | | | | FsB------| 11A|Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 100 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine. Freest | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | | | | | | | | | | GdE3**: | | | | | | | | | Gullied land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Demopolis------| 3D |Slight |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Eastern redcedar----| 40 | * |Eastern | | | | | | | | | redcedar. | | | | | | | | | HaB, HaD2------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, Halso | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | water oak, | | | | | |Water oak------| 80 | --- | sweetgum. | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | --- | | | | | | | | | | HbA**: | | | | | | | | | Harleston------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine. | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 75 | --- | | | | | | | | | | Bigbee------| 7S |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine------| 75 | 1.4 |Loblolly pine. | | | | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. 178 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoA------| 6W |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Severe |Sweetgum------| 95 | 1.0 |Sweetgum, water Houlka | | | | | |Green ash------| 85 | --- | oak, eastern | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 105 | --- | cottonwood, | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 105 | --- | cherrybark | | | | | |Nuttall oak------| 105 | --- | oak, American | | | | | |Shumard oak------| 105 | --- | sycamore, | | | | | |American sycamore---| 100 | --- | green ash, | | | | | |Water oak------| 85 | --- | Nuttall oak. | | | | | | | | | IzA------| 10W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine, Izagora | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 100 | --- | yellow-poplar, | | | | | |Water oak------| 90 | --- | water oak. | | | | | | | | | KpC------| 8C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, Kipling | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 90 | --- | cherrybark | | | | | |Shumard oak------| 85 | --- | oak, Shumard | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | --- | oak, sweetgum. | | | | | |Water oak------| 80 | --- | | | | | | |White oak------| 80 | --- | | | | | | | | | | KuC**: | | | | | | | | | Kipling. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LaA------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Lucedale | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 75 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | LvB, LvD2------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Luverne | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 70 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | MiA------| 9W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Minter | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Water oak------| 90 | --- | cherrybark | | | | | |Blackgum------| --- | --- | oak, water | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | oak, | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| --- | --- | baldcypress. | | | | | |Shumard oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | MKA**: | | | | | | | | | Mooreville-----| 10W |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 100 | 2.7 |Cherrybark oak, | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 100 | --- | eastern | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 105 | --- | cottonwood, | | | | | |Green ash------| 80 | --- | green ash, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | --- | loblolly pine, | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 100 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | | | | | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | | Mantachie------| 10W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 100 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 90 | --- | eastern | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 100 | --- | cottonwood, | | | | | |Green ash------| 80 | --- | cherrybark | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 95 | --- | oak, green | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | --- | ash, sweetgum, | | | | | | | | | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 179

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MKA**: | | | | | | | | | Kinston------| 8W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Water oak------| 90 | 1.0 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 95 | --- | eastern | | | | | |Loblolly pine------| 100 | --- | cottonwood, | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 100 | --- | cherrybark | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 95 | --- | oak, green | | | | | | | | | ash, sweetgum. | | | | | | | | | OkC, OtD2------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine. Oktibbeha | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| 55 | --- | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 80 | --- | | | | | | | | | | RvA------| 11A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 100 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine, Riverview | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 110 | --- | yellow-poplar, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | | | | | eastern | | | | | | | | | cottonwood, | | | | | | | | | American | | | | | | | | | sycamore. | | | | | | | | | SaA------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine, Savannah | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 80 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 85 | --- | American | | | | | | | | | sycamore, | | | | | | | | | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | | ScC2------| 12C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 105 | 2.9 |Loblolly pine. Searcy | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | SdC, SdD------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, Smithdale | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 70 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | SmF**: | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 70 | --- | longleaf pine, | | | | | | | | | Boykin------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 70 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | Luverne------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 70 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SnA**: | | | | | | | | | Steens------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 85 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Water oak------| 90 | --- | Shumard oak, | | | | | | | | | cherrybark | | | | | | | | | oak. | | | | | | | | | Yonges------| 10W |Slight |Severe |Severe |------|Loblolly pine------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Water oak------| 100 | --- | American | | | | | | | | | sycamore, | | | | | | | | | water tupelo. | | | | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. 180 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SnA**: | | | | | | | | | Harleston------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine. | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 80 | --- | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 75 | --- | | | | | | | | | | SrB------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine. Subran | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | StA------| 6W |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Cherrybark oak------| 100 | 1.1 |Cherrybark oak, Sucarnoochee | | | | | |American sycamore---| 110 | --- | eastern | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 110 | --- | cottonwood, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | --- | American | | | | | |Green ash------| 90 | --- | sycamore, | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood | 110 | --- | yellow-poplar, | | | | | | | | | sweetgum. | | | | | | | | | SuE2------| 3C |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Eastern redcedar----| 40 | * |Eastern Sumter | | | | | | | | | redcedar. | | | | | | | | | SwB**, SwC2**: | | | | | | | | | Sumter------| 3C |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Eastern redcedar----| 40 | * |Eastern | | | | | | | | | redcedar. | | | | | | | | | Watsonia------| 7D |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 75 | 1.4 |Loblolly pine. | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| 40 | --- | | | | | | | | | | TsA------| 5W |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Severe |Sweetgum------| 85 | 1.0 |Green ash, Tuscumbia | | | | | |Green ash------| 80 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | | | | | Shumard oak, | | | | | | | | | Nutall oak. | | | | | | | | | UnA------| 6W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Water tupelo------| 65 | 0.5 |Water tupelo. Una | | | | | |Baldcypress------| 80 | --- | | | | | | |Swamp tupelo------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | UuB**: | | | | | | | | | Urbo------| 10W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 95 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Green ash------| 95 | --- | cherrybark oak, | | | | | |Water oak------| 90 | --- | American | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 95 | --- | sycamore, | | | | | | | | | green ash. | | | | | | | | | Mooreville-----| 10W |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 100 | 2.7 |Cherrybark oak, | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 100 | --- | green ash, | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 105 | --- | loblolly pine, | | | | | |Green ash------| 80 | --- | sweetgum. | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | --- | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 100 | --- | | | | | | | | | | Una------| 6W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Water tupelo------| 65 | 0.5 |Water tupelo. | | | | | |Baldcypress------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Swamp tupelo------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 181

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | VdA------| 8C |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 80 | 1.8 |Loblolly pine. Vaiden | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 65 | | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 70 | | | | | | | | | | | WdD------| 9S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Wadley | | | | | |Longleaf pine------| 70 | --- | longleaf pine. | | | | | | | | | WxB, WxD2------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine. Wilcox | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | | | | | | | | | | YoA------| 10W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine, Yonges | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Water oak------| 100 | --- | American | | | | | | | | | sycamore, | | | | | | | | | water tupelo. | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | |

* Volume is expressed as the average yearly growth in cords per acre per year calculated at the age of 25 years for fully stocked, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine and at the age of 30 years for fully stocked, unmanaged stands of oak, sweetgum, and water tupelo. Volume for eastern redcedar is 140 board feet per acre per year calculated at the age of 40 years for fully stocked, natural stands. ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 182 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Recreational Development

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)

______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BaA------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Bama | | | | | | | | | | BaB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Bama | | | slope. | | | | | | | BbA*: | | | | | Bibb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | Iuka------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | flooding. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | BgB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Bigbee | flooding. | too sandy. | too sandy, | too sandy. | droughty, | | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | BnB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Bonneau | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | BoB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Boykin | | | slope. | | droughty. | | | | | BpE*: | | | | | Boykin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Wadley------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | | | | too sandy. | | | | | | BrC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Slight. Brantley | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope. | | | | | | | BrD2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Brantley | slope, | slope, | slope. | | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | BsF2*: | | | | | Brantley------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Okeelala------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | CaA------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Cahaba | flooding. | | | | | | | | | CbA------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Cahaba | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | CcB------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Cahaba | flooding. | | slope. | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 183

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChB*: | | | | | Chrysler------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | flooding. | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | | percs slowly. | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | Lenoir------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | flooding, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | flooding. | | | | | | | | | | CoA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Consul | wetness, | wetness, | too clayey, | wetness, | wetness, | percs slowly, | too clayey, | wetness, | too clayey. | too clayey. | too clayey. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | DeD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Demopolis | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | erodes easily. | depth to rock. | | | | | DuD*: | | | | | Demopolis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | erodes easily. | depth to rock. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | FnB, FnC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Faunsdale | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness. . | wetness. | | | | | FsB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Freest | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | GdE3*: | | | | | Gullied land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Demopolis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope, | erodes easily. | depth to rock. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | HaB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Slight. Halso | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | HaD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Halso | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | slope. | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | HbA*: | | | | | Harleston------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | flooding. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | Bigbee------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | flooding. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | HoA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Houlka | flooding, | percs slowly. | wetness, | wetness, | flooding. | wetness, | | flooding. | flooding. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | IzA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Izagora | flooding. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 184 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KpC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Kipling | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | KuC*: | | | | | Kipling------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | LaA------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Lucedale | | | | | | | | | | LvB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Luverne | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | LvD2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Luverne | slope, | slope, | slope. | | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | MiA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Minter | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | MKA*: | | | | | Mooreville------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | flooding. | | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | Mantachie------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | flooding. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | Kinston------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | OkC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Slight. Oktibbeha | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | OtD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Oktibbeha | percs slowly, | too clayey, | slope, | too clayey. | too clayey. | too clayey. | percs slowly. | too clayey, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | Pt*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Pits | | | | | | | | | | Qu*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: Quarry | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | depth to rock. | | | | | RvA------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Riverview | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 185

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SaA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Savannah | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | droughty. | | | | | ScC2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Slight. Searcy | wetness, | wetness, | slope. | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | SdC------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight. Smithdale | | | slope. | | | | | | | SdD------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Smithdale | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | SmF*: | | | | | Smithdale------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Boykin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Luverne------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | SnA*: | | | | | Steens------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | Yonges------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | Harleston------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | SrB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Subran | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | StA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Sucarnoochee | flooding, | wetness, | too clayey, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | too clayey, | wetness, | too clayey. | flooding, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | flooding. | | too clayey. | | | | | SuE2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Sumter | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | slope, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | depth to rock. | | | | | SwB*, SwC2*: | | | | | Sumter------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | erodes easily. | depth to rock. | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | Watsonia------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | percs slowly, | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey. | depth to rock, | too clayey. | percs slowly. | depth to rock, | | too clayey. | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 186 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WdD------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Wadley | slope, | slope, | slope. | too sandy. | droughty, | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | slope. | | | | | TsA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Tuscumbia | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | percs slowly. | flooding. | | flooding. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | UnA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Una | flooding, | ponding, | too clayey, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | too clayey, | ponding, | too clayey. | flooding, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | flooding. | | too clayey. | | | | | Ur*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | | | UuB*: | | | | | Urbo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding, | percs slowly. | wetness, | wetness, | flooding. | wetness, | | flooding. | flooding. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | Mooreville------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | flooding. | | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | Una------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | ponding, | too clayey, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | too clayey, | ponding, | too clayey. | flooding, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | flooding. | | too clayey. | | | | | VdA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Vaiden | wetness, | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey. | too clayey. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness. | | | | | | | WdD------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Wadley | slope, | slope, | slope. | too sandy. | droughty, | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | slope. | | | | | WxB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Wilcox | percs slowly, | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey. | too clayey. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | erodes easily. | | | | | | WxD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Wilcox | percs slowly, | too clayey, | slope, | too clayey, | too clayey. | too clayey. | percs slowly. | too clayey, | erodes easily. | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | YoA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Yonges | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | ______| | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Marengo County, Alabama 187

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat

(See text for definitions of "good," "fair," "poor," and "very poor." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)

______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BaA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Bama | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BaB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Bama | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BbA*: | | | | | | | | | | Bibb------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good. | | | | | | | | | | Iuka------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor. | | | | | | | | | | BgB------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very Bigbee | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BnB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Bonneau | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BoB------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very Boykin | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BpE*: | | | | | | | | | | Boykin------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Wadley------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BrC, BrD2------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Brantley | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BsF2*: | | | | | | | | | | Brantley------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Okeelala------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CaA, CbA, CcB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Cahaba | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | ChB*: | | | | | | | | | | Chrysler------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair. | | | | | | | | | | Lenoir------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair. | | | | | | | | | | CoA------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair. Consul | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DeD2------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very Demopolis | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | DuD*: | | | | | | | | | | Demopolis------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 188 Soil Survey

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FnB, FnC------|Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very Faunsdale | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | FsB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Poor. Freest | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | GdE3*: | | | | | | | | | | Gullied land------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Good |Very |Very |Very | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Demopolis------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HaB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Halso | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HaD2------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Halso | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HbA*: | | | | | | | | | | Harleston------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. | | | | | | | | | | Bigbee------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Poor |Poor. | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoA------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Good |Fair. Houlka | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IzA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Izagora | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KpC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Poor. Kipling | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KuC*: | | | | | | | | | | Kipling------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | LaA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Poor |Very Lucedale | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | LvB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Luverne | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | LvD2------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Luverne | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | MiA------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good. Minter | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MKA*: | | | | | | | | | | Mooreville------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor. | | | | | | | | | | Mantachie------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair. | | | | | | | | | | Kinston------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 189

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | OkC------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Poor. Oktibbeha | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | OtD2------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Oktibbeha | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Pt*------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very Pits | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Qu*------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very Quarry | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | RvA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Riverview | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SaA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Savannah | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | ScC2------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Searcy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SdC, SdD------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Smithdale | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | SmF*: | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Boykin------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Luverne------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | SnA*: | | | | | | | | | | Steens------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. | | | | | | | | | | Yonges------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair. | | | | | | | | | | Harleston------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. | | | | | | | | | | SrB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Subran | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | StA------|Poor |Fair |Poor |Good |Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair. Sucarnoochee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SuE2------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very Sumter | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | SwB*, SwC2*: | | | | | | | | | | Sumter------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Watsonia------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 190 Soil Survey

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TsA------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good. Tuscumbia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UnA------|Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good. Una | | poor. | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | Ur*------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UuB*: | | | | | | | | | | Urbo------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair. | | | | | | | | | | Mooreville------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor. | | | | | | | | | | Una------|Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good. | | poor. | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | VdA------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Poor. Vaiden | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WdD------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very Wadley | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | WxB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Wilcox | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WxD2------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Wilcox | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | YoA------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair. Yonges | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Marengo County, Alabama 191

Table 11.--Building Site Development

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BaA, BaB------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Bama | | | | | | | | | | | | BbA*: | | | | | | Bibb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | Iuka------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | BgB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Bigbee | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | droughty, | | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | BnB------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Bonneau | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | | droughty. | | | | | | BoB------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Boykin | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty. | | | | | | BpE*: | | | | | | Boykin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Wadley------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | BrC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Brantley | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | BrD2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Brantley | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope. | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | | BsF2*: | | | | | | Brantley------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | slope. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | Okeelala------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | CaA------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight. Cahaba | | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | | CbA------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Cahaba | | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | CcB------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight. Cahaba | | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 192 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChB*: | | | | | | Chrysler------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength, | wetness, | | | wetness. | | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | Lenoir------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | CoA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Consul | cutbanks cave,| wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | too clayey. | | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | DeD2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: Demopolis | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | DuD*: | | | | | | Demopolis------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | FnB, FnC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight. Faunsdale | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength, | | | | | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | FsB------|Severe: |Moderate |Severe: |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate: Freest | wetness. | shrink-swell, | wetness. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | wetness. | | wetness. | | wetness. | low strength. | | | | | | | GdE3*: | | | | | | Gullied land-----|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Demopolis------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | HaB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight. Halso | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | | | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | HaD2------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Halso | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope. | slope. | | | slope. | low strength. | | | | | | | HbA*: | | | | | | Harleston------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | | | | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | | Bigbee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | droughty. | | | | | | HoA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Houlka | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | flooding. | | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | flooding, | | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 193

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IzA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight. Izagora | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength. | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | KpC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Kipling | wetness. | shrink-swell. | wetness, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | wetness. | | | shrink-swell. | | low strength. | | | | | | | KuC*: | | | | | | Kipling------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness. | shrink-swell. | wetness, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | wetness. | | | shrink-swell. | | low strength. | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | LaA------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Lucedale | | | | | | | | | | | | LvB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Luverne | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength. | | | | | | | LvD2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Luverne | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope. | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | | MiA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Minter | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | MKA*: | | | | | | Mooreville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength, | flooding. | | | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | | Mantachie------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | Kinston------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | flooding. | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | OkC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Oktibbeha | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | too clayey. | | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | OtD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Oktibbeha | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | too clayey. | | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | Pt*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | Qu*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Quarry | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 194 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RvA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Riverview | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | SaA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Savannah | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness, | | | | | wetness. | droughty. | | | | | | ScC2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Searcy | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | low strength. | | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | SdC------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Smithdale | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | SdD------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Smithdale | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | SmF*: | | | | | | Smithdale------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Boykin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Luverne------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | SnA*: | | | | | | Steens------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness. | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | Yonges------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | Harleston------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | SrB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Subran | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | low strength. | | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | StA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Sucarnoochee | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | flooding, | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | flooding. | too clayey. | | | | | | SuE2------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Sumter | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope, | too clayey, | | | slope. | low strength. | depth to rock. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | SwB*, SwC2*: | | | | | | Sumter------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | depth to rock. | | | | | low strength. | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 195

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SwB*, SwC2*: | | | | | | Watsonia------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | depth to rock, | | | shrink-swell. | | low strength. | too clayey. | | | | | | TsA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Tuscumbia | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | shrink-swell, | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | low strength, | flooding. | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | wetness. | | | | | | | UnA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Una | ponding. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | shrink-swell, | ponding, | | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | low strength, | flooding, | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | ponding. | too clayey. | | | | | | Ur*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | UuB*: | | | | | | Urbo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | flooding. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | | | | | | | Mooreville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength, | flooding. | | | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | | Una------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | ponding. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | shrink-swell, | ponding, | | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | low strength, | flooding, | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | ponding. | too clayey. | | | | | | VdA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Vaiden | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | shrink-swell, | too clayey. | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength. | | | | | | | WdD------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Wadley | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | droughty, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | WxB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Wilcox | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | too clayey. | | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | WxD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Wilcox | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | too clayey. | | | | slope. | low strength. | | | | | | | YoA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Yonges | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | ______| | | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 196 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "good," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | BaA------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Good. Bama | | seepage. | | | | | | | | BaB------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Good. Bama | | seepage, | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | BbA*: | | | | | Bibb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | small stones, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | Iuka------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | BgB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Bigbee | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | wetness, | flooding. | seepage, | seepage. | too sandy. | poor filter. | | wetness. | | | | | | | BnB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good. Bonneau | wetness. | seepage. | wetness. | seepage. | | | | | | BoB------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Fair: Boykin | | seepage. | | seepage. | too clayey. | | | | | BpE*: | | | | | Boykin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | slope. | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | | slope. | | | | | | Wadley------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | | slope. | | slope. | slope. | | | | | BrC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: Brantley | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | | | | BrD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Brantley | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey. | | | | | BsF2*: | | | | | Brantley------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | slope. | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | Okeelala------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | CaA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Cahaba | flooding. | seepage. | seepage. | flooding. | thin layer. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 197

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | CbA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Cahaba | flooding. | seepage, | flooding, | flooding. | thin layer. | | flooding. | seepage. | | | | | | | CcB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Cahaba | flooding. | seepage. | seepage. | flooding. | thin layer. | | | | | ChB*: | | | | | Chrysler------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | hard to pack. | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | | | | | | Lenoir------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | hard to pack, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | CoA------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Consul | percs slowly. | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | DeD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Demopolis | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | DuD*: | | | | | Demopolis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | FnB, FnC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Faunsdale | percs slowly. | slope, | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | | wetness. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | FsB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Freest | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | GdE3*: | | | | | Gullied land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Demopolis------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | HaB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Halso | percs slowly. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | too clayey, | | slope. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | HaD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Halso | percs slowly. | slope. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey, | | | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack. | | | | | HbA*: | | | | | Harleston------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 198 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | HbA*: | | | | | Bigbee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | poor filter. | | wetness. | | too sandy. | | | | | HoA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Houlka | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | hard to pack, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | IzA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Izagora | wetness, | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | | | wetness, | | | | | thin layer. | | | | | KpC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Kipling | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | KuC*: | | | | | Kipling------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | LaA------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: Lucedale | | seepage. | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | | | | LvB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: Luverne | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | LvD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Luverne | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | MiA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Minter | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | hard to pack, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | MKA*: | | | | | Mooreville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | Mantachie------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | Kinston------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | OkC, OtD2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: Oktibbeha | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey, | | too clayey, | | | too acid. | | hard to pack. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 199

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | Pt*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Pits | | | | | | | | | | Qu*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Quarry | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | | | | RvA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Riverview | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | thin layer. | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | SaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Savannah | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | | | wetness. | | | | | ScC2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Searcy | wetness, | slope. | too clayey. | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | SdC------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Smithdale | | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | too clayey. | | | | | SdD------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Smithdale | slope. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage. | too clayey, | | slope. | | | slope. | | | | | SmF*: | | | | | Smithdale------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Boykin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | slope. | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | | slope. | | | | | | Luverne------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | slope. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | slope. | | | | | SnA*: | | | | | Steens------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | Yonges------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | Harleston------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | SrB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Subran | wetness, | slope. | too clayey. | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | StA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Sucarnoochee | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | hard to pack, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 200 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | SuE2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Sumter | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | SwB*, SwC2*: | | | | | Sumter------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | Watsonia------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | TsA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Tuscumbia | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | hard to pack, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | UnA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Una | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | hard to pack, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | ponding. | | | | | Ur*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | | | UuB*: | | | | | Urbo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | hard to pack, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | Mooreville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | Una------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | hard to pack, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | ponding. | | | | | VdA------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Vaiden | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | WdD------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Poor: Wadley | slope. | seepage, | slope, | seepage. | seepage. | | slope. | too sandy. | | | | | | | WxB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Wilcox | wetness, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey, | percs slowly. | slope. | wetness. | wetness. | hard to pack. | | | | | WxD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Wilcox | wetness, | slope. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | wetness. | wetness, | hard to pack. | | | | slope. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 201

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | YoA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Yonges | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | percs slowly. | | | | ______| | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 202 Soil Survey

Table 13.--Construction Materials

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | BaA, BaB------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Bama | | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | BbA*: | | | | Bibb------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | Iuka------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | BgB------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: Bigbee | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | BnB------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Bonneau | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too sandy. | | | | BoB------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Boykin | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too sandy. | | | | BpE*: | | | | Boykin------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | Wadley------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | | too sandy. | slope. | | | | BrC, BrD2------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Brantley | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | BsF2*: | | | | Brantley------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | slope. | | | | Okeelala------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | CaA, CbA, CcB------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: Cahaba | | | too sandy. | too clayey. | | | | ChB*: | | | | Chrysler------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Lenoir------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | CoA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Consul | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | wetness, | | | wetness. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | DeD2------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Demopolis | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | | | | small stones. | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 203

Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | DuD*: | | | | Demopolis------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | | | | small stones. | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | FnB, FnC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Faunsdale | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | FsB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Freest | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | GdE3*: | | | | Gullied land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | Demopolis------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | | | | small stones. | | | | HaB, HaD2------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Halso | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | HbA*: | | | | Harleston------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | Bigbee------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | HoA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Houlka | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | IzA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Izagora | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | KpC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Kipling | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | KuC*: | | | | Kipling------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | LaA------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Lucedale | | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | LvB, LvD2------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Luverne | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 204 Soil Survey

Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | MiA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Minter | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | MKA*: | | | | Mooreville------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Mantachie------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Kinston------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | OkC, OtD2------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Oktibbeha | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | Pt*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Pits | | | | | | | | Qu*------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Quarry | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock. | | | | RvA------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Riverview | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | thin layer. | | | | SaA------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Savannah | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | ScC2------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Searcy | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | SdC------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Smithdale | | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | SdD------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Smithdale | | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | SmF*: | | | | Smithdale------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | Boykin------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | Luverne------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | slope. | | | | SnA*: | | | | Steens------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | wetness. | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 205

Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | SnA*: | | | | Yonges------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | Harleston------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | SrB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Subran | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | StA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Sucarnoochee | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | wetness, | | | wetness. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | SuE2------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Sumter | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | shrink-swell, | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | SwB*, SwC2*: | | | | Sumter------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | shrink-swell, | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | Watsonia------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | shrink-swell, | | | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | TsA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Tuscumbia | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | wetness, | | | wetness. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | UnA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Una | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | wetness, | | | wetness. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | Ur*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | UuB*: | | | | Urbo------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Mooreville------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Una------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | wetness, | | | wetness. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 206 Soil Survey

Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | VdA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Vaiden | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | WdD------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: Wadley | | | too sandy. | too sandy, | | | | slope. | | | | WxB, WxD2------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Wilcox | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | YoA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Yonges | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | wetness. ______| | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Marengo County, Alabama 207

Table 14.--Water Management

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | BaA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable------|Favorable. Bama | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | BaB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. Bama | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | BbA*: | | | | | | Bibb------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness------|Erodes easily, |Wetness, | seepage. | piping, | | | wetness. | erodes easily. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | Iuka------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness------|Wetness, | seepage. | piping, | | flooding. | | erodes easily. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | BgB------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy------|Droughty. Bigbee | seepage. | seepage, | | fast intake. | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | BnB------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Soil blowing---|Droughty. Bonneau | seepage. | thin layer. | | fast intake. | | | | | | | | BoB------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty. Boykin | seepage. | piping. | | fast intake. | soil blowing. | | | | | | | BpE*: | | | | | | Boykin------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Slope, | seepage, | piping. | | fast intake, | slope, | droughty. | slope. | | | slope. | soil blowing. | | | | | | | Wadley------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | seepage, | | fast intake, | too sandy, | droughty. | slope. | piping. | | slope. | soil blowing. | | | | | | | BrC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly. Brantley | seepage, | thin layer, | | percs slowly. | | | slope. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | BrD2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, Brantley | slope. | thin layer, | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | BsF2*: | | | | | | Brantley------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | thin layer, | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Okeelala------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 208 Soil Survey

Table 14.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | CaA, CbA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable------|Favorable. Cahaba | seepage. | thin layer, | | | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | CcB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. Cahaba | seepage. | thin layer, | | | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | ChB*: | | | | | | Chrysler------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Wetness, |Percs slowly. | | hard to pack, | flooding. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | Lenoir------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | | wetness. | flooding, | percs slowly, | wetness, | erodes easily, | | | too acid. | erodes easily.| percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | CoA------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness, Consul | | hard to pack. | | slow intake, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | DeD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock, |Depth to rock, |Erodes easily, Demopolis | depth to rock.| thin layer. | | slope. | erodes easily.| depth to rock. | | | | | | DuD*: | | | | | | Demopolis------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock, |Depth to rock, |Erodes easily, | depth to rock.| thin layer. | | slope. | erodes easily.| depth to rock. | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | FnB------|Slight------|Severe: |Deep to water |Percs slowly---|Erodes easily, |Erodes easily, Faunsdale | | hard to pack. | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | FnC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily, Faunsdale | slope. | hard to pack. | | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | FsB------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Wetness, |Percs slowly. Freest | | wetness. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | GdE3*: | | | | | | Gullied land-----|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | Demopolis------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock, |Depth to rock, |Erodes easily, | depth to rock.| thin layer. | | slope. | erodes easily.| depth to rock. | | | | | | HaB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly. Halso | depth to rock,| hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | HaD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, Halso | slope. | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | HbA*: | | | | | | Harleston------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness------|Wetness------|Favorable. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Bigbee------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy------|Droughty. | seepage. | seepage, | | fast intake. | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 209

Table 14.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | HoA------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness, Houlka | | hard to pack. | flooding. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | IzA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Favorable------|Wetness------|Wetness------|Favorable. Izagora | seepage. | piping, | | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | KpC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Wetness, |Percs slowly. Kipling | slope. | hard to pack. | slope. | wetness, | percs slowly. | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | KuC*: | | | | | | Kipling------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Wetness, |Percs slowly. | | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | LaA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable------|Favorable. Lucedale | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | LvB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. Luverne | slope. | piping, | | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | | | LvD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. Luverne | slope. | piping, | | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | | | MiA------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Minter | | wetness. | flooding. | percs slowly, | wetness, | erodes easily, | | | | erodes easily.| percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | MKA*: | | | | | | Mooreville------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily. | seepage. | wetness. | | erodes easily,| wetness. | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | | Mantachie------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness------|Wetness. | seepage. | piping, | | flooding. | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | Kinston------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness------|Wetness. | seepage. | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | | | OkC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly. Oktibbeha | slope. | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | OtD2------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly. Oktibbeha | slope. | hard to pack. | | slow intake, | | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | Pt*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | Qu*------|Severe: |Slight------|Deep to water |Depth to rock |Depth to rock |Depth to rock. Quarry | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | | | RvA------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Flooding------|Soil blowing---|Favorable. Riverview | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 210 Soil Survey

Table 14.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | SaA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Wetness------|Rooting depth. Savannah | seepage. | piping. | | droughty. | | | | | | | | ScC2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Wetness, |Percs slowly. Searcy | slope. | hard to pack, | slope. | wetness, | soil blowing. | | | wetness. | | soil blowing. | | | | | | | | SdC------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Fast intake, |Favorable------|Favorable. Smithdale | seepage. | piping. | | slope. | | | | | | | | SdD------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Fast intake, |Slope------|Slope. Smithdale | seepage, | piping. | | slope. | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | SmF*: | | | | | | Smithdale------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Boykin------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Slope, | seepage, | piping. | | fast intake, | slope, | droughty. | slope. | | | slope. | soil blowing. | | | | | | | Luverne------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. | slope. | piping, | | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | | | SnA*: | | | | | | Steens------|Slight------|Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness------|Wetness------|Wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | Yonges------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness. | seepage. | piping, | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | Harleston------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness------|Wetness------|Favorable. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | SrB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Wetness, |Percs slowly. Subran | slope. | hard to pack, | slope. | wetness, | soil blowing, | | | wetness. | | soil blowing. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | StA------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness, Sucarnoochee | | hard to pack, | flooding. | slow intake, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | wetness. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | SuE2------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, Sumter | slope. | thin layer. | | percs slowly. | depth to rock,| erodes easily, | | | | | erodes easily.| depth to rock. | | | | | | SwB*: | | | | | | Sumter------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Percs slowly---|Depth to rock, |Erodes easily, | seepage, | thin layer. | | | erodes easily.| depth to rock. | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | | | Watsonia------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water, |Slow intake, |Depth to rock, |Erodes easily, | depth to rock.| thin layer, | percs slowly, | percs slowly. | erodes easily,| depth to rock, | | hard to pack. | depth to rock.| | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 211

Table 14.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | SwC2*: | | | | | | Sumter------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Erodes easily, | seepage, | thin layer. | | percs slowly. | erodes easily.| depth to rock. | depth to rock,| | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Watsonia------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water, |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Erodes easily, | depth to rock.| thin layer, | percs slowly, | slow intake, | erodes easily,| depth to rock, | | hard to pack. | depth to rock.| percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | TsA------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness, Tuscumbia | | hard to pack, | flooding. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | UnA------|Slight------|Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness, Una | | ponding. | percs slowly, | slow intake, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | flooding. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | Ur*------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | UuB*: | | | | | | Urbo------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | | wetness. | flooding. | percs slowly. | wetness, | erodes easily, | | | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | Mooreville------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily. | seepage. | wetness. | | erodes easily,| wetness. | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | | Una------|Slight------|Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness, | | ponding. | percs slowly, | slow intake, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | flooding. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | VdA------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness, Vaiden | | hard to pack. | | slow intake. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | WdD------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Slope, |Slope, Wadley | seepage, | seepage, | | fast intake, | too sandy, | droughty. | slope. | piping. | | slope. | soil blowing. | | | | | | | WxB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Percs slowly. |Percs slowly. Wilcox | depth to rock,| hard to pack. | slope. | percs slowly, | | | slope. | | | slow intake. | | | | | | | | WxD2------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, Wilcox | slope. | hard to pack. | slope. | percs slowly, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | slow intake. | | | | | | | | YoA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness------|Wetness. Yonges | seepage. | piping, | | flooding. | | | | wetness. | | | | ______| | | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 212 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties

(The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)

______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | BaA------| 0-11 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC, |A-4 |95-100|85-100|70-95 |40-70 | <30 | NP-10 Bama | | | SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | 11-42 |Loam, sandy clay |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 |90-100|85-100|80-95 |36-70 | 15-35 | 2-15 | | loam. | SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | 42-65 |Loam, sandy clay |SC, CL |A-4, A-6 |85-100|80-100|80-95 |40-70 | 20-40 | 8-18 | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BaB------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC, |A-4 |95-100|85-100|70-95 |40-70 | <30 | NP-10 Bama | | | SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | 7-26 |Loam, sandy clay |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 |90-100|85-100|80-95 |36-70 | 15-35 | 2-15 | | loam. | SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | 26-65 |Loam, sandy clay |SC, CL |A-4, A-6 |85-100|80-100|80-95 |40-70 | 20-40 | 8-18 | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BbA*: | | | | | | | | | | Bibb------| 0-8 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 |95-100|90-100|60-90 |30-60 | <25 | NP-7 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 8-65 |Sandy loam, loam,|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 |60-100|50-100|40-100|30-90 | <30 | NP-7 | | silt loam. | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Iuka------| 0-10 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-4, A-2 |95-100|90-100|70-100|30-60 | <20 | NP-7 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 10-24 |Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|85-100|65-100|36-75 | <30 | NP-7 | | loam, sandy | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | 24-65 |Sandy loam, fine |SM, ML |A-2, A-4 |95-100|90-100|70-100|25-60 | <30 | NP-7 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BgB------| 0-9 |Loamy sand------|SM |A-2-4 | 100 |95-100|60-90 |15-30 | <20 | NP Bigbee | 9-80 |Sand, loamy sand |SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-3|85-100|85-100|50-75 | 5-20 | <20 | NP | | | | | | | | | | BnB------| 0-21 |Loamy fine sand |SM |A-2 | 100 | 100 |50-95 |15-35 | <20 | NP Bonneau | 21-51 |Sandy loam, sandy|SC, SC-SM |A-2, A-6, | 100 | 100 |60-100|30-50 | 21-40 | 4-21 | | clay loam, fine | | A-4 | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | 51-65 |Sandy loam, sandy|CL, SC, |A-4, A-6, | 100 | 100 |60-95 |25-60 | 20-40 | 4-18 | | clay loam, sandy| SC-SM, | A-2 | | | | | | | | clay. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BoB------| 0-28 |Loamy fine sand |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-4 |98-100|95-100|50-90 |10-40 | <20 | NP Boykin | 28-80 |Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4, |97-100|95-100|55-95 |15-50 | 10-30 | NP-15 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 213

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | BpE*: | | | | | | | | | | Boykin------| 0-32 |Loamy fine sand |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-4 |98-100|95-100|50-90 |10-40 | <20 | NP | 32-48 |Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4, |97-100|95-100|55-95 |15-50 | 10-30 | NP-15 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | 48-65 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-6, | 100 |95-100|60-95 |20-50 | 20-40 | 3-20 | | clay loam, sandy| SM | A-4 | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wadley------| 0-57 |Loamy fine sand |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-4 |95-100|90-100|50-90 |10-40 | <20 | NP | 57-80 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, A-2, |95-100|90-100|60-90 |24-55 | 19-40 | 4-20 | | sandy loam, fine| CL-ML, CL| A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BrC------| 0-10 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|95-100|95-100|36-55 | <30 | NP-7 Brantley | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 10-45 |Clay, clay loam, |CL, ML |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|60-75 | 41-50 | 16-22 | | sandy clay. | | | | | | | | | 45-55 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, SM, |A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|80-100|36-70 | 30-40 | 7-15 | | clay loam. | CL, ML | | | | | | | | 55-70 |Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC, ML|A-2, A-4 |95-100|95-100|70-100|30-60 | <38 | NP-9 | | loamy fine sand,| | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BrD2------| 0-5 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|95-100|95-100|36-55 | <30 | NP-7 Brantley | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 5-45 |Clay, clay loam, |CL, ML |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|60-75 | 41-50 | 16-22 | | sandy clay. | | | | | | | | | 45-65 |Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC, ML|A-2, A-4 |95-100|95-100|70-100|30-60 | <38 | NP-9 | | loamy fine sand,| | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BsF2*: | | | | | | | | | | Brantley------| 0-4 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|95-100|95-100|36-55 | <30 | NP-7 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 4-35 |Clay, clay loam, |CL, ML |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|60-75 | 41-50 | 16-22 | | sandy clay. | | | | | | | | | 35-43 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, SM, |A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|80-100|36-70 | 30-40 | 7-15 | | clay loam. | CL, ML | | | | | | | | 43-65 |Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC, ML|A-2, A-4 |95-100|95-100|70-100|30-60 | <38 | NP-9 | | loamy fine sand,| | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Okeelala------| 0-3 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2 | 100 |85-100|60-95 |28-49 | <20 | NP-5 | 3-19 |Clay loam, sandy |SC-SM, SC,|A-6, A-4 | 100 |85-100|80-96 |45-75 | 23-38 | 7-16 | | clay loam, loam.| CL, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 19-65 |Loam, sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-4 | 100 |85-100|65-95 |36-70 | <30 | NP-10 | | | CL, SC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaA------| 0-6 |Fine sandy loam |SM |A-4, A-2-4|95-100|95-100|65-90 |30-45 | <20 | NP Cahaba | 6-47 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6 |90-100|80-100|75-90 |40-75 | 22-35 | 8-15 | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | 47-90 |Loamy sand, fine |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4 |95-100|90-100|60-85 |10-35 | <20 | NP | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 214 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | CbA------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam |SM |A-4, A-2-4|95-100|95-100|65-90 |30-45 | <20 | NP Cahaba | 7-43 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6 |90-100|80-100|75-90 |40-75 | 22-35 | 8-15 | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | 43-65 |Loamy sand, sandy|SM, SP-SM |A-2-4 |95-100|90-100|60-85 |10-35 | <20 | NP | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CcB------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam |SM |A-4, A-2-4|95-100|95-100|65-90 |30-45 | <20 | NP Cahaba | 7-36 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6 |90-100|80-100|75-90 |40-75 | 22-35 | 8-15 | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | 36-65 |Loamy sand, sandy|SM, SP-SM |A-2-4 |95-100|90-100|60-85 |10-35 | <20 | NP | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChB*: | | | | | | | | | | Chrysler------| 0-6 |Silt loam------|SM, ML |A-4 |95-100|95-100|70-100|40-75 | <30 | NP-7 | 6-42 |Silty clay loam, |CL, ML, |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|85-100| 45-70 | 15-35 | | silty clay, | CH, MH | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | 42-65 |Stratified sandy | --- | --- |95-100|95-100|70-100|40-100| <30 | | | loam to clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Lenoir------| 0-10 |Loam------|ML, CL, |A-4 | 100 | 100 |85-98 |60-85 | 20-35 | 3-10 | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | 10-80 |Clay, silty clay,|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |85-99 |55-95 | 40-65 | 11-35 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CoA------| 0-6 |Clay------|CH, MH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 51-70 | 23-40 Consul | 6-52 |Clay------|CH, MH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 51-105| 25-70 | 52-80 |Clay------|CH, MH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-95 | 51-100| 25-60 | | | | | | | | | | DeD2------| 0-6 |Silty clay loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 |85-100|75-90 |65-85 |50-80 | 24-44 | 6-20 Demopolis | 6-13 |Loam, clay loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 |60-90 |60-90 |60-80 |50-80 | 20-35 | 7-15 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | 13-65 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | DuD*: | | | | | | | | | | Demopolis------| 0-5 |Silty clay loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 |85-100|75-90 |65-85 |50-80 | 24-44 | 6-20 | 5-11 |Loam, clay loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 |60-90 |60-90 |60-80 |50-80 | 20-35 | 7-15 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | 11-60 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| 0-6 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | FnB------| 0-7 |Clay loam------|CL, CH |A-7 |98-100|92-100|88-100|80-95 | 44-56 | 23-33 Faunsdale | 7-14 |Clay loam, silty |CH |A-7 |98-100|92-100|88-100|85-95 | 51-76 | 30-49 | | clay loam, silty| | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | 14-48 |Clay loam, silty |CH |A-7 |98-100|92-100|88-100|80-95 | 51-76 | 30-49 | | clay loam, silty| | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | 48-65 |Silty clay, clay |CH |A-7 |96-100|92-100|88-100|85-98 | 56-76 | 33-49 | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 215

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | FnC------| 0-5 |Clay loam------|CL, CH |A-7 |98-100|92-100|88-100|80-95 | 44-56 | 23-33 Faunsdale | 5-14 |Clay loam, silty |CH |A-7 |98-100|92-100|88-100|85-95 | 51-76 | 30-49 | | clay loam, silty| | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | 14-30 |Clay loam, silty |CH |A-7 |98-100|92-100|88-100|80-95 | 51-76 | 30-49 | | clay loam, silty| | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | 30-68 |Silty clay, clay |CH |A-7 |96-100|92-100|88-100|85-98 | 56-76 | 33-49 | 68-90 |Silty clay, clay |CH |A-7 |90-100|78-96 |75-90 |70-88 | 56-76 | 33-49 | 90-95 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | FsB------| 0-8 |Fine sandy loam |SM, CL, |A-4 | 100 |95-100|60-90 |40-70 | <30 | NP-8 Freest | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 8-24 |Loam, sandy clay |CL |A-4, A-6 | 100 |95-100|80-95 |55-75 | 25-40 | 7-20 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | 24-65 |Clay loam, clay, |CL, CH |A-7 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-95 | 41-55 | 20-30 | | silty clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GdE3*: | | | | | | | | | | Gullied land----| 0-60 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Demopolis------| 0-7 |Silty clay loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 |85-100|75-90 |65-85 |50-80 | 24-44 | 6-20 | 7-14 |Loam, clay loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 |60-90 |60-90 |60-80 |58-80 | 20-35 | 7-15 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | 14-60 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | HaB------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML |A-4 |95-100|95-100|70-100|40-70 | <20 | NP Halso | 7-44 |Clay, silty clay |ML, MH |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|80-98 | 45-70 | 15-35 | 44-65 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | HaD2------| 0-4 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML |A-4 |95-100|95-100|70-100|40-70 | <20 | NP Halso | 4-50 |Clay, silty clay |ML, MH |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|80-98 | 45-70 | 15-35 | 50-65 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | HbA*: | | | | | | | | | | Harleston------| 0-13 |Fine sandy loam |ML, SM, |A-2, A-4 |90-100|85-100|60-85 |30-55 | <25 | NP-7 | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | 13-48 |Fine sandy loam, |SC, CL, |A-2, A-4 |90-100|85-100|60-95 |30-70 | 20-30 | 5-10 | | loam. | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | 48-65 |Fine sandy loam, |SC, CL, |A-2, A-4, |90-100|85-100|60-95 |30-70 | 20-35 | 5-13 | | loam, sandy clay|SC, ML, | A-6 | | | | | | | | loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bigbee------| 0-5 |Loamy sand------|SM |A-2-4 | 100 |95-100|60-90 |15-30 | <20 | NP | 5-65 |Sand, loamy sand |SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-3|85-100|85-100|50-75 | 5-20 | <20 | NP | | | | | | | | | | HoA------| 0-6 |Silty clay loam |CH, CL |A-7 | 100 | 100 |80-95 |55-95 | 45-55 | 25-35 Houlka | 6-65 |Clay, silty clay,|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-97 | 52-75 | 30-50 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IzA------| 0-8 |Sandy loam------|SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|95-100|70-95 |40-65 | <25 | NP-5 Izagora | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 8-32 |Loam, clay loam, |CL |A-4, A-6, |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-95 | 25-45 | 8-25 | | silty clay loam.| | A-7 | | | | | | | 32-65 |Clay loam, clay |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|70-95 | 35-60 | 20-40 | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 216 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | KpC------| 0-7 |Clay loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95 | 30-45 | 15-25 Kipling | 7-41 | Silty clay, |CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95 | 38-70 | 22-45 | | clay, silty clay| | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | 41-65 |Clay, silty clay |CH, CL |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|75-95 | 48-80 | 26-50 | | | | | | | | | | KuC*: | | | | | | | | | | Kipling------| 0-3 |Clay loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95 | 30-45 | 15-25 | 3-43 | Silty clay, |CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95 | 38-70 | 22-45 | | clay, silty clay| | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | 43-65 |Clay, silty clay |CH, CL |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|75-95 | 48-80 | 26-50 | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| 0-6 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | LaA------| 0-8 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML |A-2, A-4 | 100 |95-100|80-95 |25-65 | <30 | NP-3 Lucedale | 8-65 |Sandy clay loam, |CL-ML, SC,|A-4, A-6, |95-100|95-100|80-100|30-75 | 25-40 | 4-15 | | clay loam, loam.| CL, SC-SM| A-2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LvB------| 0-6 |Sandy loam------|ML, SM |A-4, A-2 |87-100|84-100|80-100|30-60 | <20 | NP Luverne | 6-28 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH |A-5, A-7, |95-100|90-100|85-100|50-95 | 38-70 | 8-30 | | clay, clay. | | A-4 | | | | | | | 28-65 |Stratified loamy |SM, ML |A-4, A-6, |90-100|85-100|70-100|25-65 | 28-49 | 3-16 | | sand to sandy | | A-2, A-7 | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LvD2------| 0-6 |Sandy loam------|ML, SM |A-4, A-2 |87-100|84-100|80-100|30-60 | <20 | NP Luverne | 6-37 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH |A-5, A-7, |95-100|90-100|85-100|50-95 | 38-70 | 8-30 | | clay, clay. | | A-4 | | | | | | | 37-65 |Stratified loamy |SM, ML |A-4, A-6, |90-100|85-100|70-100|25-65 | 28-49 | 3-16 | | sand to sandy | | A-2, A-7 | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MiA------| 0-5 |Loam------|CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 100 | 100 |80-100|65-95 | 26-40 | 5-18 Minter | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | 5-65 |Clay loam, silty |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|75-95 | 37-59 | 18-32 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MKA*: | | | | | | | | | | Mooreville------| 0-5 |Loam------|CL-ML, CL,|A-4 | 100 | 100 |80-100|40-85 | 20-30 | 5-10 | | | SC-SM, SC| | | | | | | | 5-36 |Sandy clay loam, |CL, SC |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |80-95 |45-80 | 28-50 | 15-30 | | clay loam, loam.| | | | | | | | | 36-72 |Loam, sandy clay |SC, CL |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |80-95 |45-80 | 28-50 | 15-30 | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Mantachie------| 0-3 |Fine sandy loam |CL-ML, |A-4 |95-100|90-100|60-85 |40-60 | <20 | NP-5 | | | SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | | SM, ML | | | | | | | | 3-65 |Loam, clay loam, |CL, SC, |A-4, A-6 |95-100|90-100|80-95 |45-80 | 20-40 | 5-15 | | sandy clay loam.| SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kinston------| 0-3 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 100 |98-100|55-100|25-49 | 20-35 | NP-10 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | 3-65 |Loam, clay loam, |CL |A-4, A-6, | 100 |95-100|75-100|60-95 | 20-45 | 8-22 | | sandy clay loam.| | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 217

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | OkC------| 0-4 |Clay loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|75-95 | 32-50 | 20-30 Oktibbeha | 4-13 |Clay------|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 55-75 | 35-50 | 13-45 |Clay------|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 55-75 | 35-50 | 45-80 |Clay, silty clay |CL |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|90-100| 42-65 | 30-45 | | | | | | | | | | OtD2------| 0-2 |Clay------|CH, CL |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|90-100| 42-64 | 30-40 Oktibbeha | 2-20 |Clay------|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 55-75 | 35-50 | 20-35 |Clay------|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 55-75 | 35-50 | 35-65 |Clay, silty clay |CL |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|90-100| 42-65 | 30-45 | | | | | | | | | | Pt*------| 0-60 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Qu*------| 0-60 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Quarry | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RvA------| 0-10 |Fine sandy loam |ML, SM, |A-2, A-4 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |30-60 | <20 | NP-7 Riverview | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | 10-56 |Sandy clay loam, |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 100 | 100 |90-100|60-95 | 20-40 | 3-20 | | silty clay loam,| CL-ML | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | 56-65 |Loamy fine sand, |SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 | 100 | 100 |50-95 |15-45 | <20 | NP-7 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SaA------| 0-14 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML |A-2-4, A-4|98-100|90-100|60-100|30-65 | <25 | NP-4 Savannah | 14-27 |Sandy clay loam, |CL, SC, |A-4, A-6 |98-100|90-100|80-100|40-80 | 23-40 | 7-19 | | clay loam, loam.| CL-ML | | | | | | | | 27-65 |Loam, clay loam, |CL, SC, |A-4, A-6, |94-100|90-100|60-100|30-80 | 23-43 | 7-19 | | sandy clay loam.| CL-ML | A-7, A-2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ScC2------| 0-8 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2 |95-100|95-100|80-95 |30-75 | <30 | NP-7 Searcy | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | 8-31 |Clay, sandy clay |CH, SC |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|60-75 | 41-50 | 15-22 | 31-65 |Clay, sandy clay,|CH, SC |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|60-90 | 45-60 | 20-35 | | silty clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SdC------| 0-7 |Loamy sand------|SM |A-2 | 100 |85-100|50-75 |15-30 | <20 | NP Smithdale | 7-49 |Clay loam, sandy |SC-SM, SC,|A-6, A-4 | 100 |85-100|80-96 |45-75 | 23-38 | 7-16 | | clay loam, loam.| CL, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 49-75 |Loam, sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-4 | 100 |85-100|65-95 |36-70 | <30 | NP-10 | | | CL, SC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SdD------| 0-12 |Loamy sand------|SM |A-2 | 100 |85-100|50-75 |15-30 | <20 | NP Smithdale | 12-30 |Clay loam, sandy |SC-SM, SC,|A-6, A-4 | 100 |85-100|80-96 |45-75 | 23-38 | 7-16 | | clay loam, loam.| CL, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 30-72 |Loam, sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-4 | 100 |85-100|65-95 |36-70 | <30 | NP-10 | | | CL, SC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmF*: | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| 0-8 |Loamy fine sand |SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2 | 100 |85-100|60-95 |28-49 | <20 | NP-5 | 8-35 |Clay loam, sandy |SC-SM, SC,|A-6, A-4 | 100 |85-100|80-96 |45-75 | 23-38 | 7-16 | | clay loam, loam.| CL, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 35-65 |Loam, sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-4 | 100 |85-100|65-95 |36-70 | <30 | NP-10 | | | CL, SC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 218 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | SmF*: | | | | | | | | | | Boykin------| 0-35 |Loamy fine sand |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-4 |98-100|95-100|50-90 |10-40 | <20 | NP | 35-65 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-6, | 100 |95-100|60-95 |20-50 | 20-40 | 3-20 | | clay loam, sandy| SM | A-4 | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Luverne------| 0-9 |Fine sandy loam |ML, SM |A-4, A-2 |87-100|84-100|80-100|30-60 | <20 | NP | 9-28 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH |A-5, A-7, |95-100|90-100|85-100|50-95 | 38-70 | 8-30 | | clay, clay. | | A-4 | | | | | | | 28-44 |Clay loam, sandy |ML, MH, SM|A-4, A-5, |95-100|85-100|85-100|36-76 | 32-56 | 2-14 | | clay loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | 44-60 |Stratified loamy |SM, ML |A-4, A-6, |90-100|85-100|70-100|25-65 | 28-49 | 3-16 | | sand to sandy | | A-2, A-7 | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SnA*: | | | | | | | | | | Steens------| 0-13 |Fine sandy loam |ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 100 |90-100|70-85 |40-55 | <25 | NP-7 | | | SM, SC-SM| | | | | | | | 13-60 |Clay loam, loam, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6 | 100 |90-100|80-95 |40-80 | 22-40 | 8-20 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yonges------| 0-8 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 | 100 | 100 |70-85 |40-55 | 15-30 | NP-7 | | | ML | | | | | | | | 8-65 |Fine sandy loam, |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 100 | 100 |80-100|40-65 | 20-40 | 3-22 | | sandy clay loam.| SC, SM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Harleston------| 0-13 |Fine sandy loam |ML, SM, |A-2, A-4 |90-100|85-100|60-85 |30-55 | <25 | NP-7 | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | 13-48 |Fine sandy loam, |SC, CL, |A-2, A-4 |90-100|85-100|60-95 |30-70 | 20-30 | 5-10 | | loam. | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | 48-65 |Fine sandy loam, |SC, CL, |A-2, A-4, |90-100|85-100|60-95 |30-70 | 20-35 | 5-13 | | loam, sandy clay| CL-ML, | A-6 | | | | | | | | loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SrB------| 0-7 |Loam------|CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|80-95 |50-75 | 25-38 | 9-16 Subran | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | 7-48 |Clay loam, clay |CL, CH |A-7 |95-100|95-100|85-100|45-90 | 35-60 | 16-40 | 48-65 |Clay loam, clay, |CL, CH |A-7 |95-100|95-100|85-100|45-90 | 35-60 | 16-40 | | silty clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | StA------| 0-10 |Clay------|CL, CH, MH|A-7 |98-100|95-100|90-100|90-100| 40-65 | 15-35 Sucarnoochee | 10-18 |Silty clay, clay |MH, CH, CL|A-7 |98-100|95-100|90-100|85-98 | 45-70 | 20-40 | 18-65 |Silty clay, clay |CH, MH |A-7 |98-100|95-100|90-100|85-98 | 50-80 | 25-45 | | | | | | | | | | SuE2------| 0-6 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-7, A-6 |90-100|85-100|80-98 |75-90 | 35-50 | 16-25 Sumter | 6-22 |Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 |85-100|78-98 |75-95 |75-95 | 35-55 | 16-32 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | 22-60 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Sumter------| 0-5 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-7, A-6 |90-100|85-100|80-98 |75-90 | 35-50 | 16-25 | 5-31 |Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 |85-100|78-98 |75-95 |75-95 | 35-55 | 16-32 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | 31-60 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 219

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | SwB*: | | | | | | | | | | Watsonia------| 0-3 |Clay------|CL, CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 42-64 | 30-40 | 3-9 |Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 65-85 | 45-60 | 9-17 |Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 100 |95-100|95-100|95-100| 60-80 | 40-60 | 17-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | SwC2*: | | | | | | | | | | Sumter------| 0-8 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-7, A-6 |90-100|85-100|80-98 |75-90 | 35-50 | 16-25 | 8-28 |Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 |85-100|78-98 |75-95 |75-95 | 35-55 | 16-32 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | 28-60 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Watsonia------| 0-4 |Clay------|CL, CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 42-64 | 30-40 | 4-9 |Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 65-85 | 45-60 | 9-17 |Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 100 |95-100|95-100|95-100| 60-80 | 40-60 | 17-80 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | TsA------| 0-7 |Clay loam------|CL |A-6, A-7-6| 100 | 100 |80-95 |55-75 | 30-45 | 15-25 Tuscumbia | 7-65 |Clay, silty clay,|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-95 | 51-75 | 30-50 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UnA------| 0-4 |Silty clay------|CH, CL |A-7 | 100 |94-100|90-100|75-95 | 41-65 | 20-40 Una | 4-60 |Clay, silty clay |CH, CL |A-7 | 100 |94-100|90-100|75-95 | 41-65 | 20-40 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur*------| 0-6 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UuB*: | | | | | | | | | | Urbo------| 0-8 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 30-40 | 15-25 | 8-65 |Silty clay, clay |CL, CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-98 | 44-62 | 20-36 | | loam, silty clay| | | | | | | | | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Mooreville------| 0-5 |Loam------|CL-ML, CL,|A-4 | 100 | 100 |80-100|40-85 | 20-30 | 5-10 | | | SC-SM, SC| | | | | | | | 5-48 |Sandy clay loam, |CL, SC |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |80-95 |45-80 | 28-50 | 15-30 | | clay loam, loam.| | | | | | | | | 48-60 |Loam, sandy clay |SC, CL |A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |80-95 |45-80 | 28-50 | 15-30 | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Una------| 0-3 |Silty clay------|CH, CL |A-7 | 100 |94-100|90-100|75-95 | 41-65 | 20-40 | 3-60 |Clay, silty clay |CH, CL |A-7 | 100 |94-100|90-100|75-95 | 41-65 | 20-40 | | loam, silty | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | VdA------| 0-4 |Silty clay------|MH, CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 50-60 | 20-30 Vaiden | 4-38 |Clay------|CH, MH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 50-90 | 30-50 | 38-83 |Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|85-100| 50-90 | 30-52 | | | | | | | | | | WdD------| 0-57 |Loamy fine sand |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-4 |95-100|90-100|50-90 |10-40 | <20 | NP Wadley | 57-80 |Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, A-2, |95-100|90-100|60-90 |24-55 | 19-40 | 4-20 | | sandy loam, fine| CL-ML, CL| A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 220 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and | Depth | USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | WxB------| 0-4 |Clay------|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-98 | 50-70 | 25-40 Wilcox | 4-53 |Clay------|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|75-98 | 60-80 | 39-55 | 53-65 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | WxD2------| 0-5 |Clay------|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-98 | 50-70 | 25-40 Wilcox | 5-46 |Clay------|CH |A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|75-98 | 60-80 | 39-55 | 46-65 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | YoA------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 | 100 | 100 |70-85 |40-55 | <30 | NP-7 Yonges | | | ML | | | | | | | | 7-30 |Sandy clay loam, |CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6, | 100 | 100 |95-100|40-70 | 20-45 | 6-28 | | clay loam, sandy| SC, SC-SM| A-7 | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | 30-54 |Fine sandy loam, |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 100 | 100 |95-100|40-65 | 20-40 | 3-22 | | sandy loam, | SC, SM | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | 54-65 |Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- ______| | | | | | | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Marengo County, Alabama 221

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils

(The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available or were not estimated)

______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | BaA------| 0-11| 7-22 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 Bama |11-42| 18-32 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | |42-65| 20-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | BaB------| 0-7 | 7-22 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 Bama | 7-26| 18-32 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | |26-65| 20-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | BbA*: | | | | | | | | | | Bibb------| 0-8 | 2-18 |1.50-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 1-3 | 8-65| 2-18 |1.45-1.75| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | Iuka------| 0-10| 6-15 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|5.1-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 |10-24| 8-18 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |24-65| 5-15 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | BgB------| 0-9 | 4-10 |1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.10| 5 | .5-1 Bigbee | 9-80| 1-10 |1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.08|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | BnB------| 0-21| 5-15 |1.30-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.10| 5 | .5-1 Bonneau |21-51| 13-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | |51-65| 15-40 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | BoB------| 0-28| 1-12 |1.30-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|5.1-6.0 |Low------|0.10| 5 | .5-1 Boykin |28-80| 10-30 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | BpE*: | | | | | | | | | | Boykin------| 0-32| 1-12 |1.30-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|5.1-6.0 |Low------|0.10| 5 | .5-1 |32-48| 10-30 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |48-65| 20-45 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Wadley------| 0-57| 2-12 |1.30-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.10| 5 | .5-1 |57-80| 15-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.13|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | BrC------| 0-10| 8-21 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 1-4 Brantley |10-41| 35-55 |1.35-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |41-55| 25-35 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |55-70| 10-25 |1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | BrD2------| 0-5 | 8-21 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 1-4 Brantley | 5-45| 35-55 |1.35-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |45-65| 10-25 |1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | BsF2*: | | | | | | | | | | Brantley------| 0-4 | 8-21 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 1-4 | 4-35| 35-55 |1.35-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |35-43| 25-35 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |43-65| 10-25 |1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | Okeelala------| 0-3 | 2-15 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | .5-2 | 3-19| 18-33 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |19-65| 12-27 |1.40-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 222 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | CaA------| 0-6 | 7-17 |1.35-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 Cahaba | 6-47| 18-35 |1.35-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | |47-90| 4-20 |1.40-1.70| 2.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | CbA------| 0-7 | 7-17 |1.35-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 Cahaba | 7-43| 18-35 |1.35-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | |43-65| 4-20 |1.40-1.70| 2.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | CcB------| 0-7 | 7-17 |1.35-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 Cahaba | 7-36| 18-35 |1.35-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | |36-65| 4-20 |1.40-1.70| 2.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | ChB*: | | | | | | | | | | Chrysler------| 0-6 | 10-20 |1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | .5-2 | 6-42| 35-60 |1.20-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |42-65| 10-60 |1.20-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | Lenoir------| 0-10| 6-20 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 2-4 |10-80| 35-60 |1.20-1.35| 0.06-0.2 |0.13-0.15|3.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | CoA------| 0-6 | 40-80 |1.40-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.16-0.19|4.5-6.0 |High------|0.32| 5 | 1-3 Consul | 6-52| 60-90 |1.55-1.65| <0.06 |0.15-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Very high----|0.28| | |52-80| 50-80 |1.50-1.55| <0.06 |0.15-0.18|4.5-7.8 |Very high----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | DeD2------| 0-6 | 17-35 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.17|7.4-8.4 |Low------|0.37| 2 | 1-2 Demopolis | 6-13| 20-35 |1.40-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 |Low------|0.32| | |13-65| --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | DuD*: | | | | | | | | | | Demopolis------| 0-5 | 17-35 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.17|7.4-8.4 |Low------|0.37| 2 | 1-2 | 5-11| 20-35 |1.40-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 |Low------|0.32| | |11-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| 0-6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|--- | --- | | | | | | | | | | FnB------| 0-7 | 27-40 |0.90-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.15-0.20|6.6-8.4 |High------|0.37| 5 | 2-7 Faunsdale | 7-14| 35-60 |0.90-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.20|6.6-8.4 |High------|0.37| | |14-48| 35-60 |1.00-1.30| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|6.6-8.4 |High------|0.32| | |48-65| 40-60 |1.00-1.30| <0.06 |0.12-0.18|6.6-8.4 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | FnC------| 0-5 | 27-40 |0.90-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.15-0.20|6.6-8.4 |High------|0.37| 5 | 2-7 Faunsdale | 5-14| 35-60 |0.90-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.20|6.6-8.4 |High------|0.37| | |14-30| 35-60 |1.00-1.30| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|6.6-8.4 |High------|0.32| | |30-68| 40-60 |1.00-1.30| <0.06 |0.12-0.18|6.6-8.4 |High------|0.32| | |68-90| 40-60 |1.00-1.30| <0.06 |0.11-0.14|6.6-8.4 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | FsB------| 0-8 | 3-10 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | .5-2 Freest | 8-24| 10-25 |1.40-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | |24-65| 27-50 |1.40-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.15-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | GdE3*: | | | | | | | | | | Gullied land----| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|--- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Demopolis------| 0-7 | 17-35 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.17|7.4-8.4 |Low------|0.37| 2 | 1-2 | 7-14| 20-35 |1.40-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 |Low------|0.32| | |14-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 223

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | HaB------| 0-7 | 6-20 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 4 | .5-2 Halso | 7-44| 40-70 |1.10-1.40| <0.06 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |High------|0.32| | |44-65| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | HaD2------| 0-4 | 6-20 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 4 | .5-2 Halso | 4-50| 40-70 |1.10-1.40| <0.06 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |High------|0.32| | |50-65| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | HbA*: | | | | | | | | | | Harleston------| 0-13| 2-8 |1.25-1.35| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 2-5 |13-48| 8-18 |1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | |48-65| 8-27 |1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | Bigbee------| 0-5 | 4-10 |1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.10| 5 | .5-1 | 5-65| 1-10 |1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.08|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | HoA------| 0-6 | 25-40 |1.45-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| 5 | .5-2 Houlka | 6-65| 35-55 |1.40-1.60| <0.06 |0.18-0.20|4.5-5.5 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | IzA------| 0-8 | 8-20 |1.40-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.20|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 5 | .5-2 Izagora | 8-32| 18-30 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | |32-65| 35-55 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.16-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | KpC------| 0-7 | 28-32 |1.30-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.20-0.22|3.6-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| 5 | .5-2 Kipling | 7-41| 36-60 |1.37-1.41| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.15|3.6-8.4 |High------|0.32| | |41-65| 40-60 |1.57-1.60| <0.06 |0.10-0.15|5.1-8.4 |Very high----|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | KuC*: | | | | | | | | | | Kipling------| 0-3 | 28-32 |1.30-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.20-0.22|3.6-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| 5 | .5-2 | 3-43| 36-60 |1.37-1.41| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.15|3.6-8.4 |High------|0.32| | |43-65| 40-60 |1.57-1.60| <0.06 |0.10-0.15|5.1-8.4 |Very high----|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| 0-6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|--- | --- | | | | | | | | | | LaA------| 0-8 | 1-10 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|5.1-6.5 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 Lucedale | 8-65| 20-30 |1.55-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | LvB------| 0-6 | 7-20 |1.35-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 Luverne | 6-28| 35-50 |1.25-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |28-65| 10-35 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | LvD2------| 0-6 | 7-20 |1.35-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 Luverne | 6-37| 35-50 |1.25-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |37-65| 10-35 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | MiA------| 0-5 | 14-27 |1.45-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 1-3 Minter | 5-65| 35-50 |1.35-1.65| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | MKA*: | | | | | | | | | | Mooreville------| 0-5 | 5-27 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 5 | .5-2 | 5-36| 18-35 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |36-72| 10-40 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Mantachie------| 0-3 | 8-20 |1.50-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 1-3 | 3-65| 18-34 |1.50-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Kinston------| 0-3 | 5-18 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.13-0.19|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 2-5 | 3-65| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 224 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | OkC------| 0-4 | 30-40 |1.10-1.40| 0.01-0.2 |0.13-0.17|4.5-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.32| 5 | 2-7 Oktibbeha | 4-13| 60-80 |1.00-1.30| 0.01-0.06 |0.10-0.15|3.5-5.5 |Very high----|0.32| | |13-45| 60-80 |1.00-1.30| 0.01-0.06 |0.10-0.15|3.5-6.5 |Very high----|0.32| | |45-80| 50-70 |1.10-1.40| 0.01-0.06 |0.05-0.10|6.6-8.4 |Very high----|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | OtD2------| 0-2 | 40-60 |1.10-1.40| 0.01-0.06 |0.12-0.16|4.5-7.3 |High------|0.32| 5 | 2-7 Oktibbeha | 2-20| 60-80 |1.00-1.30| 0.01-0.06 |0.10-0.15|3.5-5.5 |Very high----|0.32| | |20-35| 60-80 |1.00-1.30| 0.01-0.06 |0.10-0.15|3.5-6.5 |Very high----|0.32| | |35-65| 50-70 |1.10-1.40| 0.01-0.06 |0.05-0.10|6.6-8.4 |Very high----|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | Pt*------| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|--- | --- Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Qu*------| 0-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|--- | --- Quarry | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RvA------| 0-10| 4-18 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 Riverview |10-56| 18-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | |56-65| 4-18 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.07-0.11|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | SaA------| 0-14| 3-16 |1.50-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 4 | .5-3 Savannah |14-27| 18-32 |1.45-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.17|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |27-65| 18-32 |1.60-1.80| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | ScC2------| 0-8 | 8-18 |1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 1-4 Searcy | 8-31| 40-55 |1.40-1.65| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.20|3.6-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |31-65| 45-60 |1.40-1.65| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.20|3.6-6.0 |High------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | SdC------| 0-7 | 2-8 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| 5 | .5-2 Smithdale | 7-49| 18-33 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |49-75| 12-27 |1.40-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | SdD------| 0-12| 2-8 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| 5 | .5-2 Smithdale |12-30| 18-33 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |30-72| 12-27 |1.40-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | SmF*: | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| 0-8 | 2-8 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| 5 | .5-2 | 8-35| 18-33 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |35-65| 12-27 |1.40-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Boykin------| 0-35| 1-12 |1.30-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|5.1-6.0 |Low------|0.10| 5 | .5-1 |35-65| 20-45 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Luverne------| 0-9 | 7-20 |1.35-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 5 | .5-2 | 9-28| 35-50 |1.25-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |28-44| 20-40 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |44-60| 10-35 |1.35-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | SnA*: | | | | | | | | | | Steens------| 0-13| 8-14 |1.50-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 1-3 |13-60| 20-35 |1.60-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | Yonges------| 0-8 | 10-20 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.15|5.1-7.8 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 1-5 | 8-65| 10-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|6.1-8.4 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | Harleston------| 0-13| 2-8 |1.25-1.35| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 2-5 |13-48| 8-18 |1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | |48-65| 8-27 |1.55-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 225

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | SrB------| 0-7 | 10-27 |1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 1-4 Subran | 7-48| 35-55 |1.40-1.65| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |48-65| 35-55 |1.40-1.65| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | StA------| 0-10| 40-60 |1.20-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.20|6.6-8.4 |High------|0.32| 5 | 2-7 Sucarnoochee |10-18| 40-60 |1.00-1.30| <0.06 |0.14-0.18|6.6-8.4 |High------|0.32| | |18-65| 45-70 |1.00-1.30| <0.06 |0.12-0.18|6.6-8.4 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | SuE2------| 0-6 | 32-50 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-2.0 |0.12-0.17|6.6-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.37| 3 | 2-5 Sumter | 6-22| 35-57 |1.15-1.55| 0.06-2.0 |0.12-0.17|7.4-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.37| | |22-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | SwB*: | | | | | | | | | | Sumter------| 0-5 | 32-50 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-2.0 |0.12-0.17|6.6-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.37| 3 | 2-5 | 5-31| 35-57 |1.15-1.55| 0.06-2.0 |0.12-0.17|7.4-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.37| | |31-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Watsonia------| 0-3 | 40-70 |1.10-1.40| <0.06 |0.12-0.16|4.5-6.5 |High------|0.32| 2 | 2-5 | 3-9 | 60-80 |1.00-1.40| <0.06 |0.12-0.16|4.5-6.5 |High------|0.32| | | 9-17| 50-70 |1.00-1.40| <0.06 |0.12-0.16|6.1-8.4 |High------|0.37| | |17-80| --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | SwC2*: | | | | | | | | | | Sumter------| 0-8 | 32-50 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-2.0 |0.12-0.17|6.6-8.4 |High------|0.37| 3 | 2-5 | 8-28| 35-57 |1.15-1.55| 0.06-2.0 |0.12-0.17|7.4-8.4 |High------|0.37| | |28-60| --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Watsonia------| 0-4 | 40-70 |1.10-1.40| <0.06 |0.12-0.16|4.5-6.5 |High------|0.32| 2 | 2-5 | 4-9 | 60-80 |1.00-1.40| <0.06 |0.12-0.16|4.5-6.5 |High------|0.32| | | 9-17| 50-70 |1.00-1.40| <0.06 |0.12-0.16|6.1-8.4 |High------|0.37| | |17-80| --- | --- | 0.00-0.01 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | TsA------| 0-7 | 27-35 |1.45-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.18-0.20|5.1-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.32| 5 | 1-5 Tuscumbia | 7-65| 32-60 |1.50-1.60| <0.06 |0.18-0.20|5.1-8.4 |High------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | UnA------| 0-4 | 28-45 |1.40-1.60| <0.06 |0.15-0.20|4.5-5.5 |High------|0.32| 5 | 1-5 Una | 4-60| 35-55 |1.40-1.60| <0.06 |0.15-0.20|4.5-5.5 |High------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Ur*------| 0-6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----|--- | --- Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UuB*: | | | | | | | | | | Urbo------| 0-8 | 12-35 |1.40-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.19-0.21|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.49| 5 | 1-5 | 8-65| 35-55 |1.45-1.55| <0.06 |0.18-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Mooreville------| 0-5 | 5-27 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 5 | .5-2 | 5-48| 18-35 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |48-60| 10-40 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Una------| 0-3 | 28-45 |1.40-1.60| <0.06 |0.15-0.20|4.5-5.5 |High------|0.32| 5 | 1-5 | 3-60| 35-55 |1.40-1.60| <0.06 |0.15-0.20|4.5-5.5 |High------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | VdA------| 0-4 | 40-60 |1.10-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.5 |High------|0.32| 5 | 1-5 Vaiden | 4-38| 60-75 |1.00-1.30| <0.06 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Very high----|0.32| | |38-83| 40-75 |1.10-1.40| <0.06 |0.10-0.15|6.6-8.4 |Very high----|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | WdD------| 0-57| 2-12 |1.30-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.10| 5 | .5-1 Wadley |57-80| 15-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.13|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 226 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | WxB------| 0-4 | 40-70 |1.25-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.18-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Very high----|0.37| 4 | .5-2 Wilcox | 4-53| 60-85 |1.25-1.35| <0.06 |0.10-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Very high----|0.28| | |53-65| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | WxD2------| 0-5 | 40-70 |1.25-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.18-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Very high----|0.37| 4 | .5-2 Wilcox | 5-46| 60-85 |1.25-1.35| <0.06 |0.10-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Very high----|0.28| | |46-65| --- | --- | <0.06 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | YoA------| 0-7 | 7-18 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.14|5.1-7.8 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 1-5 Yonges | 7-30| 18-40 |1.30-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.13-0.18|5.1-8.4 |Low------|0.17| | |30-54| 10-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|6.1-8.4 |Low------|0.20| | |54-65| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | ______| | | | | | | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Marengo County, Alabama 227

Table 17.--Soil and Water Features

("Flooding" and "water table" and terms such as "rare," "brief," "apparent," and "perched" are explained in the text. The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated)

______| |______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | | map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete ______|group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | | | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BaA, BaB------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. Bama | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BbA*: | | | | | | | | | | | Bibb------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|0.5-1.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | Iuka------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.0-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. | | | | | | | | | | | BgB------| A |Occasional |Brief-----|Dec-Apr|3.5-6.0|Apparent|Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. Bigbee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BnB------| A |None------| --- | --- |3.5-5.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |Low------|High. Bonneau | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BoB------| A |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|High. Boykin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BpE*: | | | | | | | | | | | Boykin------| A |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Wadley------| A |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | BrC, BrD2------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High. Brantley | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BsF2*: | | | | | | | | | | | Brantley------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Okeelala------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | CaA------| B |Rare------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate. Cahaba | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CbA------| B |Occasional |Brief-----|Dec-Apr| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate. Cahaba | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CcB------| B |Rare------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate. Cahaba | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChB*: | | | | | | | | | | | Chrysler------| C |Occasional |Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.5-3.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Lenoir------| D |Occasional |Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.0-2.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | CoA------| D |None------| --- | --- |0.5-1.5|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate. Consul | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DeD2------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20|Soft |Moderate |Low. Demopolis | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DuD*: | | | | | | | | | | | Demopolis------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20|Soft |Moderate |Low. | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| - |None------| --- | --- | >2.0 | --- | --- | >10 | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 228 Soil Survey

Table 17.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| |______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | | map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete ______|group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | | | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FnB, FnC------| D |None------| --- | --- |1.0-2.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|Low. Faunsdale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FsB------| C |None------| --- | --- |1.5-2.5|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Freest | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GdE3*: | | | | | | | | | | | Gullied land-----| - |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Demopolis------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20|Soft |Moderate |Low. | | | | | | | | | | | HaB, HaD2------| D |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |40-60|Soft |High-----|High. Halso | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HbA*: | | | | | | | | | | | Harleston------| C |Rare------| --- | --- |2.0-3.0|Apparent|Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. | | | | | | | | | | | Bigbee------| A |Rare------| --- | --- |3.5-6.0|Apparent|Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | HoA------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.0-2.0|Perched |Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Houlka | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IzA------| C |Rare------| --- | --- |2.0-3.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. Izagora | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KpC------| D |None------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Kipling | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KuC*: | | | | | | | | | | | Kipling------| D |None------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land------| - |None------| --- | --- | >2.0 | --- | --- | >10 | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | LaA------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate. Lucedale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LvB, LvD2------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High. Luverne | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MiA------| D |Occasional |Brief-----|Dec-Apr| 0-1.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Minter | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MKA*: | | | | | | | | | | | Mooreville------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.5-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. | | | | | | | | | | | Mantachie------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.0-1.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Kinston------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr| 0-1.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | OkC, OtD2------| D |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High. Oktibbeha | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pt*------| - |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | --- | --- Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Qu*------| - |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | 0 |Soft | --- | --- Quarry | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Marengo County, Alabama 229

Table 17.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| |______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | | map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete ______|group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | | | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RvA------| B |Occasional |Brief-----|Dec-Apr|3.0-5.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. Riverview | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SaA------| C |None------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. Savannah | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ScC2------| C |None------| --- | --- |2.0-3.5|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Searcy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SdC, SdD------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. Smithdale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmF*: | | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | Boykin------| A |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Luverne------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | SnA*: | | | | | | | | | | | Steens------| C |None------| --- | --- |1.0-2.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Low------|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Yonges------| D |None------| --- | --- | 0-1.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | | Harleston------| C |None------| --- | --- |2.0-3.0|Apparent|Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. | | | | | | | | | | | SrB------| C |None------| --- | --- |2.0-3.5|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Subran | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | StA------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|0.5-1.5|Perched |Jan-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Low. Sucarnoochee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SuE2------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft |Moderate |Low. Sumter | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SwB*, SwC2*: | | | | | | | | | | | Sumter------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |20-40|Soft |Moderate |Low. | | | | | | | | | | | Watsonia------| D |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |10-20|Soft |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | TsA------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|0.5-1.5|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Low. Tuscumbia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UnA------| D |Frequent----|Very long |Jan-Dec| +2-0.5|Perched |Dec-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Una | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur*------| - |None------| --- | --- | >2.0 | --- | --- | >10 | --- | --- | --- Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UuB*: | | | | | | | | | | | Urbo------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.0-2.0|Perched |Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Mooreville------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Apr|1.5-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. | | | | | | | | | | | Una------| D |Frequent----|Long------|Dec-Apr| +2-0.5|Perched |Dec-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 230 Soil Survey

Table 17.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| |______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | | map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete ______|group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | | | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | VdA------| D |None------| --- | --- |1.0-2.0|Perched |Jan-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Vaiden | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WdD------| A |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. Wadley | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WxB, WxD2------| D |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |40-60|Soft |High-----|High. Wilcox | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | YoA------| D |Occasional |Brief-----|Dec-Apr| 0-1.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate. Yonges | | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Marengo County, Alabama 231

Table 18.--Physical Analyses of Selected Soils

______| | | Particle-size distribution Soil name and | Depth | Horizon |______(Percent less than 2.0 mm) sample number | | | Sand | Silt | Clay ______| | | (2.0-0.05 mm) | (0.05-0.002 mm) | (<0.002 mm) | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cahaba 1, 9: | | | | | (S83AL-091-16) | 0-9 | Ap | 69.1 | 19.0 | 11.9 | 9-27 | Bt1 | 49.2 | 29.7 | 21.1 | 27-46 | Bt2 | 61.7 | 21.9 | 16.4 | 46-65 | C | 71.4 | 15.5 | 13.1 | | | | | Chrysler 2, 9: | 0-3 | Ap | 25.1 | 61.1 | 13.8 (S84AL-091-26) | 3-6 | E | 26.2 | 60.0 | 13.8 | 6-18 | Bt1 | 15.1 | 48.5 | 36.4 | 18-24 | Bt2 | 12.3 | 43.1 | 44.6 | 24-42 | Bt3 | 10.3 | 36.9 | 52.8 | 42-65 | Bt4 | 13.8 | 34.9 | 51.3 | | | | | Consul 3, 10: | | | | | (S87AL-091-001) | 0-5 | Ap | 5.5 | 29.3 | 65.2 | 5-18 | Bssg1 | 3.3 | 18.5 | 78.2 | 18-28 | Bssg2 | 3.5 | 16.3 | 80.2 | 28-42 | Bssg3 | 2.8 | 15.7 | 81.5 | 42-65 | Bssg4 | 3.1 | 14.2 | 82.7 | | | | | Consul 2, 10: | | | | | (S87AL-091-002) | 0-6 | Ap | 9.2 | 28.0 | 62.8 | 6-20 | Bssg1 | 3.7 | 19.9 | 76.4 | 20-40 | Bssg2 | 3.0 | 18.6 | 78.4 | 40-52 | Bssg3 | 2.6 | 15.0 | 82.4 | 52-80 | Cr | 1.4 | 19.5 | 79.1 | | | | | Faunsdale 2, 9: | | | | | (S82AL-091-5) | 0-5 | Ap | 23.9 | 47.7 | 28.4 | 5-14 | A | 17.9 | 40.5 | 41.6 | 14-30 | Bss | 21.4 | 41.2 | 37.4 | 30-51 | Bkss1 | 18.2 | 39.8 | 42.0 | 51-68 | Bkss2 | 16.7 | 38.0 | 45.3 | 68-90 | C | 14.1 | 36.4 | 49.5 | | | | | Faunsdale 4, 9: | | | | | (S82AL-091-6) | 0-12 | Ap | 9.6 | 52.0 | 38.4 | 12-26 | Bkss1 | 8.6 | 44.0 | 47.4 | 26-50 | Bkss2 | 9.4 | 40.7 | 49.9 | 50-62 | Bkss3 | 9.1 | 36.4 | 54.5 | | | | | Izagora 5, 9: | | | | | (S88AL-091-1) | 0-7 | Ap | 43.0 | 49.6 | 7.4 | 7-15 | Bt1 | 31.6 | 46.0 | 22.4 | 15-21 | Bt2 | 35.5 | 43.7 | 20.8 | 21-39 | Bt3 | 33.5 | 35.7 | 30.8 | 39-67 | Bt4 | 31.1 | 28.5 | 40.4 | | | | | 232 Soil Survey

Table 18.--Physical Analyses of Selected Soils--Continued

______| | | Particle-size distribution Soil name and | Depth | Horizon |______(Percent less than 2.0 mm) sample number | | | Sand | Silt | Clay ______| | | (2.0-0.05 mm) | (0.05-0.002 mm) | (<0.002 mm) | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Luverne 6, 9: | | | | | (S89AL-091-5) | 0-5 | Ap | 68.0 | 26.4 | 5.6 | 5-12 | E | 62.1 | 30.8 | 7.1 | 12-32 | Bt1 | 38.0 | 23.3 | 38.7 | 32-43 | Bt2 | 41.0 | 27.6 | 31.4 | 43-65 | C | 50.2 | 20.7 | 29.1 | | | | | Minter 2, 9: | | | | | (S84AL-091-24) | 0-5 | Ap | 49.6 | 30.5 | 19.9 | 5-10 | Btg1 | 32.4 | 35.0 | 32.6 | 10-20 | Btg2 | 24.9 | 36.8 | 38.3 | 20-55 | Btg3 | 41.6 | 27.6 | 30.8 | 55-65 | Btg4 | 46.2 | 22.0 | 31.8 | | | | | Oktibbeha 2, 10: | | | | | (S91AL-091-003) | 0-4 | Ap | 29.3 | 34.1 | 36.6 | 4-9 | Bt1 | 15.6 | 26.9 | 57.5 | 9-13 | Bt2 | 9.2 | 23.8 | 67.0 | 13-34 | Btss1 | 9.5 | 23.6 | 66.9 | 34-45 | Btss2 | 10.9 | 25.3 | 63.8 | 45-62 | Bkss1 | 6.8 | 40.2 | 53.0 | 62-80 | Bkss2 | 9.3 | 33.3 | 57.4 | | | | | Smithdale 2, 9: | | | | | (S89AL-091-4) | 0-7 | Ap | 80.2 | 15.9 | 3.9 | 7-49 | Bt1 | 50.1 | 24.9 | 25.0 | 49-69 | Bt2 | 65.1 | 16.4 | 18.5 | 69-75 | Bt3 | 70.2 | 16.7 | 13.1 | | | | | Sucarnoochee 7, 9:| | | | | (S81AL-091-1) | 0-10 | Ap | 20.1 | 35.0 | 44.9 | 10-22 | AB | 12.8 | 36.6 | 50.6 | 22-48 | Bss1 | 14.4 | 35.0 | 50.6 | 48-65 | Bss2 | 14.4 | 36.2 | 49.4 | | | | | Sumter 2, 9: | | | | | (S82AL-091-8) | 0-5 | Ap | 19.0 | 51.9 | 29.1 | 5-10 | Bk1 | 10.6 | 48.2 | 41.2 | 10-23 | Bk2 | 11.3 | 45.9 | 42.8 | 23-31 | Bk3 | 11.6 | 42.1 | 46.3 | | | | | Vaiden 2, 10: | | | | | (S91AL-091-002) | 0-4 | Ap | 7.2 | 38.5 | 54.3 | 4-10 | Bt | 4.7 | 28.1 | 67.2 | 10-24 | Btss1 | 4.0 | 27.5 | 68.5 | 24-38 | Btss2 | 3.7 | 28.8 | 67.5 | 38-55 | Bkss1 | 3.3 | 29.1 | 67.6 | 55-65 | Bkss2 | 4.2 | 29.5 | 66.3 | 65-84 | Bkss3 | 3.6 | 29.4 | 67.0 | | | | | Marengo County, Alabama 233

Table 18.--Physical Analyses of Selected Soils--Continued

______| | | Particle-size distribution Soil name and | Depth | Horizon |______(Percent less than 2.0 mm) sample number | | | Sand | Silt | Clay ______| | | (2.0-0.05 mm) | (0.05-0.002 mm) | (<0.002 mm) | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yonges 8, 9: | | | | | (S91AL-091-3) | 0-3 | Ap | 42.8 | 36.0 | 21.2 | 3-7 | E | 53.4 | 26.4 | 20.2 | 7-21 | Btg1 | 48.6 | 24.2 | 27.2 | 21-37 | Btg2 | 40.0 | 23.5 | 36.5 | 37-52 | BCg | 37.4 | 23.9 | 38.7 | 52-60 | Cg | 38.4 | 23.8 | 37.8 ______| | | | |

1 This pedon is in an area of Cahaba fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded. It is not the typical pedon for this map unit. It is about 1,400 feet east and 2,600 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 36, T. 17 N., R. 1 E. 2 This is the typical pedon for the series in Marengo County. For the description and location of the pedon, see the section "Soil Series and Their Morphology." 3 This pedon is in an area of Consul clay, 0 to 2 percent slopes. It is not the typical pedon for this map unit. It is about 1,900 feet west and 1,200 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 15, T. 14 N., R. 5 E. 4 This pedon is in an area of Faunsdale clay loam, 3 to 5 percent slopes. It is not the typical pedon for this map unit. It is about 2,250 feet west and 1,300 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 26, T. 17 N., R. 1 E. 5 This pedon is in an area of Izagora sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded. It is not the typical pedon for this map unit. It is about 1,300 feet west and 500 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 11, T. 17 N., R. 1 E. 6 This pedon is in area of Luverne sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded. It is not the typical pedon for this map unit. It is about 2,500 feet west and 2,300 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 14, T. 13 N., R. 1 E. 7 This pedon is in an area of Sucarnoochee clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded. It is not the typical pedon for this map unit. It is about 1,800 feet east and 1,800 south of the northeast corner of sec. 19, T. 17 N., R. 4 E. 8 This pedon is in an area of Steens-Yonges-Harleston complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes. It is not the typical pedon for this map unit. It is about 800 feet west and 1,000 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 15, T. 16 N., R. 4 E. 9 Analyses by the Agronomy and Soils Clay Mineralogy Laboratory, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. 10 Analyses by the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 234 Soil Survey

Table 19.--Chemical Analyses of Selected Soils

(TR indicates trace. Dashes indicate that data were not available)

______| | | | | Cation- | | Soil name and | Depth |Horizon| ______Extractable bases | Extractable | exchange| Base | Reaction ______sample number | | | Ca | K | Mg | Na | acidity | capacity|saturation | | __In | |______||------Meq 100g------|-Meq 100g----|-Meq 100g-| ___Pct | __pH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cahaba 1, 9: | | | | | | | | | | (S83AL-091-16) | 0-9 | Ap | 2.3 | 0.2 | 0.7 | --- | 1.9 | 5.2 | 62 | 5.6 | 9-27 | Bt1 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 0.8 | --- | 2.8 | 5.7 | 50 | 5.1 | 27-46 | Bt2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | --- | 2.6 | 3.4 | 23 | 4.7 | 46-65 | C | 0.4 | 0.03 | 0.2 | --- | 1.5 | 2.1 | 28 | 4.5 | | | | | | | | | | Chryler 2, 9: | | | | | | | | | | (S84AL-091-26) | 0-3 | Ap | 3.1 | 0.2 | 0.7 | --- | 5.2 | 9.2 | 43 | 4.7 | 3-6 | E | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.6 | --- | 3.0 | 5.3 | 43 | 4.9 | 6-18 | Bt1 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | --- | 3.7 | 6.8 | 45 | 4.9 | 18-24 | Bt2 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.9 | --- | 6.6 | 8.7 | 24 | 4.9 | 24-42 | Bt3 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 1.2 | --- | 9.6 | 11.4 | 15 | 4.9 | 42-65 | Bt4 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 1.5 | --- | 10.2 | 12.3 | 17 | 4.8 | | | | | | | | | | Consul 3, 10: | | | | | | | | | | (S87AL-091-001) | 0-5 | Ap | 27.8 | 1.3 | 11.5 | 0.2 | 14.8 | 47.8 | 73 | 5.2 | 5-18 | Bssg1| 24.0 | 1.0 | 13.9 | 0.4 | 17.7 | 51.1 | 69 | 4.8 | 18-28 | Bssg2| 23.3 | 0.7 | 13.7 | 0.8 | 19.2 | 52.7 | 67 | 5.0 | 28-42 | Bssg3| 27.3 | 0.8 | 15.4 | 1.0 | 14.4 | 54.8 | 76 | 5.2 | 42-65 | Bssg4| --- | 1.1 | 17.6 | 1.7 | --- | 55.3 | 100 | 7.6 | | | | | | | | | | Consul 2, 10: | | | | | | | | | | (S87AL-091-002) | 0-6 | Ap | 34.8 | 1.0 | 14.1 | 0.2 | 7.6 | 51.8 | 87 | 7.3 | 6-20 | Bssg1| 34.2 | 0.7 | 10.2 | 0.7 | 17.1 | 56.2 | 73 | 4.7 | 20-40 | Bssg2| 34.6 | 0.9 | 11.5 | 1.0 | 14.3 | 58.8 | 77 | 4.8 | 40-52 | Bssg3| 52.0 | 0.9 | 13.3 | 1.5 | 5.6 | 61.9 | 92 | 7.2 | 52-80 | Cr | --- | 1.0 | 11.3 | 1.6 | --- | 46.7 | 100 | 7.9 | | | | | | | | | | Faunsdale 2, 9: | | | | | | | | | | (S82AL-091-5) | 0-5 | Ap | 30.4 | 0.1 | 0.7 | --- | 2.5 | 33.7 | 92 | 7.2 | 5-14 | A | 19.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | --- | 3.0 | 22.4 | 86 | 7.2 | 14-30 | Bss | 15.6 | 0.1 | 0.3 | --- | 2.2 | 18.2 | 87 | 7.5 | 30-51 | Bkss1| 24.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 | --- | 2.8 | 27.7 | 89 | 7.6 | 51-68 | Bkss2| 28.1 | 0.1 | 0.6 | --- | 2.1 | 30.8 | 93 | 7.7 | 68-90 | C | 34.2 | 0.1 | 0.6 | --- | 1.8 | 36.6 | 95 | 7.9 | | | | | | | | | | Faunsdale 4, 9: | | | | | | | | | | (S82AL-091-6) | 0-12 | Ap | 33.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | --- | 1.8 | 35.6 | 94 | 7.7 | 12-26 | Bkss1| 28.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | --- | 2.9 | 31.6 | 90 | 7.7 | 26-50 | Bkss2| 23.8 | 0.1 | 0.1 | --- | 3.8 | 27.8 | 86 | 7.6 | 50-62 | Bkss3| 27.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | --- | 2.7 | 30.5 | 91 | 7.8 | | | | | | | | | | Izagora 5, 9: | | | | | | | | | | (S88AL-091-1) | 0-7 | Ap | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 4.0 | 59 | 6.2 | 7-15 | Bt1 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3.0 | 7.2 | 29 | 5.1 | 15-21 | Bt2 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 3.4 | 6.5 | 27 | 5.0 | 21-39 | Bt3 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 8.8 | 11.5 | 14 | 4.8 | 39-67 | Bt4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 15.7 | 18.0 | 8 | 4.9 | | | | | | | | | | Marengo County, Alabama 235

Table 19.--Chemical Analyses of Selected Soils--Continued

______| | | | | Cation- | | Soil name and | Depth |Horizon| ______Extractable bases | Extractable | exchange| Base | Reaction ______sample number | | | Ca | K | Mg | Na | acidity | capacity|saturation | | __In | |______||------Meq 100g------|-Meq 100g----|-Meq 100g-| ___Pct | __pH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Luverne 6, 9: | | | | | | | | | | (S82AL-091-5) | 0-5 | Ap | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 3.6 | 22 | 4.9 | 5-12 | E | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 37 | 5.2 | 12-32 | Bt1 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 3.7 | 9.0 | 42 | 4.9 | 32-43 | Bt2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 6.3 | 9.7 | 25 | 4.8 | 43-65 | C | 0.1 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 6.1 | 8.9 | 24 | 4.7 | | | | | | | | | | Minter 2, 9: | | | | | | | | | | (S84AL-091-24) | 0-5 | Ap | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.3 | --- | 3.4 | 4.4 | 22 | 5.5 | 5-10 | Btg1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | --- | 5.8 | 6.3 | 8 | 4.7 | 10-20 | Btg2 | 3.9 | 0.1 | 1.2 | --- | 8.0 | 13.3 | 39 | 4.7 | 20-55 | Btg3 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 1.3 | --- | 6.1 | 10.9 | 44 | 4.6 | 55-65 | Btg4 | 4.4 | 0.1 | 1.4 | --- | 5.8 | 11.7 | 50 | 4.7 | | | | | | | | | | Oktibbeha 2, 10: | | | | | | | | | | (S91AL-091-003) | 0-4 | Ap | 22.2 | 0.7 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 10.1 | 27.7 | 72 | 6.3 | 4-9 | Bt1 | 19.8 | 0.4 | 4.0 | 0.4 | 14.7 | 34.8 | 63 | 5.0 | 9-13 | Bt2 | 23.8 | 0.4 | 4.4 | 0.4 | 19.5 | 41.5 | 60 | 5.0 | 13-34 | Btss1| 27.9 | 0.4 | 4.2 | 0.5 | 13.4 | 41.8 | 71 | 4.8 | 34-45 | Btss2| 36.8 | 0.4 | 3.5 | 0.6 | 5.7 | 41.5 | 88 | 6.5 | 45-62 | Bkss1| --- | 0.1 | 3.5 | 0.9 | --- | 40.6 | 100 | 7.8 | 62-80 | Bkss2| --- | 0.3 | 3.5 | 1.3 | --- | 27.8 | 100 | 8.0 | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale 2, 9: | | | | | | | | | | (S82AL-091-4) | 0-7 | Ap | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 27 | 5.0 | 7-49 | Bt1 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 6.0 | 50 | 5.4 | 49-69 | Bt2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 3.5 | 22 | 4.7 | 69-75 | Bt3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 18 | 4.9 | | | | | | | | | | Sucarnoochee 7, 9| | | | | | | | | | (S82AL-091-1) | 0-10 | Ap | 33.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | --- | 3.3 | 36.8 | 91 | 7.7 | 10-22 | AB | 30.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | --- | 3.3 | 33.5 | 90 | 7.5 | 22-48 | Bss1 | 27.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | --- | 3.2 | 30.9 | 89 | 7.7 | 48-65 | Bss2 | 25.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | --- | 3.4 | 28.6 | 88 | 7.7 | | | | | | | | | | Sumter 2, 9: | | | | | | | | | | (S82AL-091-8) | 0-5 | Ap | 33.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | --- | 10.6 | 44.8 | 76 | 7.6 | 5-10 | Bk1 | 34.7 | 0.02 | 0.1 | --- | 1.8 | 36.6 | 95 | 8.1 | 10-23 | Bk2 | 29.5 | 0.02 | 0.1 | --- | 2.2 | 31.8 | 93 | 7.8 | 23-31 | Bk3 | 29.3 | 0.03 | 0.2 | --- | 1.8 | 31.4 | 94 | 7.8 | | | | | | | | | | Vaiden 2, 10: | | | | | | | | | | (S91AL-091-002) | 0-4 | Ap | 38.7 | 0.3 | 3.4 | TR | 8.1 | 45.4 | 84 | 6.0 | 4-10 | Bt | 24.5 | 0.3 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 22.1 | 45.3 | 56 | 4.7 | 10-24 | Btss1| 25.4 | 0.2 | 3.0 | 0.2 | 20.8 | 47.0 | 58 | 4.7 | 24-38 | Btss2| 30.7 | 0.4 | 3.3 | --- | 12.8 | 47.7 | 73 | 4.9 | 38-55 | Bkss1| 35.7 | 0.4 | 3.5 | 0.5 | 3.6 | 48.9 | 92 | 6.1 | 55-65 | Bkss2| 42.8 | 0.3 | 4.3 | 0.6 | --- | 17.7 | 100 | 7.4 | 65-84 | Bkss3| 46.1 | 0.4 | 3.8 | 0.6 | 5.8 | 8.0 | 90 | 7.7 | | | | | | | | | | 236 Soil Survey

Table 19.--Chemical Analyses of Selected Soils--Continued

______| | | | | Cation- | | Soil name and | Depth |Horizon| ______Extractable bases | Extractable | exchange| Base | Reaction ______sample number | | | Ca | K | Mg | Na | acidity | capacity|saturation | | __In | |______||------Meq 100g------|-Meq 100g----|-Meq 100g-| ___Pct | __pH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yonges 8, 9: | | | | | | | | | | (S90AL-091-3) | 0-3 | Ap | 14.1 | 0.8 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 23.7 | 88 | 6.3 | 3-7 | E | 4.8 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 12.0 | 67 | 5.4 | 7-21 | Btg1 | 10.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 14.2 | 79 | 5.5 | 21-37 | Btg2 | 12.2 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 18.9 | 82 | 5.3 | 37-52 | BCg | 21.4 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 19.9 | 92 | 6.4 | 52-60 | Cg | 14.1 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 20.3 | 92 | 6.9 | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | |

1 This pedon is in an area of Cahaba fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded. It is not the typical pedon for this map unit. It is about 1,400 feet east and 2,600 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 36, T. 17 N., R. 1 E. 2 This is the typical pedon for the series in Marengo County. For the description and location of the pedon, see the section "Soil Series and Their Morphology." 3 This pedon is in an area of Consul clay, 0 to 2 percent slopes. It is not the typical pedon for this map unit. It is about 1,900 feet west and 1,200 feet south of thenortheast corner of sec. 15, T. 14 N., R. 5 E. 4 This pedon is in an area of Faunsdale clay loam, 3 to 5 percent slopes. It is not the typical pedon for this map unit. It is about 2,250 feet west and 1,300 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 26, T. 17 N., R. 1 E. 5 This pedon is in an area of Izagora sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded. It is not the typical pedon for this map unit. It is about 1,300 feet west and 500 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 11, T. 17 N., R. 1 E. 6 This pedon is in area of Luverne sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded. It is not the typical pedon for this map unit. It is about 2,500 feet west and 2,300 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 14, T. 13 N., R. 1 E. 7 This pedon is in an area of Sucarnoochee clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded. It is not the typical pedon for this map unit. It is about 1,800 feet east and 1,800 south of the northeast corner of sec. 19, T. 17 N., R. 4 E. 8 This pedon is in an area of Steens-Yonges-Harleston complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes. It is not the typical pedon for this map unit. It is about 800 feet west and 1,000 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 15, T. 16 N., R. 4 E. 9 Analyses by the Agronomy and Soils Clay Mineralogy Laboratory, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. 10 Analyses by the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Marengo County, Alabama 237

Table 20.--Classification of the Soils ______| Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class ______| | | Bama------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Paleudults Bibb------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents Bigbee------| Thermic, coated Typic Quartzipsamments Bonneau------| Loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Arenic Paleudults Boykin------| Loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Arenic Paleudults Brantley------| Fine, mixed, active, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs Cahaba------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults Chrysler------| Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Paleudults Consul------| Very-fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystraquerts Demopolis------| Loamy, carbonatic, thermic, shallow Typic Udorthents Faunsdale------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Aquic Hapluderts Freest------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Aquic Paleudalfs Halso------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Hapludults Harleston------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aquic Paleudults Houlka------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Aeric Epiaquerts Iuka------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic Aquic Udifluvents Izagora------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aquic Paleudults Kinston------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, acid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents Kipling------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Paleudalfs Lenoir------| Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aeric Paleaquults Lucedale------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Rhodic Paleudults Luverne------| Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults Mantachie------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic Aeric Endoaquepts Minter------| Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Endoaqualfs Mooreville------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts Okeelala------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs Oktibbeha------| Very-fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystruderts Riverview------| Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Fluventic Dystrochrepts Savannah------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiudults Searcy------| Fine, mixed, active, thermic Aquic Paleudalfs Smithdale------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults Steens------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aeric Endoaqualfs Subran------| Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Paleudults Sucarnoochee------| Fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Epiaquerts Sumter------| Fine-silty, carbonatic, thermic Rendollic Eutrochrepts Tuscumbia------| Fine, mixed, active, nonacid, thermic Vertic Epiaquepts Una------| Fine, mixed, active, acid, thermic Typic Epiaquepts Urbo------| Fine, mixed, active, acid, thermic Vertic Epiaquepts Vaiden------| Very-fine, smectitic, thermic Aquic Dystruderts Wadley------| Loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Grossarenic Paleudults Watsonia------| Clayey, smectitic, thermic Leptic Hapluderts Wilcox------| Very-fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystruderts Yonges------| Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Typic Endoaqualfs ______| NRCS Accessibility Statement

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