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Artistic Influence, Stylistic Irony, and Musical Reference in Dmitri Shostakovich’S Cello Concerto No

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Artistic Influence, Stylistic Irony, and Musical Reference in Dmitri Shostakovich’S Cello Concerto No James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Dissertations The Graduate School Spring 2013 Artistic influence, stylistic irony, and musical reference in Dmitri Shostakovich’s Cello Concerto No. 1 Ryan Michael Hoffman James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/diss201019 Part of the Music Commons Recommended Citation Hoffman, Ryan Michael, "Artistic influence, stylistic irony, and musical reference in Dmitri Shostakovich’s Cello Concerto No. 1" (2013). Dissertations. 91. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/diss201019/91 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Artistic Influence, Stylistic Irony, and Musical Reference in Dmitri Shostakovich‟s Cello Concerto No. 1 Ryan Michael Hoffman A research project submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Musical Arts School of Music May 2013 Table of Contents List of Score Examples ..................................................................................................... iii Abstract ................................................................................................................................v I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 II. Soviet Politics and Music...............................................................................................3 III. Circumstances of the Concerto‟s Composition..............................................................8 IV. The Influence of Other Composers ..............................................................................11 V. Use of Harmony ...........................................................................................................24 VI. Reference and Quotation..............................................................................................31 VII. Use of Classical Form ............................................................................................39 VIII. Orchestration ..........................................................................................................48 IX. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................57 X. Bibliography ................................................................................................................59 ii List of Score Examples Example 1: Shostakovich, Cello Concerto, Allegretto, measures 16-19 ..........................12 Example 2: Shostakovich, Cello Concerto, Allegretto, measures 106-108 .......................13 Example 3: Dmitri Shostakovich, Cello Concerto No. 1, Moderato, Measures 96-99......20 Example 4: Shostakovich, Cello Concerto No. 1, Allegretto, measures 203-206 .............21 Example 5: Mahler, “St. Anthony and the Fishes,” Measures 9-11 ..................................22 Example 6: Shostakovich, Cello Concerto, Allegro con moto, measures 149-152 ...........22 Example 7: Mahler, Das Lied von der Erde, “Der Einsame im Herbst,” beginning 2nd measure of rehearsal 20 .....................................................................................................23 Example 8: Shostakovich, Cello Concerto no. 1, Moderato, measures 158-161 ...............23 Example 9: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, Allegretto, measures 1-2 ................................25 Example 10: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, II (Moderato), measures 70-74, F# minor ...26 Example 11: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, II (Moderato), measures 130-131 ................26 Example 12: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, II (Moderato), measures 145-148 ................26 Example 13: Webern, Three Little Pieces for Cello and Piano, measures 1-3 .................28 Example 14: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, IV (Allegro con moto), measures 1-10 ........29 Example 15: Shostakovich, “Death of the Heroes” (Adagio) from The Young Guard .....32 Example 16: Shostakovich, String Quartet no. 8, III, measures 138-142 ..........................34 Example 17: Shostakovich, String Quartet no. 8, IV, measures 1-7 .................................34 Example 18: “Suliko” ........................................................................................................35 Example 19: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, IV, Allegro con moto, Measures 91-93 ......36 Example 20: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, IV, Allegro con moto, measures 363-365 ....36 Example 21: Cello Concerto No. 1, I (Allegretto), measures 41-42 ..................................38 Example 22: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, I (Allegretto), measures 141-143 .................41 Example 23: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, I (Allegretto), measures 178-179 .................41 Example 24: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, II (Moderato), measures 1-2 ........................42 Example 25: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, II (Moderato), measures 24-25 ....................42 iii Example 26: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, III (Cadenza), measures 82-83 .....................43 Example 27: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, III (Cadenza), measures 100-101 .................43 Example 28: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, IV (Allegro con moto), Rondo theme, measures 42-46 ..................................................................................................................44 Example 29: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, IV, measures 65-66 ......................................44 Example 30: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, IV, measures 157-161 ..................................44 Example 31: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, IV, measures 210-212 ..................................44 Example 32: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, IV, measures 277-279 ..................................45 Example 33: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, IV, measures 290-293 ................................. 45 Example 34: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, IV, measures 309-310 ..................................46 Example 35: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, IV, measures 320-322 ..................................47 Example 36: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, I (Allegretto), measures 1-3 .........................49 Example 37: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, I (Allegretto), measures 45-47 .....................49 Example 38: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, IV (Allegro con moto), measures 43-46 ......51 Example 39: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, IV (Allegro con moto), measures 340-341 ..............................................................................................................52 Example 40: Shostakovich Cello Concerto, IV (Allegro con moto), measures 111-114 ..............................................................................................................53 Example 41: Shostakovich, Cello Concerto, I (Allegretto), measures 264-266 ................55 iv Abstract This paper examines Dmitri Shostakovich‟s Cello Concerto No. 1, opus 107, as an exemplary work of the composer. In order to attempt a holistic understanding of the piece, I approached it in several ways. First, I examined the influence of several composers, including Saint-Saëns, Prokofiev, and especially Mahler. Mahler‟s influence is most significant in the juxtaposition of incongruous elements, often to ironic effect. My second major topic of interest is in harmonic processes particular to Shostakovich. His use of harmony is unique in the way it successfully avoids traditional tonal processes while remaining accessible and engaging to the listener. My third area of discussion involves Shostakovich‟s frequent use of musical reference, both to his own music and outside sources. References of this nature often have personal significance for Shostakovich, a fact that the Cello Concerto demonstrates. For a fourth approach, I discuss Shostakovich‟s formal clarity in this piece, which is another trait that makes his music accessible. This clarity is aided by a cyclic reappearance of the piece‟s opening motive in later movements. I also discuss some aspects of orchestration that make the form and content of the piece effective. My research of the concerto indicates that the piece displays a characteristically personal style for Shostakovich, observable in the topics discussed here. v I Introduction In this project I examine Dmitri Shostakovich‟s Cello Concerto No. 1, opus 107, as an exemplary work of the composer. Dmitri Shostakovich occupies a unique place in the twentieth century, as one of the greatest composers both from the Soviet Union and in the symphonic genre. My interest is inspired by Shostakovich‟s ability to resonate with audiences despite his modernist style, a style that is itself interesting because it generally avoids modernist trends such as atonality and serialism. I feel that Shostakovich‟s First Cello Concerto is a great piece both within its genre and within the composer‟s works, and my research has lent support to this conviction. The concerto demonstrates Shostakovich‟s style through characteristic use of harmony, form, melodic reference, and juxtaposition of ironic elements. In order to attempt a holistic understanding of the piece, I approached it in several ways. First, I found the influence of several composers to be relevant. There are a few influences of Saint-Saëns and Prokofiev in the concerto in particular, and a pervasive influence of Mahler,
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