Deep-Sea Life

OCN 201 Biology Lecture 12

BBC Blue Planet The Pelagic Divisions (By Light)

EUPHOTIC “Good” Light Photosynthesis! 20 to 100 m

DISPHOTIC Twilight

about 600 m APHOTIC No Light Photosynthesis Feeds The Ocean Energy 83% of the biomass in Food the sea is in the EPIPELAGIC The Deep Sea Environment

Light (µE/cm2/s) Temperature (°C) Pressure (dbar) 0 0.05 0.1 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 2000 4000 6000 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ X X [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ X X [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ [ X X [ [ [ [ X X [ [ X X [ [ [ [ [ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X [ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

0 0 X 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X [ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X [ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X [ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X [ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

500 500 X 500 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

1000 1000 X 1000 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

1500 1500 X 1500 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

2000 2000 X 2000 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

2500 2500 X 2500 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

3000 3000 X 3000 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Depth (m) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

3500 3500 X 3500 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

4000 4000 X 4000 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

4500 4500 X 4500 X 5000 5000 5000

The deeper you go the more sparse are the animals (on average!) The Deep Sea Environment

4500 4500 X 4500 X 5000 5000 5000

Dark Cold High Pressure The deeper you go the more sparse are the animals (on average!) Food for the Deep

Sinking Organics Euphotic Zone Phytoplankton Aggregates Deeper Ocean Dead animals

Fecal pellets Food for the Deep

• Organic material from the surface ocean food web falls down to the deep sea • This falling detrital material is larger phytoplankton, fecal pellets, dead animals, and marine snow, • Marine Snow consists of bits of aggregates of algae, discarded larvacean houses, and other detritus that sinks into deep waters Tunicates Salps • Pelagic or benthic • Often colonial • Suspension feeders Ascidians (sea squirts) Larvaceans Larvaceans Organic detritus is constantly sinking feeding animals that live in the deep sea

As you go deeper, there is less and less of this food left

So not everything waits for food to fall down!

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4514060660097791020#docid=-4583170531274249185 Deep Scattering Layer Vertical migration by plankton and their predators -hypothesized by Martin Johnson 1945

Sonar Adaptations in the Deep Sea

- Clear bodies or reﬂective sides and counterillumination (disphotic zone) - Red or Black bodies (aphotic zone) - Oversize mouths - Specialized eyes (or degenerated) - Bioluminescence Uses of Bioluminescence Light produced by a biochemical reaction

• Counterillumination (camouflage) • Communication (finding mates) • Lures (enticing prey) • Searchlights (illuminate prey) • Decoy or surprise (escape from predator) Reduced Silhouette Reflective Sides Counterillumination

Transparent body Specialized eyes

Bristlemouth ( ) Bristlemouth (Cyclothone) • Most abundant vertebrate on the planet! • Quadrillions of them living mostly below 1000 m

Usually only about 3 inches long

Photo: Peter Davison

Photo: Herve Chaumaton Many black or red bodies in the aphotic zone

Unusually large mouths are common Goblin Shark

Electrosensory pores on snout Very rapidly extending jaws

Slow motion footage (Japanese Broadcast Co. NHK & Kazuhiro Nakaya.) Deep Sea Floor

• Many deposit feeders and scavengers (eating detritus falling from above), but also predators • Life generally becomes more sparse the deeper you go, but there are patches of high abundance • Whale falls (Attracts many scavengers) • Vents and Seeps (Chemosynthesis!) Life is sparse on much of the Deep Sea Floor Complex communities around large food falls (energy from large pulses of organic carbon)

But specialized areas have high concentrations of animals

The sea ﬂoor at vents and seeps (communities supported by new organic carbon made by chemosynthesis) Photo- vs Chemosynthesis

Light Energy

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Chemical Energy

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Energy from one chemical reaction is used to drive another Hydrothermal Vents O2 (oxygen) H2S (sulﬁde) Hydrothermal Vents

hc-blackmilk.xf.cz

geosciencebigpicture.com Vent Tube Worms Riftia pachyptila

O2 CO2 Trophosome Plume

Chemosynthetic Bacteria

H2S

These are annelids (segmented worms) Cold Seeps

O2 (oxygen)

CH4 (methane)

H2S (sulﬁde) Cold Seeps

news.discovery.com

www.livescience.com Vents and Seeps vs. Coral Reefs • Vent and seep communities are rich oases built around a symbiotic relationship, just like coral reefs! • For coral reefs, Cnidarians have symbiotic protists that provide food by photosynthesis • At vents and seeps, clams and worms have symbiotic bacteria that provide food by chemosynthesis