Automotive News Europe New Powertrain Technologies Conference
Kazuhiko Miyadera Executive Vice President Research & Development
28 March 2007
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE AgendaAgenda
I.I. Awareness Awareness ofof IssuesIssues
II.II. Toyota’s Toyota’s ResponseResponse •• Automotive Automotive FuelFuel DiversificationDiversification •• Hybrid Hybrid TechnologyTechnology
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE Awareness of Issues AutomotiveAutomotive PowertrainPowertrain IssuesIssues
AcceleratedAccelerated GlobalGlobal developmentdevelopment 1.1. Energy Energy ResourcesResources consumptionconsumption ofof ofof industryindustry && technologytechnology fossilfossil fuelsfuels inin thethe 21st21st centurycentury
2.2. Global Global WarmingWarming
(CO(CO22 reduction)reduction) PopulationPopulation growthgrowth (in(in USA,USA, Asia,Asia, etc.)etc.)
IncreasingIncreasing numbernumber 3.3. Air Air QualityQuality ofof motormotor vehiclesvehicles
Three issues: Energy Resources, Global Warming, Air Quality
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE Future Automotive Fuels Primary energy Automotive fuels CurrentCurrent OilOil Gasoline,Gasoline, MainstreamMainstream dieseldiesel
NaturalNatural gasgas SyntheticSynthetic fuelsfuels (FT(FT syntheticsynthetic diesel,diesel, etc.)etc.)
Fossil Fuel MobileMobile useuse CoalCoal BiofuelsBiofuels
GaseousGaseous fuelsfuels BiomassBiomass (CNG,(CNG, LPG)LPG)
HydrogenHydrogen Solar,Solar, wind,wind, hydro,hydro, nuclearnuclear ManufacturingManufacturing ResidentialResidential ElectricityElectricity Other Sources StationaryStationary UseUse
Automotive energy sources will diversify into liquid, gas and electricity
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE Automotive Fuel Diversification Scenario
OilOil remainsremains mainstreammainstream UnconventionalUnconventional oiloil OilOil 1.1. ImproveImprove gasolinegasoline && didieselesel vehiclevehicle technologytechnology (Reduce(Reduce oiloil consumptionconsumption toto cutcut COCO22)) DrillingDrilling && storstorageage technologytechnology
NaturalNatural gasgas GasificationGasification && syntheticsynthetic technologytechnology COCO22 sequestrationsequestration 2.2. PromotePromote adoptionadoption ofof SyntheticSynthetic fuels alternativealternative fuelsfuels (FT(FT syntheticsynthetic diesel,diesel, etc.)etc.) ProductionProduction technologytechnology StabilizeStabilize quantityquantity ofof supplysupply ObtainObtain desireddesired propertiesproperties CoalCoal BiofuelsBiofuels
GasGas storagestorage technologytechnology BuildBuild infrastructureinfrastructure GaseousGaseous fuels (CNG,(CNG, LPG)LPG) production Biomass Hydrogen HydrogenHydrogen storagestorage technologytechnology Biomass COCO22 sequestrationsequestration
HydrogenHydrogen
ProductionProduction efficiencyefficiency BuildBuild infrastructureinfrastructure (cost)(cost) generation Electricity UltraUltra highhigh densitydensity electricalelectrical storagestorage technologytechnology Solar,Solar, wind,wind, ElectricalElectrical storagestorage technologytechnology COCO22 sequestrationsequestration hydro,hydro, nuclearnuclear ElectricityElectricity
Short-termShort-term 20102010 2030–2030– Mid-to-long-termMid-to-long-term Oil will stay mainstream for the time being. Alternative fuels pose many challenges
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE Gasoline & Diesel Vehicle Technology Evolution
GasolineGasoline engineengine DieselDiesel engineengine
Piezo injector Common rail D-4S VVT-i (180MPa) Low friction Common rail DPNR (135MPa) Lean burn 3-way catalyst Driving performance (dynamics) Driving performance (dynamics) Driving performance Driving performance (dynamics) Driving performance (dynamics) Driving performance EnvironmentalEnvironmental performanceperformance EnvironmentalEnvironmental performanceperformance (fuel(fuel economy,economy, emissions)emissions) (fuel(fuel economy,economy, emissions)emissions)
Improving gasoline & diesel engine performance with new technologies
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE Transmission Technology Evolution
TransmissionTransmission
Vehicle Dynamics 8AT Integrated Management CVT
6AT Start & Stop ECT-i Flex lockup Driving performance (dynamics) Driving performance (dynamics)
EnvironmentalEnvironmental performanceperformance (fuel(fuel economy,economy, emissions)emissions)
Improving transmission performance with new technologies
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE Key Points in Alternative Fuels Selection
EnergyEnergy densitydensity
WellWell-to-WheelWell--toto--WheelWheel COCO22
ResourceResource
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE Energy Density
Toyota estimate
Diesel Petrol 10
Batteries Gaseous Liquid
Ethanol Hydrogen absorbing 5 alloy(2wt%) CNG (20Mpa) High-pressure hydrogen Lithium-ion (35MPa) battery Volumetric energy density (Gasoline=10) 0 Low Density High Density
Larger Tank Smaller Tank
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE Well-to-Wheel CO2 Emissions
Well-to-Tank CO2 (WTT) Relative CO2 emissions indexed to gasoline as 1.0 Japanese 10-15 test cycle Tank-to-Wheel CO2 (TTW) Petrol Diesel Gasoline Hybrid
Ethanol: sugar cane Ethanol: corn FT synthetic diesel: biomass FT synthetic diesel: coal
Fuel Cell : CNG Electricity: coal Fuel Cell or Electricity: nuclear
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 Source: Mizuho Information & Research Institute report
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE Alternative fuels - Basic Characteristic
Energy density Well to Wheel Resource (Cruising distance) CO2 Emission
Bio-fuel better better worse
depend on Hydrogen worse primary energy better
depend on Electricity better worse primary energy
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE Use of Biofuels
BiofuelsBiofuels havehave supplysupply volumevolume limitationslimitations
Sugarcane Corn Grass & wood (sugar) (starch) (cellulose)
Bioethanol is suited to low-concentration blends for the time being
Rapeseed Palm
Bio-diesel should be 2nd generation or low-concentration FAME
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE Toyota’s Fuel Cell Technology
Passenger car TOYOTA-FCHV
Residential FC Bus Fixed location cogeneration system (Aisin Seiki Co. Ltd.) FCHV-BUS (Hino Motors, Ltd.) Hot water tank
Toyota FC stack Main unit
“Kei” mini-vehicle IndustrialIndustrial vehiclesvehicles MOVE FCV-K-Ⅱ(Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd.) FCHV-F (Toyota Industries Corporation)
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle is: aa hybridhybrid ofof electricelectric vehiclevehicle && petrolpetrol (diesel)(diesel) vehiclevehicle or aa gasolinegasoline (diesel)(diesel) hybridhybrid vehiclevehicle withwith anan externalexternal rechargerrecharger
Gas station Household electrical energy
Engine Battery Motor Fuel tank
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE Yearly Sales of Hybrid Vehicles Worldwide 10001000 ★
900900
(1,000(1,000 units)units) 800800
700700
600600
500500
400400
300300
200200
100100
19971997 19981998 19991999 20002000 20012001 20022002 20032003 20042004 20052005 20062006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 201X 201X (year)(year)
Aiming to reach one million per year early in the 2010s decade
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE Ultimate Eco-Car Energy diversity CO2 reduction Air quality
Hybrid Technology
Gasoline, Gaseous Synthetic Biofuels Hydrogen Electricity Diesel Fuels Fuels
the Right Car the Right Place the Right Time
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE TODAYTODAY forfor TOMORROWTOMORROW
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE Thank you
TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE