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Assessment of Simulation Codes for Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations

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Assessment of Simulation Codes for Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations Instructions for use of this template Start saving the template file as your word-file (docx). Replace the text in the text boxes on the first page, also in the footer. Replace only the text inside the text boxes. The text box is visible when you click on the text in it. Update all linked fields in the rest of the document by choosing “Select All” (from the Home tool bar) and then click the F9-button. (The footers on page III and IV need to be opened and updated separately. Click in the text box in the footer and update with the F9-button.) Insert text in some more text boxes on the following pages according to the instructions in the comments. Write your thesis using the formats (in detail) and according to the instructions in this template. When it is completed, update the table of contents. The thesis is intended to be printed double-sided. 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After editing choose “Close This picture should be “floating over the header and footer”. text” in order not to change the position of the title below (right clic on the picture choose “Layout” and “In front of text” Assessment of simulation codes for offshore wind turbine foundations Master’s Thesis in the Master’s Programme Structural Engineering and Building Technology ÖMER FARUK HALICI HILLARY MUTUNGI Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Structural Engineering Concrete Structures Research Group CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2016 Master’s Thesis BOMX02-16-138 MASTER’S THESIS BOMX02-16-138 Assessment of simulation codes for offshore wind turbine foundations Master’s Thesis in the Master’s Programme Structural Engineering and Building Technology ÖMER FARUK HALICI HILLARY MUTUNGI Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Structural Engineering Concrete Structures Research Group CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2016 Assessment of simulation codes for offshore wind turbine foundations Master’s Thesis in the Master’s Programme Structural Engineering and Building Technology ÖMER FARUK HALICI HILLARY MUTUNGI © ÖMER FARUK HALICI, HILLARY MUTUNGI 2016 Examensarbete BOMX02-16-138/ Institutionen för bygg- och miljöteknik, Chalmers tekniska högskola 2016 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Structural Engineering Concrete Structures Research Group Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Göteborg Sweden Telephone: + 46 (0)31-772 1000 Cover: Figure shows the wind turbines located at Middelgrunden, 2 km off shore east of Copenhagen, Denmark (Bertrand, 2002) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2016 Assessment of simulation codes for offshore wind turbine foundations Master’s thesis in the Master’s Programme Structural Engineering and Building Technology ÖMER FARUK HALICI HILLARY MUTUNGI Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Structural Engineering Concrete Structures Research Group Chalmers University of Technology ABSTRACT Offshore wind energy has the potential to become a leading renewable energy source. However, the cost of offshore wind turbine foundations is a major obstacle to the breakthrough of offshore wind energy development. There are a number of simulation codes that describe aerodynamic, hydrodynamic and serviceability response of offshore wind turbines. Nonetheless, each of these codes has its own limitations and capabilities in terms of; foundation type, environmental loading conditions as well as general modelling assumptions. Most simulation codes currently used in practice are limited to simple towers with monopile or gravity base foundations. However, they are being extended to model more developed foundation types, including tripods, jackets etc. Therefore, it is important to assess and judge the applicability of these codes to model such developed structures, which forms the purpose for this thesis. To assess the capabilities and limitations of the studied simulation codes, principles and theories used were established. A classification of the codes was then made according to the observed principles. After that, three simulation codes (FASTv8, FOCUS6 and ASHES) were selected and examined through case studies with different types of foundations and loading conditions in order to study the codes practically. As expected, the results showed a variety of differences and similarities. In addition, some codes were more functional than others. For instance, in terms of the ability to describe loads with more advanced models, ability to create design load combinations etc. In conclusion, it was confirmed that prior to choosing the appropriate simulation code for a given design, one has to consider the ability to describe the environmental conditions that the structure will face during its service life and the appropriate background required for the code to model the foundation. Key words: Offshore wind energy, Simulation codes, Wind turbine, Foundations CHALMERS, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Master’s Thesis BOMX02-16-138 I II CHALMERS, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Master’s Thesis BOMX02-16-138 Contents ABSTRACT I CONTENTS III PREFACE VII NOTATIONS VIII 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background and project description 1 1.2 Purpose and objectives 1 1.3 Scope 1 1.4 Method 2 2 DESCRIPTION OF OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE 4 2.1 Offshore wind turbine foundation 4 2.2 Offshore wind turbine tower 4 2.3 Loads acting on OWT 5 2.3.1 Wind 5 2.3.2 Waves 5 2.3.3 Currents 6 2.3.4 Seismic loads 6 2.3.5 Ice loads 6 2.3.6 Dead loads 7 2.3.7 Accidental loads 7 2.3.8 Further design consideration 7 2.4 Dynamic nature of an OWT 8 3 OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE FOUNDATIONS 10 3.1 Monopiles 10 3.2 Jacket structures 11 3.3 Gravity based structures 11 3.4 Tripod structures 12 3.5 Floating structures 13 4 PRINCIPLES USED IN OWT SIMULATION CODES 14 4.1 Soil interaction modelling 14 4.1.1 Coupled spring model 14 4.1.2 Distributed springs model 14 4.1.3 Effective /Apparent fixity model 15 4.2 Wind modelling and aerodynamic loads 15 4.2.1 Stochastic wind profiles 15 CHALMERS, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Master’s Thesis BOMX02-16-138 III 4.2.2 Aerodynamic loads 17 4.3 Wave modelling and hydrodynamic loads 19 4.3.1 Deterministic wave models 19 4.3.2 Stochastic wave models 21 4.3.3 Hydrodynamic loads 24 4.4 Currents 25 4.5 Analysis methods 26 4.6 Analysis techniques 27 4.6.1 Sequential approach technique 27 4.6.2 Semi-coupled approach technique 28 4.6.3 Fully coupled approach technique 28 5 SIMULATION CODES AND CLASSIFICATION 30 5.1 Current simulation codes in use 30 5.1.1 FAST (Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures and Turbulence) 30 5.1.2 Flex5 31 5.1.3 Bladed 32 5.1.4 ADCoS 33 5.1.5 ADAMS/WT & AeroDyn 35 5.1.6 HAWC2 36 5.1.7 ASHES 37 5.1.8 TURBU Offshore 38 5.1.9 FOCUS6 39 5.1.10 OneWind 41 5.1.11 USFOS-vpOne 42 5.1.12 SESAM 43 5.2 Comparison of codes 45 6 OWT DESIGN PROCESS 47 6.1 Design Environment loads 47 6.1.1 Wind loads 47 6.1.2 Wave loads 47 6.1.3 Wind generated waves 48 6.1.4 Wind generated current 48 6.2 Design input data for the codes 49 6.2.1 Geometry and material properties. 49 6.2.2 Aerodynamic data 49 6.2.3 Hydrodynamic data 49 6.2.4 Initial and boundary conditions 50 6.2.5 Soil interaction data 50 6.2.6 Computational specifications 50 6.2.7 Summary 50 7 CASE STUDY AND CODE COMPARISON 52 7.1 Pre-study 52 IV CHALMERS, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Master’s Thesis BOMX02-16-138 7.1.1 Pre-Study with OC4 Load Case 2.1 52 7.1.2 Pre-Study with OC4 Load Case 2.3a 53 7.1.3 Special case of OC4 Load Case 2.3a 54 7.2 RNA and tower definitions used in the studies 56 7.2.1 NREL 5MW Wind turbine model 56 7.2.2 Tower 57 7.3 Definition of load cases 57 7.3.1 Environmental effects measured from the site. 59 7.4 Comparison study for tripod structure 60 7.4.1 Description of the structure 60 7.4.2 Modelling the support structure 62 7.4.3 Foundation model 62 7.4.4 Results 62 7.5 Comparison study for the gravity base structure 71 7.5.1 Description of the structure 71 7.5.2 Modelling the support structure 73 7.5.3 Foundation model 73 7.5.4 Results 73 8 DISCUSSION 82 8.1 Comparison of the simulation codes 82 8.2 Discussion of the results from a design vantage point 84 9 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS 86 9.1 Conclusion 86 9.2 Future recommendations 87 10 REFERENCES 88 11 APPENDICES 92 11.1 Appendix 1 – Matlab code for gravity base model 92 11.2 Appendix 2 – Fast input data for tripod structure model for load case 6 97 CHALMERS, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Master’s Thesis BOMX02-16-138 V VI CHALMERS, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Master’s Thesis BOMX02-16-138 Preface In this project, classification and assessment of offshore wind turbine simulation codes have been made based on literature and case studies. In the classification study, several simulation codes were studied and adopted theories and principles were outlined. The case studies though, included only three of these simulation codes namely, FASTv8 (NREL), FOCUS6 (WMC) and ASHES (SIMIS). Moreover, a jacket, a tripod and a gravity base foundation models were created in these codes and studied in detail with specific load cases.
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