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Poverty in Early-Stuart Salisbury

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Poverty in Early-Stuart Salisbury %iItsbire 3RemriJ éurietp (formerly the Records Branch of the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society) VOLUME XXXI FOR THE YEAR 1975 Impression of 450 copies POVERTY IN EARLY-STUART SALISBURY EDITED BY PAUL SLACK DEVIZES I975 © Wiltshire Record Society I975 ISBN: 0 901333 08 5 THIS VOLUME IS PUBLISHED WITH THE HELP OF A GRANT FROM THE BRITISH ACADEMY Set in Times New Roman 10/ l lpt. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY WARWICK PRINTING COMPANY LTD. WARWICK CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE vii ABBREVIATIONS .. .. viii INTRODUCTION ... ... The problem ofthe poor Poor relief Editorial method Tm-;P0oR . 17 l Register of passports for vagrants l598—l 669 17 ll SurveyoFthepo0r1625 65 lll Survey of the poor in St. Edmund’s and St. Thomas's parishes 0.1635 75 IV Survey ofthe poor in St. Martin’s parish c. I635 80 MUNICIPAL ORDERS AND PROJECZTS ... 83 V A project For reliefofthe poor c. l6l3 83 Vl Orders for the poor 1623 .. 86 Vll Orders for the poor 1626 88 POORRELIEF .. 94 Vlll Monthly overseers‘ accounts, July-December 1635 .. 94 IX Overseers" papers I635-6 .. I00 X Workhouse accounts I62’/~30 .. 105 APPENDIX: John lvie, A Declaration . .. 109 INDEX .. 135 LIST 01-" M|.-;Mu|:as .. 176 Punuc/moms or Tl-IL-' S()CIETY .. .. 182 ‘v PREFACE This volume contains editions of seven complete documents, extracts, complete in themselves, from a further four documents, and a reprinted l7th-century pamphlet. It is unusual For the Society to publish extracts of documents and to reprint. It Feels justilied in doing so now, however, because the documents and complementary extracts, enlivened by the contemporary commentary of an extremely rare pamphlet, combine so well to establish the theme of the book. The Society is indebted to the former Town Clerk of Salisbury for granting Dr. Slack access to the documents and to the Chief Administration Olfieer of the Salisbury District Council for permission to publish them. It warmly records its thanks to the Research Fund Committee of the British Academy for a contribution to the cost of publishing them. Dr. Slack wishes to thank the Librarian of the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society (Mr. R. E. Sandell) for his kindness in making available the library’s copy, the only one known, of the pamphlet. He also wishes to thank Miss Pamela Stewart of the Wiltshirc Record Oflicc, Mr. R. W. Chell of the Hampshire Record Otfice, Miss Elizabeth Rainey, and Dr. Claire Cross for their help and advice. DOUGLAS Caowuav July 1975 vii ABBREVIATIONS Asz. 24 Public Record Office: Assizes, Miscellaneous Books C 93 Public Record Office: Proceedings of Com- missioners for Charitable Uses, Inquisitions and Decrees C.P. 40 Public Record Office: De Banco Rolls Hants R.O. Hampshire Record Officc Hist. MSS. Com. Historical Manuscripts Commission S.C.A. Salisbury Corporation Archives Sar. Dioc. R.O. Salisbury Diocesan Record Oflice V.C.H. Victoria County History W.A.M. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine W.R.O. Wiltshire Record Office Vlll INTRODUCTION The documents and extracts from documents printed below have been chosen from the Salisbury Corporation archives to illustrate the nature and problem of poverty and the efforts to deal with it in early-17th-century Salisbury. Partly because the corporation then initiated an ambitious experiment to relieve the poor, which, in its idealism and scope, was matched in few other towns, the documents concerned with poverty in Salisbury exist in a quantity and are of a quality rarely found elsewhere. Those printed are the register of passports for vagrants 1598-1669 (I: S.C.A., vol. Z 225[ff. 12-45]) and surveys ofthe poor 1625 (II: S.C.A., vol. S 162,ff. 25—[108v.]) and c. 1635 (III: S.C.A., misc. papers, box 6; IV: ibid. box 6, M 36); a project for the relief of the poor c. 1613 (V: S.C.A., misc. papers, box 6, O 7) and orders for the poor 1623 (VI: S.C.A., Ledger C, f. 291) and 1626 (VII: S.C.A., misc. papers, box 6); and extracts from the monthly overseers’ accounts for July-December 1635 (VIII: S.C.A., S 162 [fi'. 224v.—227v.]), a file of overseers’ papers for 1635-6 (IX: S.C.A., misc. papers, box 2, O 2), and extracts from the workhouse accounts for 1627-30 (X: S.C.A., Y 211 [fi'. l56v.—159v.]). A contemporary pamphlet describing the Salisbury experiments, John Ivie’s Declaration of 1661, has been printed as an appendix. THE PROBLEM OF THE POOR Most social commentators, legislators, and magistrates of 16th- and early- 17th-century England viewed poverty as a two-sided problem. Dcstitutc but able-bodied vagabonds moving to towns in search of employment or charity were condemned and punished, but paupers resident in a town or parish, most of them in some sense impotent, were generally acknowledged to have legitimate claims to public relief. 1 Vagrants According to the vagrancy statute of 15982 rogues, vagabonds, and sturdy beggars over the age of 7, found ‘begging, vagrant, wandering, or misordering themselves’, were to be whipped by the order of any justice of the peace or constable and immediately sent back to their parish of birth, or, if that could not be discovered, to the place where they last lived for a year or more. They were in theory to be handed over from constable to constable along the road, and they had to carry with them a testimonial, 1 Poverty in Salisbury is discussed in greater detail in P. Slack, ‘Poverty and Politics in Salisbury 1597-1666’, Crisis and Order in English Towns 1500-1700, ed. P. Clark and P. Slack, l64—203; and vagrancy in ‘Vagrants and Vagrancy in England 1598-1664‘, Econ. Hist. Rev. 2nd ser. xxviii. 260-79. 2 39 Eliz. I, c. 4, Statutes of the Realm, iv. 899-902. 2 POVERTY IN SALISBURY signed by the justice or constable and the minister of the parish where they were found, recording the date and place of their punishment, their destination, and the number of days allowed to them for their journey. Their passports were to be registered by the minister in a book provided for that purpose. The register of passports issued in Salisbury between 1598 and 1669 (document I) is one of the very few such records surviving for the early 17th century and it appears to be unique in its coverage ofa whole town for so long a period. Although there were three parishes in Salisbury the administra- tion of poor relief in them was centralized under the supervision of the town’s justices from 1598 and the enforcement of the vagrancy statute was similarly controlled by municipal and not by parish officers. That the register of passports was kept with the poor relief records of the corporation is suggested by the fact that it was compiled in a volume which also contains the names of those who annually benefited from the clothing charity administered by the city council. Since very few of the Salisbury quarter sessions records survive for the early 17th century, however, the exact method of dealing with vagrants is unclear. Itis probable that they were normally apprehended by the constables (no. 506) and their punishment and passport ordered by two justices (no. 88), or occasionally by only one (nos. 507-8). There are cases early in the register where the whole quarter sessions approved the punishment (nos. 26-9, 34), but that seems to have been the usual procedure only when the vagrant was presented on suspicion of theft or some other criminal offence, in which case a record of the examination sometimes survives in the fragmentary quarter sessions records (e.g. nos. 185-6, 307). The vagrants in those cases, like a few other offenders (e.g. no. 51 8), were kept in custody between apprehension and punishment, but the normal practice was for the two to follow closely on one another (e.g. no. 527). In one or two instances the Salisbury justices went beyond the letter of the law. They assumed in the case of Aplyn Pryor (no. 20), for example, that three years’ residence was needed to establish settlement, as under the 1572 statute,1 whereas the Act of 1598 shortened the required period to a year. In general, however, they adhered closely to the provisions of the statute and like other local authorities relied on the judges on assize to determine cases of disputed settlement (e.g. no. 9). The form of the entries in the register is not entirely uniform. The passport itself is mentioned in the early entries but sometimes omitted after 1602. Sometimes the vagrants are expressly described as being whipped, at other times as being simply punished or spared punishment when pregnant or infirm. Most of the entries nevertheless contain the basic information required by the statute, including the number of days assigned for the vagrant’s journey 1 and the date when the passport was issued. It is probable, however, that the entries were not made at the time of punishment, but entered at a later date from slips of paper, some of which remain between the folios of the register (nos. 223, 368, 385). As a result there are sometimes long intervals between 1 14 Eliz. I, c. 5, Statutes of the Realm, iv. 594. 2 The authorities usually seem to have allowed a day for every 10-12 miles. INTRODUCTION 3 entries when passports were presumably not registered (e.g. nos. 404-5, 442-3). There is also a general decline in the annual number of passports from the beginning of the register until 1638, after which only a few cases from the 1660s were summarily entered.
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