Author’s Blurb

TK Lim (Tong Kwee Lim) obtained his Bachelor products into and out of for the Middle and Masters in Agricultural Science from the East and Asian region. During his time with University of Malaya and his PHD (Botanical ACIAR, he oversaw and managed international Sciences) from the University of Hawaii. He research and development programs in pro- worked in the University of Agriculture Malaysia tection and horticulture covering a wide array of for 20 years as a lecturer and Associate Professor; crops that included , plantation crops, veg- as Principal Horticulturist for 9 years for the etables, culinary and medicinal and Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, mainly in southeast and the Pacifi c. In the Darwin, Northern Territory; 6 years as Manager course of his four decades of working career he of the Asia and Middle East Team in Plant has travelled extensively worldwide to many Biosecurity Australia, Department of Agriculture, countries in South Asia, East Asia, southeast Fisheries and Forestry, Australia; and 4 years as Asia, Middle East, Europe, the Pacifi c Islands, Research Program Manager with the Australian USA and England, and also throughout Malaysia Centre for International Agriculture Research and Australia. Since his tertiary education days (ACIAR), Department of Foreign Affairs and he always had a strong passion for crops and took Trade, Australia before he retired from public an avid interest in edible and medicinal . service. He has published over a hundred scien- Over the four decades, he has taken several tifi c papers including several books: “Guava in thousands of photographs of common, known Malaysia: Production, Pest and Diseases”, and lesser known edible, medicinal and non- “Durian Diseases and Disorders”, “Diseases of medicinal plants, amassed local literature, local Mango in Malaysia”, chapters in books, interna- indigenous knowledge, books, and has developed tional refereed journals, conference proceedings and established close rapport with many local (as editor) and technical bulletins in the areas of researchers, scientists, growers and farmers plant pathology, crop protection, horticulture, during the course of his work and travels. All agronomy and quarantine science. He was also a relevant available and up-to-date information reviewer of scientifi c papers for several inter- collated on more than a thousand of national scientifi c journals. As Principal edible, medicinal and non-medicinal plants will Horticulturist in Darwin, he and his team were be provided in a comprehensive reference series instrumental in establishing the horticultural fully illustrated with coloured images to help industry in the Northern Territory, Australia, in plant identifi cation. This work will cover especially on tropical fruits, vegetables, culinary scientifi c names, synonyms, common and herbs, spices/medicinal herbs and tropical fl ow- vernacular names, origin and distribution, agro- ers. During his tenure with Plant Biosecurity, he ecology, edible plant parts and uses, plant habit/ led a team responsible for conducting pest risk description, nutritive and medicinal value, other analyses and quarantine policy issues dealing uses and selected current references. Additional with the import and export of plants and plant infor mation is provided on the medicinal uses

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 7, , 959 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7395-0, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 960 Author’s Blurb and pharmacological properties of the plants. horticulturists, food nutritionists, agriculturists, This work will be of signifi cant interest to botanists, herbalogists, herbologists, naturalists, scientists, researchers, practitioners (medical conservationists, extension scientists, teachers, practitioners, pharmacologists, ethnobotanists, lecturers), students and the general public. Medical Glossary

AAD Allergic airway disease. An infl ammatory Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) Enzyme that disorder of the airways caused by allergens. catalyzes the biotin-dependent carboxylation AAPH 2 , 2 ′-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydro- of acetyl- CoA to produce malonyl- CoA. chloride. A water- soluble azo compound used Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Is an enzyme extensively as a free radical generator, often in that degrades (through its hydrolytic activity) the study of lipid peroxidation and the charac- the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, producing terization of antioxidants. choline. Abeta Aggregation Amyloid beta protein Acne Vulgaris Also known as chronic acne, usu- (Abeta) aggregation is associated with ally occurring in adolescence, with comedones Alzheimer’s disease (AD); it is a major com- (blackheads), papules (red pimples), nodules ponent of the extracellular plaque found in AD (infl amed acne spots) and pustules (small brains. infl amed pus-fi lled lesions) on the face, neck Abdominal Distension Referring to general- and upper part of the trunk. ized distension of most or all of the abdomen. Acidosis Increased acidity, an excessively acid Also referred to as stomach bl oating often condition of the body fl uids. caused by a sudden increase in fi bre from con- Acquired Immunodefi ciency Syndrome (AIDS) sumption of vegetables, fruits and beans. An epidemic disease caused by an infection Ablation Therapy The destruction of small by human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV-1, areas of myocardial tissue, usually by applica- HIV-2), retrovirus that causes immune system tion of electrical or chemical energy, in the failure and debilitation and is often accompa- treatment of some tachyarrhythmias. nied by infections such as tuberculosis. Abortifacient A substance that causes or induces Acridone An organic compound based on the abortion. acridine skeleton, with a carbonyl group at the Abortivum A substance inducing abortion. 9 position. Abscess A swollen infected, infl amed area fi lled ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone (or corti- with pus in body tissues. cotropin). A polypeptide tropic hormone pro- ABTS 2.2 Azinobis-3-ethylhenthiazoline-6-sul- duced and secreted by the anterior pituitary fonic acid. A type of mediator in chemical gland. It plays a role in the synthesis and reaction kinetics of specifi c enzymes. secretion of gluco- and mineralocorticoste- ACAT Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. roids and androgenic steroids. ACE See Angiotensin- Converting Enzyme. Activating Transcription Factor (ATF) A protein Acetogenins Natural products from the plants (gene) that binds to specifi c DNA sequences of the family Annonaceae and are very regulating the transfer or transcription of potent inhibitors of the NADH-ubiquinone information from DNA to mRNA. reductase (Complex I) activity of mammalian Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) A heterodimeric mitochondria. protein transcription factor that regulates gene

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 7, Flowers, 961 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7395-0, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 962 Medical Glossary

expression in response to a variety of stimuli, other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and

including , growth factors, stress glutamate, while the A2B and A3 receptors are and bacterial and viral infections. AP-1 in turn located mainly peripherally and are involved regulates a number of cellular processes in infl ammation and immune responses. including differentiation, proliferation and ADH See Alcohol Dehydrogenase. apoptosis. Adipocyte A fat cell involved in the synthesis Actoprotective Increasing the body’s physical and storage of fats. performance. Adipocytokine Bioactive cytokines produced by Actoprotectors Preparations that increase the adipose tissues. mental performance and enhance body stabil- Adiponectin A protein in humans that modu- ity against physical loads without increasing lates several physiological processes, such as oxygen consumption. Actoprotectors are metabolism of glucose and fatty acids, and regarded as a subclass of adaptogens that hold immune responses. a signifi cant capacity to increase physical Adipose Tissues Body fat, loose connective performance. tissue composed of adipocytes (fat cells). Acute Otitis Media (AOM) See Otitis Media. Adaptogen Containing smooth pro-stressors Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases A group of enzymes which reduce reactivity of host defense sys- that catalyzes the initial step in each cycle of tems and decrease damaging effects of various fatty acid β-oxidation in the mitochondria of stressors due to increased basal level of medi- cells. ators involved in the stress response. Adaptogen A term used by herbalists to refer Adrenal Glands Star-shaped endocrine glands to a natural product that increases the that sit on top of the kidneys. body’s resistance to stresses such as trauma, Adrenalectomized Having had the adrenal glands stress and fatigue. surgically removed. Adaptogenic Increasing the resistance of the Adrenergic Having to do with adrenaline (epineph- body to stress. rine) and/or noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Addison’s Disease Is a rare endocrine disorder. Adrenergic Receptors A class of G protein- It occurs when the adrenal glands cannot coupled receptors that are targets of the nor- produce suffi cient hormones (corticosteroids). adrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline It is also known as chronic adrenal insuffi ciency, (epinephrine). hypocortisolism or hypocorticism. Adulterant An impure ingredient added into a Adenocarcinoma A cancer originating in glan- preparation. dular tissue. Advanced Glycation End Products Adenoma A benign tumour from a glandular ( AGEs) Resultant products of a chain of origin. chemical reactions after an initial glycation Adenopathy Abnormal enlargement or swelling reaction. AGEs may play an important adverse of the lymph node. role in process of atherosclerosis, diabetes, Adenosine Receptors A class of purinergic, aging and chronic renal failure. G-protein - coupled receptors with adenosine Aegilops An ulcer or fi stula in the inner corner as endogenous ligand. In humans, there are of the eye.

four adenosine receptors. A1 and A2A recep- Afferent Something that so conducts or carries tors play roles in the heart, regulating myocar- towards, such as a blood vessel, fi bre or dial oxygen consumption and coronary blood nerve.

fl ow, while the A2A receptor also has broader Agammaglobulinaemia An inherited disorder antiinfl ammatory effects throughout the in which there are very low levels of protective body. These two receptors also have important immune proteins called immunoglobulins. roles in the brain, regulating the release of Cf. X-linked agammaglobulinaemia. Medical Glossary 963

Agalactia Lack of milk after parturition (birth). Aldose Reductase , Aldehyde Reductase An Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) A enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism that medical condition of elderly adults that results converts glucose to sorbitol. in a loss of vision in the centre of the visual Alexipharmic An antidote, remedy for poison. fi eld (the macula) because of damage to the Alexiteric A preservative against contagious retina. and infectious diseases and the effects of Agglutinin A protein substance, such as an anti- poisons. body, that is capable of causing agglutination Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) An enzyme (clumping) of a particular antigen. involved in the breakdown of alcohol. Agglutination Clumping of particles. Algesic Endogenous substances involved in the Agonist A drug that binds to a receptor of a cell production of pain that is associated with and triggers a response by the cell. infl ammation, e.g. serotonin, bradykinin and Ague A fever (such as from malaria) that is prostaglandins. marked by paroxysms of chills, fever and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) An enzyme in the sweating that recurs with regular intervals. cells lining the biliary ducts of the liver. ALP AhR Aryl hydrocarbon receptor. A cytosolic levels in plasma will rise with large bile duct protein transcription factor. obstruction, intrahepatic cholestasis or infi l- AIDS See Acquired Immunodefi ciency Syndrome. trative diseases of the liver. ALP is also pres- Akathisia A movement disorder in which there ent in bone and placental tissues. is an urge or need to move the legs to stop Allergenic Having the properties of an antigen unpleasant sensations. Also called restless leg (allergen), immunogenic. syndrome, the disorder is often caused by Allergic Pertaining to, caused, affected with or long-term use of antipsychotic medications. the nature of the allergy. AKT Serine/threonine kinase (also known as Allergic Conjunctivitis Infl ammation of the protein kinase B or PKB) plays a critical tissue lining the eyelids (conjunctiva) due to regulatory role in diverse cellular processes, allergy. including cancer progression and insulin Allergy A hypersensitivity state induced by metabolism. exposure to a particular antigen (allergen) Akt Signalling Pathway Akt are protein kinases resulting in harmful immunologic reactions involved in mammalian cellular signalling and on subsequent exposures. The term is usually inhibit apoptotic processes. used to refer to hypersensitivity to an environ- Akt/FoxO Pathway Cellular processes involving mental antigen (atopic allergy or contact der- Akt and FoxO transcription factors that play a matitis) or to drug allergy. role in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Allogeneic Cells or tissues which are geneti- Alanine Transaminase (ALT) Also called cally different because they are derived from serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase separate individuals of the same species. (SGPT) or alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), Also refers to a type of immunological reac- an enzyme present in hepatocytes (liver cells). tion that occurs when cells are transplanted When a cell is damaged, it leaks this enzyme into a genetically different recipient. into the blood. Allografts Or homografts, a graft between indi- ALAT (Alanine Aminotransferase) See Alanine viduals of the same species but of different Transaminase. genotypes. Albumin Water - soluble proteins found in egg Alloknesis Itch produced by innocuous mechan- white, blood serum, milk, various animal tis- ical stimulation. sues and plant juices and tissues. Allostasis The process of achieving stability, or Albuminuria Excessive amount of albumin in homeostasis, through physiological or behav- the urine, a symptom of severe kidney disease. ioural change. 964 Medical Glossary

Alopecia Is the loss of hair on the body. Amyloidosis A disorder that results from Alopecia Areata Is a particular disorder affecting abnormal deposition of the protein, amyloid, hair growth (loss of hair) in the scalp and in various tissues of the body. elsewhere. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Or ALS, is a ALP See Alkaline Phosphatase. disease of the motor neurons in the brain and Alpha-Adrenoceptor Receptors postulated to spinal cord that control voluntary muscle exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympa- movement. thetic nervous system in order to explain the Amyotrophy Progressive wasting of muscle specifi city of certain agents that affect only tissues. Adj. amyotrophic. some sympathetic activities (such as vasocon- Anaemia A blood disorder in which the blood is striction and relaxation of intestinal muscles defi cient in red blood cells and in haemoglobin. and contraction of smooth muscles). Anaesthesia Condition of having sensation tem- Alpha Amylase (α-Amylase) A major form of porarily suppressed. amylase found in humans and other mam- Anaesthetic A substance that decreases partially mals that cleaves alpha-bonds of large sugar or totally nerve the sense of pain. molecules. Analeptic A central nervous system (CNS) ALT See Alanine Transaminase. stimulant medication. Alterative A medication or treatment which Analgesia Term describing relief, reduction or gradually induces a change and restores healthy suppression of pain. Adj. analgetic. functions without sensible evacuations. Analgesic A substance that relieves or reduces Alveolar A vigorously phagocytic pain. macrophage on the epithelial surface of lung Anaphoretic An antiperspirant. alveoli that ingests carbon and other inhaled Anaphrodisiac Or antiaphrodisiac is something particulate matter. Also called coniophage or that reduces or blunts the libido. dust cell. Anaphylaxis A severe, life-threatening allergic Alzheimer’s Disease A degenerative, organic, response that may be characterized by symp- mental disease characterized by progressive toms such as reduced blood pressure, wheezing, brain deterioration and dementia, usually vomiting or diarrhoea. occurring after the age of 50. Anaphylactic Adj. see Anaphylaxis. Amastigote Refers to a cell that does not have any Anaphylatoxins Are fragments (C3a, C4a or fl agella, used mainly to describe a certain phase C5a) that are produced during the pathways of in the life cycle of trypanosome protozoans. the complement system. They can trigger Amenorrhoea The condition when a woman release of substances of endothelial cells, mast fails to have menstrual periods. cells or phagocytes, which produce a local Amidolytic Cleavage of the amide structure. infl ammatory response. Amoebiasis State of being infected by amoeba Anaplasia A reversion of differentiation in cells such as Entamoeba histolytica . and is characteristic of malignant neoplasms Amoebicidal Lethal to amoeba. (tumours). AMPK (5′ AMP-Activated Protein Kinase) Or Anaplastic Adj. see Anaplasia. 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein Anasarca Accumulation of great quantity of kinase, enzyme that plays a role in cellular fl uid in body tissues. energy homeostasis. Androgen Male sex hormone in vertebrates. Amygdalitis Infl ammation of one or both ton- Androgens may be used in patients with breast sils, tonsillitis. cancer to treat recurrence of the disease. Amyloid Beta (Aβ or Abeta) A peptide of 39–43 Android Adiposity Centric fat distribution pat- amino acids that appear to be the main con- terns with increased disposition towards the stituent of amyloid plaques in the brains of abdominal area, visceral fat—apple shaped. Alzheimer’s disease patients. Cf. gynoid adiposity. Medical Glossary 965

Andrology Branch of medicine concerned with Annexin V Or Annexin A5 is a member of the the reproductive diseases in men. annexin family of intracellular proteins that Anencephaly A cephalic disorder that results binds to phosphatidylserine (PS) in a calcium- from a neural tube defect that occurs when the dependent manner. cephalic (head) end of the neural tube fails to Annexitis Also called adnexitis, a pelvic infl am- close, resulting in the absence of a major por- matory disease involving the infl ammation of tion of the brain, skull and scalp. the ovaries or fallopian tubes. Aneugen An agent that affects cell division and Anodyne A substance that relieves or soothes the mitotic spindle apparatus, causing the loss pain by lessening the sensitivity of the brain or or gain of whole chromosomes, thereby induc- nervous system. Also called an analgesic. ing aneuploidy. Adj . aneugenic. Anoikis Apoptosis that is induced by inadequate Angina Pectoris, Angina Chest pain or chest or inappropriate cell- matrix interactions. discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle Anorectal Relating to the rectum and anus. does not get enough blood. Anorectics Appetite suppressants, substances Angioedema Rapid swelling of the dermis, sub- which reduce the desire to eat. Used on a cutaneous tissues and mucosa and submucosal short-term basis clinically to treat obesity. tissues caused by small blood vessels leaking Also called anorexigenics. fl uid into these tissues. Anorexia Lack or loss of desire to eat. Angiogenic Adj. see Angiogenesis. Anorexic Having no appetite to eat. Angiogenesis A physiological process involv- Anorexigenics See Anorectics. ing the growth of new blood vessels from pre- Anoxia Absence of oxygen supply. existing vessels. Antagonist A substance that acts against and Angiotensin An oligopeptide hormone in the blocks an action. blood that causes blood vessels to constrict Antalgic A substance used to relive a painful and drives blood pressure up. It is part of the condition. renin-angiotensin system. Antecubital Vein This vein is located in the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) An antecubital fossa—the area of the arm in front exopeptidase, a circulating enzyme that par- of the elbow. ticipates in the body’s renin-angiotensin system Anterior Uveitis Is the most common form of (RAS) which mediates extracellular volume ocular infl ammation that often causes a pain- (i.e. that of the blood plasma, lymph and inter- ful red eye. stitial fl uid) and arterial vasoconstriction. Anthelmintic An agent or substance that is Angioplasty Medical procedure used to open destructive to worms and used for expulsion obstructed or narrowed blood vessel resulting of internal parasitic worms in animals and usually from atherosclerosis. humans. Anguillulosis A parasitosis caused by the intes- Anthocyanins A subgroup of antioxidant fl a- tinal nematode Strongyloides stercoralis (round vonoids, are glucosides of anthocyanidins worm). which are benefi cial to health. They occur as Anisakiasis A human parasitic infection of the water-soluble vacuolar pigments that may gastrointestinal tract caused by the consump- appear red, purple or blue according to pH in tion of raw or undercooked seafood contain- plants. ing larvae of the nematode Anisakis simplex . Anthrax A bacterial disease of cattle and ship Anisonucleosis A morphological manifestation that can be transmitted to man though unpro- of nuclear injury characterized by variation in cessed wool. the size of the cell nuclei. Anthropometric Pertaining to the study of Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Is a type of infl am- human body measurements. matory arthritis that targets the joints of the Antiamoebic A substance that destroys or sup- spine. presses parasitic amoebae. 966 Medical Glossary

Antiamyloidogenic Compounds that inhibit the Antidiabetic A substance that prevents or alle- formation of Alzheimer’s β-amyloid fi brils viates diabetes. Also called antidiabetogenic. (fAβ) from amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and desta- Antidiarrhoeal Having the property of stopping bilize fAβ. or correcting diarrhoea, an agent having such Antianaphylactic Agent that can prevent the action. occurrence of anaphylaxis (life - threatening Antidote A remedy for counteracting a poison. allergic response). Antidopaminergic A term for a chemical that Antiangiogenic A drug or substance used to prevents or counteracts the effects of dopamine. stop the growth of tumours and progression of Antidrepanocytary Anti-sickle- cell anaemia. cancers by limiting the pathologic formation Antidysenteric An agent used to reduce or treat of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). dysentery and diarrhoea. Antiarrhythmic A substance to correct irregular Antidyslipidaemic Agent that will reduce the heartbeats and restore the normal rhythm. abnormal amount of lipids and lipoproteins in Antiasthmatic Drug that treats or ameliorates the blood. asthma. Anti-oedematous Reduces or suppresses oedema. Antiatherogenic That protects against athero- Antiemetic An agent that stops vomiting and genesis, the formation of atheromas (plaques) nausea. in arteries. Antiepileptic A drug used to treat or prevent Antibacterial Substance that kills or inhibits convulsions, anticonvulsant. bacteria. Antifebrile A substance that reduces fever. Also Antibilious An agent or substance which helps called antipyretic. remove excess bile from the body. Antifeedant Preventing something from being Antibiotic A chemical substance produced by a eaten. microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit Antifertility Agent that inhibits formation of the growth of or to kill other microorganisms. ova and sperm and disrupts the process of Antiblennorrhagic A substance that treats blen- fertilization (antizygotic). norrhagia a conjunctival infl ammation resulting Antifi brosis Preventing/retarding the develop- in mucus discharge. ment of fi brosis, i.e. excessive growth and Antibody A gamma globulin protein produced activity of fi broblasts. by a kind of white blood cell called the plasma Antifi larial Effective against human fi larial worms. cell in the blood used by the immune system Antifungal An agent that kills or inhibits the to identify and neutralize foreign objects growth of fungi. (antigen). Antigen A substance that prompts the produc- Anticarcinomic A substance that kills or inhibits tion of antibodies and can cause an immune carcinomas (any cancer that arises in epithelium/ response. Adj. antigenic. tissue cells). Antigenotoxic An agent that inhibits DNA adduct Anticephalalgic Headache-relieving or preventing. formation, stimulates DNA repair mechanisms Anticestodal A chemical destructive to and possesses antioxidant functions. tapeworms. Antiganacratia Anti-menstruation. Anticholesterolemic A substance that can pre- Antigastralgic Preventing or alleviating gastric vent the buildup of cholesterol. colic. Anticlastogenic Having a suppressing effect of Antihematic Agent that stops vomiting. chromosomal aberrations. Antihaemorrhagic An agent which stops or pre- Anticoagulant A substance that thins the blood vents bleeding. and acts to inhibit blood platelets from sticking Antihepatotoxic Counteracting injuries to the together. l i v e r . Antidepressant A substance that suppresses Antiherpetic Having activity against herpes sim- depression or sadness. plex virus (HSV). Medical Glossary 967

Antihistamine An agent used to counteract the ation of neoplasms that may become malignant effects of histamine production in allergic by targeting the DNA. reactions. Antineuralgic A substance that stops intense Antihyperalgesia The ability to block enhanced intermittent pain, usually of the head or face, sensitivity to pain, usually produced by nerve caused by neuralgia. injury or infl ammation, to nociceptive stimuli. Antinociception Reduction in pain: a reduction Adj. antihyperalgesic. in pain sensitivity produced within neurons Antihypercholesterolaemia Term to describe when an endorphin or similar opium-containing lowering of cholesterol level in the blood or substance opioid combines with a receptor. blood serum. Antinociceptive Having an analgesic effect. Antihypercholesterolemic Agent that lowers Antioxytocic Inhibiting premature labour. Cf. cholesterol level in the blood or blood serum. tocolytic. Antihyperlidemic Promoting a reduction of lipid Antinutrient Are natural or synthetic compounds levels in the blood or an agent that has this that interfere with the absorption of nutrients action. and are commonly found in food sources and Antihypersensitive A substance used to treat beverages. excessive reactivity to any stimuli. Antioestrogen A substance that inhibits the bio- Antihypertensive A drug used in medicine and logical effects of female sex hormones. pharmacology to treat hypertension (high Antiophidian Antivenoms of snake. blood pressure). Antiosteoporotic Substance that can prevent Antiinfl ammatory A substance used to reduce osteoporosis. or prevent infl ammation. Antiovulatory Substance suppressing ovulation. Antileishmanial Inhibiting the growth and pro- Antioxidant A chemical compound or sub- liferation of Leishmania , a of fl agellate stance that inhibits oxidation and protects protozoans that are parasitic in the tissues of against free radical activity and lipid oxidation vertebrates. such as vitamin E, vitamin C or beta-carotene Antileprotic Therapeutically effective against (converted to vitamin B), carotenoids and fl a- leprosy. vonoids which are thought to protect body Antilithiatic An agent that reduces or sup- cells from the damaging effects of oxidation. presses urinary calculi (stones) and acts to dis- Many foods including and vegetables solve those already present. contain compounds with antioxidant properties. Antileukaemic Anticancer drugs that are used Antioxidants may also reduce the risks of to treat leukaemia. cancer and age-related macular degeneration Antilithogenic Inhibiting the formation of calculi (AMD). (stones). Antipaludic Antimalarial. Antimalarial An agent used to treat malaria Antiperiodic Substance that prevents the recur- and/or kill the malaria-causing organism, rence of symptoms of a disease, e.g. malaria. Plasmodium spp. Antiperspirant A substance that inhibits sweat- Antimelanogenesis Obstructs production of ing. Also called antisudorifi c, anaphoretic. melanin. Antiphlogistic A traditional term for a sub- Antimicrobial A substance that destroys or stance used against infl ammation, an inhibits growth of disease-causing bacteria, antiinfl ammatory. viruses, fungi and other microorganisms. Antiplatelet Agent Drug that decreases platelet Antimitotic Inhibiting or preventing mitosis. aggregation and inhibits thrombus formation. Antimutagenic An agent that inhibits mutations. Antiplasmodial Suppressing or destroying Antimycotic Antifungal. plasmodia. Antineoplastic Said of a drug intended to Antiproliferative Preventing or inhibiting the inhibit or prevent the maturation and prolifer- reproduction of similar cells. 968 Medical Glossary

Antiprostatic Drug to treat the prostate. Antivinous An agent or substance that treats Antiprotozoal Suppressing the growth or repro- addiction to alcohol. duction of protozoa. Antiviral Substance that destroys or inhibits the Antipruritic Alleviating or preventing itching. growth and viability of infectious viruses. Antipyretic A substance that reduces fever or Antivomitive A substance that reduces or sup- quells it. Also known as antithermic. presses vomiting. Antirheumatic Relieving or preventing Antizygotic See Antifertility. rheumatism. Anuria Absence of urine production and excre- Antiscorbutic A substance or plant rich in vita- tion. Adj. anuric. min C that is used to counteract scurvy. Anxiogenic Substance that causes anxiety. Antisecretory Inhibiting or diminishing secretion. Anxiolytic A drug prescribed for the treatment Antisense Refers to antisense RNA strand of symptoms of anxiety. because its sequence of nucleotides is the APAF- 1 Apoptotic protease- activating factor 1. complement of message sense. When mRNA Apelin Also known as APLN, a peptide which forms a duplex with a complementary anti- in humans is encoded by the APLN gene. sense RNA sequence, translation of the mRNA Aperient A substance that acts as a mild laxative into the protein is blocked. This may slow or by increasing fl uids in the bowel. halt the growth of cancer cells. Aperitif An appetite stimulant. Antiseptic Preventing decay or putrefaction, a Aphonia Loss of the voice resulting from disease, substance inhibiting the growth and develop- injury to the vocal cords or various psycho- ment of microorganisms. logical causes, such as hysteria. Anti-sickling Agent An agent used to prevent Aphrodisiac An agent that increases sexual or reverse the pathological events leading activity and libido and/or improves sexual to sickling of erythrocytes in sickle - cell performance. conditions. Aphthae White, painful oral ulcer of unknown Antispasmodic A substance that relieves spasms cause. or inhibits the contraction of smooth muscles; Aphthous ulcer Also known as a canker sore, smooth muscle relaxant, muscle relaxer. is a type of oral ulcer, which presents as a Antispermatogenic Preventing or suppressing painful open sore inside the mouth or upper the production of semen or spermatozoa. throat. Antisudorifi c See Antiperspirant. Aphthous stomatitis A canker sore, a type of Antisyphilitic A drug (or other chemical agent) painful oral ulcer or sore inside the mouth or that is effective against syphilis. upper throat, caused by a break in the mucous Antithermic A substance that reduces fever and membrane. Also called aphthous ulcer. temperature. Also known as antipyretic. Apnea Suspension of external breathing. Antithrombotic Preventing or interfering with Apoliprotein B (APOB) Primary apolipoprotein the formation of thrombi. of low-density lipoproteins which is responsi- Antitoxin An antibody with the ability to ble for carrying cholesterol to tissues. neutralize a specifi c toxin. Apoplexy A condition in which the brain’s Antitumoural Substance that acts against the function stops with loss of voluntary motion growth, development or spread of a tumour. and sense. Antitussive A substance that depresses coughing. Apoprotein The protein moiety of a molecule Antiulcerogenic An agent used to protect or complex, as of a lipoprotein. against the formation of ulcers or is used for Appendicitis Is a condition characterized by the treatment of ulcers. infl ammation of the appendix. Also called Antivenin An agent used against the venom of a epityphlitis. snake, spider or other venomous animal or Appetite Stimulant A substance to increase or insect. stimulate the appetite. Also called aperitif. Medical Glossary 969

APPT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythms that can Time) A blood test, a measure of the part of cause the heart to pump less effectively. Also the blood clotting pathway. called dysrhythmias. Apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) A major protein Arsenicosis See Arsenism. component of high - density lipoprotein (HDL) Arsenism An incommunicable disease resulting in plasma. The protein promotes cholesterol from the ingestion of groundwater containing effl ux from tissues to the liver for excretion. unsafe levels of arsenic, also known as Apolipoprotein B ( APOB) Is the primary apo- arsenicosis. lipoprotein of low-density lipoproteins (LDL Arteriogenic Erectile Dysfunction A penis or ‘bad cholesterol’), which is responsible for dysfunction caused by the narrowing of the carrying cholesterol to tissues. arteries in the penis, decreasing blood infl ow Apolipoprotein E (APOE) The apolipoprotein to it, thus making erection impossible. found on intermediate density lipoprotein and Arteriosclerosis Imprecise term for various dis- chylomicron that binds to a specifi c receptor orders of arteries, particularly hardening due on liver and peripheral cells. to fi brosis or calcium deposition, often used as Apoplexy Bleeding within internal organs. a synonym for atherosclerosis. Apoptogenic Ability to cause death of cells. Arthralgia Is pain in the joints from many pos- Apoptosis Death of cells. sible causes. Apurinic Lyase A DNA enzyme that catalyzes Arthritis Infl ammation of the joints of the body. a chemical reaction. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) A ligand- Arachidonate Cascade Includes the cyclooxy- activated transcription factor best known for genase (COX) pathway to form prostanoids mediating the toxicity of dioxin and other exog- and the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway to gen- enous contaminants and is responsible for their erate several oxygenated fatty acids, collec- toxic effects, including immunosuppression. tively called eicosanoids. ASAT or AST Aspartate aminotransferase; see ARE Antioxidant response element is a tran- Aspartate Transaminase. scriptional control element that mediates ASBT Apical sodium- dependent bile acid trans- expression of a set of antioxidant proteins. porter, belongs to the solute carrier family Aribofl avinosis A condition caused by the (SLC), of transporters and is an important car- dietary defi ciency of ribofl avin that is charac- rier protein expressed in the small intestine. terized by mouth lesions, seborrhoea and Ascaris A genus of parasitic intestinal round vascularization. worms. Aromatase An enzyme involved in the produc- Ascites Abnormal accumulation of fl uid within tion of oestrogen that acts by catalyzing the the abdominal or peritoneal cavity. conversion of testosterone (an androgen) to Ascorbic Acid See Vitamin C. estradiol (an oestrogen). Aromatase is located Aspartate Transaminase (AST) Also called in oestrogen-producing cells in the adrenal serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase glands, ovaries, placenta, testicles, adipose (SGOT) or aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) (fat) tissue and brain. and is similar to ALT in that it is another Aromatic Having a pleasant, fragrant odour. enzyme associated with liver parenchymal Aromatherapy A form of alternative medicine cells. It is increased in acute liver damage, but that uses volatile liquid plant materials, such is also present in red blood cells, and cardiac as essential oils and other scented compounds and skeletal muscle and is therefore not spe- from plants for the purpose of affecting a per- cifi c to the liver. son’s mood or health. Asphyxia Failure or suppression of the respira- ARPE-19 Cells A human retinal pigment epithe- tory process due to obstruction of air fl ow to lial cell line with differentiated properties. the lungs or to the lack of oxygen in inspired air. 970 Medical Glossary

Asphyxiation The process of undergoing Atherosclerosis The condition in which an asphyxia. artery wall thickens as the result of a buildup Asthenia A nonspecifi c symptom characterized of fatty materials such as cholesterol. by loss of energy and strength and feeling of Atherothrombosis Medical condition charac- weakness. terized by an unpredictable, sudden disruption Asthenopia Weakness or fatigue of the eyes, (rupture or erosion/fi ssure) of an atheroscle- usually accompanied by headache and dim- rotic plaque, which leads to platelet activation ming of vision. Adj. Asthenopic. and thrombus formation. Asthma A chronic illness involving the respira- Athymic Mice Laboratory mice lacking a thymus tory system in which the airway occasionally gland. constricts, becomes infl amed and is lined with Atonic Lacking normal tone or strength. excessive amounts of mucus, often in response Atony Insuffi cient muscular tone. to one or more triggers. Atopic Dermatitis An infl ammatory, nonconta- Astringent A substance that contracts blood gious, pruritic skin disorder of unknown aeti- vessels and certain body tissues (such as ology; often called eczema. mucous membranes) with the effect of reduc- Atresia A congenital medical condition in ing secretion and excretion of fl uids and/or which a body orifi ce or passage in the body is has a drying effect. abnormally closed or absent. Astrocytes Collectively called astroglia, are Atretic Follicle Follicular atresia is the break- characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the down of the ovarian follicles. brain and spinal cord. Atretic Ovarian Follicles An involuted or closed Ataxia (Loss of coordination) results from the ovarian follicle. degeneration of nerve tissue in the spinal cord Atrial Fibrillation Is the most common cardiac and of nerves that control muscle movement arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) and in the arms and legs. involves the two upper chambers (atria) of the Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-Related heart. Protein (ATR) Also known as serine/ Attention-Defi cit Hyperactivity Disorder threonine-protein kinase ATR and FRAP- (ADHD, ADD or AD/HD) Is a neurobehav- related protein 1 (FRP1), and is an enzyme ioural developmental disorder, primarily char- encoded by the ATR gene. It is involved in acterized by the coexistence of attentional sensing DNA damage and activating the DNA problems and hyperactivity. damage checkpoint, leading to cell cycle Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) Also arrest. called brainstem evoked response (BSER) is Atelectasis The collapse or of the lung an electrical signal evoked from the brainstem resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange. of a human by the presentation of a sound ATF-2 Activating transcription factor 2. such as a click. Athlete’s Foot A contagious skin disease caused Augmerosen A drug that may kill cancer cells by parasitic fungi affecting the foot and hands, by blocking the production of a protein that causing itching, blisters and cracking. Also makes cancer cells live longer. Also called called dermatophytosis. bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide. Atherogenic Having the capacity to start or Auricular Of or relating to the auricle or the ear accelerate the process of atherogenesis. in general. Atherogenesis The formation of lipid deposits Aurones [2-Benzylidenebenzofuran- 3(2H)- in the arteries. ones] are the secondary plant metabolites and Atheroma A deposit or degenerative accumula- is a subgroup of fl avonoids. See Flavonoids. tion of lipid-containing plaques on the inner- Autoantibodies Antibodies manufactured by most layer of the wall of an artery. the immune system that mistakenly target and Medical Glossary 971

damage specifi c tissues and organs of the Baroreceptor A type of interoceptor that is body. stimulated by pressure changes, as those in Autolysin An enzyme that hydrolyzes and blood vessel wall. destroys the components of a biological cell or Barrett’s Oesophagus (Barrett’s a tissue in which it is produced. Oesophagitis) A disorder in which the lining Autonomic Disorder A neurological disease in of the oesophagus is damaged by stomach which the autonomic nervous system ceases to acid. function properly. Basophil A type of white blood cell with coarse Autophagy Digestion of the cell contents by granules within the cytoplasm and a bilobate enzymes in the same cell. (two-lobed) nucleus. Autopsy Examination of a cadaver to determine Bax/Bad Proapoptotic proteins. or confi rm the cause of death. BCL-2 A family of apoptosis regulator proteins Avenanthramides Low molecular weight, solu- in humans encoded by the B cell lymphoma 2 ble phenolic compounds found in oats. (BCL-2) gene. Avidity Index Describes the collective interac- BCL-2 Antisense Oligonucleotide See tions between antibodies and a multivalent Augmereson. antigen. BCR/ABL A chimeric oncogene, from fusion Avulsed Teeth Is tooth that has been knocked out. of BCR and ABL cancer genes associated Ayurvedic Traditional Hindu system of medicine with chronic myelogenous leukaemia. based largely on homeopathy and naturopathy. Bechic A remedy or treatment of cough. Azoospermia Is the medical condition of a male Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis not having any measurable level of sperm in (BNST) Acts as a relay site within the his semen. hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and reg- Azotaemia A higher than normal blood level of ulate its activity in response to acute stress. urea or other nitrogen containing compounds Belching or Burping Refers to the noisy release in the blood. of air or gas from the stomach through the B Cell-Activating Factor (BAFF) Also called mouth. tumour necrosis factor ligand superfamily Beri- Beri Is a disease caused by a defi ciency of member 13B. It plays an important role in the thiamine (vitamin B 1 ) that affects many sys- proliferation and differentiation of B cells. tems of the body, including the muscles, heart, Babesia A protozoan parasite (malaria-like) of nerves and digestive system. the blood that causes a haemolytic disease Beta-Carotene Naturally occurring retinol known as Babesiosis. (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain Babesiosis Malaria-like parasitic disease caused fruits and vegetables with potential antineo- by Babesia, a genus of protozoal piroplasms. plastic and chemopreventive activities. As an Back Tonus Normal state of balanced tension in antioxidant, beta- carotene inhibits free radical the tissues of the back. damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell Bactericidal Lethal to bacteria. differentiation and apoptosis of some tumour Balanitis Is an infl ammation of the glans (head) cell types, particularly in early stages of of the penis. tumorigenesis, and enhances immune system BALB/c Mice Balb/c mouse was developed in activity by stimulating the release of natural 1923 by McDowell. It is a popular strain and killer cells, lymphocytes and monocytes. is used in many different research disciplines, Beta- Catenin Is a multifunctional oncogenic but most often in the production of monoclo- protein that contributes fundamentally to cell nal antibodies. development and biology; it has been impli- Balm Aromatic oily resin from certain trees and cated as an integral component in the Wnt sig- shrubs used in medicine. nalling pathway. 972 Medical Glossary

Beta Cells A type of cell in the pancreas in areas Blackhead See Comedone. called the islets of Langerhans. Blackwater Fever Dangerous complication of Beta-Glucans Polysaccharides of D -glucose malarial whereby the red blood cells burst in monomers linked by β-glycosidic bonds, the bloodstream (haemolysis) releasing hae- (1 → 3), (1 → 4)-β-D -glucan, soluble, viscous moglobin directly into the blood. component of fi bres found in cereals like oats. Blain See Chilblain. Beta-Lactamase Enzymes produced by some Blastocyst Blastocyst is an embryonic structure bacteria that are responsible for their resistance formed in the early embryogenesis of mam- to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins. mals, after the formation of the morula, but Beta-Thalassaemia An inherited blood disorder before implantation. that reduces the production of haemoglobin. Blastocystotoxic Agent that suppresses further BHT Butylated hydroxytoluene (phenolic com- development of the blastocyst through to the pound), an antioxidant used in foods, cosmet- ovum stage. ics, pharmaceuticals and petroleum products. Blebbing Bulging, e.g. membrane blebbing also Bifi dobacterium Is a genus of Gram-positive, called membrane bulging or ballooning. nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. Bleeding Diathesis Is an unusual susceptibility Bifi dobacteria are one of the major genera of to bleeding (haemorrhage) due to a defect in bacteria that make up the gut fl ora. Bifi dobacteria the system of coagulation. aid in digestion, are associated with a lower Blennorrhagia Gonorrhoea. incidence of allergies, and also prevent some Blennorrhoea Inordinate discharge of mucus, forms of tumour growth. Some bifi dobacteria especially a gonorrhoeal discharge from the are being used as probiotics. urethra or vagina. Bifi dogenic Promoting the growth of (benefi - Blepharitis Infl ammation of the eyelids. cial) bifi dobacteria in the intestinal tract. Blister Thin vesicle on the skin containing Bile Fluid secreted by the liver and discharged serum and caused by rubbing, friction or burn. into the duodenum where it is integral in the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) Is a separation of digestion and absorption of fats. circulating blood and cerebrospinal fl uid Bilharzia, Bilharziasis See Schistosomiasis. (CSF) in the central nervous system (CNS). It Biliary Relating to the bile or the organs in allows essential metabolites, such as oxygen which the bile is contained or transported. and glucose, to pass from the blood to the Biliary Infections Infection of organ(s) associ- brain and central nervous system (CNS) but ated with bile and comprises (a) acute blocks most molecules that are more massive cholecystitis, an acute infl ammation of the than about 500 Da. gallbladder wall, and (b) cholangitis, infl am- Boil Localized pyrogenic, painful infection, mation of the bile ducts. originating in a hair follicle. Biliousness Old term used in the eighteenth and Borborygmus Rumbling noise caused by the nineteenth centuries pertaining to bad diges- muscular contractions of peristalsis, the pro- tion, stomach pains, constipation and exces- cess that moves the contents of the stomach sive fl atulence. and intestines downward. Bilirubin A breakdown product of heme (a Bowman–Birk Inhibitors Type of serine pro- part of haemoglobin in red blood cells) pro- teinase inhibitor. duced by the liver that is excreted in bile Bouillon A broth in French cuisine. which causes a yellow discoloration of the Bradycardia As applied to adult medicine, is skin and eyes when it accumulates in those defi ned as a resting heart rate of under 60 organs. beats per minute. Biotin Also known as vitamin B7. See Vitamin B7. Bradyphrenia Referring to the slowness of Bitter A medicinal agent with a bitter and thought common to many disorders of the used as a tonic, alterative or appetizer. brain. Medical Glossary 973

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) A c-Jun I (Ser 73) Substrate of JNK-1 activated protein member of the neurotrophin family that by phosphorylation at Ser73. plays an important role in the growth, mainte- c-Jun II (Ser 63) Substrate of JNK-1 activated nance, function and survival of neurons. The by phosphorylation at Ser63. protein molecule is involved in the modulation c-Jun NH(2)-Terminal Kinase Enzymes that of cognitive and emotional functions and in the belong to the family of the MAPK superfam- treatment of a variety of mental disorders. ily of protein kinases. These kinases mediate a Bright’s Disease Chronic nephritis. plethora of cellular responses to such stressful Bronchial Infl ammation See Bronchitis. stimuli, including apoptosis and production of Bronchiectasis A condition in which the airways infl ammatory and immunoregulatory cyto- within the lungs (bronchial tubes) become kines in diverse cell systems. Cf. MAPK. damaged and widened. C-Reactive Protein A protein found in the Bronchitis Is an infl ammation of the main air blood, the levels of which rise in response to passages (bronchi) to the lungs. infl ammation. Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) A medical c- Src A cellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase. procedure in which a bronchoscope is passed CAAT Element-Binding Proteins-Alpha through the mouth or nose into the lungs and (c/EBP-akpha) Regulates gene expression fl uid is squirted into a small part of the lung in adipocytes in the liver. and then recollected for examination. Cachexia Physical wasting with loss of weight, Bronchopneumonia Or bronchial pneumonia; muscle atrophy, fatigue and weakness caused infl ammation of the lungs beginning in the ter- by disease. minal bronchioles. Caco-2 Cell Line A continuous line of hetero- Bronchopulmonary Relating to the bronchi geneous human epithelial colorectal adeno- and lungs. carcinoma cells. Bronchospasm Is a diffi culty in breathing Cadaver A dead body, corpse. 2 + caused by a sudden constriction of the mus- Ca ATPase (PMCA) Is a transport protein in cles in the walls of the bronchioles as occurs the plasma membrane of cells that serves to in asthma. remove calcium (Ca2 + ) from the cell. Brown Fat Brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mam- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) Is a mals; its primary function is to generate body 37-amino acid neuropeptide that is abundant heat in animals or newborns that do not shiver. in the sensory neurons which innervate bone. Bubo Infl amed, swollen lymph node in the neck Calcium (Ca) Is the most abundant mineral in or groin. the body found mainly in bones and teeth. It is Buccal Of or relating to the cheeks or the mouth required for muscle contraction, blood vessel cavity. expansion and contraction, secretion of hor- Bullae Blisters; circumscribed, fl uid-contain- mones and enzymes and transmission of ing, elevated lesions of the skin, usually more impulses throughout the nervous system. than 5 mm in diameter. Dietary sources include milk, yogurt, cheese, Bursa A fl uid-fi lled sac or saclike cavity situ- Chinese , kale, broccoli, some green ated in areas subjected to friction. leafy vegetables, fortifi ed cereals, beverages Bursitis Condition characterized by infl amma- and soybean products. tion of one or more bursae (small sacs) of Calcium ATPase Is a form of P-ATPase synovial fl uid in the body. which transfers calcium after a muscle has C Fibres Afferent fi bres found in the nerve of contracted. the somatic sensory system. Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) A class c-FOS A cellular proto-oncogene belonging to of drugs and natural substances that disrupt the immediate early gene family of transcrip- the calcium (Ca2+ ) conduction of calcium tion factors. channels. 974 Medical Glossary

Calciuria Abnormal presence of calcium in the mainly expressed on T cells of the immune urine. system, on and B cells and in Calculosis The tendency or deposition to form haematopoietic cells. calculi or stones. Carboxypeptidase An enzyme that hydrolyzes Calculus (Calculi) Hardened, mineral deposits the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a that can form a blockage in the urinary system. peptide bond. It is synthesized in the pancreas Calculi Infection Most calculi arise in the kid- and secreted into the small intestine. ney when urine becomes supersaturated with a Carbuncle Is an abscess larger than a boil, usu- that is capable of forming solid crystals. ally with one or more openings draining pus Symptoms arise as these calculi become onto the skin. impacted within the ureter as they pass Carcinogenesis Production of carcinomas. Adj. towards the urinary bladder. carcinogenic. Caligo Dimness or obscurity of sight, depen- Carcinoma Any malignant cancer that arises dent upon a speck on the cornea. from epithelial cells. Calmodulin Is a calcium- modulated protein Carcinosarcoma A rare tumour containing car- that can bind to and regulate a multitude of cinomatous and sarcomatous components. different protein targets, thereby affecting Cardiac Relating to, situated near or affecting many different cellular functions. the heart. cAMP- Dependent Pathway Cyclic adenosine Cardiac Asthma Acute attack of dyspnoea with monophosphate is a G protein-coupled recep- wheezing resulting from a cardiac disorder. tor triggered signalling cascade used in cell Cardiac Hypertrophy Is a thickening of the communication in living organisms. heart muscle (myocardium) resulting in a CAMP Factor Diffusible, heat-stable, extracel- decrease chamber size, including the left and lular protein produced by Group B right ventricles. Common causes of cardiac Streptococcus that enhances the haemolysis of hypertrophy include high blood pressure sheep erythrocytes by Staphylococcus aureus. (hypertension) and heart valve stenosis. It is named after Christie, Atkins and Munch- Cardialgia Heartburn. Peterson, who described it in 1944. Cardinolides Cardiac glycosides with a 5-mem- Campylobacteriosis Is a gastrointestinal dis- bered lactone ring in the side chain of the ste- ease (gastroenteritis) caused by bacteria roid aglycone. called Campylobacter which is frequently Cardinolide Glycoside Cardenolides that con- associated with the consumption of contami- tain structural groups derived from sugars. nated poultry. Cardioactive Having an effect on the heart. Cancer A malignant neoplasm or tumour in any Cardiogenic Shock Is characterized by a part of the body. decreased pumping ability of the heart that Candidiasis Infections caused by members of the causes a shock like state associated with an fungus genus Candida that range from superfi - inadequate circulation of blood due to primary cial, such as oral thrush and vaginitis, to sys- failure of the ventricles of the heart to function temic and potentially life-threatening diseases. effectively. Canker See Chancre. Cardiomyocytes Cardiac muscle cells. Cannabinoid Receptor Family Includes CB1 Cardiomyopathy Heart muscle disease. cannabinoid receptors found predominantly in Cardiopathy Disease or disorder of the heart. the brain and nervous system and CB2 cannabi- Cardioplegia Stopping the heart so that surgical noid receptors mainly associated with immune procedures can proceed in a still and bloodless tissues and expressed at low levels in the brain. fi eld. Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 (CB 2 Cardiotonic Something which strengthens, Receptor) A G protein-coupled receptor tones or regulates heart functions without from the cannabinoid receptor family that are overt stimulation or depression. Medical Glossary 975

Cardiovascular Pertaining to the heart and Catechins Are polyphenolic antioxidant plant blood vessels. metabolites. They belong to the family of fl a- Caries Tooth decay, commonly called cavities. vonoids; tea is a rich source of catechins. See Cariogenic Leading to the production of caries. Flavonoids. Carminative Substance that stops the formation Catecholamines Hormones that are released by of intestinal gas and helps expel gas that has the adrenal glands in response to stress. already formed, relieving fl atulence: relieving Cathartic Is a substance which accelerates fl atulence or colic by expelling gas. defecation. Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) Also Caustic Having a corrosive or burning effect. known as carnitine acyltransferase I or CAT1 Cauterization A medical term describing the is a mitochondrial enzyme, involved in con- burning of the body to remove or close a part verting long chain fatty acid into energy. of it. Carotenes Are a large group of intense red and Caveolae Tiny (50–100 nm) invaginations of yellow pigments found in all plants; these are the plasma membrane of the cell. hydrocarbon carotenoids (subclass of tetrater- CB-1 Receptor Cannabinoid receptor type 1 penes) and the principal carotene is beta-caro- held to be one of the most widely expressed G tene which is a precursor of vitamin A. protein-coupled receptors in the brain. Carotenoids A class of natural fat-soluble pig- cdc2 Kinase A member of the cyclin-dependent ments found principally in plants, belonging protein kinases (CDKs). to a subgroup of terpenoids containing eight CDKs Cyclin-dependent protein kinases, a fam- isoprene units forming a C40 polyene chain. ily of serine/threonine kinases that mediate Carotenoids play an important potential role many stages in mitosis. in human health by acting as biological anti- CD4T cell Helper T cell with CD4 receptor that oxidants. See also Carotenes. recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus- Carotenodermia Yellow skin discoloration infected cell and secretes lymphokines that caused by excess blood carotene. stimulate B cells and killer T cells. Carpopedal Spasm Spasm of the hand or foot CD28 Is one of the molecules expressed on or of the thumbs and great toes. T cells that provide co-stimulatory signals, Capases Cysteine-aspartic acid proteases, are a which are required for T cell (lymphocytes) family of cysteine proteases, which play activation. essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell CD31 Also known as PECAM-1 (platelet endo- death), necrosis and infl ammation. thelial cell adhesion molecule-1), a member of Catalase (CAT) Enzyme in living organism that the immunoglobulin superfamily, that medi- catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen per- ates cell-to-cell adhesion. oxide to water and oxygen. CD36 An integral membrane protein found on Catalepsy Indefi nitely prolonged maintenance the surface of many cell types in vertebrate of a fi xed body posture; seen in severe cases of animals. catatonic schizophrenia. CD40 An integral membrane protein found on Catamenia Menstruation. the surface of B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, Cataplasia Degenerative reversion of cells or follicular dendritic cells, haematopoietic pro- tissue to a less differentiated form. genitor cells, epithelial cells and carcinomas. Cataplasm A medicated poultice or plaster. A CD68 A glycoprotein expressed on monocytes/ soft moist mass, often warm and medicated, that macrophages which binds to low- density is spread over the skin to treat an infl amed, ach- lipoprotein. ing or painful area, to improve the circulation. Cecal Ligation tying up the caecum. Cataractogenesis Formation of cataracts. Celiac Disease An autoimmune disorder of the Catarrh, Catarrhal Infl ammation of the mucous small intestine, triggered in genetically sus- membranes especially of the nose and throat. ceptible individuals by ingested gluten from 976 Medical Glossary

wheat, rye, barley and other closely related Cerebrovascular Disease Is a group of brain cereal grains. Peptides resulting from partially dysfunctions related to disease of the blood digested gluten of wheat, barley or rye cause vessels supplying the brain. infl ammation of the small intestinal mucosa. Cerumen Ear wax, a yellowish waxy substance Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM) Glycoproteins secreted in the ear canal of humans and other located on the surface of cell membranes mammals. involved with binding of other cells or with cFLIP Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein, an the extracellular matrix. inhibitor of death ligand-induced apoptosis. Cellular Respiration Is the set of the metabolic cGMP Cyclic guanosine monophosphate is a reactions and processes that take place in cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine tri- organisms’ cells to convert biochemical phosphate (GTP). cGMP is a common regula- energy from nutrients into adenosine triphos- tor of ion channel conductance, glycogenolysis phate (ATP) and then release waste products. and cellular apoptosis. It also relaxes smooth The reactions involved in respiration are cata- muscle tissues. bolic reactions that involve the oxidation of CGRP Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide A one molecule and the reduction of another. vasodilator neuropeptide that is expressed in a Cellulitis A bacterial infection of the skin that subgroup of small neurons in the dorsal root, tends to occur in areas that have been dam- trigeminal and vagal ganglia. This neuropep- aged or infl amed. tide has been postulated to play a role in the Central Nervous System Part of the vertebrate pathophysiology of migraine. nervous system comprising the brain and spi- Chalcones A subgroup of fl avonoids. nal cord. Chancre A painless lesion formed during the Central Venous Catheter A catheter placed primary stage of syphilis. into the large vein in the neck, chest or groin. Chemoembolization A procedure in which the Cephalalgia Pain in the head, a headache. blood supply to the tumour is blocked surgi- Cephalic Relating to the head. cally or mechanically and anticancer drugs are Ceramide Oligosides Oligosides with an administered directly into the tumour. N-acetyl-sphingosine moiety. Are chemotactic cytokines, which Cercariae A free-swimming larva of the para- stimulate migration of infl ammatory cells sitic schistosome worm that has a tail and towards tissue sites of infl ammation. suckers on its head for penetration into a host. Chemonociceptors Nociceptors or sensory Cerebral Embolism A blockage of blood fl ow peripheral neurons that are sensitive to chemi- through a vessel in the brain by a blood clot cal stimuli. that formed elsewhere in the body and trav- Chemosensitizer A drug that makes tumour cells elled to the brain. more sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy. Cerebral Ischaemia Is the localized reduction Chemosis Oedema of the conjunctiva of the of blood fl ow to the brain or parts of the eye. brain due to arterial obstruction or systematic Chickenpox Is also known as varicella and is hyperfusion. a highly contagious illness caused by pri- Cerebral Infarction Is the ischemic kind of mary infection with varicella zoster virus stroke due to a disturbance in the blood ves- (VZV). The virus causes red, itchy bumps on sels supplying blood to the brain. the body. Cerebral Tonic Substance that can alleviate Chilblains Small, itchy, painful lumps that poor concentration and memory, restlessness, develop on the skin. They develop as an abnor- uneasiness and insomnia. mal response to cold. Also called perniosis or Cerebrosides Are glycosphingolipids which are blain. important components in animal muscle and Chlorosis Iron defi ciency anaemia character- nerve cell membranes. ized by greenish yellow colour. Medical Glossary 977

Cholagogue Is a medicinal agent which promotes chromium defi ciency. It is found in cereals, the discharge of bile from the system. legumes, nuts and animal sources. Cholecalciferol A form of vitamin D, also Chromoblastomycosis A chronic fungal infec- called vitamin D3. See Vitamin D. tion of the skin and the subcutaneous tissue Cholecyst Gall bladder. caused by traumatic inoculation of a specifi c Cholecystitis Infl ammation of the gall bladder. group of dematiaceous fungi (such as Fonsecaea Cholecystokinin A peptide hormone that plays pedrosoi , Phialophora verrucosa , Fonsecaea a key role in facilitating digestion in the small compacta ) through the skin. intestine. Chromosome Long pieces of DNA found in the Cholera An infectious gastroenteritis caused by centre (nucleus) of cells. enterotoxin-producing strains of the bacte- Chronic Persisting over extended periods. rium Vibrio cholera and characterized by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease severe, watery diarrhoea. (COPD) A progressive disease that makes it Choleretic Stimulation of the production of bile hard to breathe. by the liver. Chronic Venous Insuffi ciency (CVI) A med- Cholestasis A condition caused by rapidly ical condition where the veins cannot pump developing (acute) or long-term (chronic) enough oxygen-poor blood back to the interruption in the excretion of bile from the heart. liver to the duodenum. Chyle A milky bodily fl uid consisting of lymph Cholesterol A soft, waxy, steroid substance and emulsifi ed fats or free fatty acids. found among the lipids (fats) in the blood- Chylomicrons Are large lipoprotein particles stream and in all our body’s cells. that transport dietary lipids from the intestines Cholethiasis Presence of gall stones (calculi) in to other locations in the body. Chylomicrons the gall bladder. are one of the fi ve major groups of lipopro- Choline A water- soluble, organic compound, teins (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL) usually grouped within the vitamin B com- that enable fats and cholesterol to move within plex. It is an essential nutrient and is needed the water-based solution of the bloodstream. for physiological functions such as structural Chylorus Milky (having fat emulsion). integrity and signalling roles for cell mem- Chyluria Also called chylous urine, is a medi- branes, cholinergic neurotransmission (acetyl- cal condition involving the presence of chyle choline synthesis). (emulsifi ed fat) in the urine stream, which Cholinergic Activated by or capable of liberat- results in urine appearing milky. ing acetylcholine, especially in the parasym- Chymase Member of the family of serine prote- pathetic nervous system. ases found primarily in mast cell. Cholinergic System A system of nerve cells Chymopapain An enzyme derived from papaya, that uses acetylcholine in transmitting nerve used in medicine and to tenderize meat. impulses. Cicatrizant The term used to describe a product Cholinomimetic Having an action similar that promotes healing through the formation to that of acetylcholine. Also called of scar tissue. parasympathomimetic. C-Kit Receptor A protein-tyrosine kinase Chonotropic Affecting the time or rate, as the receptor that is specifi c for stem cell factor. rate of contraction of the heart. This interaction is crucial for the development Choriocarcinoma A quick-growing malignant, of haematopoietic, gonadal and pigment stem trophoblastic, aggressive cancer that occurs in cells. a woman’s uterus (womb). Cirrhosis Chronic liver disease characterized Chromium (Cr) Is required in trace amounts by replacement of liver tissue by fi brous scar in humans for sugar and lipid metabolism. tissue and regenerative nodules/lumps leading Its defi ciency may cause a disease called progressively to loss of liver function. 978 Medical Glossary

Clastogen Is an agent that can cause one of two Coma A state of unconsciousness from which a types of structural changes and breaks in chro- patient cannot be aroused. mosomes that result in the gain, loss or rear- Comedone A blocked, open sebaceous gland rangements of chromosomal segments. Adj. where the secretions oxidize, turning black. clastogenic. Also called blackhead. Claudication Limping, impairment in walking. Comitogen Agent that is considered not to Climacterium Refers to menopause and the induce cell growth alone but to promote the bodily and mental changes associated with it. effect of the mitogen. Clonic Seizures Consist of rhythmic jerking Concoction A combination of crude ingredients movements of the arms and legs, sometimes that is prepared or cooked together. on both sides of the body. Condyloma, Condylomata Acuminata Genital Clonus A series of involuntary muscular con- warts, venereal warts, anal wart or anogenital tractions and relaxations. wart, a highly contagious sexually transmitted Clyster Enema. infection caused by epidermotropic human C-Myc Codes for a protein that binds to the papillomavirus (HPV). DNA of other genes and is therefore a tran- Conglutination Becoming stuck together. scription factor. Conjunctival Hyperaemia Enlarged blood ves- CNS Depressant Anything that depresses, or sels in the eyes. slows, the sympathetic impulses of the cen- Conjunctivitis Sore, red and sticky eyes caused tral nervous system (i.e. respiratory rate, by eye infection. heart rate). Constipation A very common gastrointestinal Coagulopathy A defect in the body’s mecha- disorder characterized by the passing of hard, nism for blood clotting, causing susceptibility dry bowel motions (stools) and diffi culty of to bleeding. bowel motion. Cobalamin Vitamin B12. See Vitamin B12. Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR, Cocarcinogen A chemical that promotes the NR113) Is a nuclear receptor transcription effects of a carcinogen in the production of factor that regulates drug metabolism and cancer. homoeostasis. Cold An acute infl ammation of the mucous Consumption Term used to describe wasting membrane of the respiratory tract especially of tissues including but not limited to of the nose and throat caused by a virus and tuberculosis. accompanied by sneezing and coughing. Consumptive Affl icted with or associated with Collagen Protein that is the major constituent of pulmonary tuberculosis. cartilage and other connective tissue; com- Contraceptive An agent that reduces the likeli- prises the amino acids hydroxyproline, pro- hood of or prevents conception. line, glycine and hydroxylysine. Contraindication A condition which makes a Collagenases Enzymes that break the peptide particular treatment or procedure inadvisable. bonds in collagen. Contralateral Muscle Muscle of opposite limb Colic A broad term which refers to episodes of (leg or arm). uncontrollable, extended crying in a baby who Contralateral Rotation Rotation occurring is otherwise healthy and well fed. or originating in a corresponding part on an Colitis Infl ammatory bowel disease affecting opposite side. the tissue that lines the gastrointestinal Contusion Another term for a bruise. A bruise, system. or contusion, is caused when blood vessels are Collyrium A lotion or liquid wash used as a damaged or broken as the result of a blow to cleanser for the eyes, particularly in diseases the skin. of the eye. Convulsant A drug or physical disturbance that Colorectal Relating to the colon or rectum. induces convulsion. Medical Glossary 979

Convulsion Rapid and uncontrollable shaking CpG Sites The cytosine-phosphate-guanine of the body. nucleotide that links two nucleosides together Coolant That which reduces body temperature. in DNA. Copper (Cu) Is essential in all plants and animals. cPLA(2) Cytosolic phospholipases A2; these It is found in a variety of enzymes, including phospholipases are involved in cell signalling the copper centres of cytochrome C oxidase and processes, such as infl ammatory response. the enzyme superoxide dismutase (containing CPY1B1, CPY1A1 A member of the cyto- copper and zinc). In addition to its enzymatic chrome P450 superfamily of heme-thiolate roles, copper is used for biological electron monooxygenase enzymes. transport. Because of its role in facilitating iron Corticosterone A 21-carbon corticosteroid hor- uptake, copper defi ciency can often produce mone produced in the cortex of the adrenal anaemia-like symptoms. Dietary sources include glands that functions in the metabolism of car- , mushroom, nuts, seeds, wheat bohydrates and proteins. germ, whole grains and animal meat. Creatine A nitrogenous organic acid that occurs Copulation To engage in coitus or sexual inter- naturally in vertebrates and helps to supply course. Adj. copulatory. energy to muscle. Cordial A preparation that is stimulating to the Creatine Hosphokinase (CPK, CK) Enzyme heart. that catalyzes the conversion of creatine and Corn Or callus is a patch of hard, thickened skin consumes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to on the foot that is formed in response to pres- create phosphocreatine and adenosine diphos- sure or friction. phate (ADP). Corpora Lutea A yellow, progesterone-secret- CREB cAMP response element binding, a pro- ing body that forms from an ovarian follicle tein that is a transcription factor that binds to after the release of a mature egg. certain DNA sequences called cAMP response Corticosteroids A class of steroid hormones that elements. are produced in the adrenal cortex, used clini- Crohn’s Disease An infl ammatory disease of cally for hormone replacement therapy, for sup- the intestines that affect any part of the gastro- pressing ACTH secretion, for suppression of intestinal tract. immune response and as antineoplastic, anti- Crossover Study A longitudinal, balance study allergic and antiinfl ammatory agents. in which participants receive a sequence of Corticosterone A 21-carbon steroid hormone different treatments or exposures. of the corticosteroid type produced in the cor- Croup Is an infection of the throat (larynx) and tex of the adrenal glands. windpipe (trachea) that is caused by a virus. Cortisol Is a corticosteroid hormone made by Also called laryngotracheobronchitis. the adrenal glands. Cryptococcal Meningitis A fungal infection of Cornifi cation Is the process of forming an epi- the membranes covering the brain and spinal dermal barrier in stratifi ed squamous epithe- cord (meninges). lial tissue. Crytorchidism (Cryptorchism) A develop- Coryza A word describing the symptoms of a mental defect characterized by the failure of head cold. It describes the infl ammation of the one or both testes to move into the scrotum as mucus membranes lining the nasal cavity the male foetus develops. which usually gives rise to the symptoms of Curettage Surgical procedure in which a body nasal congestion and loss of smell, among cavity or tissue is scraped with a sharp instru- other symptoms. ment or aspirated with a cannula. COX- 1 See Cyclooxygenase-1. Cutaneous Pertaining to the skin. COX-2 See Cyclooxygenase-2. CXC8 Also known as interleukin 8, IL-8. CpG Islands Genomic regions that contain a Cyanogenesis Generation of cyanide. Adj. high frequency of CpG sites. cyanogenetic. 980 Medical Glossary

Cyclooxygenase (COX) An enzyme that is D -Galactosamine An amino sugar with unique responsible for the formation of prostanoids— hepatotoxic properties in animals. prostaglandins, prostacyclins and thrombox- Dandruff Scurf, dead, scaly skin among the hair. anes that are each involved in the infl ammatory Dartre Condition of dry, scaly skin. response. Two different COX enzymes existed, Debility Weakness, relaxation of muscular fi bre. now known as COX-1 and COX-2. Debridement Is the process of removing non- Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) Is known to be living tissue from pressure ulcers, burns and present in most tissues. In the gastrointestinal other wounds. tract, COX-1 maintains the normal lining of Debriding Agent Substance that cleans and the stomach. The enzyme is also involved in treats certain types of wounds, burns and kidney and platelet function. ulcers. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Is primarily pres- Deciduogenic Relating to the uterus lining that ent at sites of infl ammation. is shed off at childbirth. Cysteine Proteases Are enzymes that degrade Deciduoma Decidual tissue induced in the uterus polypeptides possessing a common catalytic (as by trauma) in the absence of pregnancy. mechanism that involves a nucleophilic cys- Deciduomata Plural of deciduoma. teine thiol in a catalytic triad. They are Decidual Stromal Cells Like endometrial found in fruits like papaya, pineapple and glands and endothelium, express integrins that kiwifruit. bind basement components. Cystitis A common urinary tract infection Decoction A medical preparation made by boil- that occurs when bacteria travel up the ure- ing the ingredients. thra, infect the urine and infl ame the bladder Decongestant A substance that relieves or lining. reduces nasal or bronchial congestion. Cystorrhoea Discharge of mucus from the Deep Venous Thrombosis Is a blood clot that bladder. forms in a vein deep inside a part of the body. Cytochrome bc-1 Complex Ubihydroquinone: Defi brinated Plasma Blood whose plasma com- cytochrome c oxidoreductase. ponent has had fi brinogen and fi brin removed. Cytochrome P450 3A CYP3A A very large Degranulation Cellular process that releases and diverse superfamily of heme-thiolate pro- antimicrobial cytotoxic molecules from secre- teins found in all domains of life. This group tory vesicles called granules found inside some of enzymes catalyzes many reactions involved cells. in drug metabolism and synthesis of choles- Delayed Afterdepolarizations (DADs) Abnormal terol, steroids and other lipids. depolarization that begins during phase 4, after Non-antibody proteins secreted by repolarization is completed but before another certain cells of the immune system which action potential would normally occur. carry signals locally between cells. They are a Delirium Is common, sudden severe confusion category of signalling molecules that are used and rapid changes in brain function that occur extensively in cellular communication. with physical or mental illness; it is reversible Cytopathic Any detectable, degenerative changes and temporary. in the host cell due to infection. Demulcent An agent that soothes internal mem- Cytoprotective Protecting cells from noxious branes. Also called emollient. chemicals or other stimuli. Dendritic Cells Are immune cells and form part Cytosolic Relates to the fl uid of the cytoplasm of the mammalian immune system, function- in cells. ing as antigen presenting cells. Cytostatic Preventing the growth and prolifera- Dentition A term that describes all of the upper tion of cells. and lower teeth collectively. Cytotoxic Of or relating to substances that are Deobstruent A medicine which removes toxic to cells, cell-killing. obstructions. Also called an aperient. Medical Glossary 981

Deoxypyridinoline (DPD) A cross-link product Diabetes Mellitus Type II Formerly called of collagen molecules found in bone and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or excreted in urine during bone degradation. adult-onset diabetes, the disorder is character- Depilatory An agent for removing or destroy- ized by high blood glucose in the context of ing hair. insulin resistance and relative insulin defi - Depressant A substance that diminish func- ciency in which insulin is available but cannot tional activity, usually by depressing the ner- be properly utilized. vous system. Diabetic Neuropathy A neuropathic disorder Depurative An agent used to cleanse or purify that is associated with diabetes mellitus. It the blood; it eliminates toxins and purifi es the affects all peripheral nerves including pain system. fi bres, motor neurons and the autonomic ner- Dermatitis Infl ammation of the skin causing vous system. discomfort such as eczema. Diabetic Retinopathy Damage to the retina Dermatitis Herpetiformis An autoimmune caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, chronic blistering skin disorder characterized which can eventually lead to blindness. by blisters fi lled with a watery fl uid. Dialysis Is a method of removing toxic sub- Dermatophyte A fungus parasitic on the skin. stances (impurities or wastes) from the blood Dermatosis Is a broad term that refers to any when the kidneys are unable to do so. disease of the skin, especially one that is not Diaphoresis Is profuse sweating commonly accompanied by infl ammation. associated with shock and other medical Dermonecrotic Pertaining to or causing necro- emergency conditions. sis of the skin. Diaphoretic A substance that induces perspira- Desquamation The shedding of the outer layers tion. Also called sudorifi c . of the skin. Diaphyseal Pertaining to or affecting the shaft Desquamative Gingivitis Red, painful, glazed of a long bone (diaphysis). and friable gingivae which may be a manifes- Diaphysis The main or midsection (shaft) of a tation of some mucocutaneous conditions long bone. such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous Diarrhoea A profuse, frequent and loose dis- disorders. charge from the bowels. Detoxifi er A substance that promotes the Diastolic Referring to the time when the heart is removal of toxins from a system or organ. in a period of relaxation and dilatation (expan- Diabetes A metabolic disorder associated with sion). Cf . systolic. inadequate secretion or utilization of insulin Dieresis Surgical separation of parts. and characterized by frequent urination and Dietary Fibre Is a term that refers to a group persistent thirst. See Diabetes mellitus. of food components that pass through the Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Sometimes called ‘sugar stomach and small intestine undigested and diabetes’ is a set of chronic, metabolic disease reach the large intestine virtually unchanged. conditions characterized by high blood sugar Scientifi c evidence suggests that a diet high in (glucose) levels that result from defects in insu- dietary fi bre can be of value for treating or pre- lin secretion, or action, or both. Diabetes melli- venting such disorders as constipation, irrita- tus appears in two forms. ble bowel syndrome, diverticular disease, Diabetes Mellitus Type I Formerly known as hiatus hernia and haemorrhoids. Some com- juvenile onset diabetes, it is caused by defi - ponents of dietary fi bre may also be of value ciency of the pancreatic hormone insulin as a in reducing the level of cholesterol in blood result of destruction of insulin- producing beta and thereby decreasing a risk factor for coro- cells of the pancreas. Lack of insulin causes an nary heart disease and the development of increase of fasting blood glucose that begins to gallstones. Dietary fi bre is benefi cial in the appear in the urine above the renal threshold. treatment of some diabetics. 982 Medical Glossary

Digalactosyl Diglycerides Are the major lipid Dracunculiasis Also called guinea worm disease components of chloroplasts. (GWD), is a parasitic infection caused by the Diosgenin A steroid-like substance that is involved nematode, Dracunculus medinensis . in the production of the hormone progesterone, Dropsy An old term for the swelling of soft tis- extracted from roots of Dioscorea yam. sues due to the accumulation of excess water. Dipsia Sensation of dryness in the mouth and Adj. dropsical. throat related to a desire to drink. Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes Play central roles Dipsomania Pathological use of alcohol. in the biotransformation, metabolism and/or Discutient An agent (as a medicinal applica- detoxifi cation of xenobiotics or foreign com- tion) which serves to disperse morbid matter. pounds that are introduced to the human body. Disinfectant An agent that prevents the spread of Drusen Tiny yellow or white deposits of extra- infection, bacteria or communicable disease. cellular materials in the retina of the eye or on Distal Sensory Polyneuropathy (DSPN) Or the optic nerve head. peripheral neuropathy is the most common DT-Diaphorase Also called DTD or NAD(P) neurological problem in HIV disease. DSPN H:quinone oxidoreductase, is an obligate two- also represents a complex symptom that electron reductase which bioactivates chemo- occurs because of peripheral nerve damage therapeutic quinones. related to advanced HIV disease. Dyads Two adjacent structural units in a poly- Diuresis Increased urination. mer molecule. Diuretic A substance that increases urination Dysaesthesia An unpleasant abnormal sensa- (diuresis). tion produced by normal stimuli. Diverticular Disease Is a condition affecting Dysentery Formerly known as fl ux or the the large bowel or colon and is thought to be bloody fl ux, is a disorder of the digestive sys- caused by eating too little fi bre. tem that results in severe diarrhoea containing DMBA 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene. A poly- mucus and blood in the faeces. It is caused cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco usually by a bacterium called Shigella . smoke that is a potent carcinogen. Dysgeusia Distortion of the sense of taste. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid. A nucleic acid Dyshomeostasis An imbalance or other break- that contains the genetic instructions used in down of a homeostasis system. the development and functioning of all known Dyskinesia The impairment of the power of vol- living organisms. untary movement, resulting in fragmentary or DOCA Deoxycorticosterone acetate. A steroid incomplete movements. Adj. dyskinetic. chemical used as replacement therapy in Dyslipidaemia Abnormality in or abnormal Addison’s disease. amount of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood. Dopamine A catecholamine neurotransmitter Dysmenorrhoea Is a menstrual condition char- that occurs in a wide variety of animals, acterized by severe and frequent menstrual including both vertebrates and invertebrates. cramps and pain associated with menstruation. Dopaminergic Relating to or activated by the Dysmotility Syndrome A vague, descriptive neurotransmitter, dopamine. term used to describe diseases of the muscles Double Blind Refer to a clinical trial or experi- of the gastrointestinal tract (oesophagus, ment in which neither the subject nor the stomach, small and large intestines). researcher knows which treatment any partic- Dyspareunia Painful sexual intercourse. ular subject is receiving. Dyspedia Indigestion followed by nausea. Douche A localized spray of liquid directed into Dyspepsia Refers to a symptom complex of epi- a body cavity or onto a part. gastric pain or discomfort. It is often defi ned as DPPH 2,2 - Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl. A crys- chronic or recurrent discomfort centred in the talline, stable free radical used as an inhibitor upper abdomen and can be caused by a variety of free radical reactions. of conditions. Cf. functional dyspepsia. Medical Glossary 983

Dysphagia Swallowing disorder. Eczematous Rash Dry, scaly, itchy rash. Dysphonia A voice disorder and an impairment ED 50 Is defi ned as the dose producing a in the ability to produce voice sounds using response that is 50 % of the maximum the vocal organs. obtainable. Dysplasia Refers to abnormality in development. EGFR Proteins Epidermal growth factor recep- Dyspnoea Shortness of breath; diffi culty in tor (EGFR) proteins. Protein kinases are breathing. enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from Dysrhythmias See Arrhythmias. a phosphate donor onto an acceptor amino Dystocia Abnormal or diffi cult childbirth or acid in a substrate protein. labour. EGR-1 Early growth response 1, a human gene. Dystonia A neurological movement disorder Eicosanoids Are signalling molecules made by characterized by prolonged, repetitive muscle oxygenation of arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon contractions that may cause twisting or - essential fatty acid, includes prostaglandins ing movements of muscles. and related compounds. Dysuria Refers to diffi cult and painful Elastase A serine protease that also hydrolyzes urination. amides and esters. E-Selectin Also known as endothelial leukocyte Electrocardiography Or ECG is a transtho- adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), CD62E, a racic interpretation of the electrical activity of member of the selectin family. It is transiently the heart over time captured and externally expressed on vascular endothelial cells in recorded by skin electrodes. response to IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. Electromyogram (EMG) A test used to EC 50 Median effective concentration that pro- record the electrical activity of muscles. An duces desired effects in 50 % of the test electromyogram (EMG) is also called a population. myogram. Ecbolic A drug (as an ergot alkaloid) that tends Electuary A medicinal paste composed of pow- to increase uterine contractions and that is ders, or other medical ingredients, incorpo- used especially to facilitate delivery. rated with sweeteners to hide the taste, suitable Ecchymosis Skin discoloration caused by the for oral administration. escape of blood into the tissues from ruptured Elephantiasis A disorder characterized by blood vessels. chronic thickened and oedematous tissue on ECG See Electrocardiography. the genitals and legs due to various causes. EC–SOD Extracellular superoxide dismutase. A Embrocation Lotion or liniment that relieves tissue enzyme mainly found in the extracellular muscle or joint pains. matrix of tissues. It participates in the detoxifi - Embryonation Formation of embryo in the egg. cation of reactive oxygen species by catalyzing Embryotoxic Term that describes any chemical the dismutation of superoxide radicals. which is harmful to an embryo. Ectopic Heartbeats Small changes in an other- Emesis Vomiting, throwing up. wise normal heartbeat that lead to extra or Emetic An agent that induces vomiting. Cf . skipped heartbeats. antiemetic. Ectrodactyly Involves the absence of one or Emetocathartic Causing vomiting and purging. more central digits of the hand or foot. Emmenagogue A substance that stimulates, Eczema Is broadly applied to a range of persis- initiates and/or promotes menstrual fl ow. tent skin conditions. These include dryness Emmenagogues are used in herbal medicine and recurring skin rashes which are character- to balance and restore the normal function of ized by one or more of these symptoms: red- the female reproductive system. ness, skin oedema, itching and dryness, Emollient An agent that has a protective and crusting, fl aking, blistering, cracking, oozing soothing action on the surfaces of the skin and or bleeding. membranes. 984 Medical Glossary

Emphysema A long-term, progressive disease Endothelin Any of a group of vasoconstrictive of the lungs that primarily causes shortness of peptides produced by endothelial cells that con- breath. strict blood vessels and raise blood pressure. Emulsion A preparation formed by the suspen- Endotoxemia The presence of endotoxins in the sion of very fi nely divided oily or resinous liq- blood, which may result in shock. Adj . uid in another liquid. endotoxemic. Encephalitis Infl ammation of the brain. Endotoxin Toxins associated with certain bac- Encephalocele Protrusion of brain tissue teria, unlike an ‘exotoxin’ that is not secreted through a congenital fi ssure in the skull. in soluble form by live bacteria, but is a struc- Encephalomalacia Cerebral softening, a local- tural component in the bacteria which is ized softening of the brain substance, due to released mainly when bacteria are lysed. haemorrhage or infl ammation. Enema Liquid injected into the rectum either as Encephalopathy A disorder or disease of the a purgative or medicine. Also called clyster. brain. Enophthalmos A condition in which the eye Endocrine Adj. of or relating to endocrine falls back into the socket and inhibits proper glands or the hormones secreted by them. eyelid function. Endocytosis Is the process by which cells Enteral Term used to describe the intestines or absorb material (molecules such as proteins) other parts of the digestive tract. from outside the cell by engulfi ng it with their Enteralgia Pain in the intestines; intestinal colic. cell membrane. Enteral Administration Involves the oesopha- Endometrial Cancer Cancer that arises in the gus, stomach and small and large intestines endometrium, the lining of the uterus (womb). (i.e. the gastrointestinal tract). Endometriosis Is a common and often painful Enteritis Refers to infl ammation of the small disorder of the female reproductive system in intestine. which the endometrium, the tissue that nor- Enterocolic Disorder Infl amed bowel disease. mally lines the womb (uterus), grows outside Enterocytes Tall columnar cells in the small the uterus. The two most common symptoms intestinal mucosa that are responsible for the of endometriosis are pain and infertility. fi nal digestion and absorption of nutrients. Endometritis Refers to infl ammation of the Enterohaemorrhagic Causing bloody diar- endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. rhoea and colitis, said of pathogenic Endometrium The inner lining of the uterus. microorganisms. Endoplasmic Reticulum Is a network of Enterohepatonephropathy Hepatorenal tubules, vesicles and sacs around the nucleus lesions accompanied by renal failure. that are interconnected. Enterolactone A lignin formed by the action of Endostatin A naturally occurring 20-kDa intestinal bacteria on lignan precursors found C-terminal protein fragment derived from type in plants; acts as a phytoestrogen. XVIII collagen. It is reported to serve as an anti- Enteropooling Increased fl uids and electrolytes angiogenic agent that inhibits the formation of within the lumen of the intestines due to the blood vessels that feed cancer tumours. increased levels of prostaglandins. Endosteum The thin layer of cells lining the Enterotoxigenic Of or being an organism con- medullary cavity of a bone. taining or producing an enterotoxin. Endosteal Pertaining to the endosteum. Enterotoxin Is a protein toxin released by a Endothelial Progenitor Cells Population of microorganism in the intestine. rare cells that circulate in the blood with the Entheogen A substance taken to induce a spiri- ability to differentiate into endothelial cells, tual experience. the cells that make up the lining of blood Enuresis Bed-wetting, a disorder of elimination vessels. that involves the voluntary or involuntary Medical Glossary 985

release of urine into bedding, clothing or other It is also associated with various types of inappropriate places. human cancers. Envenomation Is the entry of venom into a per- ERbeta Oestrogen receptor beta. A nuclear son’s body, and it may cause localized or sys- receptor which is activated by the sex hor- temic poisoning. mone, oestrogen. Eosinophilia The state of having a high concen- Ergocalciferol A form of vitamin D. Also called tration of eosinophils (eosinophil granulo- vitamin D2. See Vitamin D. cytes) in the blood. Ergonic Increasing capacity for bodily or men- Eosinophils Or, less commonly, acidophils, are tal labour, especially by eliminating fatigue white blood cells that are one of the immune symptoms. system components. ERK (Extracellular Signal-Regulated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Kinases) Widely expressed protein kinase (EGFR) Belongs to the ErbB family of intracellular signalling molecules which are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). EGFR are involved in functions including the regula- involved in the pathogenesis and progression tion of meiosis, mitosis and postmitotic of different carcinoma types. functions in differentiated cells. Epididymis A structure within the scrotum Eructation The act of belching or of casting up attached to the backside of the testis and wind from the stomach through the mouth. whose coiled duct provides storage, transit Eruption A visible rash or cutaneous disruption. and maturation of spermatozoa. Erysipelas Is an intensely red Streptococcus Epididymitis A medical condition in which bacterial infection that occurs on the face and there is infl ammation of the epididymis. lower extremities. Epigastralgia Pain in the epigastric region. Erythema Abnormal redness and infl ammation Epigastric Discomfort Bloated abdomen, swell- of the skin, due to vasodilation. ing of abdomen and abdominal distension. Erythema Multiforme Is a skin disorder due to Epilepsy A common chronic neurological dis- an allergic reaction or infection; it is charac- order that is characterized by recurrent unpro- terized by fever, general ill feeling, skin itch- voked seizures. ing, joint aches and multiple skin lesions. Epileptiform Resembling epilepsy or its mani- Erythematous Characterized by erythema. festations. Adj. epileptiformic. Erythroleukoplakia An abnormal patch of red Epileptogenesis A process by which a normal and white tissue that forms on mucous mem- brain develops epilepsy, a chronic condition in branes in the mouth and may become cancer. which seizures occur. Adj . epileptogenic. Tobacco (smoking and chewing) and alcohol Episiotomy A surgical incision through the may increase the risk of erythroleukoplakia. perineum made to enlarge the vagina and Erythropoietin (EPO) A hormone produced assist childbirth. by the kidney that promotes the formation Epithelioma A usually benign skin disease of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the bone most commonly occurring on the face, around marrow. the eyelids and on the scalp. Eschar A slough or piece of dead tissue that is Epitope A single antigenic site on a protein cast off from the surface of the skin. against which an antibody reacts. Escharotic Capable of producing an eschar; a Epitrochlearis The superfi cial-most muscle of caustic or corrosive agent. the arm anterior surface. Estradiol Is the predominant sex hormone pres- Epistaxis Acute haemorrhage from the nostril, ent in females. Also called oestradiol. nasal cavity or nasopharynx (nosebleed). Euglycaemia Normal blood glucose Epstein–Barr Virus Herpes virus that is the concentration. causative agent of infectious mononucleosis. Eupeptic Conducive to digestion. 986 Medical Glossary

Exanthematous Characterized by or of the death cell surface receptors and mediates nature of an eruption or rash. apoptotic signals. Excitotoxicity Is the pathological process by Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) Is an which neurons are damaged and killed by glu- inherited condition in which numerous polyps tamate and similar substances. form mainly in the epithelium of the large Excipient A pharmacologically inert substance intestine. used as a diluent or vehicle for the active Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy (FAP) Also ingredients of a medication. called Corino de Andrade’s disease, a neuro- Exfoliative Cheilitis Is a reactive process, in degenerative autosomal dominant genetically which upper, lower or both lips become chron- transmitted, fatal, incurable disease. ically infl amed, crusted and sometimes Familial Dysautonomia A genetic disorder that fi ssured. affects the development and survival of auto- Exocytosis The cellular process by which nomic and sensory nerve cells. cells excrete waste products or chemical Fanconi Syndrome Is a disease of the proximal transmitters. renal tubes which certain substances normally Exophthalmos or Exophthalmia or absorbed into the bloodstream by the kidneys Proptosis Is a bulging of the eye anteriorly are released into the urine instead. out of the orbit. Adj. exophthalmic. FasL or CD95L Fas ligand is a type-II trans- Exotoxin A toxin secreted by a microorganism membrane protein that belongs to the tumour and released into the medium in which it necrosis factor (TNF) family. grows. FAS Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) A multi- Expectorant An agent that increases bronchial enzyme that plays a key role in fatty acid mucous secretion by promoting liquefaction synthesis. of the sticky mucous and expelling it from the Fas Molecule A member of the tumour necrosis body. factor receptors that mediates apoptotic signal Exteroceptive Responsiveness to stimuli that in many cell types. are external to an organism. Fauces The passage leading from the back of Extrapyramidal Side Effects Are a group of the mouth into the pharynx. symptoms (tremor, slurred speech, akathisia, Favus A chronic skin infection, usually of the dystonia, anxiety, paranoia and bradyphrenia) scalp, caused by the fungus, Trichophyton that can occur in persons taking antipsychotic schoenleinii, and characterized by the devel- medications. opment of thick, yellow crusts over the hair Extravasation Discharge or escape, as of blood follicles. Also termed tinea favosa. from the vein into the surrounding tissues; dis- Febrifuge An agent that reduces fever. Also charge or escape from a vessel or channel. called an antipyretic. Fabry Disease Is a rare X-linked (inherited) Febrile Pertaining to or characterized by fever. lysosomal storage disease caused by alpha- Febrile Neutropenia The development of fever, galactosidase A defi ciency, which can cause a often with other signs of infection, in an indi- wide range of systemic symptoms such as vidual with neutropenia, an abnormally low pain in the extremities, papules on the lower number of neutrophil granulocytes in the body parts, cornea clouding, fatigue, neuropa- blood. thy and renal and cardiac complications. Felon A purulent infection in the bulbous distal FAC Chemotherapy Fluorouracil, doxorubi- end of a fi nger. cin (adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide Fetotoxic Toxic to the foetus. chemotherapy. Fibrates Hypolipidemic agents primarily used FADD Fas-associated protein with death for decreasing serum triglycerides while domain, the protein encoded by this gene is an increasing high- density lipoprotein (HDL). adaptor molecule which interacts with other Fibril A small slender fi bre or fi lament. Medical Glossary 987

Fibrin Insoluble protein that forms the essential intolerance, certain foods or a sudden switch portion of the blood clot. to a high fi bre. Fibrinolysis A normal ongoing process that dis- Flavans A subgroup of fl avonoids. See Flavonoids. solves fi brin and results in the removal of Flavanols A subgroup of fl avonoids and are a small blood clots. class of fl avonoids that use the 2-phenyl- Fibrinolytic Causing the dissolution of fi brin by 3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-3-ol skeleton. These enzymatic action. compounds include the catechins and the cat- Fibroblast Type of cell that synthesizes the echin gallates. They are found in chocolate, extracellular matrix and collagen, the struc- fruits and vegetables. See Flavonoids. tural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, Flavanones A subgroup of fl avonoids and con- and plays a critical role in wound healing. stitutes >90 % of total fl avonoids in citrus. Fibrogenic Promoting the development of The major dietary fl avanones are hesperetin, fi bres. naringenin and eriodictyol. Fibromyalgia A common and complex chronic, Flavivirus A family of viruses transmitted by body-wide pain disorder that affects people phys- mosquitoes and ticks that cause some ically, mentally and socially. Symptoms include important diseases, including dengue, yel- debilitating fatigue, sleep disturbance, and joint low fever, tick-borne encephalitis and West stiffness. Also referred to as FM or FMS. Nile fever. Fibronectin A high molecular weight Flavones A subgroup of fl avonoids based on the (~440 kDa) glycoprotein of the extracellular backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one (2-phe- matrix (ECM) that adheres to membrane- nyl-1-benzopyran-4-one). Flavones are mainly spanning receptor proteins called integrins. found in cereals and herbs. Fibrosarcoma A malignant tumour derived Flavonoids Or biofl avonoids are a group of from fi brous connective tissue and character- polyphenolic antioxidant compounds in that ized by immature proliferating fi broblasts or occur in plant as secondary metabolites. They undifferentiated anaplastic spindle cells. are responsible for the colour of fruit and veg- Fibrosis The formation of fi brous tissue as a etables. Twelve basic classes (chemical types) reparative or reactive process. of fl avonoids have been recognized: fl avones, Filarial Pertaining to a threadlike nematode isofl avones, fl avans, fl avanones, fl avanols, fl a- worm. vanolols, anthocyanidins, catechins (includ- Filariasis A parasitic and infectious tropical ing proanthocyanidins), leukoanthocyanidins, disease that is caused by threadlike fi larial chalcones, dihydrochalcones and aurones. nematode worms in the superfamily Apart from their antioxidant activity, fl avo- Filarioidea. noids are known for their ability to strengthen Fistula An abnormal connection between two capillary walls, thus assisting circulation and organs inside of the body. helping to prevent and treat bruising, vari- Fistula-in-Ano A track connecting the internal cose veins, bleeding gums and nosebleeds anal canal to the skin surrounding the anal and heavy menstrual bleeding and are also orifi ce. antiinfl ammatory. 5′-Nucleotidase 5 ′ -Ribonucleotide phosphohy- Fluorine F is an essential chemical element that drolase. An intrinsic membrane glycoprotein is required for maintenance of healthy bones present as an ectoenzyme in a wide variety of and teeth and to reduce tooth decay. It is found mammalian cells, hydrolyzes 5′-nucleotides in sea weeds, tea, water, seafood and dairy to their corresponding nucleosides. products. Flatulence Is the presence of a mixture of Fluorosis A dental health condition caused by a gases known as fl atus in the digestive tract child receiving too much fl uoride during tooth of mammals expelled from the rectum. development. Excessive fl atulence can be caused by lactose Flux An excessive discharge of fl uid. 988 Medical Glossary

FMD (Flow-Mediated Dilation) A measure of Furunculosis Skin condition characterized by endothelial dysfunction which is used to eval- persistent, recurring boils. uate cardiovascular risk. Also called FMVD GABA Gamma aminobutyric acid, required as (fl ow-mediated vasodilation). an inhibitory neurotransmitter to block the Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) Is a protein transmission of an impulse from one cell to tyrosine kinase which is recruited at an another in the central nervous system, which early stage to focal adhesions and which prevents over-fi ring of the nerve cells. It is mediates many of the downstream regula- used to treat both epilepsy and hypertension. tory responses. GADD 152 A pro-apoptotic gene. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) A hor- Galctifuge Or lactifuge, causing the arrest of mone produced by the pituitary gland. In milk secretion. women, it helps control the menstrual cycle Galactagogue A substance that promotes the and the production of eggs by the ovaries. fl ow of milk. Follicular Atresia The breakdown of the ovar- Galactophoritis Infl ammation of the milk ducts. ian follicles. Galactopoietic Increasing the fl ow of milk; Fomentation Treatment by the application of milk producing. war, moist substance. Gall Bladder A small, pear-shaped muscular Fontanelle Soft spot on an infant’s skull. sac, located under the right lobe of the liver, in Forkhead Box-O Transcription Factors which bile secreted by the liver is stored until (FOXOs) Are a family of transcription fac- needed by the body for digestion. Also called tors that play important roles in regulating the cholecyst, cholecystitis. expression of genes involved in cell growth, Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) Measures the proliferation, differentiation and longevity. It total phenol content in terms of the standard also plays an important role in tumour sup- Gallic acid by the Folin–Ciocalteau assay. pression by regulating the expression of genes Galphai Proteins or G Alpha I Proteins Are involved in stress resistance, DNA damage heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-regulatory repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (G) proteins associated with a variety of intra- Framboesia See Yaws. cellular membranes and specifi c plasma mem- FRAP Ferric reducing ability of plasma. An brane domains. assay used to assess antioxidant property. Gamma GT (GGT) Gamma-glutamyl trans- Friedreich’s Ataxia Is a genetic inherited disor- peptidase, a liver enzyme. der that causes progressive damage to the ner- Gastralgia (Heartburn) Pain in the stomach or vous system resulting in symptoms ranging abdominal region. It is caused by excess of acid, from muscle weakness and speech problems or an accumulation of gas, in the stomach. to heart disease. Cf. ataxia. Gastric Pertaining to or affecting the stomach. Fulminant Hepatitis Acute liver failure. Gastric Emptying Refers to the speed at which Functional Dyspepsia A non-ulcer condition food and drink leave the stomach. that causes an upset stomach or pain or dis- Gastritis Infl ammation of the stomach. comfort in the upper belly, near the ribs. Gastrocnemius Muscle The big calf muscle at Functional Food Is any fresh or processed food the rear of the lower leg. claimed to have a health-promoting or dis- Gastroprokinetic See Prokinetic. ease-preventing property beyond the basic Gastrotonic (Gastroprotective) Substance that function of supplying nutrients. Also called strengthens, tones or regulates gastric func- medicinal food. tions (or protects from injury) without overt Furuncle Is a skin disease caused by the infec- stimulation or depression . tion of hair follicles usually caused by Gavage Forced feeding. Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in the local- Gene Silencing Suppression of the expression ized accumulation of pus and dead tissue. of a gene. Medical Glossary 989

Genotoxic Describes a poisonous substance Glomerulonephritis (GN) A renal disease which harms an organism by damaging its characterized by infl ammation of the glom- DNA, thereby capable of causing mutations or eruli or small blood vessels in the kidneys. cancer. Also known as glomerular nephritis. Adj. Genotoxin A chemical or other agent that dam- glomerulonephritic. ages cellular DNA, resulting in mutations or Glomerulosclerosis A hardening (fi brosis) of cancer. the glomerulus in the kidney. Geriatrics Is a subspecialty of internal medicine Glossal Pertaining to the tongue. that focuses on healthcare of elderly people. GLP-1 Glucagon-like peptide- 1. Gestational Hypertension Development of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Is derived arterial hypertension in a pregnant woman from the transcription product of the proglu- after 20 weeks gestation. cagon gene, reduces insulin requirement in Ghrelin A gastrointestinal peptide hormone diabetes mellitus and promotes satiety. secreted by epithelial cells in the stomach lin- Gluconeogenesis A metabolic pathway that ing; it stimulates appetite and gastric empty- results in the generation of glucose from non- ing and increases cardiac output. carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lac- Gingival Index An index describing the clinical tate. Adj . gluconeogenic. severity of gingival infl ammation as well as its Glucose-6- phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD location. or G6PDH) Is a cytosolic enzyme in the pen- Gingivitis Refers to gingival infl ammation tose phosphate metabolic pathway. induced by bacterial biofi lms (also called Glucose Transporter Type 4 (GLUT 4) Insulin- plaque) adherent to tooth surfaces. regulated glucose transporter found in adipose Gin- nan Sitotoxism Toxicity caused by inges- tissues and striated muscles that modulates tion of ginkgotoxin and characterized mainly insulin-related translocation into the cell. by epileptic convulsions, paralysis of the legs Glucose Transporters GLUT or SLC2A fam- and loss of consciousness. ily, are a family of membrane proteins found GIP Gastric inhibitory polypeptide also known as in most mammalian cells. the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, a Glucosuria or Glycosuria Is the excretion of member of the secretin family of hormones. glucose into the urine. Glaucoma A group of eye diseases in which the Glucosyltransferase An enzyme that enables optic nerve at the back of the eye is slowly the transfer of glucose. destroyed, leading to impaired vision and Glucuronidation A phase II detoxifi cation blindness. pathway occurring in the liver in which gluc- Gleet A chronic infl ammation (as gonorrhoea) uronic acid is conjugated with toxins. of a bodily orifi ce usually accompanied by an Glutamic Oxaloacetate Transaminase abnormal discharge. (GOT) Catalyzes the transfer of an amino Glial Cells Support, non-neuronal cells in the group from an amino acid (Glu) to a 2-keto- central nervous system that maintain homeo- acid to generate a new amino acid and the stasis, form myelin and provide protection for residual 2-keto-acid of the donor amino acid. the brain’s neurons. Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT) See Glioma Is a type of tumour that starts in the Alanine Aminotransferase. brain or spine. It is called a glioma because it Glutathione (GSH) A tripeptide produced in arises from glial cells. the human liver and plays a key role in inter- Glioblastoma Common and most lethal form of mediary metabolism, immune response and brain tumour. health. It plays an important role in scav- Glioblastoma Multiforme Most common and enging free radicals and protects cells most aggressive type of primary brain tumour against several toxic oxygen-derived chemi- in humans, involving glial cells. cal species. 990 Medical Glossary

Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) The general Gonorrhoea A common sexually transmitted name of an enzyme family with peroxidase bacterial infection caused by the bacterium activity whose main biological role is to pro- Neisseria gonorrhoeae . tect the organism from oxidative damage. Gout A disorder caused by a buildup of a waste Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) A major product, uric acid, in the bloodstream. Excess group of detoxifi cation enzymes that participate uric acid settles in joints causing infl amma- in the detoxifi cation of reactive electrophilic tion, pain and swelling. compounds by catalyzing their conjugation to G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) Consti- glutathione. tute the largest family of cell surface - Glycaemic Index (GI) Measures carbohydrates cules involved in signal transmission. These according to how quickly they are absorbed receptors play key physiological roles and and raise the glucose level of the blood. their dysfunction results in several diseases. Glycaemic Load (GL) Is a ranking system for Granulation The condition or appearance of carbohydrate content in food portions based being granulated (becoming grain-like). on their glycaemic index and the amount of Gravel Sand-like concretions of uric acid, cal- available carbohydrate, i.e. GI x available car- cium oxalate and mineral formed in the bohydrate divided by 100. Glycaemic load passages of the biliary and urinary tracts. combines both the quality and quantity of car- Gripe Water Is a home remedy for babies with bohydrate in one ‘number’. It is the best way colic, gas, teething pain or other stomach to predict blood glucose values of different ailments. Its ingredients vary and may include types and amounts of food. alcohol, bicarbonate, , , and Glycation or Glycosylation A chemical reac- chamomile. tion in which glycosyl groups are added to a Grippe An epidemic catarrh; older term for protein to produce a glycoprotein. infl uenza. Glycogenolysis Is the catabolism of glycogen GSH See Glutathione. by removal of a glucose monomer through GSH-Px Glutathione peroxidase. General name cleavage with inorganic phosphate to produce of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity glucose-1-phosphate. whose main biological role is to protect the Glycometabolism Metabolism (oxidation) of organism from oxidative damage. glucose to produce energy. GSSG Glutathione disulphides are biologi- Glycosuria Or glucosuria is an abnormal condi- cally important intracellular thiols, and tion of osmotic diuresis due to excretion of alterations in the GSH/GSSG ratio are often glucose by the kidneys into the urine. used to assess exposure of cells to oxidative Glycosylases A family of enzymes involved in stress. base excision repair. GSTM Glutathione S - transferase M1. A major Goitre An enlargement of the thyroid gland group of detoxifi cation enzymes. leading to swelling of the neck or larynx. GSTM 2 Glutathione S- transferase M2. A major Goitrogen Substance that suppresses the function group of detoxifi cation enzymes. of the thyroid gland by interfering with iodine G2-M Cell Cycle The phase where the cell pre- uptake, causing enlargement of the thyroid, pares for mitosis and where chromatids and i.e. goitre. daughter cells separate. Goitrogenic Adj. causing goitre. Guillain–Barre Syndrome Is a serious disorder Gonadotroph A basophilic cell of the anterior that occurs when the body’s defense (immune) pituitary specialized to secrete follicle- system mistakenly attacks part of the nervous stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone. system, leading to nerve infl ammation, muscle Gonadotropins Protein hormones secreted by weakness and other symptoms. gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland of Gynecopathy Any or various diseases specifi c vertebrates. to women. Medical Glossary 991

Gynoid Adiposity Fat distribution mainly to the lower rectum are enlarged, swollen and hips and thighs, pear shaped. infl amed. Also called piles. Haemagogic Promoting a fl ow of blood. Haemostasis, Hemostasis A complex process Haematemesis, Hematemesis Is the vomiting which causes the bleeding process to stop. of blood. Haemostatic, Hemostatic Something that stops Haematinic Improving the quality of the blood, bleeding. its haemoglobin level and the number of Halitosis Bad breath, a common condition caused erythrocytes. by sulphur-producing bacteria that live within Haematochezia Passage of stools containing the surface of the tongue and in the throat. blood. Hallucinogen Drug that produces hallucinogen. Haematochyluria, Hematochyluria The dis- Hallucinogenic Inducing hallucinations. charge of blood and chyle (emulsifi ed fat) in Hallux Abducto Valgus Commonly called bunion the urine; see also Chyluria. is an abnormal bending of the big toe towards Haematoma, Hematoma A localized accumu- the other toes of the foot. lation of blood in a tissue or space composed Haplotype A set of alleles of closely linked loci of clotted blood. on a chromosome that tend to be inherited Haematometra, Hematometra A medical con- together. dition involving bleeding of or near the uterus. Hapten A small molecule that can elicit an Haematopoiesis, Hematopoiesis Formation of immune response only when attached to a blood cellular components from the haemato- large carrier such as a protein. poietic stem cells. HATs Histone acetyl transferases. Enzymes that Haematopoietic Adj. relating to the formation regulate the acetylation of histones and tran- and development of blood cells. scription factors, playing a major role in the Haematuria, Hematuria Is the presence of growth and differentiation of cells. blood in the urine. Haematuria is a sign that HbA1c Glycosylated haemoglobin. something is causing abnormal bleeding in a HBeAg Hepatitis B e antigen. person’s genitourinary tract. HBsAg Hepatitis B s antigen. Haeme Oxygenase HO-1, encoded by Hmox1, Heartburn Burning sensation in the stomach is an inducible protein activated in systemic and oesophagus caused by excessive acidity infl ammatory conditions by oxidant stress; an of the stomach fl uids. enzyme that catalyzes degradation of heme. Heat Rash Any condition aggravated by heat or Haemochromatosis Iron overload in the body hot weather such as intertrigo. with a hereditary or primary cause. Heat-Shock Chaperones (HSC ) Ubiquitous Haemodialysis, Hemodialysis A method for molecules involved in the modulation of removing waste products such as potassium protein conformational and complexation and urea, as well as free water from the blood states, associated with heat stress or other when the kidneys are in renal failure. cellular stress response. Haemolysis Lysis of red blood cells and the Heat-Shock Proteins (HSP) A group of function- release of haemoglobin into the surrounding ally related proteins, the expression of which is fl uid (plasma). Adj. haemolytic. increased when the cells are exposed to elevated Haemoptysis, Hemoptysis Is the coughing up temperatures or other cellular stresses. of blood from the respiratory tract. The blood Helminthiasis A disease in which a part of the can come from the nose, mouth, throat and the body is infested with worms such as pinworm, airway passages leading to the lungs. roundworm or tapeworm. Haemorrhage, Hemorrhage Bleeding, discharge Hemagglutination A specifi c form of aggluti- of blood from blood vessels. nation that involves red blood cells. Haemorrhoids, Hemorrhoids A painful condi- Haemagglutination–Inhibition Test Measures tion in which the veins around the anus or of the ability of soluble antigen to inhibit the 992 Medical Glossary

agglutination of antigen-coated red blood Hepatocarcinogenesis Represents a linear and cells by antibodies. progressive cancerous process in the liver in Hemagglutinin Refers to a substance that which successively more aberrant monoclonal causes red blood cells to agglutinate. populations of hepatocytes evolve. Haemangioma Blood vessel. Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Also called Haematocrit Is a blood test that measures the malignant hepatoma, is a primary malignancy percentage of the volume of whole blood that (cancer) of the liver. is made up of red blood cells. Hepatocytolysis Cytotoxicity (dissolution) of Haematopoietic Pertaining to the formation of liver cells. blood or blood cells. Hepatoma Cancer of the liver. Haematopoietic Stem Cell Is a cell isolated Hepatopathy A disease or disorder of the liver. from the blood or bone marrow that can renew Hepatoprotective Liver protector, a substance itself and can differentiate to a variety of that helps protect the liver from damage by specialized cells. toxins, chemicals or other disease processes. Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) An enzyme that Hepatoregenerative A compound that promotes catalyzes the degradation of heme; an inducible hepatocellular regeneration and repairs and stress protein, confers cytoprotection against restores liver function to optimum performance. oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Hepatotonic Liver tonic, a substance that is Haemoglobinopathies Genetic defects that pro- tonic to the liver—usually employed to nor- duce abnormal haemoglobins and anaemia. malize liver enzymes and function. Haemolytic Anaemia Anaemia due to haemol- Hernia Occurs when part of an internal organ ysis; the breakdown of red blood cells in the bulges through a weak area of muscle. blood vessels or elsewhere in the body. HER-2 Human epidermal growth factor receptor Haemorheology Study of blood fl ow and its 2. A protein giving higher aggressiveness in elements in the circulatory system. Adj. breast cancer, also known as ErbB-2, ERBB2. haemorheological. Herpes A chronic infl ammation of the skin or Haemorrhagic Colitis An acute gastroenteritis mucous membrane characterized by the devel- characterized by overtly bloody diarrhoea that opment of vesicles on an infl ammatory base. is caused by Escherichia coli infection. Herpes Circinatus Dermatitis herpetiformis Haemolytic-Uremic Syndrome Is a disease (resembling herpes). characterized by haemolytic anaemia, acute Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 ( HSV-1 and renal failure (uraemia) and a low platelet count. HSV-2) Are two species of the herpes virus Hepa-1c1c7 A type of hepatoma cells. family which cause a variety of illnesses/ Hepatalgia Pain or discomfort in the liver area. infections in humans such cold sores, chicken- Hepatomegaly Condition of enlarged liver. pox or varicella, shingles or herpes zoster Hepatectomy The surgical removal of part or (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and various all of the liver. cancers and can cause brain infl ammation Hepatic Relating to the liver. (encephalitis). HSV-1 is commonly associated Hepatic Cirrhosis Affecting the liver and char- with herpes outbreaks of the face known as acterized by hepatic fi brosis and regenerative cold sores or fever blisters, whereas HSV-2 is nodules. more often associated with genital herpes. Hepatic Fibrosis Is overly profuse wound They are also called human herpes virus 1 and healing in which excessive connective tissue 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2) and are neurotropic builds up in the liver. and neuroinvasive viruses; they enter and hide Hepatitis I n fl ammation of the liver. in the human nervous system, accounting for Hepatitis A Formerly known as infectious hep- their durability in the human body. atitis, is an acute infectious disease of the liver Herpes Zoster Or simply zoster, commonly caused by the hepatovirus hepatitis A virus. known as shingles and also known as zona, is Medical Glossary 993

a viral disease characterized by a painful skin Histone Acetyltransferases (HAT) Are enzymes rash with blisters. that acetylate conserved lysine amino acids on Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO) Is a viral histone proteins by transferring an acetyl ocular disease characterized by a painful skin group from acetyl- CoA to form e-N-acetyl rash in one or more dermatome distributions lysine. HATs act as transcriptional coactivators. of the fi fth cranial nerve, shared by the eye and Histone Lysine Demethylases (KDMs) Enzymes orbit. that play a key role in the amplifi cation of Heterophobia Term used to describe irrational hypoxia-inducible- factor signalling and fear of, aversion to or discrimination against expression of pro-angiogenic genes in cancer heterosexuals. and neurological disorders. HDL-C (HDL Cholesterol) High - density lipoprotein- HIV See Human Immunodefi ciency Virus. cholesterol, also called ‘good cholesterol’. Hives Urticaria, is a skin rash characterized by See also High-Density Lipoprotein. circular wheals of reddened and itching skin. Hiatus Hernia Occurs when the upper part of HLA Human leukocyte antigen system. Name the stomach pushes its way through a tear in of the major histocompatibility complex the diaphragm. (MHC) in humans. High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Is one of HLA-DQB1 Human leukocyte antigen beta chain. the fi ve major groups of lipoproteins which HLA-DR A major histocompatibility complex enable cholesterol and triglycerides to be (MHC) class II cell surface receptor encoded transported within the water- based blood by the human leukocyte antigen complex on stream. HDL can remove cholesterol from chromosome 6 region 6p21.31. atheroma within arteries and transport it HMG-CoAr 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl- glutaryl- back to the liver for excretion or reutiliza- CoA reductase or (HMGCR) is the rate- tion—which is the main reason why HDL- controlling enzyme (EC 1.1.1.88) of the bound cholesterol is sometimes called ‘good mevalonate pathway. cholesterol’, or HDL-C. A high level of HDL-C HMG-CoA 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- seems to protect against cardiovascular dis- coenzyme A. An intermediate in the mevalonate eases. Cf. LDL. pathway. HGPRT, HPRT (Hypoxanthine-Guanine Hodgkin’s Disease Disease characterized by Phosphoribosyl Transferase) An enzyme enlargement of the lymph glands, spleen and that catalyzes the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl- anaemia. 1-pyrophosphate and hypoxanthine, guanine Homeodomain Transcription Factor A protein or 6-mercaptopurine to the corresponding domain encoded by a homeobox. Homeobox 5′mononucleotides and pyrophosphate. The genes encode transcription factors which typically enzyme is important in purine biosynthesis switch on cascades of other genes. as well as central nervous system functions. Homeostasis The maintenance of a constant Hippocampus A ridge in the floor of each internal environment of a cell or an organism, lateral ventricle of the brain that consists despite fl uctuations in the external. mainly of grey matter. Homeotherapy Treatment or prevention of dis- Hippocampal Pertaining to the hippocampus. ease with a substance similar but not identical Hirsutism A condition where women have excess to the causative agent of the disease. facial and body hair that is dark and coarse. Homocysteine An amino acid in the blood. Histaminergic Liberated or activated by hista- Homograft See Allograft. mine, relating to the effects of histamine at Hormesis A term used by toxicologists to refer histamine receptors of target tissues. to a biphasic dose– response to an environmental Histaminergic Receptors Are types of G-protein- agent characterized by a low - dose stimulation coupled receptors with histamine as their or benefi cial effect and a high- dose inhibitory endogenous ligand. or toxic effect. 994 Medical Glossary

Hormonal (Female) Substance that has a HUVEC Human umbilical vein endothelial cells. hormonelike effect similar to that of oestrogen Hyaluronidase Enzymes that catalyze the and/or a substance used to normalize female hydrolysis of certain complex carbohydrates hormone levels. like hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphates. Hormonal (Male) Substance that has a hor- Hydatidiform A rare mass or growth that monelike effect similar to that of testosterone forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a and/or a substance used to normalize male pregnancy. hormone levels. Hydrocele Abnormal accumulation of fl uid HRT Hormone replacement therapy. The admin- inside the scrotum. istration of the female hormones, oestrogen Hydrocholeretic An agent that stimulates an and progesterone and sometimes testosterone. increased output of bile of low specifi c gravity. HSP27 Is an ATP-independent, 27 kDa heat - Hydrogogue A purgative that causes an abundant shock protein chaperone that confers protec- watery discharge from the bowel. tion against apoptosis. Hydronephrosis Is distension and dilation of HSP90 A 90 kDa heat- shock protein chaperone the renal pelvis and calyces, usually caused by that has the ability to regulate a specifi c subset obstruction of the free fl ow of urine from the of cellular signalling proteins that have been kidney. implicated in disease processes. Hydrophobia A viral neuroinvasive disease hTERT–(TERT) T elomerase reverse transcrip- that causes acute encephalitis (infl ammation tase is a catalytic subunit of the enzyme telomer- of the brain) in warm-blooded animals. Also ase in humans. It exerts a novel protective called rabies. function by binding to mitochondrial DNA, Hydropsy See Dropsy. increasing respiratory chain activity and protect- Hydrothorax Accumulation of serous fl uid in ing against oxidative stress-induced damage. the pleural cavity. HT29 Cells Are human intestinal epithelial Hyperaemia The increase of blood fl ow to cells which produce the secretory component different tissues in the body. of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and carcinoem- Hyperalgesia An increased sensitivity to pain bryonic antigen (CEA). (enhanced pricking pain), which may be caused Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) A DNA by damage to nociceptors or peripheral nerves. herpes virus which is the leading cause of con- Hyperammonemia, Hyperammonaemia A genital viral infection and mental retardation. metabolic disturbance characterized by an Human Factor X A coagulation factor also excess of ammonia in the blood. known by the eponym Stuart-Prower factor or Hypercalciuria Idiopathic , presence of excess as thrombokinase; it is an enzyme involved in calcium in the urine without obvious cause. blood coagulation. It synthesized in the liver Hypercholesterolaemia High levels of choles- and requires vitamin K for its synthesis. terol in the blood that increase a person’s risk Human Immunodefi ciency Virus (HIV) A for cardiovascular disease leading to stroke or retrovirus that can lead to acquired immuno- heart attack. defi ciency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in Hyperaemia Is the increased blood fl ow that humans in which the immune system begins occurs when tissue is active. to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic Hyperemesis Severe and persistent nausea and infections. vomiting (morning sickness) during pregnancy. Humoral Immune Response (HIR) Is the Hyperfi brinogenaemia Excessive fi brinogen in aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted the blood. antibodies (as opposed to cell-mediated Hyperglycaemia hyperglycaemic High blood immunity, which involves T lymphocytes) sugar; is a condition in which an excessive produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte amount of glucose circulates in the blood lineage (B cell). plasma. Medical Glossary 995

Hyperglycaemic A substance that raises blood Hypertriglyceridaemia or Hypertriglycemia sugar levels . A disorder that causes high triglycerides in Hyperhomocysteinaemia Is a medical condition the blood. characterized by an abnormally large level of Hypertrophy Enlargement or overgrowth of homocysteine in the blood. an organ. Hyperinsulinaemia A condition in which there Hyperuricemia Is a condition characterized by are excess levels of circulating insulin in the abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood. blood, also known as prediabetes. Hypoadiponectinaemia The state of having too Hyperkalaemia Is an elevated blood level of low level of adiponectin, a major metabolic the electrolyte potassium. endocrine, responsible for regulating things Hyperkeratosis Abnormal thickening of the like glucose uptake and lipolysis (the break- outer layer of the skin. Adj . hyperkeratotic. down of fat deposits); low adiponectin is a risk Hyperkinesis Enhanced itch to pricking. factor for both type II diabetes and metabolic Hyperleptinaemia Increased serum leptin level. syndrome. Hyperlipoproteinaemia A metabolic disorder Hypoalbuminaemia A medical condition characterized by abnormally elevated concen- where levels of albumin in blood serum are trations of lipid/lipoprotein in the plasma, also abnormally low. known as hyperlipidaemia and hyperlipaemia. Hypocalcemic Tetany A disease caused by an Hypermenorrhoea Abnormally heavy or abnormally low level of calcium in the blood prolonged menstruation. and characterized by hyperexcitability of the Hypermethylation An increase in the inherited neuromuscular system and results in carpo- methylation of cytosine and adenosine resi- pedal spasms. dues in DNA. Hypochlorhydria Refer to states where the Hyperphagia Or polyphagia. Abnormally large production of gastric acid in the stomach is ingestion of food beyond that needed for basic absent or low. energy requirements. Hypocholesterolemic Cholesterol reducer, a Hyperpiesia Persistent and pathological high substance that lowers blood cholesterol levels. blood pressure for which no specifi c cause can Hypocitraturia Low amount of citrate in the be found. urine, an important risk factor for kidney stone Hyperplasia Increased cell production in a formation. normal tissue or organ. Hypocorticism See Addison’s Disease. Hyperprebeta-Lipoproteinaemia Increased Hypocortisolism See Addison’s Disease. concentrations of pre-beta-lipoproteins in the Hypoesthesia (or Hypaesthesia) Refers to a blood. reduced sense of touch or sensation or a Hyperpropulsion Using water pressure as a partial loss of sensitivity to sensory stimuli. force to move objects; used to dislodge calculi Hypoglycemic An agent that lowers the con- in the urethra. centration of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Hyperpyrexia Is an abnormally high fever. Hypoperfusion Decreased blood fl ow through an Hypertension Commonly referred to as ‘high organ, characterized by an imbalance of oxy- blood pressure’ or HTN, is a medical condition gen demand and oxygen delivery to tissues. in which the arterial blood pressure is chroni- Hypophagic Under- eating . cally elevated. Hypospadias An abnormal birth defect in males Hypertensive Characterized or caused by in which the urethra opens on the under surface increased tension or pressure as abnormally of the penis. high blood pressure. Hypotensive Characterized by or causing dimin- Hypertonia Abnormal increase in muscle tension ished tension or pressure, as abnormally low and a reduced ability of the muscle to stretch. blood pressure. 996 Medical Glossary

Hypothermia A condition in which an organism’s IgM Immunoglobulin M. Primary antibody temperature drops below that required for against A and B antigens on red blood cells. normal metabolism and body functions. IKAP Is a scaffold protein of the IvarKappa Hypothermic Relating to hypothermia, with Beta kinase complex and a regulator for subnormal body temperature. kinases involved in pro-infl ammatory cyto- Hypoxaemia Is the reduction of oxygen specifi - kine signalling. cally in the blood. IKappa B Or IkB-beta, a protein of the Hypoxia A shortage of oxygen in the body. Adj. NF-Kappa-B inhibitor family. hypoxic. Ileus A temporary disruption of intestinal Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIFs) Transcription peristalsis due to nonmechanical causes. factors that respond to changes in available Immune Modulator A substance that affects oxygen in the cellular environment, specifi cally or modulates the functioning of the immune to defi ciency in oxygen. system. ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1) Immunodefi ciency A state in which the immune Also known as CD54 (cluster of differentia- system’s ability to fi ght infectious disease is tion 54), is a protein that in humans is encoded compromised or entirely absent. by the ICAM1 gene. Immunogenicity The property enabling a sub-

IC 50 The median maximal inhibitory concen- stance to provoke an immune response. Adj. tration; a measure of the effectiveness of a immunogenic. compound in inhibiting biological or bio- Immunoglobulin Class Switching Ig Class chemical function. Switching A biological mechanism that I.C.V. (Intra-cerebroventricular) Injection of changes a B cell’s production of antibody chemical into the right lateral ventricle of the from one class to another. brain. Immunomodulatory Capable of modifying or Ichthyotoxic A substance which is poisonous to regulating one or more immune functions. fi sh. Immunoreactive Reacting to particular antigens Icterus Jaundice, yellowish pigmentation of the or haptens. skin. Immunostimulant Agent that stimulates an Icteric Hepatitis An infectious syndrome of immune response. hepatitis characterized by jaundice, nausea, Immunosuppression Involves a process that fever, right-upper quadrant pain, enlarged reduces the activation or effi cacy of the liver and transaminitis (increase in alanine immune system. aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate Immunotoxin A man-made protein that consists aminotransferase (AST)). of a targeting portion linked to a toxin. Icterus Neonatorum Jaundice in newborn infants. Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) A predia- Idiopathic Of no apparent physical cause. betic state of dysglycemia associated with Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing insulin resistance and increased risk of cardio- Loss (ISSHL) Is sudden hearing loss where vascular pathology and also a risk factor for clinical assessment fails to reveal a cause. mortality. Ig Gastric intubation, insertion of Levin tube Impetigo A contagious, bacterial skin infection through the nasal passage to the stomach. characterized by blisters that may itch, caused IgE Immunoglobulin E. A class of antibody that by a Streptococcus bacterium or Staphylococcus plays a role in allergy. aureus and mostly seen in children. IGFs Insulin- like growth factors, polypeptides Impotence A sexual dysfunction characterized with high sequence similarity to insulin. by the inability to develop or maintain an IgG Immunoglobulin G. The most abundant erection of the penis. immunoglobulin (antibody) and is one of the Incontinence (Faecal) The inability to control major activators of the complement pathway. bowel’s movement. Medical Glossary 997

Incontinence (Urine) The inability to control from the blood, storing it as glycogen in the urine excretion. liver and muscle. Insulin defi ciency is often Incretin A group of gastrointestinal hormones the cause of diabetes, and exogenous insulin is that cause an increase in the amount of insulin used to control diabetes. released from the beta cells of the islets of Insulin Homeostasis Blood sugar regulation. Langerhans after a meal; members include Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs) GIP and GLP-1. Polypeptides with high sequence similarity Index of Structural Atypia (ISA) Index of to insulin. They are part of a complex system structural abnormality. that cells employ to communicate with their Induration Hardened, as a soft tissue that physiologic environment. becomes extremely fi rm, sclerosis. Insulin-Mimetic To act like insulin. Infarct An area of living tissue that undergoes Insulin Resistance A condition where the natural necrosis as a result of obstruction of local hormone insulin becomes less effective at blood supply. reducing blood sugars. Infarction Is the process of tissue death (necrosis) Insulinogenic Associated with or stimulating caused by blockage of the tissue’s blood supply. the production of insulin. Infl ammation A protective response of the Insulinotropic Stimulating or affecting the body to infection, irritation or other injury, production and activity of insulin. aimed at destroying or isolating the injuries Integrase An enzyme produced by a retrovirus and characterized by redness, pain, warmth (such as HIV) that enables its genetic material to and swelling. be integrated into the DNA of the infected cell. Infl uenza A viral infection that affects mainly the Interferons (IFNs) Are natural cell-signalling nose, throat, bronchi and, occasionally, lungs. glycoproteins known as cytokines produced Infusion A liquid extract obtained by steeping by the cells of the immune system of most ver- something (e.g. herbs) that are more volatile tebrates in response to challenges such as or dissolve readily in water, to release their viruses, parasites and tumour cells. active ingredients without boiling. Interleukins A group of naturally occurring pro- Inguinal Hernia An hernia into the inguinal teins and is a subset of a larger group of cellu- canal of the groin. lar messenger molecules called cytokines, Inhalant A medicinal substance that is adminis- which are modulators of cellular behaviour. tered as a vapour into the upper respiratory Interleukin-1 (IL-1) A cytokine that could passages. induce fever, control lymphocytes, increase the iNOS, Inducible Synthases number of bone marrow cells and cause degen- Through its product, nitric oxide (NO), may eration of bone joints. Also called endogenous contribute to the induction of germ cell apop- pyrogen, lymphocyte- activating factor, tosis. It plays a crucial role in early sepsis- haemopoetin-1 and mononuclear cell factor, related microcirculatory dysfunction. amongst others, that IL-1 is composed of two Inotropic Affecting the force of muscle distinct proteins, now called IL-1α and IL-1β. contraction. Interleukin 1 Beta (IL-1β) A cytokine protein Insecticide An agent that destroys insects. Adj . produced by activated macrophages. Cytokine insecticidal. is an important mediator of the infl ammatory Insomnia A sleeping disorder characterized by response and is involved in a variety of cellular the inability to fall asleep and/or the inability to activities, including cell proliferation, differ- remain asleep for a reasonable amount of time. entiation and apoptosis. Insulin A peptide hormone composed of 51 Interleukin 2 (IL-2) A type of cytokine immune amino acids produced in the islets of system signalling molecule that is instrumental Langerhans in the pancreas causes cells in the in the body’s natural response to microbial liver, muscle and fat tissue to take up glucose infection. 998 Medical Glossary

Interleukin-2 Receptor (IL-2R) A heterotrimeric human body. Lack of iodine can lead to an protein expressed on the surface of certain enlarged thyroid gland (goitre) or other iodine immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that binds deficiency disorders including mental and responds to a cytokine called IL-2. retardation and stunted growth in babies and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) An interleukin that acts children. Iodine is found in dairy products, as both a pro-infl ammatory and antiinfl am- seafood, kelp, seaweeds, eggs, some vegeta- matory cytokine. bles and iodized salt. Interleukin 8 (I-8) A cytokine produced by IP See Intraperitoneal. macrophages and other cell types such as epi- IP3R3 Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor type thelial cells and is one of the major mediators 3, is an intracellular calcium release channel of the infl ammatory response. that mediates calcium release from the endo- Intermediate-Density Lipoproteins (IDL) Is one plasmic reticulum. of the fi ve major groups of lipoproteins Iron (Fe) Is essential to most life forms and to (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL) normal human physiology. In humans, iron is that enable fats and cholesterol to move within an essential component of proteins involved in the water-based solution of the bloodstream. oxygen transport and for haemoglobin. It is IDL is further degraded to form LDL particles also essential for the regulation of cell growth and, like LDL, can also promote the growth of and differentiation. A defi ciency of iron limits atheroma and increase cardiovascular diseases. oxygen delivery to cells, resulting in fatigue, Intermittent Claudication An aching, crampy, poor work performance and decreased immu- tired and sometimes burning pain in the legs nity. Conversely, excess amounts of iron can that comes and goes, caused by peripheral vas- result in toxicity and even death. Dietary cular disease. It usually occurs when walking sources include certain cereals, dark green and disappears after rest. leafy vegetables, dried fruit, legumes, sea- Interoceptive Relating to stimuli arising from food, poultry , and meat. within the body. Ischemia An insuffi cient supply of blood to an Interstitium The space between cells in a tissue. organ, usually due to a blocked artery. Interstitial Pertaining to the interstitium. Ischuria Retention or suppression of urine. Intertrigo An infl ammation (rash) caused by Isofl avones A subgroup of fl avonoids in which microbial infection in skin folds. the basic structure is a 3-phenyl chromane Intima Innermost layer of an artery or vein. skeleton. They act as phytoestrogens in mam- Intoxicant Substance that produce drunkenness mals. See Flavonoids. or intoxication. Isomers Substances that are composed of the Intracavernosal Within the corpus caverno- same elements in the same proportions and sum, columns of erectile tissues forming the hence have the same molecular formula but body of the penis. differ in properties because of differences in Intraperitoneal (i.p.) The term used when a the arrangement of atoms. chemical is contained within or administered Isoprostanes Unique prostaglandin-like com- through the peritoneum (the thin, transparent pounds generated in vivo from the free membrane that lines the walls of the abdomen). radical-catalyzed peroxidation of essential Intrathecal (i.t.) Through the theca of the spinal fatty acids. cord into the subarachnoid space. Jamu Traditional Indonesian herbal medicine. Intromission The act of putting one thing into Janus Kinase (JAK)–Signal Transducer another. and Activator of Transcription (STAT) Intubation Refers to the placement of a tube Signalling Are essential molecules in into an external or internal orifi ce of the body. cytokine signal transduction pathways Iodine (I) Is an essential chemical element that involved in cancer development and is important for hormone development in the progression. Medical Glossary 999

Jaundice Refers to the yellow colour of the skin Keratomalacia An eye disorder that leads to a and whites of the eyes caused by excess dry cornea. bilirubin in the blood. Kidney Stones Calculi are hardened mineral JNK Jun N-terminal kinase, also known as deposits that form in the kidney. stress -activated protein kinase (SAPK), Kinin Is any of various structurally related belongs to the family of MAP kinases. polypeptides, such as bradykinin, that act Jurkat Cells A line of T lymphocyte cells that locally to induce vasodilation and contraction are used to study acute T cell leukaemia. of smooth muscle. KB Cell A cell line derived from a human Kininogen Either of two plasma α2-globulins carcinoma of the nasopharynx, used as an that are kinin precursors. assay for antineoplastic (antitumour) agents. Ki- 67 Human protein associated with cell Kaliuresis The presence of excess potassium in proliferation. the urine. Knockout Gene knockout is a genetic technique Kallikreins Peptidases (enzymes that cleave in which an organism is engineered to carry peptide bonds in proteins), a subgroup of the genes that have been made inoperative. serine protease family; they liberate kinins Kunitz Protease Inhibitors A type of protein from kininogens. Kallikreins are targets of contained in legume seeds which functions as active investigation by drug researchers as a protease inhibitor. possible biomarkers for cancer. Kupffer Cells Are resident macrophages of the Kaposi Sarcoma A cancerous tumour of the liver and play an important role in its normal connective tissues caused by the human her- physiology and homeostasis as well as partici- pes virus- 8 and is often associated with AIDS. pating in the acute and chronic responses of Kaposi Sarcoma Herpes Virus (KSHV) Also the liver to toxic compounds. known as human herpes virus-8, is a gamma 2 L -DOPA L -3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine, is an herpes virus or rhadinovirus. It plays an impor- amino acid that is formed in the liver and tant role in the pathogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma converted into dopamine in the brain. (KS), multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD) Labour Process of childbirth involving muscular of the plasma cell type and primary effusion contractions. lymphoma and occurs in HIV patients. Lacrimation Secretion and discharge of tears. Karyolysis Dissolution and disintegration of the Lactagogue An agent that increases or stimu- nucleus when a cell dies. lates milk fl ow or production. Also called a Karyorrhexis Destructive fragmentation of the galactagogue. nucleus of a dying cell whereby its chromatin Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Enzyme that disintegrates into formless granules. catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate. Keloids Benign dermal tumours characterized Lactation Secretion and production of milk. by fi broblastic proliferation and excessive Lactic Acidosis Is a condition caused by the accumulation of collagen. buildup of lactic acid in the body. It leads to Keratin A sulphur-containing protein which is acidifi cation of the blood (acidosis) and is a major component in skin, hair, nails, hooves, considered a distinct form of metabolic horns and teeth. acidosis. Keratinocyte Is the major constituent of the LAK Cell A lymphokine-activated killer cell, epidermis, constituting 95 % of the cells i.e. a white blood cell that has been stimulated found there. to kill tumour cells. Keratinophilic Having an affi nity for keratin. Laminin A glycoprotein component of connec- Keratitis I n fl ammation of the cornea. tive tissue basement membrane that promotes Keratolysis Softening and separation of the cell adhesion. horny layer of the epidermis. Laparotomy A surgical procedure involving an Keratolytic Pertaining to keratolysis. incision through the abdominal wall to gain 1000 Medical Glossary

access into the abdominal cavity. Adj. they can also be caused by fungus and tinea. laparotomized. Also see Vitiligo. Larvacidal An agent which kills insect or Leucorrhoea Commonly known as whites, parasite larva. refers to a whitish discharge from the female Laryngitis Is an infl ammation of the larynx. genitals Laxation Bowel movement. Leukemia, Leukaemia A cancer of the blood Laxatives Substances that are used to promote or bone marrow and is characterized by an bowel movement. abnormal proliferation (production by multi- LC 50 Median lethal concentration; see LD 50. plication) of blood cells, usually white blood LD 50 Median lethal dose. The dose required cells (leukocytes). to kill half the members of a tested popu- Leukemogenic Relating to leukaemia, causing lation. Also called LC 50 (median lethal leukaemia. concentration). Leukocytopenia Abnormal decrease in the LDL See Low- Density Lipoprotein. number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in LDL Cholesterol See Low-Density Lipoprotein. the blood. LDL Receptor (LDLr) A low-density lipopro- Leukomyelopathy Any diseases involving the tein receptor gene. white matter of the spinal cord. Lectins Are sugar-binding proteins that are Leukopenia A decrease in the number of circu- highly specifi c for their sugar moieties that lating white blood cells. agglutinate cells and/or precipitate glycocon- Leukoplakia Condition characterized by white jugates. They play a role in biological recogni- spots or patches on mucous membranes, tion phenomena involving cells and proteins. especially of the mouth and vulva. Leishmaniasis A disease caused by protozoan Leukotriene A group of hormones that cause parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania the infl ammatory symptoms of hay fever and and is transmitted by the bite of certain asthma. species of sand fl y . Levarterenol See Norepinephrine. Lenitive Palliative; easing pain or discomfort. LexA Repressor Or repressor LexA is repres- Lenticular Opacity Also known as or related to sor enzyme that represses SOS response genes cataract. coding for DNA polymerases required for Leprosy A chronic bacterial disease of the skin repairing DNA damage. and nerves in the hands and feet and, in some Leydig Cells Also called interstitial cells of cases, the lining of the nose. It is caused by the Leydig, are found adjacent to the semini- Mycobacterium leprae. Also called Hansen’s ferous tubules in the testicle. They produce disease. testosterone in response to luteinizing Leptin Is a 16 kDa protein hormone with impor- hormone. tant effects in regulating body weight, metab- Libido Sexual urge. olism and reproductive function. Lichen Planus a chronic mucocutaneous dis- Lequesne Algofunctional Index Is a wide- ease that affects the skin, tongue and oral spread international instrument (ten questions mucosa. survey) and recommended by the World Ligroin A volatile, infl ammable fraction of Health Organization (WHO) for outcome petroleum, obtained by distillation and used measurement in hip and knee diseases such as as a solvent. osteoarthritis. Limbic System Complex set of brain structures, Leukocyte White blood corpuscles, colourless, including the hypothalamus, amygdala, hip- without haemoglobin that help to combat pocampus, anterior thalamic nuclei, septum, infection. limbic cortex and fornix that control various Leucoderma A skin abnormality characterized functions such as emotion, behaviour, motiva- by white spots, bands and patches on the skin; tion, memory and olfaction. Medical Glossary 1001

Liniment Liquid preparation rubbed on skin LRP1 Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related used to relieve muscular aches and pains. protein-1, plays a role in intracellular signal- Linterized Starch Starch that has undergone ling functions as well as in lipid metabolism. prolonged acid treatment. LTB4 A type of leukotriene, is a major meta- Lipodiatic Having lipid and lipoprotein lowering bolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear property. leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear Lipodystrophy A medical condition characterized cell function (degranulation, formation of by abnormal or degenerative conditions of the oxygen-centred free radicals, arachidonic body’s adipose tissue. acid release and metabolism). It induces skin Lipogenesis Is the process by which acetyl-CoA infl ammation. is converted to fats. Luciferase Is a generic name for enzymes com- Lipolysis Is the breakdown of fat stored in fat monly used in nature for biolumine scence. cells in the body. Lumbago Is the term used to describe general Liposomes Artifi cially prepared vesicles made lower back pain. of lipid bilayer. Lung Abscess Necrosis of the pulmonary tis- Lipotoxicity Refers to tissues diseases that sue and formation of cavities containing may occur when fatty acids spill over in excess necrotic debris or fl uid caused by microbial of the oxidative needs of those tissues and infections. enhances metabolic fl ux into harmful pathways Lusitropic An agent that affects diastolic of nonoxidative metabolism. relaxation. Lipotropic Refers to compounds that help cata- Lutein A carotenoid, occurs naturally as yellow lyze the breakdown of fat during meta bolism or orange pigment in some fruits and leafy in the body, e.g. chlorine and lecithin. vegetables. It is one of the two carotenoids Lipoxygenase A family of iron- containing contained within the retina of the eye. Within enzymes that catalyze the dioxygenation of the central macula, zeaxanthin predominates, polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids contain- whereas in the peripheral retina, lutein predom- ing a cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene structure. inates. Lutein is necessary for good vision and Lithiasis Formation of urinary calculi (stones) may also help prevent or slow down athero- in the renal system (kidneys, ureters, urinary sclerosis, the thickening of arteries, which is a bladder, urethra) and can be of any one of major risk for cardiovascular disease. several compositions. Luteinising Hormone (LH) A hormone pro- Lithogenic Promoting the formation of calculi duced by the anterior pituitary gland. In (stones). females, it triggers ovulation. In males, it Lithontripic Removes stones from kidney and stimulates the production of testosterone to gall bladder. aid sperm maturation. Liver X Receptors Nuclear hormones that func- Luteolysis Is the structural and functional tion as central transcriptional regulators for degradation of the corpus luteum (CL) that lipid homeostasis. occurs at the end of the luteal phase of both Lotion A liquid suspension or dispersion of the oestrous and menstrual cycles in the chemicals for external application to the body. absence of pregnancy. Adj . luteolytic LoVo Cells Colon cancer cells. Luteotropic Stimulating the formation of the Low- Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Is a type of corpus luteum. lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and Lymphadenitis The infl ammation or enlarge- triglycerides from the liver to peripheral ment of a lymph node caused by microbial tissues. High levels of LDL cholesterol can infection. signal medical problems like cardiovascular Cervical Lymphadenitis I n fl ammation of the disease, and it is sometimes called ‘bad lymph nodes in the neck, usually caused by an cholesterol’. infection. 1002 Medical Glossary

Lymphatitis I n fl ammation of lymph vessels helps regulate blood sugar levels, promotes and nodes. normal blood pressure and is known to be Lymphadenopathy A term meaning ‘disease of involved in energy metabolism and protein the lymph nodes’—lymph node enlargement. synthesis and plays a role in preventing and Lymphadenomegaly Is the enlargement of the managing disorders such as hypertension, lymph node/nodes. cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Dietary Lymphoblastic Pertaining to the production of sources include legumes (e.g. soya bean and lymphocytes. by-products), nuts, whole unrefi ned grains, Lymphocyte A small white blood cell (leukocyte) fruit (e.g. banana, apricots), okra and green that plays a large role in defending the body leafy vegetables. against disease. Lymphocytes are responsible MAK Cell Macrophage-activated killer cell. for immune responses. There are two main Activated macrophage that is much more types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. phagocytic than monocytes. Lymphocytes secrete products (lymphokines) Malaise A feeling of weakness, lethargy or that modulate the functional activities of many discomfort as of impending illness. other types of cells and are often present at Malaria Is an infection of the blood by sites of chronic infl ammation. Plasmodium parasite that is carried from per- Lymphocyte B Cells The B cells make antibod- son to person by mosquitoes. There are four ies that attack bacteria and toxins. species of malaria parasites that infect man: Lymphocyte T Cells T cells attack body cells Plasmodium falciparum , so - called malignant themselves when they have been taken over by tertian fever, is the most serious disease; viruses or have become cancerous. Plasmodium vivax, causing a relapsing form Lymphoma A type of cancer involving cells of of the disease; Plasmodium malariae ; and the immune system called lymphocytes. Plasmodium ovale . Lymphopenia Abnormally low number of lym- Malassezia A fungal genus (previously known phocytes in the blood. as Pityrosporum ) classifi ed as yeasts, naturally Lysosomes Are small, spherical organelles con- found on the skin surfaces of many animals taining digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) including humans. It can cause hypopigmen- and other proteases (cathepsins). tation on the chest or back if it becomes an Maceration Softening or separating of parts by opportunistic infection. soaking in a liquid. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin ( mTOR ) Macrophage A type of large leukocyte that travels Pathway that regulates mitochondrial oxygen in the blood but can leave the bloodstream and consumption and oxidative capacity. enter tissue; like other leukocytes it protects the Mammogram An X-ray of the breast to detect body by digesting debris and foreign cells. tumours. Macular Degeneration A disease that gradually Mandibular Relating to the mandible, the destroys the macula, the central portion of the human jaw bone. retina, reducing central vision. Manganese Is an essential element for heath. It is Macules Small circumscribed changes in the an important constituent of some enzymes and colour of skin that are neither raised (elevated) an activator of other enzymes in physiologic nor depressed. processes. Manganese superoxide dismutase Maculopapular Describes a rash characterized (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant enzyme by raised, spotted lesions. in the mitochondria. Manganese-activated Magnesium (Mg) Is the fourth most abundant enzymes play important roles in the metabo- mineral in the body and is essential to good lism of carbohydrates, amino acids and choles- health. It is important for normal muscle and terol. Manganese is the preferred cofactor of nerve function, steady heart rhythm, immune enzymes called glycosyltransferases which are system and strong bones. Magnesium also required for the synthesis of proteoglycans that Medical Glossary 1003

are needed for the formation of healthy cartilage ligament, joint capsule, annulus fi brosus of and bone. Dietary source include whole grains, the intervertebral disc, muscle, tendon and fruit, legumes (soybean and by-products), skin. They respond to a noxious (damaging) green leafy vegetables, beetroot and tea. mechanical load. MAO Activity Monoamine oxidase activity. Medial Preoptic Area Is located at the rostral MAPK ( Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) end of the hypothalamus; it is important for These kinases are strongly activated in cells the regulation of male sexual behaviour. subjected to osmotic stress, UV radiation, Megaloblastic Anaemia An anaemia that dysregulated K+ currents, RNA-damaging results from inhibition of DNA synthesis in agents and a multitude of other stresses, as red blood cell production, often due to a well as infl ammatory cytokines, endotoxin defi ciency of vitamin B12 or folate and is and withdrawal of a trophic factor . The stress- characterized by many large immature and responsive MAPKs mediate a plethora of dysfunctional red blood cells (megaloblasts) cellular responses to such stressful stimuli, in the bone marrow. including apoptosis and production of infl am- Melaena (Melena) Refers to the black, ‘tarry’ matory and immunoregulatory cytokines in faeces that are associated with gastrointestinal diverse cell systems. haemorrhage. Marasmus Is one of the three forms of serious Melanogenesis Production of melanin by living protein-energy malnutrition. cells. Mastectomy Surgery to remove a breast. Melanoma Malignant tumour of melanocytes Masticatory A substance chewed to increase which are found predominantly in skin but salivation. Also called sialogue. also in the bowel and the eye and appear as Mastitis A bacterial infection of the breast which pigmented lesions. usually occurs in breastfeeding mothers. Melatonin A hormone produced in the brain Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP) A member by the pineal gland; it is important in the of a group of enzymes that can break down regulation of the circadian rhythms of several proteins, such as collagen, that are normally biological functions. found in the spaces between cells in tissues Menarche The fi rst menstrual cycle, or fi rst (i.e. extracellular matrix proteins). Matrix menstrual bleeding, in female human beings. metalloproteinases are involved in wound heal- Menorrhagia Heavy or prolonged menstruation; ing, angiogenesis and tumour cell metastasis. too-frequent menstrual periods. See also Metalloproteinase. Menopausal Refer to permanent cessation of MBC Minimum bacterial concentration. The menstruation. lowest concentration of antibiotic required to Menses See Menstruation. kill an organism. MenstruationThe approximately monthly dis- MCP- 1 Monocyte chemotactic protein-1.Plays charge of blood from the womb in women a role in the recruitment of monocytes to sites of childbearing age who are not pregnant. of infection and injury. It is a member of small Also called menses. Adj. menstrual. inducible gene (SIG) family. Mesangial Cells Are specialized cells around MDA Malondialdehyde is one of the most fre- blood vessels in the kidneys, at the mesangium. quently used indicators of lipid peroxidation. Mesothelioma Is an aggressive cancer affect- Measles An acute, highly communicable rash ing the membrane lining of the lungs and illness due to a virus transmitted by direct con- abdomen. tact with infectious droplets or, less commonly, Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) Represents a by airborne spread. combination of cardiometabolic risk factors, Mechanonociceptors Sensory neurons that including visceral obesity, glucose intolerance are mechanically sensitive found in all of the or type 2 diabetes, elevated triglycerides, paraspinal connective tissues including reduced HDL cholesterol and hypertension. 1004 Medical Glossary

Metabonome Complete set of metabologically that will inhibit the visible growth of a regulated elements in cells. microorganism. Metabolomics Is the scientifi c study of chemical Micelle A submicroscopic aggregation of processes involving metabolites. molecules. Metalloproteinase Enzymes that break down Micellization Formation process of micelles. proteins and requiring zinc or calcium atoms Microangiopathy Or microvascular disease, is for proper function. an angiopathy affecting small blood vessels in Metallothionein (MT) A family of cysteine- the body. rich, low molecular weight (500–14,000 Da) Microfi laria A pre-larval parasitic worm of the proteins. family Onchocercidae, found in the vector and Meta-analysis A statistical procedure that com- in the blood or tissue fl uid of human host. bines the results of several studies that address Micronuclei Small particles consisting of a set of related research hypotheses. acentric fragments of chromosomes or entire Metaphysis Is the portion of a long bone chromosomes, which lag behind at anaphase between the epiphyses and the diaphysis of of cell division. the femur. Microsomal PGE2 Synthase Is the enzyme Metaphyseal Pertaining to the metaphysis. that catalyzes the fi nal step in prostaglandin Metaplasia Transformation of one type of one E2 (PGE2) biosynthesis. mature differentiated cell type into another Microvasculature The fi ner vessels of the body, mature differentiated cell type. as the arterioles, capillaries and venules. Metastasis Is the movement or spreading of Micturition Urination, act of urinating. cancer cells from one organ or tissue to Migraine A neurological syndrome character- another. ized by altered bodily perceptions, severe, Metestrus the quiescent period of sexual inactivity painful headaches and nausea. between oestrous cycles. Mimosine Is an alkaloid, β-3-hydroxy-4 pyridone Metropathy Any disease of the uterus especially amino acid; it is a toxic nonprotein free amino of the myometrium. acid and is an antinutrient. Metroptosis The slipping or falling out of place Mineral Apposition Rate MAR, rate of addition of an organ (as the uterus). of new layers of mineral on the trabecular Metrorrhagia Uterine bleeding at irregular surfaces of bones. intervals, particularly between the expected Miscarriage Spontaneous abortion. menstrual periods. Mitochondrial Complex I The largest enzyme Mevinolin A potent inhibitor of 3-hydroxy- in the mitochondrial respiratory oxidative 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase phosphorylation system. (HMG-CoA reductase). Mitochondrial Permeability Transition MHC Acronym for major histocompatibility (MPT) Is an increase in the permeability of complex, a large cluster of genes found on the the mitochondrial membranes to molecules of short arm of chromosome 6 in most verte- less than 1,500 Da in molecular weight. MPT brates that encodes MHC molecules. MHC is one of the major causes of cell death in a molecules play an important role in the variety of conditions. immune system and autoimmunity. Mitogen An agent that triggers mitosis and elic- MHC 11 Molecules Class II MHC molecules its all the signals necessary to induce cell belong to a group of molecules known as the proliferation. immunoglobulin supergene family, which Mitogenic Able to induce mitosis or includes immunoglobulins, T cell receptors, transformation. CD4, CD8 and others. Mitogenicity Process of induction of mitosis. MIC Minimum inhibitory concentration. Mitomycin A chemotherapy drug that is given Lowest concentration of an antimicrobial as a treatment for several different types of Medical Glossary 1005

cancer, including breast, stomach, oesophagus Morphine The major alkaloid of opium and a and bladder cancers. potent narcotic analgesic. Mitosis Cell division in which the nucleus mTOR, the Mammalian (or Mechanistic) divides into nuclei containing the same number Target of Rapamycin Regulates a wide of chromosomes. range of cellular and developmental processes MMP Matrix metalloproteinases, a group of by coordinating signalling responses to mito- peptidases involved in degradation of the gens, nutrients and various stresses. extracellular matrix (ECM). MTTP Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein Mnestic Pertaining to memory. that is required for the assembly and secretion Molecular Docking Is a key tool in structural of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins from both molecular biology and computer-assisted drug enterocytes and hepatocytes. design. MUC 5AC Mucin 5AC, a secreted gel-forming Molluscidal Destroying molluscs like snails. protein mucin with a high molecular weight of MOLT4 Cells MOLT4 cells are lymphoblast- about 641 kDa. like in morphology and are used for studies of Mucositis Painful infl ammation and ulceration of apoptosis, tumour cytotoxicity, tumorigenicity, the mucous membranes lining the digestive tract. as well as for antitumour testing. Mucous Relating to mucus. Molybdenum (Mo) Is an essential element that Mucolytic Capable of reducing the viscosity of forms part of several enzymes such as xanthine mucus or an agent that so acts. oxidase involved in the oxidation of xanthine Mucus Viscid secretion of the mucous to uric acid and use of iron. Molybdenum membrane. concentrations also affect protein synthesis, Multidrug Resistance (MDR) Ability of a living metabolism and growth. Dietary sources cell to show resistance to a wide variety of struc- include meat, green beans, eggs, sunfl ower turally and functionally unrelated compounds. seeds, wheat fl our, lentils and cereal grain. Muscarinic Receptors Are G protein-coupled Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) Is an isozyme acetylcholine receptors found in the plasma of monoamine oxidase. It preferentially deami- membranes of certain neurons and other cells. nates norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epineph- Mutagen An agent that induces genetic muta- rine (adrenaline), serotonin and dopamine. tion by causing changes in the DNA. Monoaminergic Of or pertaining to neurons Mutagenic Capable of inducing mutation (used that secrete monoamine neurotransmitters mainly for extracellular factors such as X-rays (e.g. dopamine, serotonin). or chemical pollution). Monoclonal Antibodies Are produced by fusing Myalgia Muscle pain. single antibody-forming cells to tumour cells Myc Codes for a protein that binds to the DNA grown in culture. of other genes and is therefore a transcription Monocyte Large white blood cell that ingest facor, found on chromosome 8 in human. microbes, other cells and foreign matter. Mycosis An infection or disease caused by a Monogalactosyl Diglyceride Are the major fungus. lipid components of chloroplasts. Myelocyte Is a young cell of the granulocytic Monorrhagia Is heavy bleeding and that is series, occurring normally in bone marrow, usually defi ned as periods lasting longer than but not in circulating blood. 7 days or excessive bleeding. Myeloid Leukaemia (Chronic) A type of cancer Morbidity A diseased state or symptom or can that affects the blood and bone marrow, charac- refer either to the incidence rate or to the prev- terized by excessive number of white blood cells. alence rate of a disease. Myeloma Cancer that arise in the plasma cells a Morellofl avone A bifl avonoid extracted from type of white blood cells. Garcinia dulcis, has shown antioxidative, Myeloperoxidase (MPO) Is a peroxidase antiviral and antiinfl ammatory properties. enzyme most abundantly present in neutrophil 1006 Medical Glossary

granulocytes (a subtype of white blood cells). Myotube A developing skeletal muscle fi bre It is an infl ammatory enzyme produced by with a tubular appearance. activated leukocytes that predicts risk of cor- N- Nitrosomorpholine A human carcinogen. onary heart disease. N- Nitrosoproline An indicator for N-nitrosation Myeloproliferative Disorder Disease of the bone of amines. marrow in which excess cells are produced. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Myelosuppressive Causing bone marrow (NADP) A coenzyme comprising nicotinamide suppression. mononucleotide coupled by pyrophosphate Myelotoxicity State of being toxic to myeloid linkage to adenosine 2′,5′-bisphosphate; it tissues, the bone marrow. acts as an electron carrier in numerous reac- Myocardial Relating to heart muscles tissues. tions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and Myocardial infarction (MI) Is the rapid devel- reduced (NADPH). opment of myocardial necrosis caused by a NADPH The reduced form of nicotinamide critical imbalance between oxygen supply and adenine dinucleotide phosphate that serves as demand of the myocardium. an electron carrier. Myocardial Ischemia An intermediate condi- NAFLD Non- alcoholic fatty liver disease. tion in coronary artery disease during which Narcotic An agent that produces narcosis; in the heart tissue is slowly or suddenly starved moderate doses it dulls the senses, relieves of oxygen and other nutrients. pain and induces sleep, and in excessive dose Myocardial Lipidosis Is the accumulation of it cause stupor, coma, convulsions and death. fat droplets in myocardial fi bres. Nasopharynx Upper part of the alimentary Myoclonus Brief, involuntary twitching of a continuous with the nasal passages. muscle or a group of muscles. Natriorexia Excessive intake of sodium evoked Myogenesis The formation of muscular tissue, by sodium depletion. Adj. natriorexic, especially during embryonic development. natriorexigenic. Myopathy A muscular disease wherein the mus- Natriuresis The discharge of excessive large cle fi bres do not function for any one of many amount of sodium through urine. Adj. reasons, resulting in muscular weakness. natriuretic. Myopia Near or short sightedness. Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) A type of cyto- Myosarcoma A malignant muscle tumour. toxic lymphocyte that constitutes a major Myotonia Dystrophica An inherited disorder of component of the innate immune system. the muscles and other body systems character- Natural Killer T (NKT) Cells A heterogeneous ized by progressive muscle weakness, prolonged group of T cells that share properties of both T muscle contractions (myotonia), clouding of the cells and natural killer (NK) cells. lens of the eye (cataracts), cardiac abnormalities, Nausea Sensation of unease and discomfort in balding and infertility. the stomach with an urge to vomit. Myotube A developing skeletal muscle fi bre or Necropsy See Autopsy. cell with a tubular appearance and a centrally Necrosis Morphological changes that follow located nucleus. cell death, usually involving nuclear and cyto- Myringosclerosis Also known as tympanoscle- plasmic changes. rosis or intratympanic tympanosclerosis, is a Neointima A new or thickened layer of arterial condition caused by calcifi cation of collagen intima formed especially on a prosthesis or in tissues in the tympanic membrane of the atherosclerosis by migration and proliferation middle ear. of cells from the media. Myotonia A symptom of certain neuromuscular Neonatal Adj. of or relating to newborn infants disorders characterized by the slow relaxation or an infant. of the muscles after voluntary contraction or Neoplasia Abnormal growth of cells, which electrical stimulation. may lead to a neoplasm or tumour. Medical Glossary 1007

Neoplasm Tumour, any new and abnormal Neuraminidase Inhibitors A class of antiviral growth, specifi cally one in which cell multi- drugs targeted at the infl uenza viruses whose plication is uncontrolled and progressive. mode of action consists of blocking the func- Neoplasms may be benign or malignant. tion of the viral neuraminidase protein, thus Neoplastic Transformation Conversion of a preventing the virus from reproducing. tissue with a normal growth pattern into a Neurasthenia A condition with symptoms of malignant tumour. fatigue, anxiety, headache, impotence, neural- Neovascularization Is the development of tiny, gia and impotence. abnormal, leaky blood vessels inside the eye. Neurasthenic A substance used to treat nerve Neovasculature Formation of new blood vessels. pain and/or weakness (i.e. neuralgia and Nephrectomized Kidneys surgically removed. sciatica). Nephrectomy Surgical removal of the kidney. Neurite Refers to any projection from the cell Nephric Relating to or connected with a kidney. body of a neuron. Nephrin Is a protein necessary for the proper Neuritis An infl ammation of the nerve charac- functioning of the renal fi ltration barrier. terized by pain, sensory disturbances and Nephritic Syndrome Is a collection of signs impairment of refl exes. Adj . neuritic. (known as a syndrome) associated with disor- Neuritogenesis The fi rst step of neuronal differ- ders affecting the kidneys, more specifi cally entiation and takes place as nascent neurites bud glomerular disorders. from the immediate postmitotic neuronal soma. Nephritis Is infl ammation of the kidney. Neuroblastoma A common extracranial cancer Nephrolithiasis Process of forming a kidney that forms in nerve tissues, common in infancy. stone in the kidney or lower urinary tract. Neuroendocrine Adj. of, relating to or involving Nephropathy A disorder of the kidney. the interaction between the nervous system Nephrotic Syndrome Nonspecifi c disorder in and the hormones of the endocrine glands. which the kidneys are damaged, causing them Neurogenesis Process by which neurons are gen- to leak large amounts of protein from the erated from neural stem and progenitor cells. blood into the urine. Neurogenic Originating from the nerves of the Nephrotoxicity Poisonous effect of some sub- nervous system. stances, both toxic chemicals and medication, Neuroleptic Refers to the effects on cognition on the kidney. and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs that Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) A small protein reduce confusion, delusions, hallucinations that induces the differentiation and survival of and psychomotor agitation in patients with particular target neurons (nerve cells). psychoses. Nervine A nerve tonic that acts therapeutically Neuroma Is a growth or tumour of nerve tissue. upon the nerves, particularly in the sense of a Neuropathy A collection of disorders that sedative that serves to calm ruffl ed nerves. occurs when the peripheral nervous systems Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) Are common are damaged, causing pain and numbness in birth defects of the brain and spinal cord. the hands and feet. NEU 4 Sialidase This protein belongs to a family Neuropharmacological Relating the effects of of glycohydrolytic enzymes, which remove drugs on the neurosystem. terminal sialic acid residues from various sialo Neuroradiology Is a subspecialty of radiology derivatives, such as glycoproteins, glycolipids, focusing on the diagnosis and characterization oligosaccharides and gangliosides. of abnormalities of the central and peripheral Neuralgia Is a sudden, severe painful disorder nervous system . Adj. neuroradiologic. of the nerves. Neurotrophic Relating to neutrophy, i.e. the Neuraminidase Glycoside hydrolase enzymes nutrition and maintenance of nervous tissue. that cleaves the glycosidic linkages of neur- Neutropenia A disorder of the blood, character- aminic acids. ized by abnormally low levels of neutrophils. 1008 Medical Glossary

Neutrophil Type of white blood cell, specifi cally Nootropics Are substances which are claimed to a form of granulocyte. boost human cognitive abilities (the functions Neurotrophin Protein that induce the survival, and capacities of the brain). Also popularly development and function of neurons. referred to as ‘smart drugs’, ‘smart nutrients’, NF-kappa B (NF-κB) Nuclear factor kappa B, ‘cognitive enhancers’ and ‘brain enhancers’. is an ubiquitous rapid response transcription Noradrenalin See Norepinephrine. factor in cells involved in immune and infl am- Norepinephrine A substance, both a hormone matory reactions. and neurotransmitter, secreted by the adrenal Niacin Vitamin B3. See Vitamin B3. medulla and the nerve endings of the sympa- Niacinamide An amide of niacin, also known as thetic nervous system to cause vasoconstric- nicotinamide. See Vitamin B3. tion and increases in heart rate, blood pressure NIH3T3 Cells A mouse embryonic fi broblast cell and the sugar level of the blood. Also called line used in the cultivation of keratinocytes. levarterenol, noradrenalin. Nidation Implantation. Normoglycaemic Having the normal amount of Niosomes Are novel, vesicular, drug delivery sys- glucose in the blood. tems composed of nonionic surfactants instead Normotensive Having normal blood pressure. of phospholipids; they are capable of entrapping Nosebo A harmless substance that when taken hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. by a patient is associated with unpleasant or Nitrogen (N) Is an essential building block of harmful effects due to negative expectations amino and nucleic acids and proteins and is or the psychological state of the person. essential to all living organisms. Protein- rich Nosocomial Infections Infections which are a vegetables like legumes are rich food sources result of treatment in a hospital or a healthcare of nitrogen. service unit, but secondary to the patient’s NK Cells Natural killer cells. A type of cytotoxic original condition. lymphocyte that constitutes a major component NPC1L1 Niemann–Pick C1-like 1 gene that of the innate immune system. plays a major role in cholesterol homeostasis. It NK1.1+ T (NKT) cells A type of natural killer T is critical for the uptake of cholesterol across the (NKT) cells. See Natural Killer T Cells. plasma membrane of the intestinal enterocyte. NMDA Receptor N-methyl-D - ASPARTATE receptor. Nrf2 NF-E2 - related factor 2, a transcription fac- The predominant molecular device for tor that activates ARE-containing genes. controlling synaptic plasticity and memory Nrf2/ARE Pathway Plays an important role in function. A brain receptor activated by the inducing phase II detoxifying enzymes and amino acid glutamate, which when exces- antioxidant proteins and has been considered sively stimulated may cause cognitive defects a potential target for cancer chemoprevention in Alzheimer’s disease. because it eliminates harmful reactive oxygen Nociceptive Causing pain, responding to a painful species or reactive intermediates generated stimulus. from carcinogens. Nociceptors Specialized peripheral sensory Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 neurons that respond to potentially damaging (Nrf2) A transcription factor that plays a stimuli by sending nerve signals to the spinal major role in response to oxidative stress by cord and brain. binding to antioxidant-responsive elements that Non- osteogenic Fibromata of bone, a benign regulate many hepatic phase I and II enzymes tumour of bone which shows no evidence of as well as hepatic effl ux transporters. ossifi cation. Nucleosomes Fundamental repeating subunits Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease One cause of all eukaryotic chromatin, consisting of a of a fatty liver, occurring when fat is deposited DNA chain coiled around a core of histones. (steatosis) in the liver not due to excessive Nulliparous Term used to describe a woman alcohol use. who has never given birth. Medical Glossary 1009

Nyctalopia Night blindness, impaired vision in and that the breast cancer should respond well dim light and in the dark, due to impaired to hormone suppression treatments. function of certain specialized vision cells. Oestrogenic Relating to oestrogen or producing Nystagmus Fast, involuntary movements of the oestrous. eyes. Oestrous Sexual excitement or heat of female Nycturia Excessive urination at night, especially or period of this characterized by changes in common in older men. the sex organs. Occludin A novel integral membrane protein Oligoarthritis An infl ammation of two, three or localizing at tight junctions. Cf. tight junction. four joints. Occlusion Closure or blockage (as of a blood Oligonucleosome A series of nucleosomes. vessel). Oligospermia or Oligozoospermia Refers to Occlusive Peripheral Arterial Disease semen with a low concentration of sperm, (PAOD) Also known as peripheral vascular commonly associated with male infertility. disease (PVD) or peripheral arterial disease Oligoanuria Insuffi cient urine volume to allow (PAD) refers to the obstruction of large arteries administration of necessary fl uids, etc. not within the coronary, aortic arch vasculature Oliguria Decreased production of urine. or brain. PVD can result from atherosclerosis, Omega-3 Fatty Acids are essential polyunsatu- infl ammatory processes leading to stenosis, an rated fatty acids that have in common a fi nal embolism or thrombus formation. carbon–carbon double bond in the n − 3 posi- Oculomotor Nerve The third of 12 paired tion. Dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids cranial nerves. include fi sh oil and certain plant/nut oils. The Odds Ratio A statistical measure of effect three most nutritionally important omega- 3 size, describing the strength of association or fatty acids are alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapen- nonindependence between two binary data taenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid values. (DHA). Research indicates that omega- 3 fatty Odontalgia Toothache. Adj. odontalgic. acids are important in health promotion and Odontopathy Any disease of the teeth. disease and can help prevent a wide range of Oedema Formerly known as dropsy or medical problems, including cardiovascular hydropsy, is characterized swelling caused by disease, depression, asthma and rheumatoid abnormal accumulation of fl uid beneath the arthritis. skin or in one or more cavities of the body. It Omega-6 Fatty Acids Are essential polyunsatu- usually occurs in the feet, ankles and legs, but rated fatty acids that have in common a fi nal it can involve the entire body. carbon–carbon double bond in the n − 6 position. Oedematogenic Producing or causing oedema. Omega-6 fatty acids are considered essential Oestrogen Female hormone produced by the fatty acids (EFAs) found in vegetable oils, nuts ovaries that play an important role in the oes- and seeds. They are essential to human health trous cycle in women. but cannot be made in the body. Omega-6 fatty Oestrogen Receptor (ER) Is a protein found in acids—found in vegetable oils, nuts and high concentrations in the cytoplasm of breast, seeds—are a benefi cial part of a heart-healthy uterus, hypothalamus and anterior hypophysis eating. Omega-6 and omega-3 PUFA play a cells; ER levels are measured to determine a crucial role in heart and brain function and in breast CA’s potential for response to hormonal normal growth and development. Linoleic acid manipulation. (LA) is the main omega-6 fatty acid in foods, Oestrogen Receptor Negative (ER-) Tumour accounting for 85–90 % of the dietary omega-6 is not driven by oestrogen and needs another PUFA. Other omega- 6 acids include gamma- test to determine the most effective treatment. linolenic acid or GLA, sometimes called Oestrogen Receptor Positive (ER+) Means gamoleic acid, eicosadienoic acid, arachidonic that oestrogen is causing the tumour to grow acid and docosadienoic acid. 1010 Medical Glossary

Omega-9 Fatty Acids Are not essential polyun- Orofacial Dyskinesia Abnormal involuntary saturated fatty acids that have in common a movements involving muscles of the face, fi nal carbon–carbon double bond in the n − 9 mouth, tongue, eyes and, occasionally, the position. Some n − 9s are common components neck—may be unilateral or bilateral and con- of animal fat and vegetable oil. Two n − 9 fatty stant or intermittent. acids important in industry are oleic acid Oropharyngeal Relating to the oropharynx. (18:1, n − 9), which is a main component Oropharynx Part of the pharynx between the of olive oil and erucic acid (22:1, n − 9), which soft palate and the epiglottis. is found in , wallfl ower seed and Ostalgia, Ostealgia Pain in the bones. Also seed. called osteodynia. Oncogenes Genes carried by tumour viruses Osteoarthritis Is the deterioration of the joints that are directly and solely responsible for that becomes more common with age. the neoplastic (tumorous) transformation of Osteoarthrosis Chronic noninfl ammatory bone host cells. disease. Oncosis Accidental cell death. Also referred to Osteoblast A mononucleate cell that is respon- swelling necrosis. sible for bone formation. Ophthalmia Severe infl ammation of eye or Osteoblastic Relating to osteoblasts. the conjunctiva or deeper structures of the eye. Osteocalcin A noncollagenous protein found in Also called ophthalmitis. bone and dentin. Also referred to as bone gamma- Ophthalmia (Sympathetic) I n fl ammation of carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein. both eyes following trauma to one eye. Osteoclasts A kind of bone cell that removes Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disease where bone tissue by removing its mineralized matrix. the thyroid gland is overactive leading to Osteoclastogenesis The production of osteoclasts. ocular manifestations. Osteodynia Pain in the bone. Opiate Drug derived from the opium plant. Osteogenic Derived from or composed of any Opioid Receptors A group of G-protein- coupled tissue concerned in bone growth or repair. receptors located in the brain and various Osteomalacia Refers to the softening of the organs that bind opiates or opioid substances. bones due to defective bone mineralization. Optic Placode An ectodermal placode from Osteomyelofi brosis A myeloproliferative disor- which the lens of the embryonic eye develops. der in which fi brosis and sclerosis fi nally lead Also called lens placode. to bone marrow obliteration. ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Osteopenia Reduction in bone mass, usually Capacity) A method of measuring antioxi- caused by a lowered rate of formation of new dant capacities in biological samples. bone that is insuffi cient to keep up with the Oral Submucous Fibrosis A chronic debilitating rate of bone destruction. disease of the oral cavity characterized by Osteoporosis A disease of bone that leads to an infl ammation and progressive fi brosis of the increased risk of fracture. submucosa tissues. Osteoprotegerin Also called osteoclastogenesis Oral Thrush An infection of yeast fungus, inhibitory factor (OCIF), a cytokine, which Candida albicans , in the mucous membranes can inhibit the production of osteoclasts. of the mouth. Osteosacrcoma A malignant bone tumour. Also Orchidectomy Surgery to remove one or both called osteogenic sarcoma. testicles. Otalgia Earache, pain in the ear. Orchidectomized With testis removed. Otic Placode A thickening of the ectoderm on Orchitis An acute painful infl ammatory reaction the outer surface of a developing embryo from of the testis secondary to infection by different which the ear develops. bacteria and viruses. Otitis I n fl ammation of the inner or outer parts Orexigenic Increasing or stimulating the appetite. of the ear. Medical Glossary 1011

Otitis Media I n fl ammation of the middle ear. the p53 tumour suppressor gene, transforming Otorrhoea Running drainage (discharge) exiting growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), AP2 and the ear. other pathways, all regulating apoptosis and Otopathy Disease of the ear. the cell cycle. Ovariectomized With one or two ovaries P300/CBP Are transcriptional coactivators that removed. play critical roles in integrating multiple signal- Ovariectomy Surgical removal of one or both dependent transcription events and may have ovaries. specifi c roles in tumour suppression pathways. Oxidation The process of adding oxygen to a P53 Also known as protein 53 or tumour protein compound, dehydrogenation or increasing the 53, is a tumour suppressor protein that in electronegative charge. humans is encoded by the TP53 gene. Oxidoreductase Activity Catalysis of an P65 Transcription Factor Is a protein that in oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a humans is encoded by the RELA gene. Its reversible chemical reaction. One substrate alternative name is nuclear factor NF-kappa-B acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and p65 subunit. becomes oxidized, while the other acts as P-Glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1, MDR1) A cell hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes membrane-associated drug-exporting protein reduced. that transports a variety of drug substrates Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity from cancer cells. (ORAC) A method of measuring antioxidant P-Selectin Also known as CD62P, GMP-140, capacities in biological samples. LLECAM-3 and PADGEM and is a member Oxytocic Adj. hastening or facilitating child- of the selectin family. It is expressed by activated birth, especially by stimulating contractions platelets and endothelial cells. of the uterus. pACREB Phosphorylated cAMP (adenosine Oxytocin Is a mammalian hormone that also acts 3′5′ cyclic monophosphate)-response element as a neurotransmitter in the brain. It is best binding protein. known for its roles in female reproduction: it is Palliative Relieving pain without alleviating the released in large amounts after distension of underlying problem. the cervix and vagina during labour and after Palpebral Ptosis The abnormal drooping of stimulation of the nipples, facilitating birth and the upper lid, caused by partial or total reduc- breastfeeding, respectively. tion in levator muscle function. Oxyuriasis Infestation by pinworms. Palpitation Rapid pulsation or throbbing of the Ozoena Discharge of the nostrils caused by heart. chronic infl ammation of the nostrils. Paludism State of having symptoms of malaria P13-K Is a lipid kinase enzyme involved in the characterized by high fever and chills. regulation of a number of cellular functions Pancreatectomized Having undergone a such as cell growth, proliferation, differentia- pancreatectomy. tion, motility, survival and intracellular traf- Pancreatectomy Surgical removal of all or part fi cking, which in turn are involved in cancer. of the pancreas. P13-K/AKT Signalling Pathway Shown to be Pancreatitis I n fl ammation of the pancreas. important for an extremely diverse array of Pancytopenia A haematological condition in cellular activities—most notably cellular which there is a reduction in the number of red proliferation and survival. and white blood cells, as well as platelets. P21 Also known as cyclin-dependent kinase Pantothenic Acid Vitamin B5. See Vitamin B5. inhibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1, is a Papain A protein- degrading enzyme used potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. medicinally and to tenderize meat. p21waf1/cip1 Encodes a cyclin- dependent kinase Papilloma A benign epithelial tumour growing inhibitor that is transcriptionally activated by outwardly like in fi ngerlike fronds. 1012 Medical Glossary

Papule A small, solid, usually infl ammatory PCNA Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, an elevation of the skin that does not contain pus. auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta Paradontosis Is the infl ammation of gums and involved in modulating eukaryotic DNA other deeper structures, including the bone. replication. Paralytic Person affected with paralysis, per- PDEF Acronym for prostate-derived ETS taining to paralysis. factor, an ETS (epithelial-specifi c E26 Paraoxonase An enzyme that protects against transforming sequence) family member that oxidation of low -density lipoprotein and has been identifi ed as a potential tumour affects the risk of coronary artery disease. suppressor. Parasitemia Presence of parasites in blood. Adj. PDGFs Platelet-derived growth factors constitute parasitemic. a group of growth factors that play a signifi cant Parasympathetic Nervous System Subsystem role in blood vessel formation and the growth of the nervous systems that slows the heart of blood vessels. rate and increases intestinal and gland activity PDGR Receptor (Platelet-Derived Growth and relaxes the sphincter muscles. Factor Receptor) Are cell surface tyrosine Parasympathomimetic Having an action kinase receptors for members of the platelet- resembling that caused by stimulation of the derived growth factor (PDGF) family. parasympathetic nervous system. Pectoral Pertaining to or used for the chest and Paraesthesia A sensation of tingling, burning, respiratory tract. pricking or numbness of a person’s skin with pERK Phosphorylated extracellular signal-reg- no apparent long-term physical effect. Also ulated kinase, protein kinases involved in known as ‘pains and needles’. many cell functions. Parenteral Administration Administration Peliosis See Purpura. by intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscu- Pellagra Is a systemic nutritional wasting disease lar routes. caused by a defi ciency of vitamin B3 (niacin). Paresis A condition characterized by partial Pemphigus Neonatorum Staphylococcal scalded loss of movement or impaired movement. skin syndrome, a bacterial disease of infants, Paraesthesia Is an abnormal sensation of the characterized by elevated vesicles or blebs on skin, such as burning, numbness, itching, a normal or reddened skin. hyperaesthesia (increased sensitivity) or tin- Peptic Ulcer A sore in the lining of the stomach gling, with no apparent physical cause. or duodenum, the fi rst part of the small Parotitis I n fl ammation of salivary glands. intestine. Paroxysm A sudden outburst of emotion or Peptide YY A short (36 amino acid) pancreatic action, a sudden attack and recurrence or protein released by cells in the ileum and intensifi cation of a disease. colon in response to feeding. Paroxystic Relating to an abnormal event of Percutaneous Pertains to a medical procedure the body with an abrupt onset and an equally where access to inner organs or tissues is done sudden return to normal. via needle puncture of the skin. PARP See Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Perfusion To force fl uid through the lymphatic Pars Compacta Is a portion of the substantia nigra system or blood vessels to an organ or tissue. (a brain structure located in the midbrain). Periapical Periodontitis Is the infl ammation Parturition Act of childbirth. of the tissue adjacent to the tip of the tooth’s PCAF P300/CBP-associated factor. A histone root. acetyl transferase (HAT) that plays a role in Perifuse T o fl ush a fresh supply of bathing fl uid regulation of transciton and cell cycly progres- around all of the outside surfaces of a small sion and differentiation. piece of tissue immersed in it. PCE/PCN Ratio Polychromatic erythrocyte/ Perilipins Highly phosphorylated adipocyte normochromatic erythrocyte ratio used as a proteins that are localized at the surface of the measure of cytotoxic effects. lipid droplet. Medical Glossary 1013

Perimenopause Is the phase before menopause protein that regulates fatty acid storage and actually takes place, when ovarian hormone glucose metabolism. production is declining and fl uctuating. Adj . Pertussis Whooping cough, severe cough. perimenopausal. Peyer’s Patches Patches of lymphoid tissue or Periodontal Ligament (PDL) Is a group of lymphoid nodules on the walls of the ileal- specialized connective tissue fi bres that essen- small intestine. tially attach a tooth to the bony socket. PGE-2 Prostaglandin E2. A hormonelike Periodontitis Is a severe form of gingivitis in substance that is released by blood vessel which the infl ammation of the gums extends walls in response to infection or infl ammation to the supporting structures of the tooth. Also that acts on the brain to induce fever. called pyorrhoea. Phagocytes Are the white blood cells that protect Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) Is a disease the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful in which plaque builds up in the arteries that foreign particles, bacteria and dead or dying carry blood to your head, organs and limbs. cells. Adj. phagocytic. Peripheral Neuropathy Refers to damage to Phagocytosis Is process the human body uses to nerves of the peripheral nervous system. destroy dead or foreign cells. Peripheral Neuropathic Pain (PNP) Refers to Pharmacognosis The branch of pharmacology situations where nerve roots or peripheral that studies the composition, use and history nerve trunks have been damaged by mechani- of drugs. cal and/or chemical stimuli that exceeded the Pharmacodynamics Branch of pharmacology physical capabilities of the nervous system. dealing with the effects of drugs and the Symptoms may include pain, paraesthesia, mechanism of their action. dysaesthesia, spasm, weakness, hypoesthesia Pharmacokinetics Branch of pharmacology or anaesthesia. concerned with the movement of drugs within Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) S e e the body including processes of absorption, Peripheral Artery Occlusive Disease. distribution, metabolism and excretion in the Peristalsis A series of organized, wave-like body. muscle contractions that occur throughout the Pharmacopoeia Authoritative treatise containing digestive tract. directions for the identifi cation of drug samples PERK A transmembrane protein kinase of the and the preparation of compound medicines PEK family resident in the endoplasmic and published by the authority of a government reticulum (ER) membrane and is linked to or a medical or pharmaceutical society and in a insulin processing. broader sense is a general reference work for Perlingual Through or by way of the tongue. pharmaceutical drug specifi cations. Perniosis An abnormal reaction to cold that Pharyngitis, Pharyngolaryngitis I n fl ammation occurs most frequently in women, children of the pharynx and the larynx. and the elderly. Also called chilblains. Pharyngolaryngeal Pertaining to the pharynx Per Os (P.O. ) Oral administration. and larynx. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Phase II Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes Play an (PPARs) A family of nuclear receptors that are important role in biotransformation of endog- involved in lipid metabolism, differentiation, enous compounds and xenobiotics to more proliferation, cell death and infl ammation. easily excretable forms as well as in the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor metabolic inactivation of pharmacologically Alpha (PPAR-Alpha ) A nuclear receptor active compounds. Phase II drug- metabolizing protein, transcription factor and a major enzymes are mainly transferases. regulator of lipid metabolism in the liver. Phenolics Class of chemical compounds consist- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor ing of a hydroxyl group (–OH) bonded directly Gamma (PPAR-γ) A type II nuclear receptor to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. 1014 Medical Glossary

Pheochromocytoma Is a rare neuroendocrine Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) A small lipolytic tumour that usually originates from the adrenal enzyme that releases fatty acids from the glands’ chromaffi n cells, causing overproduc- second carbon group of glycerol. Plays an tion of catecholamines, powerful hormones essential role in the synthesis of prostaglan- that induce high blood pressure and other dins and leukotrienes. symptoms. Phospholipase C Enzymes that cleaves Phlebitis Is an infl ammation of a vein, usually phospholipase. in the legs. Phospholipase C Gamma (PLC Gamma) Phlegm Abnormally viscid mucus secreted by Enzymes that cleave phospholipase in cellular the mucosa of the respiratory passages during proliferation and differentiation, and its enzy- certain infectious processes. matic activity is upregulated by a variety of Phlegmon A spreading, diffuse infl ammation of growth factors and hormones. the soft or connective tissue due to infection Phosphorus (P) Is an essential mineral that by Streptococci bacteria. makes up 1 % of a person’s total body weight Phloroglucinol A white, crystalline compound and is found in the bones and teeth. It plays an used as an antispasmodic, analytical reagent important role in the body’s utilization of car- and decalcifi er of bone specimens for micro- bohydrates and fats, in the synthesis of protein scopic examination. for the growth, maintenance and repair of cells Phosphatidylglycerol Is a glycerophospholipid and tissues. It is also crucial for the production found in pulmonary active surface lipoprotein of ATP, a molecule the body uses to store and consists of a L -glycerol 3-phosphate energy. Main sources are meat and milk; fruits backbone ester-bonded to either saturated or and vegetables provide small amounts. unsaturated fatty acids on carbons 1 and 2. Photoaging Is the term that describes damage to Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI 3-Kinases the skin caused by intense and chronic expo- or PI3Ks) A group of enzymes involved in sure to sunlight resulting in premature aging cellular functions such as cell growth, prolif- of the skin. eration, differentiation, motility, survival and Photocarcinogenesis Represents the sum of a intracellular traffi cking, which in turn are complex of simultaneous and sequential involved in cancer. biochemical events that ultimately lead to the Phosphatidylserine A phosphoglyceride phos- occurrence of skin cancer caused by exposure pholipid that is one of the key building blocks to the sun. of cellular membranes, particularly in the ner- Photodermatoses Skin disorders caused by vous system. It is derived from soy lecithin. exposure to sunlight. Phosphaturia A urinary tract condition of Photophobia Abnormal visual intolerance to light. excessive urine phosphorus, causing urine to Photopsia An affection of the eye, in which appear cloudy or murky coloured. Also called the patient perceives luminous rays, fl ashes, hypophosphatemia. coruscations, etc. Phosphodiesterases A diverse family of Photosensitivity Sensitivity towards light. enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides Phthisis An archaic name for tuberculosis. and thus play a key role in regulating intracel- Phytohaemagglutinin A lectin found in plant lular levels of the second messengers cAMP that is involved in the stimulation of lympho- and cGMP and hence cell function. cyte proliferation. Phosphoenolpyruvate C Kinase (PEPCK) A n Phytonutrients Certain organic components of enzyme in the lyase family used in the metabolic plants that are thought to promote human pathway of gluconeogenesis. health. Fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts Phospholipase An enzyme that hydrolyzes and teas are rich sources of phytonutrients. phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipo- Phytonutrients are not ‘essential’ for life. Also philic substances. called phytochemicals. Medical Glossary 1015

Phytosterols A group of steroid alcohols, Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) Is an acetylated cholesterol-like phytochemicals naturally derivative of glycerophosphorylcholine, released occurring in plants like vegetable oils, nuts by basophils and mast cells in immediate hyper- and legumes. sensitive reactions and macrophages and neutro- Piebaldism Rare autosomal dominant disorder phils in other infl ammatory reactions. One of its of melanocyte development characterized by main effects is to induce platelet aggregation. distinct patches of skin and hair that contain PLC Gamma Phospholipase C gamma plays a no pigment. central role in signal transduction. Piles See Haemorrhoids. Pleurisy Is an infl ammation of the pleura, the PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-kinase. lining of the pleural cavity surrounding the PI13K/AKT Signalling Pathways Are involved lungs, which can cause painful respiration and in the modulation of cell survival, cell cycle other symptoms. Also known as pleuritis. progression and cellular growth in cancer. Pneumonia An infl ammatory illness of the lung Pityriasis Lichenoides Is a rare skin disorder of caused by bacteria or viruses. unknown aetiology characterized by multiple Pneumotoxicity Damage to lung tissues. papules and plaques. Poliomyelitis Is a highly infectious viral disease PKC Protein kinase C, a membrane- bound that may attack the central nervous system and enzyme that phosphorylates different intracel- is characterized by symptoms that range from lular proteins and raised intracellular Ca levels. a mild non-paralytic infection to total paralysis PKC Delta Inhibitors Protein kinase C delta in a matter of hours. Also called polio or infan- inhibitors that induce apoptosis of haemato- tile paralysis. poietic cell lines. Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) A Placebo A sham or simulated medical protein involved in a number of cellular pro- intervention. cesses especially DNA repair and programmed Placode A platelike epithelial thickening in the cell death. embryo where some organ or structure later Polyarthritis Is any type of arthritis which develops. involves fi ve or more joints. Plantar Verruca Wart occurring on the sole of Polychromatic Erythrocyte (PCE) An imma- the foot. ture red blood cell containing RNAthat can be Plasma The yellow-coloured liquid component differentiated by appropriate staining techniques of blood, in which blood cells are suspended. from a normochromatic erythrocyte (NCE), Plasma Kallikrein A serine protease, synthe- which lacks RNA. sized in the liver and circulates in the plasma. Polycystic Kidney Disease Is a kidney disorder Plasmalemma Plasma membrane. passed down through families in which multi- Plasmin A proteinase enzyme that is responsible ple cysts form on the kidneys, causing them to for digesting fi brin in blood clots. become enlarged. Plasminogen The proenzyme of plasmin, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Imbalance of whose primary role is the degradation of fi brin woman’s sex hormone. This imbalance may in the vasculature. cause changes in menstrual cycle, skin Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) changes, small cysts in the ovary and problem Also known as endothelial plasminogen in getting pregnant. activator inhibitor or serpin E1, is a serine Polycythaemia A type of blood disorder char- protease inhibitor (serpin) that functions as acterized by the production of too many red the principal inhibitor of tissue plasminogen blood cells. activator (tPA) and urokinase (uPA), the acti- Polymorphonuclear Having a lobed nucleus. vators of plasminogen and hence fi brinolysis Used especially of neutrophilic white blood cells. (the physiological breakdown of blood clots). Polyneuritis Widespread infl ammation of the Plaster Poultice. nerves. 1016 Medical Glossary

Polyneuritis Gallinarum A nervous disorder in Prebiotics A category of functional food, birds and poultry. defi ned as non-digestible food ingredients Polyneuropathy Simultaneous malfunction of that benefi cially affect the host by selectively many peripheral nerves throughout the body. stimulating the growth and/or activity of one Polyp A growth that protrudes from a mucous or a limited number of bacteria in the colon membrane. and thus improve host health. Cf. probiotics. Polyphagia Medical term for excessive hunger Pre- ecamplasia Toxic condition of pregnancy or eating. characterized by high blood pressure, abnormal Polyposis Describes a condition where there are weight gain, proteinuria and oedema. a lot of polyps. Prenidatory Phase Pre-implantation phase. Polyuria A condition characterized by the Prepubertal Before puberty, pertaining to the passage of large volumes of urine with an period of accelerated growth preceding gonadal increase in urinary frequency. maturity. Pomade A thick oily dressing. Pregnane X Receptor (PXR; NR1I2) I s a Porphyrin Any of a class of water-soluble, ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a nitrogenous biological pigments. role not only in drug metabolism and transport Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN) Is neuralgia but also in various other biological processes. (pain in the nerves) caused by the varicella Pregnenolone A steroid hormone produced by herpes zoster virus. The pain may last for the adrenal glands, involved in the steroido- more than a month or more after a shingles genesis of other steroid hormones like proges- infection occurred. terone, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, Postpartum Depression Depression after preg- androgens and oestrogens. nancy. Also called postnatal depression. Prenidatory Referring to the time period Postprandial After mealtime. between fertilization and implantation. Potassium (K) Is an element that is essential for Prenylated Flavones Flavones with an isoprenyl the body’s growth and maintenance. It keeps a group in the 8-position has been reported to normal water balance between the cells and have good antiinfl ammatory properties. body fl uids, for cellular enzyme activities and Proangiogenic Promote angiogenesis (formation plays an essential role in the response of and development of new blood vessels). nerves to stimulation and in the contraction of Probiotication Enhancement with benefi cial muscles. Potassium is found in many plant probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus spe- foods and fi sh (tuna, halibut): chard, mush- cies that can prevent the growth of intestinal rooms, spinach, fennel, kale, mustard greens, pathogenic microfl ora. Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, Probiotics Are dietary supplements and live cabbage winter squash, eggplant, cantaloupe, microorganisms containing potentially benefi - tomatoes, , cucumber, bell pepper, cial bacteria or yeasts that are taken into the , ginger root, apricots, strawberries, alimentary system for healthy intestinal func- avocado and banana. tions. Cf. prebiotics. Poultice Is a soft moist mass, often heated and Proctitis An infl ammation of the rectum that medicated, that is spread on cloth over the causes discomfort, bleeding and, occasionally, skin to treat an aching, infl amed or painful a discharge of mucus or pus. part of the body. Also called cataplasm. Procyanidin Also known as proanthocyanidin, PPARs Peroxisome proliferator- activated recep- oligomeric proanthocyanidin, leukocyanidin, tors. A group of nuclear receptor proteins that leucoanthocyanin, is a class of fl avanols found function as transcription factors regulating the in many plants. It has antioxidant activity and expression of genes. plays a role in the stabilization of collagen PR Interval Is the time (in seconds) from the and maintenance of elastin. beginning of the P wave (onset of atrial depolar- Progestational Of or relating to the phase of ization) to the beginning of the QRS complex. the menstrual cycle immediately following Medical Glossary 1017

ovulation, characterized by secretion of that participate in a wide range of body progesterone. functions such as the contraction and relaxation Proglottid One of the segments of a tapeworm. of smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction Prognosis Medical term to describe the likely of blood vessels, control of blood pressure and outcome of an illness. modulation of infl ammation. Prokinetic Or gastroprokinetic. Substance that Prostaglandin E Synthase An enzyme that enhances gastrointestinal motility by increasing in humans is encoded by the glutathione- the frequency of contractions in the small dependent PTGES gene. intestine or making them stronger. Prostanoids Term used to describe a subclass Prolactin A hormone produced by the pituitary of eicosanoids (products of COX pathway) gland. It stimulates the breasts to produce consisting of: the prostaglandins (mediators of milk in pregnant women. It is also present in infl ammatory and anaphylactic reactions), the males but its role is not well understood. thromboxanes (mediators of vasoconstriction) Prolapse A common condition where the bladder, and the prostacyclins (active in the resolution uterus and or bowel protrudes into the vagina. phase of infl ammation). Prolapsus To fall or slip out of place. Prostate A gland that surrounds the urethra at Prolapsus Ani Eversion of the lower portion of the bladder in the male. the rectum and protruding through the anus, Prostate Cancer A disease in which cancer common in infancy and old age. develops in the prostate, a gland in the male Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) reproductive system. Symptoms include pain, A new marker to study human colonic cell diffi culty in urinating, erectile dysfunction proliferation. and other symptoms. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (PVR) A most Prostate-Specifi c Antigen (PSA) A protein common cause of failure in retinal reattach- produced by the cells of the prostate gland. ment surgery, characterized by the formation Protein Kinase C (PKC) A family of enzymes of cellular membrane on both surfaces of the involved in controlling the function of other retina and in the vitreous. proteins through the phosphorylation of Promastigote The fl agellate stage in the devel- hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine opment of trypanosomatid protozoa, charac- amino acid residues on these proteins. PKC terized by a free anterior fl agellum. enzymes play important roles in several signal Promyelocytic Leukaemia A subtype of acute transduction cascades. myelogenous leukaemia (AML), a cancer of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTP) A group the blood and bone marrow. of enzymes that remove phosphate groups Pro- oxidants Chemicals that induce oxidative from phosphorylated tyrosine residues on stress, either through creating reactive oxygen proteins. species or inhibiting antioxidant systems. Proteinase A protease (enzyme) involved in the Prophylaxis Prevention or protection against hydrolytic breakdown of proteins, usually disease. by splitting them into polypeptide chains. Proptosis See Exophthalmos. Proteinuria Means the presence of an excess of Prostacyclin A prostaglandin that is a meta- serum proteins in the urine. bolite of arachidonic acid, inhibits platelet Proteolysis Cleavage of the peptide bonds in aggregation and dilates blood vessels. protein forming smaller polypeptides. Adj. Prostaglandins A family of C 20 lipid com- proteolytic. pounds found in various tissues, associated Proteomics The large-scale study of proteins, with muscular contraction and the infl amma- particularly their structures and functions. tion response such as swelling, pain, stiffness, Prothrombin Blood-clotting protein that is redness and warmth. converted to the active form, factor IIa or Prostaglandin E2 (PEG −2) One of the prosta- thrombin, by cleavage. glandins, a group of hormonelike substances Prothyroid Good for thyroid function. 1018 Medical Glossary

Protheolithic Proteolytic; see Proteolysis. Pustule Small, infl amed, pus-fi lled lesions. Proto-oncogene A normal gene which, when Pyelonephritis An ascending urinary tract altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene infection that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) that can contribute to cancer. of the kidney. Prurigo A general term used to describe itchy Pyoderma Bacterial skin infection. eruptions of the skin. Pyodermatitis Refers to infl ammation of the Pruritis D e fi ned as an unpleasant sensation on skin. the skin that provokes the desire to rub or Pyorrhoea See Periodontitis. scratch the area to obtain relief; itch, itching. Pyretic Referring to fever. Adj . pruritic. Pyrexia Fever of unknown origin. PSA Prostate - specifi c antigen. A protein which Pyridoxal A chemical form of vitamin B6. See is secreted into ejaculate fl uid by the healthy Vitamin B6. prostate. One of its functions is to aid sperm Pyridoxamine A chemical form of vitamin B6. movement. See Vitamin B6. Psoriasis A common chronic, noncontagious Pyridoxine A chemical form of vitamin B6. See autoimmune dermatosis that affects the skin Vitamin B6. and joints. Pyrolysis Decomposition or transformation of a Psychoactive Having effects on the mind or compound caused by heat. Adj. pyrolytic. behaviour. PYY Peptide A 36 amino acid peptide secreted Psychonautics Exploration of the psyche by by L cells of the distal small intestine and colon means of approaches such as meditation, prayer, that inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion. lucid dreaming and brain wave entrainment. QT Interval Is a measure of the time between Psychotomimetic Hallucinogenic. the start of the Q wave and the end of the T Psychotropic Capable of affecting the mind, wave in the heart’s electrical cycle. A pro- emotions and behaviour. longed QT interval is a biomarker for ventric- PTEN Phosphatase and tensin homolog. A ular tachyarrhythmias and a risk factor for tumour suppressor gene. sudden death. Ptosis Also known as drooping eyelid; caused Quorum Sensing (QS) The control of gene by weakness of the eyelid muscle and damage expression in response to cell density, is used by to the nerves that control the muscles or loose- both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria ness of the skin of the upper eyelid. to regulate a variety of physiological functions. Phthisis Silicosis with tuberculosis. Radiodermatitis A skin disease associated with Ptosis Drooping of the upper eye lid. prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation. PTP Protein tyrosine phosphatase. Radiolysis The dissociation of molecules by PTPIB Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. radiation. Puerperal Pertaining to childbirth. Radioprotective Serving to protect or aiding in Puerperium Post-partum period. protecting against the injurious effect of Pulmonary Embolism A blockage (blood clot) radiations. of the main artery of the lung. RAGE Is the receptor for advanced glycation Purgative A substance used to cleanse or purge, end products, a multiligand receptor that prop- especially causing the immediate evacuation agates cellular dysfunction in several infl am- of the bowel. matory disorders, in tumours and in diabetes. Purpura Is the appearance of red or purple RAS See Renin-Angiotensin System or Recurrent discolorations on the skin that do not blanch Aphthous Stomatitis. on applying pressure. Also called peliosis. Rash A temporary eruption on the skin; see Purulent Containing pus discharge. Uticaria. Purulent Sputum Sputum containing, or Reactive Oxygen Species Species such as consisting of, pus. superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl Medical Glossary 1019

radical. At low levels, these species may function Reporter Gene A transfected gene that produces in cell signalling processes. At higher levels, a signal, such as green fl uorescence, when it is these species may damage cellular macromol- expressed. ecules (such as DNA and RNA) and participate Resistin A cysteine-rich protein secreted by adi- in apoptosis (programmed cell death). pose tissue of mice and rats. Rec A Is a 38 kDa Escherichia coli protein Resolutive A substance that induces subsidence essential for the repair and maintenance of of infl ammation. DNA. Resolvent Reduces infl ammation or swelling. Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Resorb To absorb or assimilate a product of the (RAGE) Is a member of the immunoglobulin body such as an exudates or cellular growth. superfamily of cell surface molecules; Restenosis Is the reoccurrence of stenosis, a mediates neurite outgrowth and cell migration narrowing of a blood vessel, leading to upon stimulation with its ligand, amphoterin. restricted blood fl o w . Reticulocyte Nonnucleated stage in the devel- Resveratrol Is a phytoalexin produced naturally opment of the red blood cell. by several plants when under attack by Reticulocyte Lysate Cell lysate produced from pathogens such as bacteria or fungi. It is a reticulocytes, used as an in-vitro translation potent antioxidant found in red grapes and system. other plants. Reticuloendothelial System Part of the immune Retinal Ischemia Is a common cause of visual system, consists of the phagocytic cells located impairment and blindness. in reticular connective tissue, primarily mono- Retinol A form of vitamin A; see Vitamin A. cytes and macrophages. Retinopathy A general term that refers to some Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis or RAS Is a form of non-infl ammatory damage to the retina common, painful condition in which recurring of the eye. ovoid or round ulcers affect the oral mucosa. Revulsive Counterirritant, used for swellings. Redox Homeostasis Is considered as the cumu- Rhabdomyolysis Breakdown of muscle fi bres lative action of all free radical reactions and leading to the release of muscle fi bre content antioxidant defenses in different tissues. (myoglobin) into the bloodstream. Refrigerant A medicine or an application for Rheumatic Pertaining to rheumatism or to allaying heat, fever or its symptoms. abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system. Renal Calculi Kidney stones. Rheumatism, Rheumatic Disorder, Rheumatic Renal Interstitial Fibrosis Damage sustained Diseases Refers to various painful medical by the kidneys’ renal tubules and interstitial conditions which affect bones, joints, muscles capillaries due to accumulation of extracellu- and tendons. Rheumatic diseases are character- lar waste in the wall of the small arteries and ized by the signs of infl ammation—redness, arterioles. heat, swelling and pain. Renal Resistive Index (RRI) Measures the Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Is a chronic, resistance of renal arterial fl ow to the kidney. systemic autoimmune disorder that most Renin Also known as an angiotensinogenase, commonly causes infl ammation and tissue is an enzyme that participates in the body’s damage in joints (arthritis) and tendon sheaths, renin-angiotensin system (RAS). together with anaemia. Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) Also called Rhinitis Irritation and infl ammation of some the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system internal areas of the nose and the primary (RAAS), is a hormone system that regulates symptom of rhinitis is a runny nose. blood pressure and water (fl uid) balance. Rhinopathy Disease or malformation of the Reperfusion The restoration of blood fl ow to an nose. organ or tissue that has had its blood supply Rhinoplasty Is surgery to repair or reshape the cut - off, as after a heart attack. nose. 1020 Medical Glossary

Rhinorrhoea Commonly known as a runny disease in humans which is caused by the nose, characterized by an unusually signifi cant SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). amount of nasal discharge. Satiety State of feeling satiated, fully satisfi ed Rhinosinusitis I n fl ammation of the nasal cavity (appetite or desire). and sinuses. Scabies A transmissible ectoparasite skin infection Rho GTPases Rho-guanosine triphosphate characterized by superfi cial burrows, intense hydrolase enzymes are molecular switches pruritus (itching) and secondary infection. that regulate many essential cellular processes, Scarlatina Scarlet fever, an acute, contagious including actin dynamics, gene transcription, disease caused by infection with group A cell-cycle progression and cell adhesion. streptococcal bacteria. Ribosome Inactivating Proteins Proteins that Schwann Cells Or neurolemmocytes, are the are capable of inactivating ribosomes. principal supporting cells of the peripheral Rickets Is a softening of the bones in children nervous system; they form the myelin sheath potentially leading to fractures and deformity. of a nerve fi bre. Ringworm Dermatophytosis, a skin infection Schistosomiasis Is a parasitic disease caused caused by fungus. by several species of fl uke of the genus Roborant Restoring strength or vigour, a tonic. Schistosoma . Also known as bilharzia, bilhar- Rotavirus The most common cause of infectious ziosis or snail fever. diarrhoea (gastroenteritis) in young children Schizophrenia A psychotic disorder (or a group and infants, one of several viruses that causes of disorders) marked by severely impaired infections called stomach fl u . thinking, emotions and behaviours. Rubefacient A substance for external application Sciatica a condition characterized by pain deep that produces redness of the skin, e.g. by causing in the buttock often radiating down the back of dilation of the capillaries and an increase in blood. the leg along the sciatic nerve. Ryanodine receptor Intracellular Ca++ channels Scleroderma a disease of the body’s connective in animal tissues like muscles and neurons. tissue. The most common symptom is a thick- SC Abbreviation for subcutaneous, beneath the ening and hardening of the skin, particularly layer of skin. of the hands and face. S-T Segment The portion of an electrocardiogram Scrofula A tuberculous infection of the skin between the end of the QRS complex and on the neck caused by the bacterium Myco- the beginning of the T wave. Elevation or bacterium tuberculosis . depression of the S-T segment is the charac- Scrophulosis See Scrofula. teristics of myocardial ischemia or injury and Scurf Abnormal skin condition in which small coronary artery disease. fl akes or sales become detached. Salve Medical ointment used to soothe the head Scurvy A state of dietary defi ciency of vitamin or body surface. C (ascorbic acid) which is required for the Sapraemia See Septicaemia. synthesis of collagen in humans. Sarcoma Cancer of the connective or supportive Secretagogue A substance that causes another tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood substance to be secreted. vessels) and soft tissues. Sedative Having a soothing, calming or tran- Sarcopenia Degenerative loss of skeletal muscle quilizing effect; reducing or relieving stress, mass and strength associated with aging. irritability or excitement. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum A special type of Seizure The physical fi ndings or changes in beha- smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in smooth viour that occur after an episode of abnormal and striated muscle. electrical activity in the brain. SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome. The Selectins Are a family of cell adhesion molecules, name of a potentially fatal new respiratory e.g. selectin-E, selectin-L, selectin- P . Medical Glossary 1021

Selenium (Se) A trace mineral that is essential serum and body tissues, especially in the to good health but required only in tiny amounts; liver; it is released into the serum as a result of it is incorporated into proteins to make seleno- tissue injury. Also called Alanine transami- proteins, which are important antioxidant nase (ALT). enzymes. It is found in avocado, brazil nut, Shiga–Like Toxin A toxin produced by the lentils, sunfl ower seeds, tomato, whole grain bacterium Escherichia coli which disrupts the cereals, seaweed, seafood and meat. function of ribosomes. Also known as verotoxin. Sensorineural Bradyacuasia Hearing impair- Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli ment of the inner ear resulting from damage (STEC) Comprises a diverse group of organ- to the sensory hair cells or to the nerves that isms capable of causing severe gastrointestinal supply the inner ear. disease in humans. Sepsis A condition in which the body is fi ghting Shiga Toxin A toxin produced by the bacterium a severe infection that has spread via the Shigella dysenteriae, which disrupts the bloodstream. function of ribosomes. Sequela An abnormal pathological condition Shingles Skin rash caused by the Zoster virus resulting from a disease, injury or trauma. (same virus that causes chicken pox) and is Serine Proteinase Peptide hydrolases which medically termed herpes zoster. have an active centre histidine and serine Sialogogue Salivation promoter, a substance involved in the catalytic process. used to increase or promote the excretion of Serotonergic Liberating, activated by or saliva. involving serotonin in the transmission of Sialoproteins Glycoproteins that contain sialic nerve impulses. acid as one of their carbohydrates. Serotonin A monoamine neurotransmitter Sialyation Reaction with sialic acid or its deriv- synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the atives; used especially with oligosaccharides. central nervous system. Sialyltransferases Enzymes that transfer sialic Sepsis Is a potentially fatal medical condition acid to nascent oligosaccharide. characterized by a whole-body infl ammatory Sickle-Cell Disease Is an inherited blood disorder response (called a systemic infl ammatory that affects red blood cells. People with sickle- response syndrome or SIRS) that is triggered cell disease have red blood cells that contain by an infection. mostly haemoglobin S, an abnormal type of Septicaemia A s ystemic disease associated with haemoglobin. Sometimes these red blood cells the presence and persistence of pathogenic become sickle shaped (crescent shaped) and microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. have diffi culty passing through small blood Sequelae A pathological condition resulting vessels. from a prior disease, injury or attack. Side Stitch Is an intense stabbing pain under Sexual Potentiator Increases sexual activity the lower edge of the ribcage that occurs while and potency and enhances sexual performance exercising. due to increased blood fl ow and effi cient Signal Transduction Cascade Refers to a series metabolism. of sequential events that transfer a signal Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Infections through a series of intermediate molecules that are transmitted through sexual activity. until fi nal regulatory molecules, such as SGOT , Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic transcription factors, are modifi ed in response Transaminase An enzyme that is normally to the signal. present in liver and heart cells. SGOT is released Silicon (Si) Is required in minute amounts by into blood when the liver or heart is damaged. the body and is important for the development Also called aspartate transaminase (AST). of healthy hair and the prevention of nervous SGPT , Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transa- disorders. Lettuce is the best natural source of minase An enzyme normally present in Silicon. 1022 Medical Glossary

Sinapism Signifi es an external application, in SOS Response A global response to DNA the form of a soft plaster, or poultice. damage in which the cell cycle is arrested and Sinusitis I n fl ammation of the nasal sinuses. DNA repair and mutagenesis are induced. SIRC Cells Statens Serum Institut Rabbit Cornea Soyasapogenins Triterpenoid products obtained (SIRC) cell line. from the acid hydrolysis of soyasaponins, SIRT 1 Stands for sirtuin (silent mating type designated soyasapogenols A, B, C, D and E. information regulation 2 homolog) 1. It is an Soyasaponins Bioactive saponin compounds enzyme that deacetylates proteins that con- found in many legumes. tribute to cellular regulation. Spasmogenic Inducing spasm. Sirtuin Also called Sir2 proteins a class of pro- Spasmolytic Checking spasms; see Antispasmodic. teins that possess either histone deacetylase or Spermatorrhoea Medically an involuntary ejac- mono-ribosyltransferase activity. ulation/drooling of semen usually nocturnal 6-Keto-PGF1 Alpha A physiologically active emissions. and stable hydrolysis product of Epoprostenol, Spermidine An important polyamine in DNA found in nearly all mammalian tissues. synthesis and gene expression. Skp1 (S-Phase Kinase-Associated Protein 1) I s Spina Bifi da A congenital birth defect caused a core component of SCF ubiquitin ligases by the incomplete closing of the embryonic and mediates protein degradation. neural tube. Smads A family of intracellular proteins that Sphingolipid A member of a class of lipids mediate signalling by members of the TGF-beta derived from the aliphatic amino alcohol, (transforming growth factor beta) superfamily. sphingosine. Smad2/3 A key signalling molecule for Spleen Organ that fi lters blood and prevents TGF-beta. infection. Smad7 A TGFβ type 1 receptor antagonist. Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (SYK) Is an enigmatic Smallpox Is an acute, contagious and devastat- protein tyrosine kinase functional in a number ing disease in humans caused by Variola virus of diverse cellular processes such as the regu- and have resulted in high mortality over the lation of immune and infl ammatory responses. centuries. Splenitis I n fl ammation of the spleen. Snuff Powder inhaled through the nose. Splenocyte Is a monocyte, one of the fi ve major SOD Superoxide dismutase, is an enzyme that types of white blood cell, and is characteristi- repairs cells and reduces the damage done to cally found in the splenic tissue. them by superoxide, the most common free Splenomegaly Is an enlargement of the spleen. radical in the body. Sprain To twist a ligament or muscle of a joint Sodium (Na) Is an essential nutrient required without dislocating the bone. for health. Sodium cations are important in Sprue Is a chronic disorder of the small intes- neuron (brain and nerve) function and in infl u- tine caused by sensitivity to gluten, a protein encing osmotic balance between cells and the found in wheat and rye and to a lesser extent interstitial fl uid and in maintenance of total oats and barley . It causes poor absorption by body fl uid homeostasis. Extra intake may the intestine of fat, protein, carbohydrates, cause a harmful effect on health. Sodium is iron, water and vitamins A, D, E and K. naturally supplied by salt intake with food. Sputum Matter coughed up and usually ejected Soleus Muscle Smaller calf muscle lower down from the mouth, including saliva, foreign the leg and under the gastrocnemius muscle. material, and substances such as mucus or Somites Mesodermal structures formed during phlegm, from the respiratory tract. embryonic development that give rise to SREBP-1 See Sterol Regulatory Element- segmented body parts such as the muscles of Binding Protein-1. the body wall. Stanch To stop or check the fl ow of a bodily Soporifi c A sleep- inducing drug. fl uid like blood from a wound. Medical Glossary 1023

Statin A type of lipid-lowering drug. STREPs Sterol regulatory element binding STAT3 Signal transducer and activator of proteins, a family of transcription factors that transcription 3, a transcription factor, plays a regulate lipid homeostasis by controlling the key role in many cellular processes such as expression of a range of enzymes required for cell growth and apoptosis. endogenous cholesterol, fatty acid, triacylg- Status Epilepticus Refers to a life-threatening lycerol and phospholipid synthesis. condition in which the brain is in a state of Stria Terminalis A structure in the brain persistent seizure. consisting of a band of fi bres running along STD Sexually transmitted disease. the lateral margin of the ventricular surface of Steatorrhoea Is the presence of excess fat in the thalamus. faeces which appear frothy, foul smelling and Striae Gravidarum A cutaneous condition fl oats because of the high fat content. characterized by stretch marks on the abdo- Steatohepatitis Liver disease, characterized by men during and following pregnancy. infl ammation of the liver with fat accumula- Stricture An abnormal constriction of the tion in the liver. internal passageway within a tubular structure Steatosis Refers to the deposition of fat in the such as a vessel or duct interstitial spaces of an organ like the liver, Strongyloidiasis An intestinal parasitic infection fatty liver disease. in humans caused by two species of the para- Sterility Inability to produce offspring. Also sitic nematode Strongyloides. The nematode called asepsis. or round worms are also called thread worms. Steroidogenic Relating to steroidogenesis. Styptic A short stick of medication, usually Steroidogenesis The production of steroids, as anhydrous aluminium sulphate (a type of by the adrenal glands. alum) or titanium dioxide, which is used for Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-1 stanching blood by causing blood vessels to (SREBP1) Is a key regulator of the transcrip- contract at the site of the wound. Also called tion of numerous genes that function in the haemostatic pencil. See Antihaemorrhagic. metabolism of cholesterol and fatty acids. Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Is bleeding in the Stimulant A substance that promotes the activity area between the brain and the thin tissues that of a body system or function. cover the brain. Stomachic Digestive stimulant, an agent that Substance P A neuropeptide that functions as a stimulates or strengthens the activity of the neurotransmitter and neuromodulator and is stomach; used as a tonic to improve the associated with the sensation of pain. appetite and digestive processes. Substantia Nigra Is a dark - coloured brain Stomatitis Oral infl ammation and ulcers, may structure located in the midbrain that play be mild and localized or severe, widespread an important role in reward, addiction and and painful. movement. Stomatology Medical study of the mouth and Sudatory Medicine that causes or increases its diseases. sweating. Also see Sudorifi c . Stool Faeces. Sudorifi c A substance that causes sweating. Strangury Is the painful passage of small quan- Sulphur Sulphur is an essential component of tities of urine which are expelled slowly by all living cells. Sulphur is important for the straining with severe urgency; it is usually synthesis of sulphur-containing amino acids, accompanied with the unsatisfying feeling of all polypeptides, proteins and enzymes such a remaining volume inside and a desire to pass as glutathione, an important sulphur-containing something that will not pass. tripeptide which plays a role in cells as a Straub Tail Condition in which an animal carries source of chemical reduction potential. its tail in an erect (vertical or nearly vertical) Sulphur is also important for hair formation. position. Good plant sources are , onion, leeks 1024 Medical Glossary

and other Alliaceous vegetables, Brassicaceous Synoviocyte Located in the synovial membrane, vegetables like caulifl ower, , Brussels there are two types: type A cells are more sprout, kale, legumes (beans, green and red numerous, have phagocytic characteristics gram, soybeans), horse radish, water cress and and produce degradative enzymes, and type B wheat germ. cells produce synovial fl uid, which lubricates Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) Arises the joint and nurtures nourishes the articular from the anterior surface of the abdominal cartilage. aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac Syphilis Is perhaps the best known of all the trunk, and supplies the intestine from the STDs. Syphilis is transmitted by direct contact lower part of the duodenum to the left colic with infection sores, called chancres, syphitic fl exure and the pancreas. skin rashes or mucous patches on the tongue Superoxidae Mutase (SOD) Antioxidant enzyme. and mouth during kissing, necking, petting or Suppuration The formation of pus, the act of sexual intercourse. It can also be transmitted becoming converted into and discharging pus. from a pregnant woman to a foetus after the Supraorbital Located above the orbit of the eye. fourth month of pregnancy. Sural Nerve Sensory nerve comprising collat- System Lupus Erythematosus A long-term eral branches off of the common tibial and autoimmune disorder that may affect the common fi bular nerve. skin, joints, kidneys, brain and other organs. SYK, Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Is a human Symptoms may include chest pain, fatigue, protein and gene. SYK plays a similar role in fever, hair loss, malaise, mouth sores, sensitivity transmitting signals from a variety of cell sur- to sunlight and skin rash (butterfl y rash). face receptors including CD74, Fc Receptor Systolic The blood pressure when the heart is and integrins. contracting. It is specifi cally the maximum Sympathetic Nervous System The part of the arterial pressure during contraction of the left autonomic nervous system originating in the ventricle of the heart. thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord T cells Or T lymphocytes, a type of white blood that in general inhibits or opposes the physio- cell that plays a key role in the immune system. logical effects of the parasympathetic nervous Tachyarrhythmia Any disturbance of the heart system, as in tending to reduce digestive rhythm in which the heart rate is abnormally secretions or speed up the heart. increased. Synaptic Plasticity The ability of neurons to Tachycardia A false heart rate applied to adults change the number and strength of their to rates over 100 beats per minute. synapses. Tachykinins Neuropeptide transmitters that are Synaptogenesis The formation of synapses. widely distributed and active in the central Synaptoneurosomes Purifi ed synapses containing nervous system and periphery, rapidly acting the pre- and postsynaptic termini. secretagogues and cause smooth muscle con- SynaptosoAmes Isolated terminal of a neuron. traction and vasodilation (hypotension). Syncope Fainting, sudden loss of consciousness Tachyphylaxia A decreased response to a medi- followed by the return of wakefulness. cine given over a period of time so that larger Syndactyly Webbed toes, a condition where doses are required to produce the same response. two or more digits are fused together. Tachypnea Abnormally fast breathing. Syneresis Expulsion of liquid from a gel, as con- Taenia A parasitic tapeworm or fl atworm of the traction of a blood clot and expulsion of liquid. genus, Taenia. Syngeneic Genetically identical or closely Taeniacide An agent that kills tapeworms. related, so as to allow tissue transplant; immu- Tardive Dyskinesia A disorder characterized nologically compatible. by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless move- Synovial Lubricating fl uid secreted by synovial ments in the body such as grimacing, tongue membranes, as those of the joints. protrusion, lip smacking, puckering and pursing Medical Glossary 1025

of the lips and rapid eye blinking. Rapid, Tetter Any of a number of skin diseases. involuntary movements of the limbs, torso and TGF-Beta Transforming growth factor beta is a fi ngers may also occur. protein that controls proliferation, cellular dif- Tau Is a class of microtubule-associated protein ferentiation and other functions in most cells. (MAP) in neuronal and glial cells. Th cells or T Helper Cells A subgroup of Tau-1 (Ser198/199/202), pS396 (Ser396), and lymphocytes that helps other white blood cells pS214 (Ser214) Epitopes Serine phosphory- in immunologic processes. lation sites of tau-1. Th 1 Cells Helper cells that play an important Tau Phosphorylation Plays an important role in role in the immune system. neurodegenerative diseases and regulated by Th 17 Cells A subset of T helper cells producing protein kinases and phosphatases. interleukin 17. TBARS See Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Thalassemia Major Is a genetic blood disorder Substances. that causes the body to manufacture an abnormal T Cell A type of white blood cell that attacks form of haemoglobin. virus-infected cells, foreign cells and cancer Thelarche The beginning of secondary (postnatal) cells. breast development, usually occurring at the TCA Cycle See Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle. beginning of puberty in girls. TCID50 Median tissue culture infective dose; Thermogenic Tending to produce heat, applied that amount of a pathogenic agent that will to drugs or food (fat burning food). produce pathological change in 50 % of cell Thermogenesis Is the process of heat produc- cultures. tion in organisms. Telencephalon The cerebral hemispheres, the Thermonociceptors Or thermal nociceptors, largest divisions of the human brain. sensory receptors that are stimulated by nox- Teletherapy A noninvasive procedure using ious heat or cold at various temperature. external beam radiotherapy treatments. Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Telomerase Enzyme that acts on parts of (TBARS) A well-established method for chromosomes known as telomeres. screening and monitoring lipid peroxidation. Temporomandibular Joint Fisorder (TMJD Thixotropy The property exhibited by certain gels or TMD Syndrome) A disorder character- of becoming fl uid when stirred or shaken and ized by acute or chronic infl ammation of the returning to the semisolid state upon standing. temporomandibular joint that connects the 3-β-HSD Or 3-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/ mandible to the skull. δ-5-4 isomerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the Tendonitis Is infl ammation of a tendon. synthesis of progesterone from pregnenolone. Tenesmus A strong desire to defaecate. Thrombocythaemia A blood condition charac- Teratogen Is an agent that can cause malforma- terized by a high number of platelets in the blood. tions of an embryo or foetus. Adj. teratogenic. Thrombocytopenia A condition when the bone Testicular Torsion Twisting of the spermatic marrow does not produce enough platelets cord, which cuts off the blood supply to the (thrombocytes) like in leukaemia. testicle and surrounding structures within the Thromboembolism Formation in a blood vessel scrotum. of a clot (thrombus) that breaks loose and is Tetanus An acute, potentially fatal disease carried by the bloodstream to plug another caused by tetanus bacilli multiplying at the vessel. Cf. deep vein thrombosis. site of an injury and producing an exotoxin Thrombogenesis Formation of a thrombus or that reaches the central nervous system produc- blood clot. ing prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle Thrombophlebitis Occurs when there is infl am- fi bres. Also called lockjaw. mation and clot in a surface vein. Tete Acute dermatitis caused by both bacterial Thromboplastin An enzyme liberated from and fungal infection. blood platelets that converts prothrombin into 1026 Medical Glossary

thrombin as blood starts to clot. Also called TNF Alpha Cachexin or cachectin and formally thrombokinase. known as tumour necrosis factor-alpha, a cyto- Thrombosis The formation or presence of a kine involved in systemic infl ammation. Primary thrombus (clot). role of TNF is in the regulation of immune Thromboxanes Any of several compounds, cells. TNF is also able to induce apoptotic cell originally derived from prostaglandin precur- death, to induce infl ammation, and to inhibit sors in platelets that stimulate aggregation of tumorigenesis and viral replication. platelets and constriction of blood vessels. Tocolytics Medications used to suppress pre- Thromboxane B2 The inactive product of mature labour. thromboxane. Tocopherol F a t -soluble organic compounds Thrombus A fi brinous clot formed in a blood belonging to vitamin E group. See Vitamin E. vessel or in a chamber of the heart. Tocotrienol F a t - soluble organic compounds Thrush A common mycotic infection caused by belonging to vitamin E group. See Vitamin E. yeast, Candida albicans , in the digestive tract Tolerogenic Producing immunological tolerance. or vagina. In children it is characterized by Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) A class of proteins white spots on the tongue. that play a key role in the innate immune system. Thymocytes Are T cell precursors which Tonic Substance that acts to restore, balance, develop in the thymus. tone, strengthen or invigorate a body system Thyrotoxicosis Or hyperthyroidism, an overac- without overt stimulation or depression. tive thyroid gland, producing excessive circu- Tonic Clonic Seizure A type of generalized sei- lating free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine, zure that affects the entire brain. or both. Tonsillitis An infl ammatory condition of the Tight Junction Associated areas of two cells tonsils due to bacteria, allergies or respiratory whose membranes join together forming a problems. virtually impermeable barrier to fl uid. TOP2 A Topoisomerase II alpha enzyme. TIMP-3 A human gene belongs to the tissue Topoisomerases A class of enzymes involved in inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) the regulation of DNA supercoiling. gene family. See MMP. Topoisomerase Inhibitors A new class of anti- Tincture Solution of a drug in alcohol. cancer agents with a mechanism of action aimed Tinea Ringworm, fungal infection on the skin. at interrupting DNA replication in cancer cells. Tinea favosa See Favus. Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) Is a method Tinea cruris Ringworm of the groin. of feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal Tinea imbricata (also called Tokelau) An erup- tract. tion characterized by concentric rings of Toxemia Is the presence of abnormal substances overlapping scales forming papulosquamous in the blood, but the term is also used for a patches scattered over the body; it occurs in serious condition in pregnancy that involves tropical climates especially prevalent in south- hypertension and proteinuria. Also called west Polynesia and is caused by the fungus pre-eclampsia. Trichophyton concentricum . Tracheitis Is a bacterial infection of the trachea; Tinea pedis Fungal infection of the foot. Also also known as bacterial tracheitis or acute called Athletes’ foot. bacterial tracheitis. Tinnitus A noise in the ears, as ringing, buzzing, Trachoma A contagious disease of the conjunc- roaring, clicking, etc. tiva and cornea of the eye, producing painful Tisane An herbal infusion used as tea or for sensitivity to strong light and excessive tearing. medicinal purposes. TRAIL Acronym for tumour necrosis factor- Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA) A serine related apoptosis-inducing ligand, is a cytokine protease involved in the breakdown of blood that preferentially induces apoptosis in tumour clots. cells. Medical Glossary 1027

Tranquilizer A substance drug used in calming units and producing high-energy phosphate person suffering from nervous tension or compounds, which serve as the main source of anxiety. cellular energy. Also called citric acid cycle, Transaminase Also called aminotransferase is Krebs cycle. an enzyme that catalyzes a type of reaction Trichophytosis Infection by fungi of the genus between an amino acid and an α-keto acid. Trichophyton . Transaminitis Increase in alanine amino- Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN) Is a neuropathic transferase (ALT) and/or aspartate amino- disorder of one or both of the facial trigeminal transferase (AST) to >5 times the upper limit nerves, also known as prosopalgia. of normal. Triglycerides A type of fat (lipids) found in the Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization blood stream. ( TACE ) Is an interventional radiology proce- Trismus Continuous contraction of the muscles dure involving percutaneous access of to the of the jaw, specifi cally as a symptom of tetanus, hepatic artery and passing a catheter through or lockjaw; inability to open mouth fully. the abdominal artery aorta followed by radi- TrKB receptor Also known as TrKB tyrosine ology. It is used extensively in the palliative kinase, a protein in humans that acts as a cata- treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carci- lytic receptor for several neurotrophins. noma (HCC) Trolox Equivalent Measures the antioxidant Transcriptional Activators Are proteins that capacity of a given substance, as compared to bind to DNA and stimulate transcription of the standard, Trolox also referred to as TEAC nearby genes. (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity). Transcriptional Coactivator PGC-1 A potent Trypanocidal Destructive to trypanosomes. transcriptional coactivator that regulates Trypanosomes Protozoan of the genus oxidative metabolism in a variety of tissues. Trypanosoma. Transcriptome Profi ling To identify genes Trypanosomiasis Human disease or an infection involved in peroxisome assembly and caused by a trypanosome. function. Trypsin An enzyme of pancreatic juice that Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) A hydrolyzes proteins into smaller polypeptide protein that controls proliferation, cellular dif- units. ferentiation and other functions in most cells. Trypsin Inhibitor Small protein synthesized in Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 the exocrine pancreas which prevents conver- (TRPV1) Receptor also known as capsaicin sion of trypsinogen to trypsin, so protecting receptor and vanilloid receptor, is a Ca 2+ itself against trypsin digestion. permeable nonselective cation channel localized TRPV1 See Transient Receptor Potential on a subset of primary sensory neurons and can Vanilloid 1. be activated by physical and chemical stimuli. Tuberculosis (TB) Is a bacterial infection of TRAP 6 Thrombin receptor- activating peptide the lungs caused by a bacterium called with 6 amino acids. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, characterized by Tremorine A chemical that produces a tremor the formation of lesions (tubercles) and necro- resembling Parkinsonian tremor. sis in the lung tissues and other organs. Tremulous Marked by trembling, quivering or Tumorigenesis Formation or production of shaking. tumours. Triacylglycerols Or triacylglyceride, is a glyc- Tumour An abnormal swelling of the body eride in which the glycerol is esterifi ed with other than those caused by direct injury. three fatty acids. Tussis A cough. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle) A Tympanic Membrane Eardrum. series of enzymatic reactions in aerobic organ- Tympanitis Infection or infl ammation of the isms involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl inner ear. 1028 Medical Glossary

Tympanophonia Increased resonance of one’s in human urine that catalyzes the conversion own voice, breath sounds, arterial murmurs, etc., of plasminogen to plasmin. It is used clinically noted especially in disease of the middle ear. as a thrombolytic agent. Tympanosclerosis See Myringosclerosis. Urokinase-Type Plasminogen (u-PA) Plays a Tyrosinas e A copper containing enzyme found key role in tumour invasion and metastasis. in animals and plants that catalyzes the oxida- Also see Urokinase. tion of phenols (such as tyrosine) and the pro- Urolithiasis Formation of stone in the urinary duction of melanin and other pigments from tract (kidney bladder or urethra). tyrosine by oxidation. Urticant A substance that causes wheals to form. Ubiquitin Ligase Also called an E3 ubiquitin Urticaria Or hives, is a skin condition, commonly ligase, is a protein that targets other proteins to caused by an allergic reaction, that is charac- be broken down (degraded) within cells. terized by raised red skin welts. UCP1 An uncoupling protein found in the Uterine Relating to the uterus. mitochondria of brown adipose tissue used to Uterine Prolapse Occurs when weakened or generate heat by non-shivering thermogenesis. damaged muscles and ligaments allow the UCP-2 Enzyme Uncoupling protein 2 enzyme. uterus to slip into the vagina. A mitochondrial protein expressed in adipocytes. Uterine Relaxant An agent that relaxes the Ulcer An open sore on an external or internal muscles in the uterus. body surface usually accompanied by disinte- Uterine Stimulant An agent that stimulates gration of tissue and pus. the uterus (and often employed during active Ulcerative Colitis Is one of 2 types of infl amma- childbirth). tory bowel disease—a condition that causes Uterotonic Giving muscular tone to the uterus. the bowel to become infl amed and red. Uterotrophic Causing an effect on the uterus. Ulemorrhagia Bleeding of the gums. Uterus W o m b . Ulitis I n fl ammation of the gums. Vaginal Dystrophy A condition in which the Unguent Ointment. outer part of the vagina becomes dry and the Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Unilateral block- skin thickens or thins. age of urine fl ow through the ureter of 1 kidney, Vaginitis Infectious or non-infectious infl am- resulting in a backup of urine, distension of the mation of the vaginal mucosa. renal pelvis and calyces and hydronephrosis. Vaginopathy Any disease of the vagina. Uraemia An excess in the blood of urea, creati- Vagotomy The surgical cutting of the vagus nine and other nitrogenous end products of nerve to reduce acid secretion in the stomach. protein and amino acids metabolism, more Vagus nerve A cranial nerve, that is, a nerve correctly referred to as azotaemia. connected to the brain. The vagus nerve has Urethra Tube conveying urine from the bladder branches to most of the major organs in the to the external urethral orifi ce. body, including the larynx, throat, windpipe, Urethritis Is an infl ammation of the urethra lungs, heart and most of the digestive system caused by infection. Variola Or smallpox, a contagious disease unique Uricemia An excess of uric acid or urates in the to humans, caused by either of two virus blood. variants, Variola major and Variola minor. Uricosuric Promoting the excretion of uric acid The disease is characterized by fever, weak- in the urine. ness and skin eruption with pustules that form Urinary Pertaining to the passage of urine. scabs that leave scars. Urinogenital Relating to the genital and urinary Varicose Veins Are veins that have become organs or functions. enlarged and twisted. Urodynia Pain on urination. Vasa Vasorum Is a network of small blood Urokinase Also called urokinase-type plas- vessels that supply large blood vessels. minogen (u-PA), is a serine protease enzyme Pl. vasa vasori. Medical Glossary 1029

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (chylomicrons, VLDL, intermediate-density (VEGF) A polypeptide chemical produced lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high- by cells that stimulates the growth of new density lipoprotein (HDL)) that enable fats blood vessels. and cholesterol to move within the water- Vasculogenesis The process of blood vessel based solution of the bloodstream. VLDL is formation occurring by a de novo production converted in the bloodstream to low-density of endothelial cells. lipoprotein (LDL). Vasoconstrictor Drug that causes constriction Vesical Calculus Calculi (stones) in the urinary of blood vessels. bladder Vasodilator Drug that causes dilation or relax- Vesicant A substance that causes tissue ation of blood vessels. blistering. Vasodilatory Causing the widening of the Vestibular Relating to the sense of balance. lumen of blood vessels. Vestibular Disorders Includes symptoms of Vasomotor Symptoms Menopausal symptoms dizziness, vertigo and imbalance; it can be result characterized by hot fl ushes and night sweats. from or worsened by genetic or environmental Vasospasm Refers to a condition in which blood conditions. vessels spasm, leading to vasoconstriction and Vestibular System Includes parts of the inner subsequently to tissue ischemia and death ear and brain that process sensory information (necrosis). involved with controlling balance and eye VCAM-1 (Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1) movement. Also known as CD106, contains six or seven Vibrissa Stiff hairs that are located especially immunoglobulin domains and is expressed on about the nostrils. both large and small vessels only after the Viremia A medical condition where viruses endothelial cells are stimulated by cytokines. enter the bloodstream and hence have access VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor. to the rest of the body. Venereal Disease (VD) Term given to the diseases Visceral Fat Intra-abdominal fat, is located syphilis and gonorrhoea. inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between Venule A small vein, especially one joining internal organs and torso. capillaries to larger veins. Vitamin Any complex, organic compound, found Vermifuge A substance used to expel worms in various food or sometimes synthesized in from the intestines. the body, required in tiny amounts and are Verotoxin A Shiga-like toxin produced by essential for the regulation of metabolism, Escherichia coli, which disrupts the function normal growth and function of the body. of ribosomes, causing acute renal failure. Vitamin A Retinol, fat-soluble vitamins that Verruca A contagious and painful wart on the play an important role in vision, bone growth, sole of the foot. reproduction, cell division and cell differenti- Verruca plana Is a reddish-brown or fl esh- ation and help regulate the immune system in coloured, slightly raised, fl at-surfaced, well- preventing or fi ghting off infections. Vitamin demarcated papule on the hand and face. Also A that is found in colourful fruits and vegetables called fl at wart. is called provitamin A carotenoid. They can Verruca vulgaris Small painless warts on the be made into retinol in the body. Defi ciency skin caused by the human papillomavirus. of vitamin A results in night blindness and Vertigo An illusory, sensory perception that the keratomalacia. surroundings or one’s own body are revolving; Vitamin B1 Also called thiamine, water-soluble dizziness. vitamins, dissolve easily in water, and in gen- Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) A type eral, are readily excreted from the body they of lipoprotein made by the liver. VLDL is are not readily stored, consistent daily intake one of the fi ve major groups of lipoproteins is important. It functions as coenzyme in the 1030 Medical Glossary

metabolism of carbohydrates and branched Vitamin C Also known as ascorbic acid is an chain amino acids and other cellular pro- essential water-soluble vitamin. It functions cesses. Defi ciency results in beri-beri disease. as cofactor for reactions requiring reduced Vitamin B2 Also called ribofl avin, an essential copper or iron metalloenzyme and as a pro- water-soluble vitamin that functions as coen- tective antioxidant. Defi ciency of vitamin C zyme in redox reactions. Defi ciency causes causes scurvy. aribofl avinosis. Vitamin D A group of fat-soluble, prohormone Vitamin B3 Comprises niacin and niacinamide, vitamin, the two major forms of which are water-soluble vitamin that function as vitamin D2 (or ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 coenzyme or co-substrate for many redox (or cholecalciferol). Vitamin D obtained from reactions and is required for energy metabo- sun exposure, food and supplements is bio- lism. Defi ciency causes pellagra. logically inert and must undergo two hydrox- Vitamin B5 Also called pantothenic acid, a ylations in the body for activation. Vitamin D water-soluble vitamin that function as is essential for promoting calcium absorption coenzyme in fatty acid metabolism. Defi ciency in the gut and maintaining adequate serum causes paraesthesia. calcium and phosphate concentrations to Vitamin B6 Water-soluble vitamin, exists in three enable normal growth and mineralization of major chemical forms: pyridoxine, pyridoxal bone and prevent hypocalcemic tetany. and pyridoxamine. Vitamin B6 is needed in Defi ciency causes rickets and osteomalacia. enzymes involved in protein metabolism, red Vitamin D has other roles in human health, blood cell metabolism, effi cient functioning including modulation of neuromuscular and of nervous and immune systems and haemo- immune function, reduction of infl ammation globin formation. Defi ciency causes anaemia and modulation of many genes encoding and peripheral neuropathy. proteins that regulate cell proliferation, differ- Vitamin B7 Also called biotin or vitamin H, an entiation and apoptosis. essential water-soluble vitamin, is involved in Vitamin E Is the collective name for a group of the synthesis of fatty acids amino acids and glu- fat-soluble compounds and exists in eight cose, in energy metabolism. Biotin promotes chemical forms (alpha-, beta-, gamma- and normal health of sweat glands, bone marrow, delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma- and male gonads, blood cells, nerve tissue, skin and delta-tocotrienol). It has pronounced anti- hair. Defi ciency causes dermatitis and enteritis. oxidant activities stopping the formation of Vitamin B9 Also called folic acid, an essential reactive oxygen species when fat undergoes water-soluble vitamin. Folate is especially oxidation and help prevent or delay the chronic important during periods of rapid cell division diseases associated with free radicals. Besides and growth such as infancy and pregnancy. its antioxidant activities, vitamin E is involved Defi ciency during pregnancy is associated in immune function, cell signalling, regulation with birth defects such as neural tube defects. of gene expression and other metabolic pro- Folate is also important for production of red cesses. Defi ciency is very rare but can cause blood cells and prevent anaemia. Folate is mild haemolytic anaemia in newborn infants. needed to make DNA and RNA, the building Vitamin K A group of fat- soluble vitamin and blocks of cells. It also helps prevent changes consist of vitamin K 1 which is also known as to DNA that may lead to cancer. phylloquinone or phytomenadione (also called Vitamin B12 A water-soluble vitamin, also phytonadione) and vitamin K 2 (menaquinone, called cobalamin as it contains the metal cobalt. menatetrenone). Vitamin K plays an important It helps maintain healthy nerve cells and red role in blood clotting. Defi ciency is very rare blood cells and in DNA production. Vitamin but can cause bleeding diathesis. B12 is bound to the protein in food. Defi ciency Vitamin P A substance or mixture of substances causes megaloblastic anaemia. obtained from various plant sources, identifi ed Medical Glossary 1031

as citrin or a mixture of biofl avonoids, thought Xanthones Unique class of biologically active to but not proven to be useful in reducing the phenol compounds with the molecular formula extent of haemorrhage. C13H8O2 possessing antioxidant properties, Vitiligo A chronic skin disease that causes loss discovered in the mangosteen fruit. of pigment, resulting in irregular pale patches Xenobiotics A chemical (as a drug, pesticide of skin. It occurs when the melanocytes, cells or carcinogen) that is foreign to a living responsible for skin pigmentation, die or are organism. unable to function. Also called leucoderma. Xenograft A surgical graft of tissue from one Vitreoretinopathy See Proliferative Vitreo- species to an unlike species. retinopathy. Xerophthalmia A medical condition in which VLA-4 Very late antigen-4, expressed by most the eye fails to produce tears. leukocytes, but it is observed on neutrophils Yaws An infectious tropical infection of the under special conditions. skin, bones and joints caused by the spirochete VLDL See Very Low- Density Lipoproteins. bacterium Treponema pertenue, characterized Vomitive Substance that causes vomiting. by papules and papilloma with subsequent Vulnerary Wound healer, a substance used to deformation of the skins, bone and joints. heal wounds and promote tissue formation. Also called framboesia. Vulva-Vaginal Erythema Abnormal redness yGCN5 A histone acetyl transferase (HAT) that and infl ammation of the skin in the vagina. plays a role in regulation of transcription, cell Wart An infectious skin tumour caused by a cycle progression and differentiation. viral infection. Yellow Fever Is a viral disease that is transmitted Welt See Wheal. to humans through the bite of infected mos- Wheal A fi rm, elevated swelling of the skin. quitoes. Illness ranges in severity from an Also called a weal or welt. infl uenza-like syndrome to severe hepatitis and White fat White adipose tissue (WAT) in haemorrhagic fever. Yellow fever virus (YFV) mammals, store of energy. Cf. brown fat. is maintained in nature by mosquito-borne Whitlow Painful infection of the hand involving transmission between nonhuman primates. 1 or more fi ngers that typically affects the Zeaxanthin A common carotenoid, found terminal phalanx. naturally as coloured pigments in many fruit Whooping Cough Acute infectious disease usu- vegetables and leafy vegetables. It is impor- ally in children caused by a Bacillus bacterium tant for good vision and is one of the two and accompanied by catarrh of the respiratory carotenoids contained within the retina of the passages and repeated bouts of coughing. eye. Within the central macula, zeaxanthin Wnt signalling Pathway Is a network of proteins predominates, whereas in the peripheral retina, involved in embryogenesis and cancer and lutein predominates. also in normal physiological processes. Zinc (Zn) Is an essential mineral for health. It is X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia Also known involved in numerous aspects of cellular as X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia, XLA, metabolism: catalytic activity of enzymes, Bruton type agammaglobulinemia, Bruton immune function, protein synthesis, wound syndrome or sex-linked agammaglobulinemia; healing, DNA synthesis and cell division. It a rare x-linked genetic disorder that affects the also supports normal growth and development body’s ability to fi ght infection. during pregnancy, childhood and adolescence Xanthine Oxidase A fl avoprotein enzyme and is required for proper sense of taste and containing a molybdenum cofactor (Moco) smell. Dietary sources include beans, nuts, and (Fe 2 S 2 ) clusters, involved in purine pumpkin seeds, sunfl ower seeds, whole wheat metabolism. In humans, inhibition of xanthine bread and animal sources. oxidase reduces the production of uric acid and ZO1 Protein A high molecular weight tight junc- prevents hyperuricemia and gout. tion-associated protein. Scientifi c Glossary

Abaxial Facing away from the axis, as of the Adventive Not native to and not fully estab- surface of an organ. lished in a new habitat or environment; locally Abortive Imperfectly formed. or temporarily naturalized, e.g. an adventive Abscission Shedding of , fl owers or fruits weed. following the formation of the abscission zone. Aestivation Refers to positional arrangement of Acaulescen t Lacking a stem or stem very much the fl oral parts in the bud before it opens. reduced. Akinete A thick-walled dormant cell derived Accrescent Increasing in size after fl owering or from the enlargement of a vegetative cell. It with age. serves as a survival structure. Achene A dry, small, one-seeded, indehiscent Alfi sols Soil with a clay-enriched subsoil and one-seeded fruit formed from a superior ovary relatively high native fertility, having undergone of one carpel as in sunfl ower. only moderate leaching, containing aluminium, Acid Soi l Soil that maintains a pH of less than iron and with at least 35 % base saturation, 7.0. meaning that calcium, magnesium and potas- Acidulous Acid or sour in taste. sium are relatively abundant. Actinomorphic Having radial symmetry, capable Alkaline Soil Soil that maintains a pH above of being divided into symmetrical halves by 7.0, usually containing large amounts of any plane, refers to a fl ower, calyx or corolla. calcium, sodium and magnesium and is less Aculeate Having sharp prickles. soluble than acidic soils. Acuminate Tapering gradually to a sharp point. Alkaloids Naturally occurring bitter, complex Acute (Botany) Tapering at an angle of less than organic-chemical compounds containing 90° before terminating in a point as of apex basic nitrogen and oxygen atoms and having and base. various pharmacological effects on humans Adaxia l Side closest to the stem axis. and other animals. Aldephous Having united together by Alternate Leaves or buds that are spaced along their fi laments. opposite sides of stem at different levels. Adherent Touching without organic fusion as Allomorphic With a shape or form different of fl oral parts of different whorls. from the typical. Adnate United with another unlike part as of Alluvial Soil A fi ne-grained fertile soil deposited by stamens attached to . water fl owing over fl ood plains or in river beds. Adpressed Lying close to another organ but not Alluvium Soil or sediments deposited by a river fused to it. or other running water. Adventitious Arising in abnormal positions, Amplexicaul Clasping the stem as base of e.g. roots arising from the stem, branches or certain leaves. leaves; buds arising elsewhere than in the axils Anatomizing Interconnecting network as of leaves. applied to leaf veins.

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 7, Flowers, 1032 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7395-0, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 Scientifi c Glossary 1033

Andisols Are soils formed in volcanic ash and Apiculum A short, pointed, fl exible tip. containing high proportions of glass and Apocarpous Carpels separate in single individual amorphous colloidal materials. pistils. Androdioecious With male fl owers and bisexual Apopetalous With separate petals, not united to fl owers on separate plants. other petals. Androecium Male parts of a fl ower, comprising Aposepalous With separate , not united to the stamens of one fl ower. other sepals. Androgynophore A stalk bearing both the Appressed Pressed closely to another structure androecium and gynoecium above the perianth but not fused or united. of the fl ower. Aquatic A plant living in or on water for all or a Androgynous With male and female fl owers in considerable part of its life span. distinct parts of the same infl orescence. Arachnoid (Botany) Formed of or covered with Andromonoecious Having male fl owers and long, delicate hairs or fi bres. bisexual fl owers on the same plant. Arborescent Resembling a tree; applied to Angiosperm A division of seed plants with the nonwoody plants attaining tree height and to ovules borne in an ovary. shrubs tending to become treelike in size. Annual A plant which completes its life cycle Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) A type of within a year. mycorrhiza in which the fungus (of the phylum Annular Shaped like or forming a ring. Glomeromycota) penetrates the cortical cells Annulus Circle or ringlike structure or marking; of the roots of a and form the portion of the corolla which forms a fl eshy, unique structures such as arbuscules and raised ring. vesicles. These fungi help plants to capture Anthelate An open, paniculate cyme. nutrients such as phosphorus and micronutrients Anther The part of the containing pollen from the soil. sac which produces the pollen. Archegonium A fl ask-shaped female reproductive Antheriferous Containing anthers. organ in mosses, ferns and other related plants. Anthesis The period between the opening of the Areolate With areolea. bud and the onset of fl ower withering. Areole (Botany) A small, specialized, cushion- Anthocarp A false fruit consisting of the true like area on a cactus from which hairs, glo- fruit and the base of the perianth. chids, spines, branches or fl owers may arise; Anthocyanidins Are common plant pigments. an irregular angular specs marked out on a They are the sugar-free counterparts of surface, e.g. fruit surface. Pl. areolea. anthocyanins. Aril Specialized outgrowth from the funiculus Anthocyanins A subgroup of antioxidant (attachment point of the seed) (or hilum) that flavonoids and are glucosides of anthocyani- encloses or is attached to the seed. Adj. arillate. dins. They occur as water-soluble vacuolar Arillode A false aril; an aril originating from pigments that may appear red, purple or blue the micropyle instead of from the funicle or according to pH in plants. chalaza of the ovule, e.g. mace of . Antipetala Situated opposite petals. Aristate Bristlelike part or appendage, e.g. Antisepala Situated opposite sepals. awns of grains and grasses. Antrorse Directed forward upwards. Aristulate Having a small, stiff, bristlelike part Apetalous Lacking petals as of fl owers with or appendage; a diminutive of aristate no corolla. Articulate Jointed; usually breaking easily at the Apical meristem Active growing point. A zone nodes or point of articulation into segments. of cell division at the tip of the stem or the root. Ascending Arched upwards in the lower part Apically Towards the apex or tip of a structure. and becoming erect in the upper part. Apiculate Ending abruptly in a short, sharp, Ascospore Spore produced in the ascus in small point. Ascomycete fungi. 1034 Scientifi c Glossary

Ascus Is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced Bilabiate Having two lips as of a corolla or calyx in Ascomycete fungi. Pl . asci. with segments fused into an upper and lower lip. Asperulous Refers to a rough surface with Bipinnate Twice pinnate; the primary leafl ets short, hard projections. being again divided into secondary leafl ets. Attenuate Tapered or tapering gradually to a point. Bipinnatisect Refers to a pinnately compound Auricle An earlike appendage that occurs at leaf, in which each leafl et is again divided into the base of some leaves or corolla. pinnae. Auriculate Having auricles. Biserrate Doubly serrate; with smaller regular, Awn A hair-like or bristlelike appendage on a asymmetric teeth on the margins of larger teeth. larger structure. Bisexual Having both sexes, as in a fl ower Axil Upper angle between a lateral organ, such bearing both stamens and pistil, hermaphro- as a leaf petiole and the stem that bears it. dite or perfect. Axile Situated along the central axis of an ovary Biternate Twice ternate; with three pinnae each having two or more locules, as in axile divided into three pinnules. placentation. Blade Lamina; part of the leaf above the sheath Axillary Arising or growing in an axil. or petiole. Baccate Beery like, pulpy or fl e s h y . Blotched See Variegated. Barbate Bearded, having tufts of hairs. Bole Main trunk of tree from the base to the fi rst Barbellae Short, stiff, hair-like bristles. Adj. branch. barbellate. Brachyblast A short, axillary, densely crowded Bark Is the outermost layers of stems and roots branchlet or shoot of limited growth, in which of woody plants. the internodes elongate little or not at all. Basal Relating to, situated at, arising from or Bracket Fungus Shelf fungus. forming the base. A leafl ike structure, different in form Basaltic Soil Soil derived from basalt, a common from the foliage leaves, associated with an extrusive volcanic rock. infl orescence or fl ower. Adj. bracteate. Basidiospore A reproductive spore produced by Bracteate Possessing . Basidiomycete fungi. Bracteolate Having bracteoles. Basidium A microscopic, spore-producing struc- Bracteole A small, secondary, bract-like struc- ture found on the hymenophore of fruiting ture borne singly or in a pair on the pedicel or bodies of Basidiomycete fungi. calyx of a fl ower. Adj. bracteolate. Basifi xed Attached by the base, as certain Bran Hard outer layer of grain and comprises anthers are to their fi laments. the aleurone and pericarp. It contains important Basionym The synonym of a scientifi c name antioxidant, vitamins and fi bre. that supplies the epithet for the correct Bristle A stiff hair. name. Bulb A modifi ed underground axis that is Beak A prominent apical projection, especially short and crowned by a mass of usually fl eshy, of a carpel or fruit. Adj. beaked. imbricate scales. Adj. bulbous. Bearded Having a tuft of hairs. Bulbil A small bulb or bulb-shaped body, Berry A fl eshy or pulpy indehiscent fruit from a especially one borne in the leaf axil or an single ovary with the seed(s) embedded in the infl orescence, and usually produced for asex- fl eshy tissue of the pericarp. ual reproduction. Biconvex Convex on both sides. Bullate Puckered, blistered. Biennial Completing the full cycle from germi- Burr Type of seed or fruit with short, stiff bristles nation to fruiting in more than one, but not or hooks or may refer to a deformed type of more than 2 years. wood in which the grain has been misformed. Bifi d Forked, divided into two parts. Bush Low, dense shrub without a pronounced Bifoliolate Having two leafl ets. trunk. Scientifi c Glossary 1035

Buttress Supporting, projecting outgrowth from maturity by sections called valves to release base of a tree trunk as in some Rhizophoraceae the seeds. Adj. capsular. and Moraceae. Carinate Keeled. Caducous Shedding or falling early before Carpel A simple pistil consisting of ovary, maturity refers to sepals and petals. ovules, style and . Adj. carpellary. Caespitose Growing densely in tufts or clumps; Carpogonium Female reproductive organ in having short, closely packed stems. red algae. Pl. carpogonia. Calcareous Composed of or containing lime or Carpophore Part of the receptacle which is length- limestone. ened between the carpels as a central axis; any Calcrete A hardpan consisting gravel and sand fruiting body or fruiting structure of a fungus. cemented by calcium. Cartilaginou s Sinewy, having a fi rm, tough, Callus A condition of thickened raised mass of fl exible texture (in respect of leaf margins). hardened tissue on leaves or other plant parts Caruncle (Botany) Fleshy structure attached to often formed after an injury but sometimes the seed of certain plants. a normal feature. A callus also can refer to an Caryopsis A simple dry, indehiscent fruit formed undifferentiated plant cell mass grown on a from a single ovary with the seed coat united culture medium. N. callosity; Pl. calli, callosi- with the ovary wall as in grasses and cereals. ties; Adj. callose. Cataphyll A reduced or scarcely developed Calyptra The protective cap or hood covering leaf at the start of a plant’s life (i.e. cotyledons) the spore case of a moss or related plant. or in the early stages of leaf development. Calyptrate Operculate, having a calyptra. Catkin A slim, cylindrical, pendulous fl ower Calyx Outer fl oral whorl usually consisting of spike usually with unisexual fl owers. free sepals or fused sepals (calyx tube) and Caudate Having a narrow, tail-like appendage. calyx lobes. It encloses the fl ower while it is Caudex Thickened, usually underground base still a bud. Adj. calycine. of the stem. Calyx Lobe One of the free upper parts of the Caulescent Having a well- developed aerial stem. calyx which may be present when the lower Caulifl ory Botanical term referring to plants part is united into a tube. which fl ower and fruit from their main stems Calyx Tube The tubular fused part of the calyx, or woody trunks. Adj. caulifl orus. often cup shaped or bell shaped, when it is Cauline Borne on the aerial part of a stem. free from the corolla. Chaffy Having thin, membranous scales in the Campanulate Shaped like a bell refers to calyx infl orescence as in the fl ower heads of the or corolla. sunfl ower family. Canaliculate Having groove or grooves. Chalaza The basal region of the ovule where Candelabriform Having the shape of a tall the stalk is attached. branched candlestick. Chamaephyte A low-growing Canescent Covered with short, fi ne whitish or whose dormant overwintering buds are borne at greyish hairs or down. or just above the surface of the ground. Canopy Uppermost leafy stratum of a tree. Chartaceous Papery, of paper-like texture. Cap See Pileus. Chasmogamous Describing fl owers in which Capitate Growing together in a head. Also pollination takes place while the fl ower is open. means enlarged and globular at the tip. Chatoyant Having a velvety sheen or lustre. Capitulum A fl ower head or infl orescence hav- Chloroplast A chlorophyll-containing organelle ing a dense cluster of sessile, or almost sessile, (plastid) that gives the green colour to leaves fl owers or fl orets. and stems. Plastids harness light energy that is Capsule A dry, dehiscent fruit formed from used to fi x carbon dioxide in the process called two or more united carpels and dehiscing at photosynthesis. 1036 Scientifi c Glossary

Chromoplast Plastid containing coloured Clone All the plants reproduced, vegetatively, pigments apart from chlorophyll. from a single parent, thus having the same Chromosomes Thread-shaped structures that genetic make-up as the parent. occur in pairs in the nucleus of a cell, containing Coccus One of the sections of a distinctly lobed the genetic information of living organisms. fruit which becomes separate at maturity; Cilia Hairs along the margin of a leaf or corolla sometimes called a mericarp. Pl. cocci. lobe. Coenocarpium A fl eshy, multiple pseudocarp Ciliate With a fringe of hairs on the margin as of formed from an infl orescence rather than a the corolla lobes or leaf. single fl ower. Ciliolate Minutely ciliate. Coherent Touching without organic fusion, Cilium A straight, usually erect hair on a margin referring to parts normally together, e.g. fl oral or ridge. Pl. cilia. parts of the same whorl. Cf. adherent, adnate, Cincinnus A monochasial cyme in which the connate. lateral branches arise alternately on opposite Collar Boundary between the above- and below sides of the false axis. ground parts of the plant axis. Circinate Spirally coiled, with the tip innermost. Colliculate Having small elevations. Circumscissile Opening by a transverse line A structure formed by the united style, around the circumference as of a fruit. stigma and stamen(s) as in Asclepiadaceae Cladode The modifi ed photosynthetic stem of a and . plant whose foliage leaves are much reduced Comose Tufted with hairs at the ends as of or absent. Cf. cladophyll, phyllode. seeds. Cladophyll A photosynthetic branch or por- Composite Having two types of fl orets as of the tion of a stem that resembles and functions fl owers in the sunfl ower family, . as a leaf, like in asparagus. Cf. cladode, Compost Organic matter (like leaves, mulch phyllode. and manure) that breaks down in soil releasing Clamp Connection In the Basidiomycetes fungi, its nutrients. a lateral connection or outgrowth formed Compound Describes a leaf that is further between two adjoining cells of a hypha and divided into leafl ets or pinnae or fl ower with arching over the septum between them. more than a single fl oret. Clavate Club shaped thickened at one end refer Compressed Flattened in one plane. to fruit or other organs. Conceptacles Specialized cavities of marine Claw The conspicuously narrowed basal part of algae that contain the reproductive organs. a fl at structure. Concolorous Uniformly coloured, as in upper Clay A naturally occurring material composed and lower surfaces. Cf. discolorous primarily of fi ne-grained minerals like kaolin- Conduplicate Folded together lengthwise. ite, montmorillonite-smectite or illite which Cone A reproductive structure composed of an exhibit plasticity through a variable range of axis (branch) bearing sterile bract-like organs water content and which can be hardened and seed or pollen- bearing structures. Applied to when dried and/or fi red. Gymnospermae, Lycopodiaceae, Casuarinaceae Clayey Resembling or containing a large propor- and also in some members of Proteaceae. tion of clay. Conic Cone shaped, attached at the broader end. Cleft Incised halfway down. Conic-Capitate A cone-shaped head of fl owers. Cleistogamous Refers to a fl ower in which Connate Fused to another structure of the same fertilization occurs within the bud, i.e. without kind . Cf . adherent, adnate, coherent. the fl ower opening. Cf. chasmogamous. Connective The tissue separating two lobes of Climber Growing more or less upwards by an anther. leaning or twining around another structure. Connivent Converging. Scientifi c Glossary 1037

Conspecifi c Within or belonging to the same Crispate Weakly undulating edge. species. Crisped With a curled or twisted edge. Contorted Twisted. Cristate Having or forming a crest or crista. Convolute Refers to an arrangement of petals in Crozier Shaped like a shepherd’s crook. a bud where each has one side overlapping the Crustaceous Like a crust, having a hard crust adjacent . or shell. Cordate Heart shaped as of leaves. Cucullate Having the shape of a cowl or hood, Core Central part. hooded. Coriaceous Leathery texture as of leaves. Culm The main aerial stem of the Gramineae Corm A short, swollen, fl eshy, underground (grasses, sedges, rushes and other monocots). plant stem that serves as a food storage organ Culm Sheath The plant casing (similar to a used by some plants to survive winter or other leaf) that protects the young bamboo shoot adverse conditions during growth, attached at each node of culm. Cormel A miniature, new corm produced on a Cultigen Plant species or race known only in mature corm. cultivation. Corn Silk The long, fi lamentous styles that grow Cultivated variety; an assemblage of as a silky tuft or tassel at the tip of an ear of corn. cultivated individuals distinguished by any Corolla The inner fl oral whorl of a fl ower, usually characters signifi cant for the purposes of consisting of free petals or a petals fused forming agriculture, forestry or horticulture and which, a corolla tube and corolla lobes. Adj. corolline. when reproduced, retains its distinguishing Corona A crown-like section of the staminal features. column, usually with the inner and outer lobes Cuneate Wedge shaped, obtriangular. as in the Stapelieae . Cupular Cup shaped, having a cupule. Coroniform Crown shaped, as in the pappus of Cupule A small cup-shaped structure or organ, Asteraceae. like the cup at the base of an acorn. Cortex The outer of the stem or root of a plant, Cusp An elongated, usually rigid, acute point. bounded on the outside by the epidermis and Cf. mucro. on the inside by the endodermis containing Cuspidate Terminating in or tipped with a sharp undifferentiated cells. fi rm point or cusp. Cf. mucronate. Corymb A fl at-topped, short, broad infl ores- Cuspidulate Constricted into a minute cusp. cence, in which the fl owers, through unequal Cf. cuspidate. pedicels, are in one horizontal plane and the Cyathiform In the form of a cup, a little widened youngest in the centre. Adj. corymbose. at the top. Costa A thickened, linear ridge or the midrib of Cyathium A specialized type of infl orescence the pinna in ferns. Adj. costate. of plants in the genus Euphorbia and Costapalmate Having defi nite costa (midrib) Chamaesyce in which the unisexual fl owers unlike the typical palmate leaf, but the leafl ets are clustered together within a bract-like are arranged radially like in a palmate leaf. envelope. Pl. cyathia. Cotyledon The primary seed leaf within the Cylindric Tubular or rod shaped. embryo of a seed. Cylindric-Acuminate Elongated and tapering Cover Crop Crop grown in between trees or in to a point. fi elds primarily to protect the soil from erosion, Cymbiform Boat shaped, elongated and having to improve soil fertility and to keep off weeds. the upper surface decidedly concave. Crenate Round toothed or scalloped as of leaf Cyme An infl orescence in which the lateral axis margins. grows more strongly than the main axis with Crenulate Minutely crenate, very strongly the oldest fl ower in the centre or at the ends. scalloped. Adj. cymose Crested Frilled and ruffl ed edge. Cymule A small cyme or one or a few fl owers. 1038 Scientifi c Glossary

Cystidium A relatively large cell found on the Didymous Arranged or occurring in pairs as of hymenium of a Basidiomycete, for example, anthers, having two lobes. on the surface of a mushroom. Digitate Having digits or fi ngerlike projections. Cystocarp Fruitlike structure (sporocarp) devel- Dikaryophyses Or dendrophydia, irregularly, oped after fertilization in the red algae. strongly branched terminal hyphae in the Deciduous Falling off or shedding at maturity Hymenomycetes (class of Basidiomycetes) or a specifi c season or stage of growth. fungi. Decorticate To remove the bark, rind or husk Dimorphic Having or occurring in two forms, from an organ; to strip of its bark; to come off as of stamens of two different lengths or a as a skin. plant having two kinds of leaves. Decompound As of a compound leaf; consisting Dioecious With male and female unisexual of divisions that are themselves compound. fl owers on separate plants. Cf. monoecious. Decumbent Prostrate, laying or growing on the Diploid A condition in which the chromosomes ground but with ascending tips. Cf. ascending, in the nucleus of a cell exist as pairs, one set procumbent. being derived from the female parent and the Decurrent Having the leaf base tapering down other from the male. to a narrow wing that extends to the stem. Diplobiontic Life Cycle Life cycle that exhibits Decussate Having paired organs with succes- alternation of generations, which features of sive pairs at right angles to give four rows spore-producing multicellular sporophytes as of leaves. and gamete-producing multicellular gameto- Defl exed Bent downwards. phytes. Mitoses occur in both the diploid and Degumming Removal of gum deposits (phos- haploid phases. phatides, entrained oil and meal particles) Diplontic Life Cycle Or gametic meiosis, wherein from crude edible oils traditionally done with instead of immediately dividing meiotically to water. Water degumming process also remove produce haploid cells, the zygote divides mitoti- hydrophilic substances such as sugars from cally to produce a multicellular diploid individ- the oil. ual or a group of more diploid cells. Dehisce To split open at maturity, as in a capsule. Diplochory Seed dispersal involving two or Dehiscent Splitting open at maturity to release more modes. the contents. Cf. indehiscent. Dipterocarpus Trees of the family Dipterocar- Deltate Triangular shape. paceae, with two-winged fruit found mainly in Deltoid Shaped like an equilateral triangle. tropical lowland . Dendritic Branching from a main stem or axis Disc (Botany) Refers to the usually disc- shaped like the branches of a tree. receptacle of the fl ower head in Asteraceae; Dentate With sharp, rather coarse teeth perpen- also the fl eshy nectariferous organ usually dicular to the margin. between the stamens and ovary; also used for Denticulate Finely toothed. the enlarged style-end in Proteaceae. Diageotropic The tendency of growing parts, Disc Floret The central, tubular 4 or 5 toothed such as roots, to grow at right angle to the line or lobed fl oret on the disc of an infl orescence, of gravity. as of fl ower head of Asteraceae. Diadelphous Having stamens in two bundles as Disciform Flat and rounded in shaped. Cf. in Papilionaceae fl owers. discoid, radiate. Dichasium A cymose infl orescence in which Discoid Resembling a disc; having a fl at, circular the branches are opposite and approximately form; disc-shaped. Cf. disciform, radiate. equal. Pl. dichasia; Adj. dichasial. Discolorous Having two colours, as of a leaf Dichotomous divided into two parts. which has different colours on the two surfaces. Dicotyledon Angiosperm with two cotyledons. Cf. concolorous. Scientifi c Glossary 1039

Disomic Having one or more chromosomes present Endosperm Tissue that surrounds and nourishes twice but without the entire genome doubled. the embryo in the angiosperm seed. It contains Dispersal Dissemination of seeds. starchy carbohydrates, proteins and small Distal Site of any structure farthest from the amounts of vitamins and minerals. point of attachment. Cf. proximal. Endospermous Refers to seeds having an Distichous Referring to two rows of upright endosperm. leaves in the same plane. Ensiform Shaped like the blade of a sword, long Dithecous Having two thecae. and narrow with sharp edges and a pointed tip. Divaricate Diverging at a wide angle. Endotrophic As of mycorrhiza obtaining Domatium A part of a plant (e.g. a leaf) that has nutrients from inside. been modifi ed to provide protection for other Ensilage The process of preserving green food organisms. Pl. domatia. for livestock in an undried condition in airtight Dormancy A resting period in the life of a plant conditions. Also called silaging. during which growth slows or appears to stop. Entire Having a smooth, continuous margin Dorsal Referring to the back surface. without any incisions or teeth as of a leaf. Dorsifi xed Attached to the back as of anthers. Entisols Soils that do not show any profi le Drupaceous Resembling a drupe. development other than an A horizon. Drupe A fl eshy fruit with a single seed enclosed Ephemeral Transitory, short lived. in a hard shell (endocarp) which is tissue Epicalyx A whorl of bracts, subtending and embedded in succulent tissue (mesocarp) sur- resembling a calyx. rounded by a thin outer skin (epicarp). Adj. Epicarp Outermost layer of the pericarp of a fruit. drupaceous. Epicormic Attached to the corm. Drupelet A small drupe. Epicotyl The upper portion of the embryonic Ebracteate Without bracts. axis, above the cotyledons and below the fi rst Echinate Bearing stiff, stout, bristly, prickly hairs. true leaves. Edaphic Refers to plant communities that are Epigeal Above grounds with cotyledons raised distinguished by soil conditions rather than by above ground. the climate. Epiparasite An organism parasitic on another Eglandular Without glands. Cf. glandular. that parasitizes a third. Elaioplasts A type of leucoplast that is specialized Epipetalous Borne on the petals, as of stamens. for the storage of lipids in plants. Epiphyte A plant growing on, but not parasitic Elaiosome Fleshy lipid-rich structures that are on, another plant, deriving its moisture and attached to the seeds of many plant species. nutrients from the air and rain, e.g. some Ellipsoid A 3-dimensional shape; elliptic in Orchidaceae. Adj. epiphytic. outline. Epithet Name. Elliptic Having a 2-dimensional shape of an Erect Upright, vertical. ellipse or fl attened circle. Essential Oils Volatile products obtained from Elongate Extended, stretched out. a natural source; refers to volatile products Emarginate Refers to leaf with a broad, shallow obtained by steam or water distillation in a notch at the apex. Cf. retuse. strict sense. Embryo (Botany) A minute rudimentary plant con- Etiolation To cause (a plant) to develop without tained within a seed or an archegonium, composed chlorophyll by preventing exposure to sunlight. of the embryonic axis (shoot end and root end). Eutrophic Having waters rich in mineral and Endemic Prevalent in or peculiar to a particular organic nutrients that promote a proliferation geographical locality or region. of plant life, especially algae, which reduces Endocarp The hard innermost layer of the the dissolved oxygen content and often causes pericarp of many fruits. the extinction of other organisms. 1040 Scientifi c Glossary

Excentric Off the true centre. Fodder Plant material, fresh or dried fed to Excrescence Abnormal outgrowth. animals. Excurrent Projecting beyond the tip, as the Foliaceous Leaf like. midrib of a leaf or bract. Foliage Leaves of the plant. Exserted Sticking out, protruding beyond some Foliar Pertaining to a leaf. enclosing organ, as of stamens which project Foliolate Pertaining to leafl ets, used with a number beyond the corolla or perianth. prefi x to denote the number of leafl ets. Exstipulate Without stipules. Cf. stipulate. Foliose Leaf like. Extra-fl oral Outside the fl ower. Follicle (Botany) A dry fruit, derived from a Extrorse Turned outwards or away from the single carpel and dehiscing along one suture. axis as of anthers. Cf. introrse, latrorse. Forb Any herb that is not grass or grass like. Falcate sickle shaped, crescent shaped. Foveolate Surface pitted with shallow depressions. Fascicle A cluster or bundle of stems, fl owers, Free Central Placentation The arrangement of stamens. Adj. fasciculate. ovules on a central column that is not connected Fasciclode Staminode bundles. to the ovary wall by partitions, as in the ovaries Fastigiate A tree in which the branches grow of the carnation and primrose. almost vertically. Frond The leaf of a fern or cycad. Ferrosols Soils with an iron oxide content of Fruit Ripened ovary with adnate parts. greater than 5 %. Frutescent Shrubby. Ferruginous Rust coloured, reddish-brown. Fugacious Shedding off early. Fertile Having functional sexual parts which are Fulvous Yellow, tawny. capable of fertilization and seed production. Funiculus (Botany) Short stalk which attaches Cf. sterile. the ovule to the ovary wall. Filament The stalk of a stamen supporting and Fuscescent Dusky. subtending the anther. Fusiform A 3-dimensional shape; spindle shaped, Filiform Having the form of or resembling a i.e. broad in the centre and tapering at both thread or fi lament. ends thick, but tapering at both ends. Fimbriate Fringed. Gall Short - styled fl owers that do not Fixed Oils Nonvolatile oils, triglycerides of develop into a fruit but are adapted for the fatty acids. development of a specifi c wasp within the Flaccid Limp and weak. fruit, e.g. in the fi g . Flag Leaf The uppermost leaf on the stem. Gamete A reproductive cell that fuses with Flaky In the shape of fl akes or scales. another gamete to form a zygote. Gametes are Flexuous Zigzagging, sinuous, bending, as of a haploid, (they contain half the normal (diploid) stem. number of chromosomes); thus, when two Floccose Covered with tufts of soft woolly hairs. fuse, the diploid number is restored. Floral Tube A fl ower tube usually formed by Gametophyte The gamete-producing phase in a the basal fusion of the perianth and stamens. plant characterized by alternation of generations. Floret One of the small individual fl owers of Gamosepalous With sepals united or partially sunfl ower family or the reduced fl ower of the united. grasses, including the lemma and palea. Genome Complete set of genetic material of an Flower The sexual reproductive organ of fl owering organism. plants, typically consisting of gynoecium, Geniculate Bent like a knee; refers to awns and androecium and perianth or calyx and/or fi laments. corolla and the axis bearing these parts. Geocarpic Where the fruit are pushed into the Fluted As of a trunk with grooves and folds. soil by the gynophore and mature. Scientifi c Glossary 1041

Geophyte A plant that stores food in an under- are usually arranged in cone-like structures ground storage organ, e.g. a tuber, bulb or rhi- and not borne in an ovary. Cf. angiosperm. zome and has subterranean buds which form Gynoecium The female organ of a fl ower; a aerial growth. collective term for the pistil, carpel or carpels. Geotextile Are permeable fabrics which, Gynomonoecious Having female flowers when used in association with soil, have the and bisexual fl owers on the same plant. Cf. ability to separate, fi lter, reinforce, protect andromonoecious. or drain. Gynophore Stalk that bears the pistil/carpel. Germ Of cereal is the embryo of the seed or kernel. Habit The general growth form of a plant, compris- It contains vitamins B and E, folic acid, some ing its size, shape, texture and stem orientation; protein, minerals and polyunsaturated fats. the locality in which the plant grows. Glabrescent Becoming glabrous. Halophyte A plant adapted to living in highly Glabrous Smooth, hairless without pubescence. saline habitats. Also a plant that accumulates Gland A secretory organ, e.g. a nectary, extra- high concentrations of salt in its tissues. Adj. fl oral nectary or a gland tipped, hair like or wart halophytic. like organ. Adj. glandular; Cf. eglandular. Hapaxanthic Refers to palms which fl owers Glaucous Pale blue-green in colour, covered only once and then dies. Cf. pleonanthic. with a whitish bloom that rubs off readily. Haploid Condition where nucleus or cell Gley Soils A hydric soil which exhibits a has a single set of unpaired chromosomes, the greenish-blue-grey soil colour due to wetland haploid number is designated as n . conditions. Haplontic Life Cycle Or zygotic meiosis Globose Spherical in shape. wherein meiosis of a zygote, immediately Globular A three-dimensional shape; spherical after karyogamy, produces haploid cells which or orbicular; circular in outline. produces more or larger haploid cells ending Glochids T i n y , fi nely barbed hair-like spines its diploid phase. found on the areoles of some cacti and other Hastate Having the shape of an arrowhead but plants. with the basal lobes pointing outwards at right Glochidiate Having glochids. angles as of a leaf. Glochidote Plant having glochids. Hastula A piece of plant material at the junction Glume One of the two small, sterile bracts at the of the petiole and the leaf blade; the hastula base of the grass spikelet, called the lower and can be found on the top of the leaf, adaxial or upper glumes, due to their position on the the bottom, abaxial or both sides. rachilla. Also used in and Cyperaceae Heartwood Wood from the inner portion of a tree. for the very small bracts on the spikelet in Heliophilous Sun loving, tolerates high level of which each fl ower is subtended by one fl oral sunlight. glume. Adj. glumaceous. Heliotropic Growing towards sunlight. Grits Consist of coarsely ground corn or Herb A plant which is nonwoody or woody at sometimes alkali-treated corn. the base only, the above ground stems usually Groats Hulled, whole grains of various cereals, being ephemeral. Adj. herbaceous. such as oats, wheat, barley or buckwheat, it Herbaceous Resembling an herb, having a habit includes the cereal germ, fi bre-rich bran of an herb. portion and endosperm of the grain. Hermaphrodite Bisexual, bearing fl owers with Guttation The appearance of drops of xylem both androecium and gynoecium in the same sap on the tips or edges of leaves of some fl ower. Adj. hermaphroditic. vascular plants, such as grasses and bamboos. Heterocyst A differentiated cyanobacterial cell Guttule Small droplet. that carries out nitrogen fi xation. Gymnosperm A group of spermatophyte seed- Heterogamous Bearing separate male and bearing plants with ovules on scales, which female fl owers, or bisexual and female 1042 Scientifi c Glossary

fl owers, or fl orets in an infl orescence or fl ower Homosporous Producing one kind of spores. Refer head, e.g. some Asteraceae in which the ray to the ferns and fern allies. Cf. heterosporous. fl orets may be neuter or unisexual and the disc Hurd Fibre Long pith fi bre of the stem. fl orets may be bisexual. Cf. homogamous. Hyaline Colourless, almost transparent. Heteromorphous Having two or more distinct Hybrid The fi rst generation progeny of the sex- forms. Cf. homomorphous. ual union of plants belonging to different taxa. Heterophyllous Having leaves of different form. Hybridisation The crossing of individuals from Heterosporous Producing spores of 2 sizes, the different species or taxa. larger giving rise to megagametophytes (female), Hydathode A type of secretory tissue in leaves, the smaller giving rise to microgametophytes usually of Angiosperms, that secretes water (male). Refer to the ferns and fern allies. Cf. through pores in the epidermis or margin of homosporous. the leaf. Heterostylous Having styles of two different Hydrophilous Water loving; requiring water in lengths or forms. order to be fertilized, referring to many aquatic Heterostyly The condition in which fl owers on plants. polymorphous plants have styles of different Hygrochastic Applied to plants in which the lengths, thereby facilitating cross-pollination. opening of the fruits is caused by the absorp- Hilar Of or relating to a hilum. tion of water. Hilum The scar on a seed, indicating the point Hygrophilous Living in water or moist places. of attachment to the funiculus. Hymenial cystidia The cells of the hymenium Hirsute Bearing long coarse hairs. develop into basidia or asci, while in others some Hispid Bearing stiff, short, rough hairs or cells develop into sterile cells called cystidia. bristles. Hymenium Spore-bearing layer of cells in Hispidulous Minutely hispid. certain fungi containing asci (Ascomycetes) Histosol Soil comprising primarily of organic or basidia (Basidiomycetes). materials, having 40 cm or more of organic Hypanthium Cuplike receptacles of some soil material in the upper 80 cm. dicotyledonous fl owers formed by the fusion Hoary Covered with a greyish layer of very of the calyx, corolla and androecium that short, closely interwoven hairs. surround the ovary which bears the sepals, Holdfast An organ or structure of attachment, petals and stamens. especially the basal, root-like formation by Hypha Is a long, branching fi lamentous cell of a which certain seaweeds or other algae are fungus and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. attached to a substrate. Pl. hyphae. Holocarpic Having the entire thallus developed Hypocotyl The portion of the stem below the into a fruiting body or sporangium. cotyledons. Homochromous Having all the fl orets of the Hypodermis The cell layer beneath the epider- same colour in the same fl ower head. Cf. mis of the pericarp. heterochromous. Hypogeal Below ground as of germination of Homogamous Bearing fl owers or fl orets that do seed. not differ sexually. Cf. heterogamous. Hysteresis Refers to systems that may exhibit Homogenous Endosperm Endosperm with even path dependence. surface that lacks invaginations or infoldings Imbricate Closely packed and overlapping. Cf. of the surrounding tissue. valvate. Hormogonium A part of a fi lament of a cyano- Imparipinnate Pinnately compound with a sin- bacterium that detaches and grows by cell gle terminal leafl et and hence with an odd division into a new fi lament. Pl. hormogonia. number of leafl ets. Cf. paripinnate. Homomorphous Uniform, with only one form. Inceptisols Old soils that have no accumulation Cf. heteromorphous. of clays, iron, aluminium or organic matter. Scientifi c Glossary 1043

Incised Cut jaggedly with very deep teeth. Introrse Turned inwards or towards the axis or Included Referring to stamens which do not pistil as of anthers. Cf. extrorse, latrorse. project beyond the corolla or to valves which Involucre A whorl of bracts or leaves that surround do not extend beyond the rim of a capsular one to many fl owers or an entire infl orescence. fruit. Cf. exserted. Involute Having the margins rolled inwards, Incurved Curved inwards; curved towards the referring to a leaf or other fl at organ. base or apex. Jugate Of a pinnate leaf; having leafl ets in pairs. Indefi nite Numerous and variable in number. Juvenile Young or immature, used here for Indehiscent Not opening or splitting to release the leaves formed on a young plant which are contents at maturity as of fruit. Cf. dehiscent. different in morphology from those formed on Indumentum Covering of fi ne hairs or bristles an older plant. commonly found on external parts of plants. Keel A longitudinal ridge, at the back of the leaf. Indurate To become hard, often the hardening Also the two lower fused petals of a ‘pea’ fl ower developed only at maturity. in the Papilionaceae, which form a boatlike Indusium An enclosing membrane, covering structure around the stamens and styles. Also the sorus of a fern. Also used for the modifi ed called carina. Adj. keeled. Cf. standard, wing. style end or pollen-cup of some Goodeniaceae Labellum The modifi ed lowest of the three (including Brunoniaceae). Adj. indusiate. petals forming the corolla of an orchid, Inferior Said of an ovary or fruit that has sepals, usually larger than the other two petals, and petals and stamens above the ovary. Cf. superior. often spurred. Infl ated Enlarged and hollow except in the case of Lacerate Irregularly cleft. a fruit which may contain a seed. Cf. swollen. Laciniate Fringed; having a fringe of slender, Infl exed Bent or curved inwards or downwards, narrow, pointed lobes cut into narrow lobes. as petals or sepals. Lamella A gill-shaped structure: fi ne sheets of Infl orescence A fl ower cluster or the arrange- material held adjacent to one another. ment of fl owers in relation to the axis and to Lamina The blade of the leaf or frond. each other on a plant. Lanate Woolly, covered with long hairs which Infrafoliar Located below the leaves. are loosely curled together like wool. Infraspecifi c Referring to any taxon below the Lanceolate Lance shaped in outline, tapering species rank. from a broad base to the apex. Infructescence The fruiting stage of an Landrace Plants adapted to the natural environ- infl orescence. ment in which they grow, developing naturally Inrolled Curved inwards. with minimal assistance or guidance from Integuments Two distinct tissue layers that humans and usually possess more diverse surround the nucellus of the ovule, forming phenotypes and genotypes. They have not the testa or seed coat when mature. been improved by formal breeding programs. Intercalary Of growth, between the apex and the Laterite Reddish-coloured soils rich in iron base; of cells, spores, etc., between two cells. oxide, formed by weathering of rocks under Interfoliar Inter leaf. oxidizing and leaching conditions, commonly Internode Portion of the stem, culm, branch or found in tropical and subtropical regions. Adj. rhizome between two nodes or points of lateritic. attachment of the leaves. Latex A milky, clear or sometimes coloured sap Interpetiolar As of stipules positioned between of diverse composition exuded by some plants. petioles of opposite leaves. Latrorse Turned sideways, i.e. not towards or Intrastaminal Within the stamens. away from the axis as of anthers dehiscing Intricate Entangled, complex. longitudinally on the side. Cf. extrorse, introrse. Introduced Not indigenous; not native to the Lax Loose or limp, not densely arranged or area in which it now occurs. crowded. 1044 Scientifi c Glossary

Leafl et One of the ultimate segments of a Lobed Divided but not to the base. compound leaf. Loculicidal Opening into the cells, when a ripe Lectotype A specimen chosen after the original capsule splits along the back. description to be the type. Loculus Cavity or chamber of an ovary. Pl. loculi. Lemma The lower of two bracts (scales) of a Lodicules Two small structures below the ovary grass fl oret, usually enclosing the palea, which, at fl owering, swell up and force open lodicules, stamens and ovary. the enclosing bracts, exposing the stamens Lenticel Is a lens- shaped opening that allows and carpel. gases to be exchanged between air and the Lorate Strap shaped with obtuse tip. inner tissues of a plant, commonly found on Lyrate Pinnately lobed, with a large terminal young bark, or the surface of the fruit. lobe and smaller laterals ones which become Lenticellate Dotted with lenticels. progressively smaller towards the base. Lenticular Shaped like a biconvex lens. Cf. Macronutrients Chemical elements which are lentiform. needed in large quantities for growth and Lentiform Shaped like a biconvex lens. Cf. development by plants and include nitrogen, lenticular. phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. Leptomorphic Temperate, running bamboo rhi- Maculate Spotted. zome; usually thinner then the culms they sup- Mallee A growth habit in which several to many port and the internodes are long and hollow. woody stems arise separately from a lignotuber; Liane A woody climbing or twining plant. usually applied to certain low-growing species Ligneous Woody. of Eucalyptus. Lignotuber A woody, usually underground, Mangrove A distinctive vegetation type of trees tuberous rootstock often giving rise to and shrubs with modifi ed roots, often vivipa- numerous aerial stems. rous, occupying the saline coastal habitats that Ligulate Small and tongue shaped or with a are subject to periodic tidal inundation. little tongue- shaped appendage or ligule, star Marcescent Withering or to decay without shaped as of fl orets of Asteraceae. falling off. Ligule A strap-shaped corolla in the fl owers of Margin The edge of the leaf blade. Asteraceae; also a thin membranous outgrowth Medulla The pith in the stems or roots of certain from the inner junction of the grass leaf sheath plants, or the central portion of a thallus in and blade. Cf. ligulate. certain lichens. Limb The expanded portion of the calyx tube or Megasporangium The sporangium containing the corolla tube or the large branch of a tree. megaspores in fern and fern allies. Cf. micro- Linear A 2-dimensional shape, narrow with sporangium. nearly parallel sides. Megaspore The large spore which may develop Linguiform Tongue shaped. Cf. ligulate. into the female gametophyte in heterosporous Lipotubuloids Are cytoplasmic domains con- ferns and fern allies. Cf. microspore. taining aggregates of lipid bodies surrounded Megasporophyll A leafl ike structure that bears by a network of microtubules, which join one megasporangia. lipid body with the others. Megastrobilus Female cone, seed cone or ovu- Lithosol A kind of shallow soils lacking well- late cone, contains ovules within which, when defi ned horizons and composed of imperfectly fertilized by pollen, become seeds. The female weathered fragments of rock. cone structure varies more markedly between Littoral Of or on a shore, especially seashore. the different conifer families. Loam A type of soil made up of sand, silt and Meiosis The process of cell division that results clay in relative concentration of 40 %, 40 %, in the formation of haploid cells from diploid 20 % respectively. cells to produce gametes. Scientifi c Glossary 1045

Mericarp A 1-seeded portion of an initially Monolete A spore that has a simple linear scar. syncarpous fruit (schizocarp) which splits Monopodial With a main terminal growing point apart at maturity. Cf. coccus. producing many lateral branches progressively. Meristem The region of active cell division in Cf. sympodial. plants, from which permanent tissue is Monotypic Of a genus with one species or a derived. Adj. meristematic. family with one genus, in general, applied Merous Used with a number prefi x to denote to any taxon with only one immediately the basic number of the 3 outer fl oral whorls, subordinate taxon. e.g. a 5-merous fl ower may have 5 sepals, 10 Montane Refers to highland areas located petals and 15 stamens. below the subalpine zone. Mesic Moderately wet. Mucilage A soft, moist, viscous, sticky secretion. Mesocarp The middle layer of the fruit wall Adj. mucilaginous. derived from the middle layer of the carpel Mucous Botany, slimy. wall. Cf. endocarp, exocarp, pericarp. Mucro A sharp, pointed part or organ, especially Mesophytes Terrestrial plants which are adapted a sharp terminal point, as of a leaf. to neither a particularly dry nor particularly Mucronate Ending with a short, sharp tip or mucro, wet environment. resembling a spine. Cf. cuspidate, muticous. Micropyle The small opening in a plant ovule Mucronulate With a very small mucro; a diminu- through which the pollen tube passes in order tive of mucronate. to effect fertilization. Mulch Protective cover of plant (organic) or non- Microsporangium The sporangium containing plant material placed over the soil, primarily microspores in pteridophytes. Cf. megas- to modify and improve the effects of the local porangium. microclimate and to control weeds. Microspore A small spore which gives rise to Multiple Fruit A fruit that is formed from a the male gametophyte in heterosporous pterido- cluster of fl owers. phytes. Also for a pollen grain. Cf. megaspore. Muricate Covered with numerous short hard Midvein The main vascular supply of a simple outgrowths. Cf . papillose. leaf blade or lamina. Also called midrib. Muriculate With numerous minute hard out- Mitosis Is a process of cell division which growths; a diminutive of muricate. results in the production of two daughter cells Muticous Blunt, lacking a sharp point. Cf . from a single parent cell. mucronate. Mollisols Soils with deep, high organic matter, MYB Proteins Are a superfamily of transcription nutrient-enriched surface soil (A horizon), factors that play regulatory roles in developmen- typically between 60 and 80 cm thick. tal processes and defense responses in plants. Monadelphous Applied to stamens united by Mycorrhiza The mutualistic symbiosis their fi laments into a single bundle. (nonpathogenic association) between soil- Monocarpic Refers to plants that fl ower, set borne fungi with the roots of higher plants. seeds and then die. Mycorrhiza (Vesicular Arbuscular ) Endo- Monochasial A cyme having a single flower mycorrhiza living in the roots of higher plants on each axis. producing inter-and intracellular fungal growth Angiosperm having one in root cortex and forming specifi c fungal cotyledon. structures, referred to as vesicles and arbuscles. Monoecious Having both male and female Abbrev. VAM. unisexual fl owers on the same individual Myrmecochory Seed dispersal by ants. plant. Cf. dioecious. Native A plant indigenous to the locality or region. Monoembryonic Seed The seed contains only Naviculate Boat shaped. one embryo, a true sexual (zygotic) embryo, Necrotic Applied to dead tissue. polyembryonic seed. Nectariferous Having one or more nectaries. 1046 Scientifi c Glossary

Nectary A nectar secretory gland; commonly in to the parent plant. This is found in many citrus a fl ower, sometimes on leaves, fronds or stems. species and in mango. Nervation Venation, a pattern of veins or nerves Nut A dry indehiscent 1-celled fruit with a as of leaf. hard pericarp. Nixtamalization Refers to a process for the Nutlet A small. 1-seeded, indehiscent lobe of a preparation of maize (corn), or other grain, in divided fruit. which the grains are soaked and cooked in an Ob- Prefi x meaning inversely or opposite to. alkaline solution, usually limewater, and hulled. Obconic A 3-dimensional shape; inversely conic; Node The joint between segments of a culm, cone shaped, conic with the vertex pointing stem, branch or rhizome; the point of the stem downward. that gives rise to the leaf and bud. Obcordate Inversely cordate, broad and notched Nodule A small knoblike outgrowth, as those at the tip; heart shaped but attached at the found on the roots of many leguminous, that pointed end. contains Rhizobium bacteria which fi x nitro- Obdeltate Inversely deltate; deltate with the gen in the soil. broadest part at the apex. Nom. ambig. Nomen ambiguum (Latin). Oblanceolate Inversely lanceolate, lance shaped Ambiguous name used in different senses which but broadest above the middle and tapering has become a long-persistent source of error. towards the base as of leaf. Nom. cons. Nomen nonservandum (Latin). Name Oblate Having the shape of a spheroid with the conserved in International Code of Botanical equatorial diameter greater than the polar Nomenclature. diameter; being fl attened at the poles. Nom. dub. Nomen dubium (Latin). An invalid Oblong Longer than broad with sides nearly proposed taxonomic name because it is not parallel to each other. accompanied by a defi nition or description of Obovate Inversely ovate, broadest above the the taxon to which it applies. middle. Nom. illeg. Nomen illegitimum (Latin). Obpyramidal Resembling a 4-sided pyramid Illegitimate taxon deemed as superfl uous at its attached at the apex with the square base fac- time of publication either because the taxon ing away from the attachment. to which it was applied already has a name, Obpyriform Inversely pyriform, resembling a or because the name has already been applied pear which is attached at the narrower end. Cf. to another plant. pyriform. Nom. invalid. Nomen invalidum (Latin). Invalid Obspathulate Inversely spathulate; resembling name according to International Code of a spoon but attached at the broadest end. Cf. Botanical Nomenclature. spathulate. Nom. nud. Nomen nudum (Latin). The name Obtriangular Inversely triangular; triangular of a taxon which has never been validated by but attached at the apex. Cf. triangular. a description. Obtrullate Inversely trullate; resembling a Nom. rej. Nomen rejiciendum (Latin). Name trowel blade with the broadest axis above the rejected in International Code of Botanical middle. Cf. trullate. Nomenclature. Obtuse With a blunt or rounded tip, the con- Notho (Subsp. or Var.) Prefi x to the rank of a verging edges separated by an angle greater hybrid taxon below the rank of species. than 90°. Nucellus Central portion of an ovule in which Ochraceous A dull yellow colour. the embryo sac develops. Ocreate Having a tube-like covering around Nucellar Embryony A form of seed reproduction some stems, formed of the united stipules; in which the nucellar tissue which surrounds sheathed. the embryo sac can produce additional embryos -oid Suffi x denoting a 3-dimensional shape, e.g. (polyembryony) which are genetically identical spheroid. Scientifi c Glossary 1047

Oleaginous Oily. Palm Heart Refers to soft, tender inner core Oligotrophic Lacking in plant nutrients and and growing bud of certain palm trees which having a large amount of dissolved oxygen are eaten as vegetables. Also called heart throughout. of palm, palmito, burglar’s thigh, chonta or Operculum A lid or cover that becomes detached swamp cabbage. at maturity by abscission, e.g. in Eucalyptus , Palmate Describing a leaf which is divided into also a cap or lid covering the bud and formed several lobes or leafl ets which arise from the by fusion or cohesion of sepals and/or petals. same point. Adj. palmately. Adj. operculate. Palmito See Palm Heart. Opposite Describing leaves or other organs Palustrial Paludal, swampy, marshy. which are borne at the same level but on oppo- Palustrine Marshy, swampy. site sides of the stem. Cf. alternate. Palustrine Herb Vegetation that is rooted Orbicular Of circular outline, disc like. below water but grows above the surface in Order A taxonomic rank between class and fam- wetland system. ily used in the classifi cation of organisms, i.e. a Panduriform Fiddle shaped, usually with group of families believed to be closely related. reference to two dimensions. Orifi ce An opening or aperture. Panicle A compound, indeterminate, racemose Organosols Soils not regularly inundated by infl orescence in which the main axis bears marine waters and containing a specifi c thick- lateral racemes or spikes. Adj. paniculate. ness of organic materials within the upper part Pantropical Distributed throughout the tropics. of the profi le. Papilionaceous Butterfl y like; said of the pea Orth. Var. Orthographic variant, i.e. an incorrect fl ower or fl owers of Papilionaceae; fl owers alternate spelling of a name. which are zygomorphic with imbricate petals, Ovary The female part of the pistil of a fl ower one broad upper one, two narrower lateral which contains the ovules (immature seeds). ones and two narrower lower ones. Ovate Egg shaped, usually with reference to Papilla A small, superfi cial protuberance on the two dimensions. surface of an organ being an outgrowth of one Ovoid Egg shaped, usually with reference to epidermal cell. Pl. papillae; Adj. papillose. three dimensions. Papillate Having papillae. Ovule The young, immature seed in the ovary Papillose Covered with papillae. which becomes a seed after fertilization. Adj. Pappus A tuft (or ring) of hairs, bristles or scales ovular. borne above the ovary and outside the corolla Ovulode A sterile reduced ovule borne on the as in Asteraceae often persisting as a tuft of placenta, commonly occurring in Myrtaceae. hairs on a fruit. Adj. pappose. Oxisols Refer to ferralsols. Papyraceous Resembling parchment of paper. Pachymorphic Describes the short, thick, rhi- Parenchyma Undifferentiated plant tissue zomes of clumping bamboos with short, thick composed of more or less uniform cells. and solid internode (except the bud-bearing Parietal Describes the attachment of ovules to internodes, which are more elongated). Cf. the outer walls of the ovaries. sympodial. Paripinnate Pinnate with an even number of Palate (Botany) A raised appendage on the leafl ets and without a terminal leafl et. Cf. lower lip of a corolla which partially or com- imparipinnate. pletely closes the throat. - partite Divided almost to the base into segments, Palea The upper of the two membranous bracts the number of segments written as a prefi x . of a grass fl oret, usually enclosing the lodicules, Patelliform Shaped like a limpet shell; cap shaped stamens and ovary. Pl. paleae; Adj. paleal; Cf . and without whorls. lemma. Patent Diverging from the axis almost at right Paleate Having glumes. angles. 1048 Scientifi c Glossary

Peat Is an accumulation of partially decayed Phenology The study of periodic plant life cycle vegetation matter. events as infl uenced by seasonal and interannual Pectin A group of water-soluble colloidal variations in climate. carbohydrates of high molecular weight found Phyllary A bract of the involucre of a composite in certain ripe fruits. plant, term for one of the scale-like bracts Pectinate Pinnatifi d with narrow segments beneath the fl ower head in Asteraceae. resembling the teeth of a comb. Phylloclade A fl attened, photosynthetic branch Pedicel The stalk of the fl ower or stalk of a or stem that resembles or performs the func- spikelet in Poaceae. Adj. pedicellate. tion of a leaf, with the true leaves represented Pedicellate Having pedicel. by scales. Peduncle A stalk supporting an infl orescence. Phyllode A petiole that function as a leaf. Adj. Adj. pedunculate phyllodineous; Cf. cladode. Pellucid Allowing the passage of light; transparent Phyllopodia Refers to the reduced, scale-like or translucent. leaves found on the outermost portion of the Pellucid Dotted Copiously dotted with immersed, corm where they seem to persist longer than pellucid, resinous glands. typical sporophylls as in the fern Isoetes. Peltate With the petiole attached to the lower Phytoremediation Describes the treatment of surface of the leaf blade. environmental problems (bioremediation) Pendant Hanging down. through the use of plants which mitigate the Pendulous Drooping, as of ovules. environmental problem without the need to Penniveined or Penni-nerved Pinnately veined. excavate the contaminant material and dispose Pentamerous I n fi ve parts. of it elsewhere. Perennial A plant that completes it life cycle or Pileus (Botany) Cap of mushroom. lives for more than 2 years. Cf. annual, Piliferous (Botany) Bearing or producing hairs, biennial. as of an organ with the apex having long, hair- Perfoliate A leaf with the basal lobes united like extensions. around, and apparently pierced by, the stem. Pilose Covered with fi ne soft hairs. Pergamentaceous Parchment like. Pinna A primary division of the blade of a Perianth The two outer fl oral whorls of the compound leaf or frond. Pl. pinnae. Angiosperm fl ower; commonly used when Pinnate Bearing leafl ets on each side of a central the calyx and the corolla are not readily distin- axis of a compound leaf; divided into pinnae. guishable (as in ). Pinnatifi d, Pinnatilobed A pinnate leaf parted Pericarp (Botany) The wall of a ripened ovary; approximately halfway to midrib; when fruit wall composed of the exocarp, mesocarp divided to almost to the midrib described as and endocarp. deeply pinnatifi d or pinnatisect. Persistent Remaining attached; not falling off. Pinnatisect Lobed or divided almost to the midrib. Cf. caduceus. Pinnule A leafl et of a bipinnate compound leaf. Petal Free segment of the corolla. Adj. petaline; Pistil Female part of the fl ower comprising the Cf. lobe. ovary, style and stigma. Petiolar Relating to the petiole. Pistillate Having one or more pistils; having Petiolate Having petiole. pistils but no stamens. Petiole Leafstalk. Adj. petiolate. Placenta The region within the ovary to which Petiolulate Supported by its own petiolule. ovules are attached. Pl. placentae. Petiolule The stalk of a leafl et in a compound Placentation The arrangement of the placentae leaf. Adj . petiolulate. and ovules in the ovary. pH Is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a Plano- A prefi x meaning level or fl at. solution. It is defi ned as the cologarithm of the Pleonanthic Refer to palms in which the stem activity of dissolved hydrogen ions (H+). does not die after fl owering. Scientifi c Glossary 1049

Plicate Folded like a fan. Prophyll A plant structure that resembles a leaf. Plumose Feather like, with fi ne hairs arising Prostrate Lying fl at on the ground. laterally from a central axis; feathery. Protandrous Relating to a fl ower in which the Pneumatophore Modifi ed root which allows anthers release their pollen before the stigma gaseous exchange in mud-dwelling shrubs, of the same fl ower becomes receptive. e.g. mangroves. Proximal End of any structure closest to the Pod A dry 1 to many-seeded dehiscent fruit, point of attachment. Cf. distal. as applied to the fruit of Fabaceae, i.e. Caesal- Pruinose Having a thick, waxy, powdery coating piniaceae, Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae. or bloom. Podzol, Podsolic Soil Any of a group of acidic, Pseudocarp A false fruit, largely made up of tissue zonal soils having a leached, light-coloured, that is not derived from the ovary but from fl oral grey and ashy appearance. Also called spodosol. parts such as the receptacle and calyx. Pollen Cone Male cone or microstrobilus or Pseudostem The false, herbaceous stem of a pollen cone is structurally similar across all banana plant composed of overlapping leaf bases. conifers, extending out from a central axis are Pteridophyte A vascular plant which repro- microsporophylls (modifi ed leaves). Under duces by spores; the ferns and fern allies. each microsporophyll is one or several micro- Puberulent Covered with minute hairs or very sporangia (pollen sacs). fi ne down; fi nely pubescent. Pollinia The paired, waxy pollen masses of Puberulous Covered with a minute down. fl owers of orchids and milkweeds. Pubescent Covered with short, soft hairs. Polyandrous (Botany) Having an indefi nite Pulvinate Having a swelling, pulvinus at the number of stamens. base as a leafstalk. Polyembryonic Seed Seeds contain many Pulvinus Swelling at the base of leafstalk. embryos, most of which are asexual (nucellar) Pulviniform Swelling or bulging. in origin and genetically identical to the Punctate Marked with translucent dots or glands. maternal parent. Punctiform Marked by or composed of points Polygamous With unisexual and bisexual or dots. fl owers on the same or on different individuals Punctulate Marked with minute dots; a diminu- of the same species. tive of punctate. Polymorphic With different morphological Purpurascent Purple or becoming purple. variants. Pusticulate Characterized by small pustules. Polypetalous (Botany) Having a corolla com- Pyrene The stone or pit of a drupe, consisting of posed of distinct, separable petals. the hardened endocarp and seed. Pome A fl eshy fruit where the succulent tissues Pyriform Pear shaped, a 3-dimensional shape; are developed from the receptacle. attached at the broader end. Cf. obpyriform. Pore A tiny opening. Pyxidium Seed capsule having a circular lid Premorse Abruptly truncated, as though bitten (operculum) which falls off to release the seed. or broken off as of a leaf. Raceme An indeterminate infl orescence with a Procumbent Trailing or spreading along the simple, elongated axis and pedicellate fl owers, ground but not rooting at the nodes, referring youngest at the top. Adj. racemose. to stems. Cf. ascending, decumbent, erect. Rachilla The main axis of a grass spikelet. Pro Hyb. Latin, as a hybrid. Rachis The main axis of the spike or other infl o- Pro Parte Latin, in part. rescence of grasses or a compound leaf. Pro Parte Majore Latin, for the greater part. Radiate Arranged around a common centre; as Pro Parte Minore Latin, for a small part. of an infl orescence of Asteraceae with mar- Pro Sp. Latin, as a species. ginal, female or neuter, ligulate ray-fl orets and Pro Subsp. Latin, as a subspecies. central, perfect or functionally male, tubular, Pro Syn. Latin, as a synonym. disc fl orets. Cf . disciform, discoid. 1050 Scientifi c Glossary

Radical Arising from the root or its crown or the Rostrate Beaked; the apex tapered into a slender, part of a plant embryo that develops into a root. usually obtuse point. Ray The marginal portion of the infl orescence Rostrum A beak-like extension. of Asteraceae and Apiaceae when distinct Rosulate Having a rosette. from the disc. Also, the spreading branches of Rotate Wheel shaped; refers to a corolla with a a compound . very short tube and a broad upper part which is Receptacle The region at the end of a pedicel or fl ared at right angles to the tube. Cf. salverform. on an axis which bears one or more fl owers. Rotundate Rounded, especially at the end or ends. Adj. receptacular. Rugae Refers to a series of ridges produced by Recurved Curved downwards or backwards. folding of the wall of an organ. Refl exed Bent or turned downward. Rugose Deeply wrinkled. Regosol Soil that is young and undeveloped, Rugulose Finely wrinkled. characterized by medium to fi ne-textured Ruminate Animal, chew repeatedly over an unconsolidated parent material that maybe extended period. alluvial in origin and lacks a signifi cant hori- Ruminate Endosperm Uneven endosperm zon layer formation. surface that is often highly enlarged by ingrowths Reniform Kidney shaped in outline. or infoldings of the surrounding tissue. Cf. Repand With slightly undulate margin. homogenous endosperm. Replicate Folded back, as in some corolla lobes. Rz Value Is a numerical reference to the mesh/ Resinous Producing sticky resin. emulsion equalization on the screen. Resupinate Twisted through 180°. Saccate Pouched. Reticulate Having the appearance of a network. Sagittate Shaped like an arrow head. Retrorse Bent or directed downwards or back- Saline Soils Soils that contain excessive levels wards. Cf. antrorse. of salts that reduce plant growth and vigour by Retuse With a very blunt and slightly notched altering water uptake and causing ion-specifi c apex. Cf. emarginated. toxicities or imbalances. Revolute With the margins inrolled on the lower Salinity Is characterized by high electrical con- (abaxial) surface. ductivities and low sodium ion concentrations Rhizine A root-like fi lament or hair growing compared to calcium and magnesium. from the stems of mosses or on lichens. Salverform Applies to a gamopetalous corolla hav- Rhizoid Root-like fi laments in a moss, fern, fun- ing a slender tube and an abruptly expanded limb. gus, etc. that attach the plant to the substratum. Samara An indehiscent, winged, dry fruit. Rhizome A prostrate or underground stem con- Sand A naturally occurring granular material sisting of a series of nodes and internodes with composed of fi nely divided rock and mineral adventitious roots and which generally grows particles range in diameter from 0.0625 μm to horizontally. 2 mm. Adj. sandy Rhizophore A stilt-like outgrowth of the stem which Saponins Are plant glycosides with a distinctive branches into roots on contact with the substrate. foaming characteristic. They are found in Rhombic Shaped like a rhombus. many plants, but get their name from the soap- Rhomboid Shaped like a rhombus. wort plant ( Saponaria) . Rib A distinct vein or linear marking, often raised Saprophytic Living on and deriving nourish- as a linear ridge. ment from dead organic matter. Riparian Along the river margins, interface Sapwood Outer woody layer of the tree just between land and a stream. adjacent to and below the bark. Rosette A tuft of leaves or other organs arranged Sarcotesta Outermost fl eshy covering of Cycad spirally like petals in a rose, ranging in form seeds below which is the sclerotesta. from a hemispherical tuft to a fl at whorl. Adj. Scabrid Scurfy, covered with surface abrasions, rosetted, rosulate. irregular projections or delicate scales. Scientifi c Glossary 1051

Scabrous Rough to the touch because of scattered Sheathing Clasping or enveloping the stem. rough hairs. Shrub A woody plant usually less than 5 m high Scale Dry bract or leaf. and many branched without a distinct main Scandent Refer to plants, climbing. stem except at ground level. Scape Erect fl owering stem, usually leafl ess, rising Silicula A broad, dry, usually dehiscent fruit from the crown or roots of a plant. Adj. scapose. derived from two or more carpels which usually Scapigerous With a scape. dehisce along two sutures. Cf. siliqua. Scarious Dry, thin and membranous. Siliqua A silicula which is at least twice as long Schizocarp A dry fruit which splits into llongi- as broad. tudinally multiple parts called mericarps or Silt Is soil or rock derived granular material of a cocci. Adj. schizocarpous. grain size between sand and clay, grain parti- Sclerotesta The innermost fl eshy coating of cles ranging from 0.004 to 0.06 mm in diam- cycad seeds, usually located directly below eter. Adj. silty. the sarcotesta. Simple Refer to a leaf or other structure that is Scorpoid Refers to a cymose infl orescence in not divided into parts. Cf. compound. which the main axis appears to coil. Sinuate With deep wavy margin. Scutellum (Botany) Any of various parts Sinuous W a v y . shaped like a shield. Sinus An opening or groove, occuring between Secondary Venation Arrangement of the lateral the bases of two petals. veins arising from the midrib in the leaf lamina. Sodicity Is characterized by low electrical con- Secund With the fl owers all turned in the same ductivities and high sodium ion concentra- direction. tions compared to calcium and magnesium. Sedge A plant of the family Apiaceae, Cyperaceae. Sodic Soils Contains high levels of sodium salts Segmented Constricted into divisions. that affect soil structure, inhibits water move- Seminal Root Or seed root originate from the ment and causes poor germination and crop scutellar node located within the seed embryo establishment and plant toxicity. and are composed of the radicle and lateral Soil pH Is a measure of the acidity or basicity of seminal roots. the soil. See pH. Senescence Refers to the biological changes Solitary Usually refers to fl owers which are which take place in plants as they age. borne singly and not grouped into an infl ores- Free segment of the calyx. Adj. sepaline. cence or clustered. Septum A partition or cross wall. Pl. septa; Adj. Sorocarp Fruiting body formed by some cellular septate. slime moulds and has both stalk and spore mass. Seriate Arranged in rows. Sorophore Stalk bearing the sorocarp. Sericeous Silky; covered with close-pressed, Sorosis Fleshy multiple fruit formed from fl owers fi ne, straight silky hairs. that are crowded together on a fl eshy stem, Serrate Toothed like a saw; with regular, e.g. pineapple and mulberry. asymmetric teeth pointing forward. Sorus A discrete aggregate of sporangia in Serrated Toothed margin. ferns. Pl. sori Serratures Serrated margin. Spadix Fleshy spike-like infl orescence with an Serrulate With minute teeth on the margin. unbranched, usually thickened axis and small Sessile Without a stalk. embedded fl owers often surrounded by a Seta A bristle or stiff hair. Pl. setae; Adj. setose, spathe. Pl. spadices. setaceous. Spathe A large bract ensheathing an infl ores- Setaceous Bristlelike. cence or its peduncle. Adj. spathaceous. Setate With bristles. Spatheate Like or with a spathe. Setiform Bristle shaped. Spathulate Spatula or spoon shaped; broad at Setulose With minute bristles. the tip and narrowed towards the base. 1052 Scientifi c Glossary

Spicate Borne in or forming a spike. Staminode A sterile or abortive stamen, often Spiculate Spikelet bearing. reduced in size and lacking anther. Adj. Spike An unbranched, indeterminate infl orescence staminodial. with sessile fl owers or spiklets. Adj. spicate, Standard Refers to the adaxial petal in the spiciform. fl ower of Papilionaceae. Cf. keel, wing. Spikelet A small or secondary spike character- Starch A polysaccharide carbohydrate consist- istics of the grasses and sedges and generally ing of a large number of glucose units joined composed of 2 glumes and one or more fl orets. together by glycosidic bonds α–1–4 linkages. Also applied to the small spike-like infl ores- Stellate Star shaped, applies to hairs. cence or infl orescence units commonly found Stem The main axis of a plant, developed from in Apiaceae. the plumule of the embryo and typically Spine A stiff, sharp, pointed structure, formed by bearing leaves. modifi cation of a plant organ. Adj. spinose. Sterile Lacking any functional sexual parts Spinescent Ending in a spine; modifi ed to form which are capable of fertilization and seed a spine. production. Spinulate Covered with small spines. Stigma The sticky receptive tip of an ovary with Spinulose With small spines over the surface. or without a style which is receptive to pollen. Spodosol see Podsol. Stilt Root A supporting root arising from the stem Sporidia Asexual spores of smut fungi. some distance above the ground as in some man- Sporangium A spore - bearing structure found in groves, sometimes also known as a prop root. ferns, fern allies and gymnosperms. Pl. spo- Stipe A stalk that support some other structure rangia; Adj. sporangial. like the frond, ovary or fruit. Sporocarp A stalked specialized fruiting Stipel Secondary stipule at the base of a leafl et. structure formed from modifi ed sporophylls, Pl. stipellae. Adj. stipellate. containing sporangia or spores as found in Stipitate Having a stalk or stipe, usually of an ferns and fern allies. ovary or fruit. Sporophore A spore-bearing structure, especially Stipulated Having stipules. in fungi. Stipule Small leafl ike, scale-like or bristlelike Sporophyll A leaf or bract which bears or appendages at the base of the leaf or on the subtends sporangia in the fern allies, ferns and petiole. adj. stipulate. gymnosperms. Stolon A horizontal, creeping stem rooting at the Sporophyte The spore-producing phase in the nodes and giving rise to another plant at its tip. life cycle of a plant that exhibits alternation of Stoloniferous Bearing stolon or stolons. generations. Stoma A pore in the epidermis of the leaf or Spreading Bending or spreading outwards and stem for gaseous exchange. Pl . stomata. horizontally. Stone The hard endocarp of a drupe, containing Spur A tubular or saclike extension of the the seed or seeds. corolla or calyx of a fl ower. Stramineous Chaffy; straw liked. Squama Structure shaped like a fi sh scale. Pl. Striae Parallel longitudinal lines or ridges. Adj. squamae. striate. Squamous Covered in scales. Striate Marked with fi ne longitudinal parallel Squarrose Having rough or spreading scale- lines or ridges. like processes. Strigose Bearing stiff, straight, closely appressed Stamen The male part of a fl ower, consisting hair; often the hairs have swollen bases. typically of a stalk (fi lament) and a pollen-bear- Strobilus A cone-like structure formed from ing portion (anther). Adj. staminal, staminate . sporophylls or sporangiophores. Pl. strobili Staminate Unisexual fl ower- bearing stamens Strophile An appendage at the hilum of certain but no functional pistils. plant seeds. Scientifi c Glossary 1053

Strophiolate Furnished with a strophile or Syncarp An aggregate or multiple fruit formed caruncle. from two or more united carpels with a single Style The part of the pistil between the stigma style. Adj. syncarpous. and ovary. Syncarpous Carpels fused forming a compound Sub- A prefi x meaning nearly or almost, as in pistil. subglobose or subequal. Synteny Presence of two or more genetic loci Subcarnose Nearly fl e s h y . on the same chromosome. Subfamily Taxonomic rank between the family Tannins Group of plant-derived phenolic and tribe. compounds. Subglobose Nearly spherical in shape. Taxon The taxonomic group of plants of any Subretuse Faintly notched at the apex. rank, e.g. a family, genus, species or any infra- Subsessile Nearly stalkless or sessile. specifi c category. Pl. taxa. Subshrub Intermediate between a herb and shrub. Tendril A slender, threadlike organ formed from Subspecies A taxonomic rank subordinate to a modifi ed stem, leaf or leafl et which, by coiling species. around objects, supports a climbing plant. Substrate Surface on which a plant or organism A segment of the perianth in a fl ower in grows or attached to. which all the perianth segments are similar Subtend Attached below something. in appearance and are not differentiated into Subulate Narrow and tapering gradually to a calyx and corolla; a sepal or petal. fi ne point, awl shaped. Tetrasporangium A sporangium containing four Succulent Fleshy, juicy, soft in texture and usu- haploid spores as found in some algae. ally thickened. Terete Having a circular shape when cross- Suckers Young plants sprouting from the under- sectioned or a cylindrical shape that tapers at ground roots of a parent plant and appearing each end. around the base of the parent plant. Terminal At the apex or distal end. Suffrutescent Stem Stem woody at the base. Ternate In threes as of leaf with three leafl ets. Sulcate Grooved longitudinally with deep furrows. Testa A seed coat, outer integument of a seed. Sulcus A groove or depression running along Thallus Plant body of algae, fungi and other the internodes of culms or branches. lower organisms. Superior Refers to the ovary is free and mostly Thyrse A dense, panicle-like infl orescence, as above the level of insertion of the sepals and of the lilac, in which the lateral branches petals. Cf. inferior. terminate in cymes. Suture Line of dehiscence. Tomentose Refers to plant hairs that are bent Swidden Slash and burn or shifting cultivation. and matted forming a woolly coating. Syconium A type of pseudocarp formed from a Tomentellose Mildly tomentose. hollow receptacle with small fl owers attached Torus Receptacle of a fl ower. to the inner wall. After fertilization the ovaries Transpiration Evaporation of water from the of the female fl owers develop into one-seeded plant through leaf and stem pores. achenes, e.g. fi g . Tree That has many secondary branches sup- Symbiosis Describes close and often long-term ported clear of the ground on a single main mutualistic and benefi cial interactions stem or trunk. between different organisms. Triangular Shaped like a triangle, three angled Sympetalous Having petals united. and three sided. Sympodial Refers to a specialized lateral Tribe A category intermediate in rank between growth pattern in which the apical meristem is subfamily and genus. terminated. Cf. monopodial. Trichome A hair-like outgrowth of the epidermis. Synangium An organ composed of united Trichotomous Divided almost equally into sporangia, divided internally into cells, each three parts or elements. containing spores. Pl. synangia. Tridentate Three toothed or three pronged. 1054 Scientifi c Glossary

Trifi d Divided or cleft into three parts or lobes. Umbellet A secondary umbel of a compound Trifoliate Having three leaves. umbel. Cf. umbellule. Trifoliolate A leaf having three leafl ets. Umbellule A secondary umbel of a compound Trifurcate Having three forks or branches. umbel. Cf. umbellet. Trigonous Obtusely three angled; triangular in Uncinate Bent at the end like a hook; unciform. cross-section with plane faces. Undershrub Subshrub; a small, usually sparsely Tripartite Consisting of three parts. branched woody shrub less than 1 m high. Cf . Tripinnate Relating to leaves, pinnately divided shrub. three times with pinnate pinnules. Undulate With an edge/margin or edges wavy Tripliveined Main laterals arising above base of in a vertical plane; may vary from weakly to lamina. strongly undulate or crisped. Cf. crisped. Triploid Describing a nucleus or cell that has Unifoliolate A compound leaf which has been three times (3n ) the haploid number (n ) of reduced to a single, usually terminal leafl et. chromosomes. Uniform With one form, e.g. having stamens of Triveined Main laterals arising at the base of a similar length or having one kind of leaf. Cf. lamina. dimorphic. Triquetrous Three edged; acutely three angled. Uniseriate Arranged in one row or at one level. Trullate With the widest axis below the middle Unisexual With one sex only, either bearing the and with straight margins; ovate but margins anthers with pollen, or an ovary with ovules, straight and angled below middle, trowel referring to a fl ower, infl orescence or individ- shaped, angular ovate. ual plant. Cf. bisexual. Truncate With an abruptly transverse end as if Urceolate Shaped like a jug, urn or pitcher. cut off. Utricle A small bladdery pericarp. Tuber A stem, usually underground, enlarged as Valvate Meeting without overlapping, as of a storage organ and with minute scale-like sepals or petals in bud. Cf. imbricate. leaves and buds. Adj. tuberous. Valve One of the sections or portions into which Tubercle A wart-like protuberance. Adj. a capsule separates when ripe. tuberculate. Variant Any defi nable individual or group of indi- Tuberculate Bearing tubercles; covered with viduals which may or may not be regarded as warty lumps. representing a formal taxon after examination. Tuberization Formation of tubers in the soil. Variegate, Variegated Diverse in colour or Tuft A densely packed cluster arising from an marked with irregular patches of different axis. Adj. tufted. colours, blotched. Turbinate Having the shape of a top; cone shaped, Variety A taxonomic rank below that of with the apex downward, inversely conic. subspecies. Turgid Distended by water or other liquid. Vein (Botany) A strand of vascular bundle Turion The tender young, scaly shoot such as tissue. asparagus, developed from an underground Veinlets Small veins. bud without branches or leaves. Velum A fl ap of tissue covering the sporangium Turnery Articles made by the process of turning. in the fern, Isoetes. Twining Winding spirally. Velutinous Having the surface covered with a Ultisols Mineral soils with no calcareous mate- fi ne and dense silky pubescence of short fi ne rial, have less than 10 % weatherable minerals hairs; velvety. Cf. sericeous in the extreme top layer of soil and with less Venation Distribution or arrangement of veins the 35 % base saturation throughout the soil. in a leaf. Umbel An infl orescence of pedicellate fl owers Veneer Thin sheet of wood. of almost equal length arising from one point Ventral (Botany) Facing the central axis, on top of the peduncle. Adj. umbellate. opposed to dorsal. Scientifi c Glossary 1055

Vernation The arrangement of young leaves or Vine A climbing or trailing plant. fronds in a bud or at a stem apex. Cf. circinate. Violaxanthin Is a natural xanthophyll pigment Verrucose Warty. with an orange colour found in a variety of Verticil A circular arrangement, as of fl owers, plants like pansies. leaves, or hairs, growing about a central point; Viscid Sticky, being of a consistency that resists a whorl. fl o w . Verticillaster False whorl composed of a pair of Viviparous Describes seeds or fruit which opposite cymes as in Lamiaceae. sprout before they fall from the parent plant. Verticillate Whorled, arranged in one or more Whorl A ringlike arrangement of leaves, sepals, whorls. stamens or other organs around an axis. Vertisol A soil with a high content of expansive Winged Having a fl at, often membranous expan- montmorillonite clay that forms deep cracks sion or fl ange, e.g. on a seed, stem or one of in drier seasons or years. the two lateral petals of a Papilionaceous fl ower Vertosols Soils that both contain more than or one of the petal-like sepals of Polygalaceae. 35 % clay and possess deep cracks wider than Cf. keel, standard. 5 mm during most years. Xanthophylls Are yellow, carotenoid pigments Vesicle A small bladdery sac or cavity fi lled found in plants. They are oxidized derivatives with air or fl uid. Adj. vesicular. of carotenes. Vestigial The remaining trace or remnant of Xeromorphic Plant with special modifi ed an organ which seemingly lost all or most structure to help the plant to adapt to dry of its original function in a species through conditions. evolution. Xerophyte A plant which naturally grows in dry Vestiture Covering; the type of hairiness, scali- regions and is often structurally modifi ed to ness or other covering commonly found on the withstand dry conditions. external parts of plants. Cf. indumentums. Zygomorphic Having only one plane of symme- Vibratile Capable of to- and - fro motion. try, usually the vertical plane, referring to a Villose Covered with long, fi ne, soft hairs, fi ner fl ower, calyx or corolla. Cf. actinomorphic. than in pilose. Zygote The fi st cell formed by the union of two Villous Covered with soft, shaggy unmatted hairs. gametes in sexual reproduction. Adj. zygotic. Common Name Index

A Alpine Rock Cress , 39 Aaron’s Rod , 32 Alsike Clover , 68 Abyssinian Cabbage , 39 Altai Onion , 5 Acacia Bark , 58 Altamisa , 473, 474 Acacia Trinervis , 58, 738 Alyssum , 628–631 Acorn Squash , 54 Amboyna Wood , 836, 838 Acquired immuno defi ciency syndrome (AIDS) , 190, Ambung , 16 355, 847 American Aloe , 18 Action Plant , 821 American Beech , 69 Acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 , 412 American Burnweed , 29 Adam’s Needle , 23, 134 American Coral Tree , 63 Adam’s Needle Yucca , 134 American Cranberrybush , 4 Adenoviruses (ADV-3, ADV-8, ADV-11) , 769 American Cranberrybush Viburnum , 4 Adenovirus types 3 and 11 , 356 American Green Alder , 36 Adriatic Bellfl ower , 46 American Marigold , 432 African Aloe , 20 American Red Elder , 3 African Coffee Tree , 58 American , 469 African Fan Palm , 16 American Sea Rocket, 42 African Flame Tree , 559 American Wild Ginger , 18 African Ivory Nut Palm , 17 American Wintercress , 39 African Marigold , 32, 432 American Wisteria , 69 African Palmyra Palm , 16 American Yellowrocket , 39 African Senna , 62 Amra , 9 African Spider Flower , 51 Anchusa , 37 African Tulip , 561, 568 Andaman Redwood , 836 African Tulip Tree, 37, 559, 561, 568 Angelica , 10 Agapetes , 56 Angled Luffa , 54 Agathi , 806, 889, 890, 892 Angled Onion , 9 Agati Sesbania , 889 Angsana , 65, 836, 837, 839 , 111, 112, 117, 119, 137 Annual Bluebell , 47 Ageratum , 175 Annual Camomile , 397 Aguamiel , 18 Annual Pink , 694 Airelle , 57 Annual Sea Blite , 5 Alecost , 24 Annual Sunfl ower , 372 Alecrim Da Parede , 23 Annual Wall Rocket , 43 Alexanders , 11, 444 Antelope Horns , 12 Alfalfa , 65 Ant-Plant , 65, 821 Algerian Tea , 51 Appa Grass , 175 Alkali Bulrush , 55 Arctic Butterbur , 30 Alkanet , 37, 38 Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot , 30 Allegheny Barberry , 35 Arenga Palm , 16 Aloe , 20 Aren Gelora , 16 Aloe Yucca , 22 Arizona Barrel Cactus , 45 Alpine Bluebell , 47 Arnica , 493, 511 Alpine Leek , 9 Aroma Doble , 58, 738 Alpine Richea , 57 Arremene , 886

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 7, Flowers, 1056 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7395-0, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 Common Name Index 1057

Arrowleaf Balsam Root , 24 Bayonette , 44 Arrowleaf Sweet Coltsfoot , 31 Beach Bean , 61 Artichoke , 25, 27–31, 292–320, 374, 522 Beach Dill , 11 Artichoke Thistle , 28, 291 Beans , 62, 63, 529, 790, 843, 891 Arugula , 43 Beargrass , 134 , 10 Beautiful Bluebells , 38 Ashoka Tree , 66 Beavertail , 46 Asian Palmyra Palm , 16 Bedding Begonia , 551 Asian Pigeonwing , 773 Bedstraw Milkweed , 12 Asian Pumpkin , 53 Beebread , 68, 925 Asian Watermeal , 15 Beech , 69 Asiatic Dayfl ower , 52 Bee Spider-Flower , 51 Asparagus Broccoli , 594 Beeswing Narra , 836 Asparations® , 624, 625 Beggars Buttons , 24 Aspen Onion , 5 Beggar’s Tick , 25, 70 Assyrian Plum , 38 Begonias , 35, 551, 552, 556, 557 Aster , 493 Belle Of The Night , 45 Asthma Weed , 58 Bellfl ower , 46, 47 Ataco , 4 Beltsville Bunching Onion , 9 August Flower , 889 Bengal Arum , 15 Austral Bluebell , 48 Bergaalwyn , 20 Australian Bluebell , 47 Bible Leaf , 24 Australian Corkwood Tree , 889 Bidi Leaf Tree , 60 Autumn Pumpkin , 54 Bigberry Manzanita , 56 Avaram Senna , 29, 860 Bigelow’s Beggarticks , 25 Azalea , 56, 253, 265 Big Marigold , 432 Aztec Dahlia , 333 Big-Root Dandelion , 33 Aztec Marigold , 32, 432, 440, 442 Bigseed Biscuit Root , 11 Bigseed , 11 Big Stem Mustard , 40 B Bilberry , 45, 57 Babbington’s Leek , 5 Bilberry Cactus , 45 Baby Broccoli , 624 Billy Button , 204 Bachelor’s Button , 25, 245, 473, 501 Billygoat-Weed , 24, 175 Bad Man’s Plaything , 139 Bimi , 624 Bai Jiang Cao , 49 Bird Lime Tree , 38 Bainswort , 204 Bird-of-Paradise Flower , 766 Bairnwort , 204 Bird-of-Paradise Shrub , 60 Bakersfi eld Beavertail , 46 Bird Vetch , 68 Ball-Head Onion , 8 Bitter Aloe , 20 Balloon Flower , 47 Bitter Buttons , 33, 501 Balsam , 24, 35, 537–544, 548, 549 Bittercress , 39 Balsam Herb , 24 Bitter Gourd , 54 Bamboo Palm , 18 Bitter Melon , 54 Banana Yucca , 22 Bitterweed , 24 Banewort , 204 Bizzy-Lizzie , 35, 548, 550 Banwood , 204 Black , 11 Barbados Flower-Fence , 60, 766 Black cohosh , 936, 937 Barbados-Pride , 766 Black Elder , 3 Barbary Fig , 46 Black-Fibre Palm , 16 Barestem Biscuitroot , 10 Black Ipecac , 51 Barrel Cactus , 45 Black Knapweed , 26 Barrigona , 17 Black Locust , 66 Bashful Mimosa , 821 Black , 11 Bastard Agrimony , 175 Black mulberry , 529 Bastard , 59 Black Mustard , 40 Bath Sponge , 54 Black Oil Plant , 51 Bauhinia , 60, 64, 754 Black Oil Tree , 51 Bauhinia Tree , 64 , 191, 283, 801, 900 Bay Bean , 61 Black Rhun Palm , 16 1058 Common Name Index

Black Sampson , 340 Broad-Leaved Mustard , 40 Blackwood , 58 Broad-Lobed Dandelion , 516 Blackwood Cassia , 873 Broccolette , 624 Blanco’s Narra , 836, 839 Broccoletti , 624 Bleaberry , 57 Broccoli , 5, 11–13, 39–44, 571, 572, 574–577, 580, 585, Blessed Milk Thistle , 31 586, 588, 594–617 Blessed Thistle , 27 Raab , 41 Blood Amaranth , 4 sprouts , 601–603, 605, 609, 610, 612–616 Blood Red Spiral Costus , 53, 728 Broccolini , 40, 598, 624–626 Bloodwort , 139 Broken Bones Plant , 37 Blowball , 34, 516 Bronze Bluebell , 47 Blue Agave , 19 Broom , 62, 66, 531 Bluebell , 47 Brown , 28 Blueberry , 57 Bruisewort , 24, 204 Blueblow , 245 Brush Caper Berry , 48 Bluebonnets , 245 Brussels sprouts , 576, 579, 586, 597, 601, 611 Blue Bottle , 25, 123, 245 Buah Amra , 9 Blue Bugloss , 37 Bucayo , 63 Blue Butterfl y Pea , 773 Buckley’s Yucca , 22 Blue Candle , 45 Buffalo Gourd , 53 Blue Cap , 245 Buffalo Herb , 65 Blue Chamomile , 30, 397 Bulberry , 57 Blue cornfl ower , 247, 248 Bulbil Onion , 6, 7 Blue Devil , 38 Bulb Onion , 6 Blue Echium , 38 Bull Clover , 68 Blue Elder , 3 Bull’s Eye , 213 Blue Elderberry , 2, 3 Bur Artichoke , 28, 291 Blue Flame , 45 Buriti Palm , 17 Blue-Leafed Wattle , 59 Burma Creeper , 698 Blue Myrtle Cactus , 45 Burmese Rosewood , 836, 839 Blue Pea , 62, 773 Burnet Saxifrage , 11 Blue poppy , 245 Burning Bush , 52 Blue Thistle , 38 Burr Medic , 65 Blue Top , 175 Bush Banana , 13 Blue Weed , 38 Busnay , 15 Bohemia , 64 Busy Lizzie , 35, 550 Bois Immortel , 788 Busy Lizzy , 548 Bolander’s Onion , 5 Butterbur , 31 Bolivian Begonia , 35 Buttercup Squash , 54 Bombay Aloe , 19 Butter Daisy , 30 Bombay Blackwood, 66, 873 Butterfl y Ash , 60, 754 Boobyalla , 59 Butterfl y Needles , 25 , 38, 70 Butterfl y Pea , 62, 773, 779, 780, 784 Border Carnation , 684 Butterfl y Pea Flower , 773 Boreal Vetch , 68 Butterfl y Tree , 60, 743, 754 Boston Daisy , 201 Butterfl y Weed , 13 Bottle Gourd , 54 Butternut Squash , 54 Boutonniere Flower , 25, 245 Bowl Clover , 68 Brampton Stock , 633 C Branching Beavertail , 46 Cabbage , 237, 265, 576, 579, 585, 586, 597, Brazil Cress , 163 599, 610 Brazilian Fireweed , 29 Cabbage Leaf Mustard , 40 Brazilian Teak , 58 Cactus Dahalia , 28 Brazil nut , 376 Cactus Pear , 46 Bread Flower , 14 Caisin , 42 Bridal Roses , 473 Caixin , 41, 42 British , 11 Calabashes , 54 Britsly Locust , 66 Calabash Gourd , 54 Broad-Leaved Clover , 925 Calabrese , 41, 594, 606 Common Name Index 1059

Calcivrus , 357 Castor , 58 Calendula , 25, 70, 213, 214, 220, 226–228, 230, Bean , 58 235, 237 Oil , 58, 801, 831 California Burclover , 65 Oil Plant , 58 California Clover , 65 Caulifl ower , 10, 22, 39, 40, 571–580, 584–589, 595, Californian Redbud , 62 597–601, 603, 604, 610, 617, 926 Cambodian Palm , 16 Cebu Maguey , 19 Camel’s Foot , 60, 743 Celastrus Dependens , 51 Camel’s Foot Tree , 60, 754 Cabbage , 41 Camomile , 24, 26, 397 Centaury plant , 529 Camphor Geranium , 473 Central Honeysuckle , 49 Canada Garlic , 7 Century Plant , 18, 19, 111 Canada Golden Rod , 32 Ceylon Ironwood , 51, 52, 641 Canada Root , 13 Ceylon Thistle , 29 Canadian Garlic , 6 Chamomile , 24, 26, 30, 70, 225, 397–424, 486, 493 Canadian Thistle , 27 Chamomile Grande , 473 Canary Island Date Plam , 17 Chaparral Yucca , 21 Candelabra Bush , 841 Charlock , 44 Candelabra Plant , 841 Chepil , 62 Candle Bush , 841 Chepilin , 62 Candlestick Senna , 841 , 10, 11 Cane reed , 53, 712 Chickenwort , 51 Cankerwort , 34, 516 Chickpea , 237, 538 Cantala , 19 Chick Weed , 24, 30, 51, 175 Canterbury Bells , 46 Chicory , 27, 303, 337, 529 Cape Aloe , 20 Chigger Flower , 13 Cape Asparagus , 15 Childing Pink , 51 Cape Broccoli , 594 Child’s Flower Common Daisy , 204 Cape Broccoli Sprouting Broccoli , 40 Chilean Clover , 925 Cape Forget-Me-Not , 37 Chimney Bellfl ower , 47 Cape Pond Lily , 15 China Lily , 21 Caper , 24, 26, 48, 62, 66, 517 China Palm , 22 Berry , 48 China Pink , 694 Bush , 48 Chinese Broccoli , 40, 598, 626 Carantions , 51 Chinese Cabbage , 39, 41 Caraway , 10, 418, 510 Chinese Catalpa , 36 Cardi , 28 Chinese Chrysanthemum , 265, 270 Cardinal Spear , 63 Chinese Dandelion , 33 Cardone , 28, 292 Chinese Elder , 3 Cardoon , 28, 291–294, 296, 298, 300, 302, 305, 308, Chinese Garlic , 6 318–320 Chinese Honeysuckle , 52, 656, 698 Cardoon Artichoke , 28, 291, 292 Chinese Kale , 39, 40 Carduni , 28, 292 Chinese Pea Shrub , 61 Carline Thistle , 25 Chinese Pink , 50, 694 Carnation , 50, 70, 681, 684–692 Chinese Scholar Tree , 906 Carnauba Wax Palm , 17 Chinese Scholar Tree Yellow Berry , 67 Carolina Beech , 69 Chinese Violet , 14, 107 Carpathian Bellfl ower , 46 Chinese Windmill Palm , 18 Carpenter’s Weed , 139 Chinese Winter Melon , 53 Carpet of snow , 628 Chinese Wisteria , 69 Carribean Agave , 18 Chinese Yarrow , 23 Carrion Flower , 13 Chin Yin Hua , 64 Carrons Bauhinia , 64 Chipilin , 62 , 10, 294 Chitra , 35 Cascara , 61 Chocho , 16 Case Knife Bean , 65 Chocolate Daisy , 25 Cassia Indigo , 63 Chocolate Flower , 25 Cassie Flower , 58 Chocolate Lily , 10 Cassod , 873, 876, 879–882 Chocolate Lily Grass Lily , 21 Cassod Tree , 873 Choi Sum , 41 1060 Common Name Index

Cholesterol Spinach , 29 Common Frangipani , 94 Chop-Suey Greens , 26 Common Gorse , 68 Choysum , 41, 42 Common Grape Hyacinth , 123 Christian , 46 Common Heather , 56 Christmas-Candle , 841 Common Hop , 48 Christmas Flower , 58 Common Knapweed , 26 Christmas Star , 58 Common Lawn , 24 Chrysanthemum , 26, 28, 70, 250–255, 257, 258, Common Manzanita , 56 261–265, 283, 479, 493, 511, 530, 780 Common Marigold , 213 Atricaire , 473 Common Melilot , 65 Coronarium Greens , 26 Common Milkweed , 13 Chulta , 55 Common Pepperweed , 43 Chuparosa , 2 Common Sesban , 66, 67 Chusan Palm , 18 Common Sotol , 20 Cicely , 11 Common Spurge , 58 Cipollini , 123 Common Stock , 633 Clammy Cherry , 38 Common Sunfl ower , 29, 319, 372, 377 Climbing Caper , 48 Common Tansy , 501, 512 Climbing Morning Glory , 817 Common Thistle , 27 Climbing Purple-Star , 14 Common Viper’s Bugloss , 38 Climbing Staff Plant , 51 Common Yarrow , 23, 139 Climbing Staff Tree , 51 Common Yucca , 134 Cloud Plant , 448 Compass Flower , 31 Pink , 50, 684 Compass Plant , 31 Clover , 926–928, 931, 950, 952 Conderella Plant , 45 Club Begonia , 551 Cone Flower , 31, 340 Clubed Begonia , 551 Convallaria , 20 Coastal , 548, 628, 631, 738, 741, 817, 842 Convall-Lily , 20 Honeysuckle , 49 Conyzoid Floss Flower , 175 Jack-Bean , 61 Coojong , 59 Noon Flower , 4 Cooringee Keeray , 13 Wattle , 59 Copa Palm , 17 Coast Barrel Cactus , 45 Coral Bean , 63 Coast Bluebell , 47 Coral Tree , 788 Coast Golden Rod , 32 Cordofan-Pea , 62, 773 Coast Wattle , 58, 59, 738 , 10 Cobbity Daisy , 201 Corkwood Tree , 889 Cobra’s Saffron , 52, 641 Cornfl ower , 25, 70, 245–248 Cocks Sticks Plant , 175 Cornish Bellfl ower , 46 Cocoa , 420, 421, 784, 801, 813, 882 Corn Salad , 50 Coconut , 17, 774, 784, 813 Coronavirus (mouse) , 357 Cocos , 17, 773 Corpse Flower , 15 Coffee , 61, 114, 334, 374, 420, 518, 568, 738, 739, 801, Cosmos , 28 813, 843, 861, 882 Costmary , 24 Senna , 61 Costus , 730 Weed , 61 Costus Ginger , 53, 730 Collards , 40, 41 Cow Bitter , 501 Comb Flower , 340 Cowbloom , 213 Common Alkanet , 37 Cow Cabbage , 41 Common Anchusa , 37 Cow Chervil , 11 Common Bean , 65 Cow Clover , 68, 925 Common Bitter Cress , 42 Cow Grass , 68 Common Borage , 37 Cowgrass Clover , 925 Common Bugloss , 37 Cowhage Kapikachu , 65 Common Carnation , 684 Cowitch , 65 Common Chamomile , 397 Cow , 11 Common Cow Parsnip , 11 Cowslip , 107 Common Daisy , 24, 204 Cowslip creeper , 14, 109 Common Dandelion , 516 Cow Vetch , 68 Common Feverfew , 473 Coxsackie , 896 Common Name Index 1061

Coxsackie B3 , 672 Disc Mayweed , 30 Craches , 51 Dish Cloth Gourd , 54 Crape Ginger , 53, 712 Divine Flower , 684 Crepe Ginger , 53, 712 Do Campo , 23 Cress , 382, 607 Dog Teak , 55 Crimson Clover , 68 Dogtooth Wattle , 735 Cross-Weed , 43 Doubah , 13 Crown Daisy , 26 Double Feverfew , 473 Crown Of Snow , 46 Douglas’ Onion , 6 Crown of the Andes , 58 Douglas Rabbitbrush , 27 Cuckoo Flower , 42 Downy Manzanita , 56 Cucumber , 10, 38, 192 Dragonfruit , 45 Cup Clover , 68 Drunkard Gold , 213 Cupid’s Shaving Brush , 29 Drunken Sailor , 52, 698 Curled Mustard , 39 Duck Potato , 4 Curry Plant , 30 Dunna , 8 Curveleaf Yucca , 23 Dutch Clover , 949 Cushaw , 53 Dutchman Pipe Cactus , 45 Cushaw Pumpkin , 54 Dutchman’s Pipe , 18, 45, 638 Cushion Mum , 28 Dutch Runner Bean , 65 Cusp Clover , 68 Dutch White Clover , 68, 949 Cyani Flower , 25, 245 Dwarf Birch , 36 Cyprus Dandelion , 33 Dwarf Boer-Bean , 66 Dwarf Copperleaf , 4 Dwarf French Marigold , 456 D Dwarf Marigold , 32, 456 Daffodil Garlic , 7 Dwarf Milkweed , 12 Dahlias , 28, 330, 331, 333–337 Dwarf Orange Ginger , 53, 730 Daisy , 24, 204, 207, 211, 364 Dwarf Poinciana , 60, 766 Dalmation Bellfl ower , 47 Dwarf White Bauhinia , 60 Dalrymple Vigna , 68 Dyer’s Saffron False Saffron , 25 Dame’s Violet , 43 Dyers’s Oleander , 14 Dandelion , 30, 34, 70, 303, 517–532 Dandelion radix , 306 Dasystyle honeysuckle , 653 E Date Palm , 18 Earleaf Bellfl ower , 46 Datil Yucca , 22 Early Blooming Clover , 925 David’s Mountain Laurel , 67 Earth Apple , 29 Da Wang Jie , 39 Earth Chestnut , 10 Daylilies , 70 East Coast Creeper , 107 Day’s Eye , 204 Eastern Coral Bean , 63 Death Flower , 213 Eastern Purple Conefl ower , 29, 340, 341 Deer Pea , 68 Eastern Redbud , 62 Deleb Palm , 16 East Indian Coral Tree , 788 Deltoid Balsam Root , 24 East Indies Coral Tree , 788 Dengen , 55 Ebony , 64 Desert Agave , 19 EBV. See Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) Desert Candle , 134 Echinacea , 29, 340, 352, 358 Desert Spoon , 20 Eddygen Fenyw , 473 Desert Twinbugs , 29 Edible Chrysanthemum Coronarium , 26 Desert Willow , 36 Edible Muscari , 123 Devil’s Dung , 10 Egyptian Leek , 6 Devil’s Nettle , 139 Egyptian Mimosa , 59 Devil’s Plaything , 139 Egyptian Onion , 9 Dhapa Tita , 2 Egyptian Rattle Pod , 66, 67 Dhimarbel , 51 Egyptian Sesban , 66, 67 Dianthus , 50, 684, 694–696 Egyptian Thorn , 59 Dill , 10, 294 Ekoa , 64 Dill Daisy , 201 Elderberry , 3 Dillenia , 55 Elegant Costus , 53, 712 1062 Common Name Index

Elephant-Apple , 55 Field Garlic , 7 Elongated Beavertail , 46 Field Marigold , 25, 30 Emilia , 29, 185 Field Mustard , 39, 41 Emperor’s Candle Plant , 841 Field Pennycress , 44 Emperor’s Candlesticks , 841 Fig Leaf Gourd , 53 Empress-Candle-plant , 841 Fig-Leaved Goosefoot , 5 Enchusa , 37 Filament Yucca , 134 Endive , 27, 516 Fireball , 559 English Chamomile , 24 Fire Bell , 37, 559 English Daisy , 24, 204 Fire Erica , 56 English Marigold , 25, 213 Fire Heath , 56 English Pea , 65 Fire Tree , 559 English Scurvy Grass , 42 Fireweed , 29 Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) , 233, 259, 278, 612, 758, 759, Fireweed Daisy , 29 878 Fish Tail Palm , 16 European Daisy , 24, 204 Five Corners , 57 European Feverfew , 473 Five-Leaved Yam , 55 European Goldenrod , 32 Five-Petaled Chickweed , 51 European Radish , 44 Flame Lily , 55, 732 European Searocket , 42 Flame of the Forest , 559 European Swamp Thistle , 27 Flame Tree , 559 Evening Glory , 708 Flamingo Bill , 889 Ever-Blooming Wattle , 59 Flat Cabbage , 42 Evergreen Alkanet, 38 Flat Pak Choi , 42 Evergreen Bugloss , 38 Flat-Stem Onion, 7 Eve’s Thread, 22 Flickweed , 42 Ewe-Gowan , 204 Flirtroot , 473 Eyeball Plant , 163 Flirtwort , 33, 473 Flitwort , 473 Flora’s Paintbrush , 29 F Flor De Colorin , 63 Faceclock , 34, 516 Flor De Encino , 44 Fairies’ Thimbles , 46 Florists Chrysanthemum , 26, 27, 29, 250, 264, 265, 283 Fairy Clock , 516 Florist’s Daisy , 250 False Boobyalla , 59 Floss Flower , 175 False Camomile , 270 Flower Crest , 766 False Indigo , 63 Flower-Fence , 766 False Pak Choi , 41, 42 Flowering Kale , 40 False ragweed , 530 Flowering Leek , 7 False Sarsaparilla , 817 Flowering Onion , 7 False Sarsaparilla Vine , 63 Fluxroot , 13 Fang Feng , 11 Fodder Kale Caisin , 41 Farnese Wattle , 58 Fodder Radish , 44 Fat Hen , 4 Foreign Pagoda Tree , 66 Featherfew , 33, 473 Forest Flame-Creeper , 52 Feather Foil , 33, 473 Forest Lily , 21 Feather-Fully , 473 Forget-Me-Not , 38 Febrifuge Plant , 473 Formosan Dandelion , 33 Federation Daisy , 201 Formosan Sugar Palm , 16 Federfoy , 473 Fountain Tree , 559 Fennel , 11, 751 Four-Angled Bean , 65 Fernweed , 139 Fourleaf Milkweed , 12 Fetter-Foe , 473 Four-Wing Salt Bush , 4 Feverfew , 26, 33, 397, 473–495, 511 Foxtail Agave , 18 Feverfew-Chamomile , 473 Fragrant-Flowered Garlic , 7 Feverfew Chrysanthemum , 473 Fragrant Golden Rod , 32 Few-Flowered Leek , 7 Fragrant Manjack , 38 Fibrous Begonia , 551 Fragrant Onion , 8 Field Bean , 62 64, 65 Fragrant Telosma , 14, 107–109 Field Daisy Flower of Spring , 204 Frangipani , 14, 87, 94, 95 Common Name Index 1063

French Artichoke , 291 Giant Onion , 6 French Clover , 68 Giant ragweed , 530 French Gray Shallot , 7 Giant Siberian , 6 French Marigold , 32, 456, 465, 469 Giant Spine Gourd , 54 French Mignonette , 694 Giant Sweet Coltsfoot , 30 French Parsley , 10 Gillyfl ower , 633, 684 Fringed Lily , 21 Ginger Plant , 501 Fringed Pink , 51 Giradol , 57 Frother , 66, 67 Gliricidia , 806–810, 812–814 Furze , 68 Glittering Onion , 8 Fuzzy Gourd , 53 Globe Agave , 19 Fuzzy Melon , 53 Globe artichoke , 25, 27–31, 291–296, 300, 302, 305, Fuzzy Petal Indigo , 63 306, 309, 310, 313, 315, 318, 319 Globe Spear Lily , 732 Glory Cedar , 806 G Glory Wattle , 59 Gac , 54 Glue Berry , 38 Galgal , 29 Glycine beans , 843 Galinsoga , 29 Goa Bean Winged Bean , 65 Gallant Soldier , 29 Goat-Leaf Honeysuckle , 49 Gallito , 63, 560, 890 Goatweed , 24, 175 Garambulla Cactus , 45 Gobo , 24 Garambullo , 45 Gold-And-Silver Flower , 656 Garden Angelica , 10 Gold Bloom , 213 Garden Artichoke , 291 Golden Alexanders , 11 Garden Balsam , 35, 537, 538, 544 Golden Bird , 886 Garden Balsamine , 537 Golden Buttons , 501 Garden Bean , 65 Golden Candelabra Tree , 841 Garden Camomile , 26, 270 Golden-Candle Senna , 841 Garden Chives , 8 Golden Chamomile , 26 Garden chrysanthemum , 251, 252, 265 Golden Clover , 68 Garden Cornfl ower , 245 Golden Feather , 473 Garden Cosmos , 27 Golden Flower of Mary , 213 Garden Dahlia , 28, 333, 336 Golden Garlic , 7 Garden Impatiens , 548 Golden Glory , 59 Garden Leek , 7 Golden-Glow Wattle , 735 Garden Lovage , 11 Golden Lace , 49 Garden Marigold , 213 Golden Rod , 32 Garden Mum(s) , 26, 28, 29, 250 Golden Shower , 61 Garden Onion , 6 Golden Teak , 58 Garden Pea , 65 Golden Thistle , 31 Garden Spurge , 58 Golden Wattle , 58, 59, 738 Garden Tansy , 501 Golden Wattle Broad-Leaved Wattle , 59 Garden Valerian , 49 Golden-Wreath Wattle , 59 Garland Chrysanthemum , 26 Gold Leaf Tansy , 501 Garlic , 8, 80, 84, 123, 164, 226, 294, 309, 625, 855, 1023 Goldrute , 32 Chives , 9 Gomuti Palm , 16 Cress , 43 Gond , 45, 722 Mustard , 39 Good King Henry , 5 Pear Tree , 49 Good-Night Flower , 708 Gebang Palm , 17 Goosefoot , 5 Genista , 66 Gordaldo , 139 Gerard’s Indigo , 63 Gorse , 68 German Chamomile , 26, 30, 397–399, 409, 411, 412, Gourd , 53, 54 414, 419, 423 Gowan , 204, 344, 516 German Garlic , 8 Grande Chamomile , 473 Geyer’s Onion , 6, 7 Grandifl ora , 889 Giant Campanula , 46 Granite Bluebell , 47 Giant Lily , 732 Grape Hyacinth , 123 Giant Moonfl ower , 52, 53, 708 Grape seed oil , 218 1064 Common Name Index

Grasaalwyn , 20 Heading Leaf Mustard , 40 Grass-Leaved Crotalaria , 62 Heath , 56, 738 Graveyard Tree , 94 Heather , 56 Gray Beech , 69 Hedge Caper Bush , 48 Gray Sagewort , 24 Hedgehog Agave , 19 Great American Bulrush , 55 Hedgehog Century Plant , 19 Great Bellfl ower , 46 Hedge Wattle , 59 Great Bulrush , 55 Hemp Plant , 111 Great Burdock , 24 Henna , 544 Greater Burnet , 11 Hepatitis A virus (HAV-27) , 691 Greater Chervil , 11 Heraldic Thistle , 30 Green Alkanet , 38 Herb Margaret , 204 Green Amaranth , 4 Herb of the Sun , 213 Green Arrow Arum , 15 Herpes simplex 1 and 2 , 896 Green Artichoke , 291 Herpes simplex virus (HSV) , 232, 355, 356 Green Beans , 65, 891, 1005 Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) , 412, 508, 691 Green-Eyed Lyre Leaf , 25 Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) , 412 Green Heading Broccoli , 594 Herpes viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2) , 357, 412, 769 Greenleaf Manzanita , 56 Herpes zoster , 190 Green Milkweed , 13 Hiang , 55 Green Milkwood Climber , 14 Hibiscus , 70 Green Pea , 65 Hickory , 58 Green-Stripe Cushaw , 53 Highbush , 4 Green Wattle , 58 Highbush Cranberry , 3, 4 Grey Sage Bush , 4 Highly pathogenic avian IV (HPAIV) of the H5- and Grey Sage Bush Salt Bush , 4 H7-types , 356 Ground Apple , 26, 270 Hill Mustard , 42 Ground Thistle , 291 Himalayan Indigo , 63 Guang Dong Sonu Mu , 15 Hindheel , 501 Guang Xi Luo Yan , 15 HIV. See Human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) Guayule , 710 HIV-1. See Human immunodefi ciency virus type 1 Guinea Lily , 732 (HIV-1) Gymea Lily , 732 HIV/AIDS , 190 Hoary Stock , 633 Hogfennel , 11 H Hog Plum , 9 Hairy Annual Bluebell , 47 Hogweed , 62 Hairy Beggarticks , 25 Holligold , 213 Hairy Bittercress , 42 Hollygold , 213 Hairy Cowpea , 68 Hollyhocks , 70 Hairy Garlic , 8 Holy Ghost , 10 Hairy Gourd , 53 Hondapare Tree , 55 Hairy Melon , 53 Honewort , 10 Hairy Muscari , 123 Honeypot(s) , 56, 57 Hairypod Cowpea , 68 Honeysuckle , 656, 660, 667, 671–674 Hairy Spurge , 58 Honeysuckle Clover , 949 Hairy Wax Gourd , 53 Hong Kong Orchid Tree , 60, 743 Half-Moon Wattle , 735 Hong Zhui , 69 Hall’s Honeysuckle , 656 Hooker Chives , 6 Haole , 64 Hooker’s Bauhinia , 60, 64 Happy Wanderer , 817 Hooker’s Onion , 5 Hardy Garden Mum , 26, 29 Hopi Red Dye Amaranth , 4 Hardy Mum , 28 Hopi Sunfl ower , 372 Harebell Willow Bell , 47 Hops , 48, 141, 934 Haricot , 65 , 39 Hatsuka Daikon (Japanese) , 44 Horse Tamarind , 64 Hawaiian Lei Flower , 94 Hottentot Fig , 4 Hawaiian Orchid Tree , 60, 743 Hoya , 13 Hawaiian Torch Ginger , 726 HSV. See Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Heading Broccoli , 571, 594 HSV-1. See Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) Common Name Index 1065

HSV-2. See Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) Indian Rose Chestnut , 52, 641 Huacrapona , 17 Indian Spinach , 35 Huauzontle , 5 Indian Trumpet , 37 Huckleberry , 57 Indian Trumpet Flower , 37 Human herpesvirus , 355 Indian Wiliwili , 63 Human herpesvirus 1 , 411 Indigo Bush , 63 Human H1N1-type IV , 356 Infectious bronchitis (IB) virus , 233 Human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) , 83, 257, 259, Infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus , 233 260, 356, 567, 779 I n fl uenza A2 , 232 Human immunodefi ciency virus type 1 (HIV-1) , 101, I n fl uenza APR 8 viruses , 232 233, 260, 524, 672, 762, 880, 894 I n fl uenza viruses (FV) , 354–357, 672 Humble Plant , 65, 821 Intellect Tree , 51 Hummingbird Tree , 889 Ipilipil , 703 Hungarian Chamomile , 26, 30, 397 Irish Broom , 6 Hurtleberry , 57 Irish Daisy , 34, 516 Hurtsickle , 25, 245 Irish Wattle , 59 Husband’s Dial , 213 Iron Wood , 641, 873 Hwajeon (Korean) , 4 Ironwood Of Assam , 641 Hyacinth Bean , 62, 64 Ironwood Tree , 641 Hybrid Clover , 68 Itachi Sasage , 64 Hybrid-MoMuLV/MoMuSV retrovirus , 524 Italian Bugloss , 37 Hybrid Tuberous Begonia , 35, 556 Italian Clover , 68 Italian Garlic , 7 Italian Honeysuckle , 49 I Ibus , 17 Ice Plant , 4 J Idar , 13 Jacob’s Ladder , 20 Illawara Lily , 732 Jambo-Pharan , 6 Illyrian Cotton Thistle , 30 Jam-Pot Jam-Tart Heath , 57 Immortelle , 30, 806 Japanese , 46 Impatiens , 35, 537, 548 Japanese Balsam , 548 Imperial Stock , 633 Japanese Bellfl ower , 47 Indian Barberry , 34, 35 Japanese Dandelion , 33 Indian Bean Tree , 788 Japanese Garlic , 33 Indian Camphorweed , 31 Japanese Hawkweed , 35 Indian Capers , 48 Japanese Honewort , 10 Indian Catmon , 55 Japanese Honeysuckle , 49, 656, 674, 675 Indian Cedar , 559 Japanese Horse Radish , 43 Indian Celery , 11 Japanese Onion , 8 Indian Cherry , 38 Japanese Pagoda Tree , 67, 906, 920 Indian Chrysanthemum , 270, 283 Japanese Parsley , 10 Indian Coral Bean , 63, 788 Japanese Pie Pumpkin , 53 Indian Coral Tree , 63, 788 Japanese Pink , 694 Indian Cork Tree , 37 Japanese Wisteria , 64, 69 Indian Fig , 46 Jersey Kale , 40 Indian Fleabane , 31 Jerusalem Artichoke , 29 Indian Head , 340 Jewel Weed , 537, 548 Indian Hemp , 28 Jimbur , 9 Indian Kino Tree , 65 Jointed Charlock , 44 Indian Laburnum , 61 Jonquil , 9 Indian Olibanum Tree , 45 Joshua Tree , 20, 22 Indian Orchid Tree , 60 Judas Tree , 62 Indian Paint , 52 Ju-Hua , 28 Indian Paintbrush , 13 Jumbay , 64 Indian Pink , 694 Jumbie Bean , 64 Indian Pluchea , 31 June Clover , 925 Indian Posy , 13 Jungle Cactus , 45, 638 Indian Potato , 4 Juniper , 529 1066 Common Name Index

K Kunth’s Onion , 6 Kadjatoa , 17 Kurrat , 6 Kaempferi Azalea , 57 Kwao-Nam , 62, 64 Kai Lan , 39, 40 Kyeramoa , 52 Kaka-Beak Parrot’s , 62 Kyoto Salad Green Japanese Salad Green , 41 Kaka-Beak Parrot’s Bill , 62 Kale , 10, 40, 41, 597 Kalyna , 4 L Kamchatka Rockcress , 39 Lab-Lab Bean , 62, 64 Kandiara , 59 Labrador Tea , 56, 57 Kangaroo Thorn , 59 Lac Tree , 55 Kapok Bush , 37 Lac Tree Of South India , 55 Karatas , 44 Ladakh Onion , 7 Karenwood , 37 Ladino Clover , 949, 952, 953 Karil , 48 Lady’s Smock , 42 Karmal , 55 Lamb’s Lettuce , 50 Kassod Tree , 66, 873 Lapland Rosebay , 57 Kathewat , 63 Large Campanula , 46 Kati , 63 Large Flower Onion , 7 Kawara-Nogiku , 24 Large Hop Trefoil , 68 Keeled Garlic , 6 Large Sebesten , 38 Kenaf , 113 Large Trefoil Large Hop Clover , 68 Kenai Birch , 36 Latex Plant , 13, 101 Kern Beavertail , 46 Latiloba Campanula , 46 Kgopane , 20 Lavender , 70, 230, 252, 687 Khae Hang Kang , 37 Lawn Daisy , 24, 204 Khi Lek , 873, 874, 881 Lead Tree , 64 Khi Lek Daeng , 62, 886 Leafy cardoon , 292 Khi Lek Kao , 61 Leatherweed , 58 Khi Lek Lueat , 62, 886 Leek , 5, 7, 10, 577, 603 Khi Lek Pa , 62, 886 Legetan , 32, 164 Khi Lek Phi , 61 Lemon , 21, 29, 33, 35, 294, 341, 378, Khi Lek San , 61 418, 469, 502, 518, 556, Kidney Bean , 65 625, 882 Ki Lek Maeng , 61 Cactus , 45 King Bamboo Palm , 18 Gem , 469 King-of-the-Forest , 841 Marigold , 32, 469, 471 King’s Crown , 925 Lenkortan Acacia , 59 Kingscup , 213 Lenten Tree , 788 Kin Kin Scrub , 48 Lesser Burdock , 24 Kino , 65, 838–840 Lesser Feverfew , 473 Kitaibel’s Bittercress , 42 Lesser Knapweed , 26 Klondike Cosmos , 28, 287 Leucaena , 64 Knife Acacia , 735 Lewiston Cornsalad , 50 Knife Edge Wattle , 735 Liane Vermifuge , 698 Knife-Leaf Wattle , 58, 735 Lilac Bauhinia , 60 Knife-Leaved Wattle , 735 Lilac Tasselfl ower , 29 Knife Wattle , 735 Lilao , 20 Knight’s Milfoil , 139 Lilies , 70 Koa Haole , 64 Lily of the Valley , 20 Kohlrab , 577, 603 Lime fl ower , 420, 421 Komatsuna , 41 Limestone Cassia , 886 Korean Bellfl ower , 47 Lingua Bovina , 37 Korean Rhodendron , 57 Lion’s-Tooth , 34, 516 Korean Starwort , 24 Lirio , 15 Kratung-Mab , 13 Little Star , 204 Kudzu , 66 Live-and-Die , 821 Kudzu Vine , 66 Lobak , 44 Kumbok , 49 Lobed Leaf , 15 Common Name Index 1067

Lobster Claw , 62 Marigold , 32, 70, 213, 217, 219–221, 223–225, 227, 228, Lobster Plant , 58 231, 232, 235, 237, 409, 432–435, 437–439, Lodi Clover , 949 441–444, 458, 459, 463, 465, 466, 469–471 London Rocket , 44 Marsh Sesbania , 903, 904 Longbeak Rattlebox , 62 Marsh Thistle , 27 Long Bean Yardlong Bean , 69 Maruns , 51 Long Bluebells , 38 Marybud , 213 Long Island Cheese Pumpkin , 54 Marygold , 213 Longleaf Mat-Rush , 21 Matara Tea , 860 Long-Leaved Wattle , 58, 738 Matoppie , 48 Long-Spurred Valerian , 49 Matricaria Parthenium , 473 Lopsided Ornamental Onion , 7 Mat Rush , 21 Loroco , 13 Maudlinwort , 204 Lovage , 11 Mayfl ower , 57 Love and Innocence , 698 May Orange , 213 Love Tree , 62 Mazari Palm , 17 Low Chamomile , 24, 26 Meadow , 68, 205, 502, 695, 926 Low Milkweed , 12 Clover , 925 Luban , 45 Garlic , 7 Lucerne , 65 Honeysuckle , 925 Cabbage , 44 Sweet , 410 Lyreleaf Greeneyes , 25 Trefoil , 925 Measure of Love , 204 Medium Red Clover , 925 M Melilot , 65 Macano , 62 Mescal , 19, 111, 112 Mackenzie Bean , 61 Mesua , 52, 641 Maclean Onion , 7 Mexican Aster , 27 Macrostemon Onion , 7 Mexican Elder , 3 Madder roots , 870 Mexican Flameleaf , 58 Madre De Cacao , 63, 806, 811 Mexican Hat , 31 Maguey , 18, 19 Mexican Lilac , 63, 806 Mahlwa , 37 Mexican Marigold , 32, 432, 449 Maiden Pinks , 50 Mexican Milkweed , 12 Malabar Bauhinia , 60 Mexican Mint Marigold , 32, 448 Malabar Gourd , 53 Mexican , 32, 448, 454 Malabar Kino , 65 Mibuna , 41 Malabar Nut , 2 Mibuna Salad Green , 41 Malabar Spinach , 35 Midday Marvel , 37 Malayan Mombin , 9 Midnight Cactus , 45 Malay Ginger , 53, 712 Midsummer Daisy , 473 Malay Paduak , 836 Milfoil , 23, 139 Malaysian Hog , 9 Milk Gowan , 516 Malaysian Mombin Plum , 9 Milkweed , 13, 70 Mall Bluebells , 38 Milkweed Vine , 13 Mallee Annual-Bluebell , 48 Milky Bellfl ower , 46 Mamey , 52 Million Gold Melampodium , 30 Mammee Apple , 52 Mimosa , 58, 59, 822, 826, 830 Mammoth Clover , 925 Mimosa Wattle , 58 Mammoth Red Clover , 925 Mint Geranium , 24 Manaca , 16 Mint-Marigold , 32, 448 Manatapat , 61 Mirasol , 29, 372, 373 Mango , 9 Missouri Snakeroot , 340 Mangrove Palm , 17 Mitsuba , 10 Mangrove Trumpet Tree , 36 Mizuna , 41 Manila Maguey , 19 Mochi Wood Tree , 788 Manybristle Cinchweed , 30 Modern Border Pink , 50 Marguerite , 201, 204, 511 Modest Plant , 821 Marguerite Daisy , 24, 26, 201–203 Mojave Yucca , 23 1068 Common Name Index

Mongolian Lespedeza , 64 Native Woodrose , 817 Mongolian Viper’s , 31 Neanthe Bella Palm , 16, 17 Monkey Banana , 44 Needle Agave , 19 Moon Daisy , 204 Needle leaf Agave , 19 Moon fl ower , 52, 53, 708–710 Needle Palm , 134 Moonfl ower Vine , 708 Negro Coffee , 61 Moonlight Flower , 52, 53 Nepali Elephant Apple , 55 Moonvine , 708 Nettle , 518, 529, 722 Mooseberry , 3 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) , 233, 365 Mopane Aloe , 20 Rosewood , 836 Mopanie-Aalwyn , 20 New Guine Rosewood , 65 Morning glory , 710 New Mexican Locust , 66 Moses in the Bulrushes , 52 Nibong , 17 Moses-in-the-Cradle , 52 Nibung , 17 Mother Brinkly , 175 Nibung Palm , 17 Mother Chrysanthemum , 26 Nicaraguan Cacao Shade , 63, 806 Mother Daisy , 26 Night Blooming Cereus , 45, 638 Mother Herb , 473 Night Fragrant Flower , 107 Mother Of Cocoa , 63, 806 Night Queen , 45, 638 Mother’s Daisy , 270 Nika Palm , 18 Mountain Alder, 36 Nikau Palm , 18 Mountain Bell , 38 Nile Flame , 559 Mountain Ebony , 60, 64, 754 Nine-Headed Mustard , 40 Mountain Sagewort , 24 Nipa , 17 Mouse Garlic , 5 Nipa Palm Nipah , 17 Mt Morgan Wattle , 59 Niyog niyogan , 703 Mudgee Wattle , 59 Nodding Chocolate Lily , 9, 21 Mudgerabah , 58 Nodding Onion , 6 , 24, 501, 530 Nodding Thistle , 25 Mulga Acacia , 58 Nohara Azami , 27 Multi-Cut Clover , 925 Nokogiri-Sou , 23 Multishoot Mustard , 40 North China Catalpa , 36 Mums , 250, 265 Northern Beantree , 60, 64 Muscari , 123 Northern Coltsfoot , 30 Musk Hyacinth , 123 Nosebleed , 139, 157, 473 Musk Milfoil , 139 Parthenium , 473 Musk Thistle , 25 Plant , 139 Mustard Spinach , 41 Nose Gay , 94 Mutterkraut , 398, 473, 474 Nursery Weed , 42 Mutuy , 61, 62 Nutmeg Hyacinth , 123 Myrtle , 235

O N Oblongleaf Bluebells , 38 Naboom , 58 Obtuse Leaf Crateva , 49 Naked Coral Tree , 63 O-Hawaii Maton , 28 Naked Desert Parsley , 11 Ohwiremnini , 52 Naked-Stemmed Pestle Parsnip , 11 Oil Rape Shoot , 41 Nanban Kikarasuuri , 54 Oilseed Rape , 40 Nandi Flame , 559 Old Man’s Pepper , 139 Narra , 65, 836, 837, 839 Olibanum , 45 Narrow-Leaf Wattle, 59 Olive , 48, 210, 230, 294, 308, 385, 411, 602, 625, 818 Narrowleaf Yucca , 22 One-Leaved Onion , 9 Native Blue Bells , 48 Onion , 6, 7, 9, 10, 123, 156, 294, 341, 770, 891 Native Dandelion , 33 Open Eye , 204 Native Lilac , 817 Ophio Garlic , 8 Native , 48 Orange Cosmos , 28, 287 Native Sarsaparilla , 63, 817 Orange Gem , 469 Native Wandering Jew , 52 Orange Tulip Ginger , 53, 731 Common Name Index 1069

Orange Wattle , 59 Patience Plant , 548 Orchanet , 37 Patient Lucy , 548 Orchid Cactus , 45, 638 Patrinia , 49 Orchid Tree , 60, 754 Peach-Leaved Bellfl ower , 47 , 294, 814 Peach Palm , 17 Oregon Alder , 36 Peacock fl ower , 60, 766, 771 Oregon Holly Grape , 35 Peanut , 192, 602 Oregon Lungwort , 38 Pearl Sneeze-Wort , 23 Oregon Sunfl ower , 24 Pea Shrub , 61 Organ Pipe Cactus , 45 Peavine Clover , 925 Oriental Onion , 7 Peek-A-Boo Plant , 163 Oriental Radish , 44 Pefoliate Woodbine , 49 Oriental Sea Kale , 42 Pegunny , 60, 64 Oriental Viper’s Grass , 31 Pejibaye , 17 Ornamental Onion , 5, 7 Peking Cabbage , 41 Our Lord’s Candle , 23 Pellitory , 473 Oval-Leaved Milkweed , 12 Pendulous Yucca , 23 Oxblood Ginger , 53, 728 Pennyroyal , 420, 421 Ox-Bush Clover , 64 Peppercress , 43 Ox-Eye Daisy , 26, 30 Pepper Leaved Senna , 62 Oysterleaf , 38 , 65, 418, 420, 421 Oyster Plant , 34, 38, 52 Perennial Broccoli , 41 Perennial Daisy , 204 Perennial Para Cress , 163 P Perennial Peanut , 59 Pacaya , 16, 17 Perfoliate Alexanders , 11 Pacaya Palm , 17 Perfoliate Honeysuckle , 49 Pacifi c Labrador Tea , 56 Pericón , 32, 448 Pacifi c Mountain Onion , 9 Pernilla De Casa , 63 Pacifi c Onion , 9 Peronil , 63 Pagoda Tree , 14, 67, 87, 94, 906, 920 Perpetual Begonia , 551 Painted Leaf , 58 Persian Shallot , 8 Pakalana Vine , 107 Persian Silk Tree , 59 Pak Choi , 39 Petsai , 41 Pala Indigo Plant , 14 Phak Hong Haeng , 67, 903 Palay Keeray , 13 Pharan , 8 Palm , 119, 137, 190, 217, 530, 849, 855 Pheasant Wood , 873 Palma Barreta , 21 Philippine Catmon , 55 Palma Manaca , 16 Philippine Dillenia , 55 Palmate Butter , 31 Philippine Mahogany , 836, 839 Palm China , 22 Pichkari , 559, 560 Palo De Pito , 63 Pie Melon , 53 Palo Santo , 63, 841 Pig-Ears , 62, 64 Panicled Spot Flower , 32 Pigface , 4 Papaya , 50 Pignut , 10 Paper Birch , 36 Pilewort , 29 Para Cress , 23, 32, 163, 164 Pilliga Wattle , 59 Paradise-Flower , 766 Pineapple Weed , 30 Paradox Acacia , 59 Pinemat Manzanita , 56 Paraguayan Begonia , 551 Pingouin , 44 Parainfl uenza , 896 Pinguin , 44 Paris Daisy , 201 Pingwing , 44 Paris Marguerite , 201 Pin Heads , 397 Parlour Palms , 16, 17 Pinks , 50, 51, 141, 145, 202, 205, 252, 334, 335, 341, Parrot’s Beak , 62 538, 549, 552, 554, 557, 629, 634, 661, 681, Parry Manzanita , 56 682, 684, 685, 687, 688, 694, 695, 699, 870, Parry’s Agave , 19 891, 926, 951 Parsley , 294 Agapanthus , 80 Parsley Fern , 501 Azalea , 56 Pashu Padauk , 836 Butterfl y Tree , 743 1070 Common Name Index

Orchid Tree , 754 Purple Butterfl y Tree , 743 Pearl , 38 Purple Camel’s Foot , 60, 743 Siris , 59 Purple Clover , 68, 925 Pinnate Coral Root , 42 Purple Conefl ower , 29, 340, 365 Pinnate Dahlia , 333–335 Purple Coral , 817 Pinto Peanut , 59 Pea , 817 Pissabed , 516 tree , 63 Pissenlit À Feuilles Obovales , 33 Purple-Flowered Onion , 5 Pissenlit De Bessarabie , 33 Purple Heading Broccoli , 594 Pitahaya , 45 Purple Medic , 65 Pito Coral Tree , 63 Purple Milk Thistle , 29 Plain-Leaved Mustard , 39 Purple Milkweed , 12 Plantain Lily , 21 Purple Orchid Tree , 60, 743, 754 Plumajillo , 139 Purple Pentatrope , 14 Plumed Cockscomb , 4 Purple Silkweed , 12 Plumier Pingwing , 44 Purple Sow Thistle , 29 Poached Egg Tree , 641 Purple-Stem Mustard , 42 Poet’s Marigold , 25, 213 Purple Twining Pea , 817 Poinsettia , 58 Pushki , 11 Pointleaf Manzanita , 56 Polio virus , 2, 357, 411 Poor Man’s Bean , 62, 64 Q Poor Man’s Orchid , 60, 754 Quailgrass , 4 Poor Man’s Saffron , 213, 214 Queen Anne’s Lace , 10 Port Jackson Willow , 59 Queen of the Night , 638 Potatoes , 10, 23, 37, 41, 80, 294, 341, 444, 466, 471, Queensland , 64, 675, 710, 755, 817, 832, 856 538, 572, 597 Bean Tree , 64 Potato Onion , 6 Ebony , 60, 64 Potato Weed , 29 Quick Stick , 63, 806 Potherb Mustard , 41 Quilite , 13 Pot Marigold , 25, 213, 220, 237 Quinoa , 5 Prairie Onion , 6, 8 Quisqualis , 51 Prairie Peppergrass , 43 Quito orange , 237 Prairie Sage , 24 Pretty Betsy , 49 Prickly Cardoon , 291 R Prickly Ipomoea , 52, 53, 708 Raddichio , 27 Prickly Lettuce , 30 Radish (English) , 43, 44 Prickly Mimosa , 59 Radish sprout , 616 Prickly Moses , 59 Raffi a Palm , 18 Prickly Narra , 836, 839 Rainbow Pink , 694 Prickly Pear , 46, 309 Rakkyo , 6 Prickly Sesban , 66 Rangoon Creeper , 52, 698 Prickly Wattle , 59 Rape , 40 Pride Of Barbados , 60, 766 Rapini , 41 Priest’s Crown , 34 Raspatia , 2 Primrose Creeper , 107 Rat-Tail , 44 Princess Bean , 65 Red Alder , 36 Proliferous Pink , 51 Red Aloe , 20 Prussian Asparagus , 21 Red Amaranth , 4 Przewalski’s Onion , 7 Red Bauhinia , 64 Pudding Pipe Tree , 61 Red Beech , 69 Puffball , 34, 516 Red Bird-of-Paradise , 60, 766 Puff Clover , 68 Redbud Red Bud Tree , 62 Puget Balsam Root , 24 Red Clover , 65, 68, 925–943, 953 Pulque Agave , 19 Red Coast Elder , 2 Pumpkin , 54, 891 Red Dahlia , 329 Punta Toro viruses , 896 Red Elder , 3 Purple Amaranth , 4 Red Frangipani , 94 Purple Bauhinia , 743 Red Hairy , 56 Common Name Index 1071

Red Hairy Heath , 56 Ron Palm , 16 Red in Snow , 40 Roquette , 39, 43 Red , 52, 87, 94 Rose(s) , 11, 45, 50, 70, 336, 357, 407, 537, 549, 741 Red Jasmine Of Jamaica , 87, 94 Acacia , 66 Red Justicia , 2 Balsam , 35, 537 Red Oil Rape , 42 Locust , 66 Red Paucipan , 87, 94 , 70, 227, 306, 615 Red Pitahaya , 45 Rosette Pakchoi , 42 Red Pitaya , 45 Rosewood , 65, 836, 839 Red Rhodendron , 57 Rosinweed , 31 Red Rice Bean , 69 Rosy Garlic , 7 Redroot amaranth , 192 Rotavirus , 588 Red Sandalwood , 836 Round-Headed Garlic , 8 Red-Seed Dandelion , 33 Round-Headed Leek , 8 Red Shallots , 5 Rubber Dandelion , 33 Red Silkweed , 12 Ruddles , 213 Red Sunfl ower , 340 Runip Broccoli , 41 Red Tassel Flower , 29 Runner Bean , 65 Red Tower Ginger , 53, 726 Running Postman , 64 Red Velvet Ginger , 726 Russian Dandelion , 33 Redwood , 836 Ryegrass , 192 Red yeast rice , 310 Reo-1 , 896 Respiratory syncytial virus , 356, 357, 672 S Respiratory syncytical , 896 Sacred Garlic Pear , 49 Rest Harrow , 65 Saffl ower , 25 Retinodes Water Wattle , 59 Saffron , 25, 30, 32, 52, 213, 214, 457, 469 Rhinovirus (RV) , 356, 357 Saffron Marigold , 432 Rhinoviruses 1A and 14 , 356 Sagebrush , 530 Rhodendron , 56, 57 Sagebrush Bluebells , 38 , 57 Sallow Wattle , 59, 738 R Hop Clover , 68 Sally Wattle Ribbed Melilot , 65 Samphire , 10 Rice , 17, 25, 29, 37, 43, 50, 54, 56, 57, 66–68, 164, 177, Sandalwood , 465, 836, 882 214, 288, 294, 310, 382, 517, 719, 755, 775, Sand Leek , 8 814, 903, 907, 926, 950 Sand-Rocket , 43 Rice Bean , 69 Sangorache , 4 Ridge Beech , 69 Sanguinary , 139 Ringworm Bush , 841 Sano Hin , 67, 903 Ringworm Plant , 841 Sano Kin Dok , 67, 903 Ringworm Senna , 841 Sansevieria , 21 Ringworm Shrub , 841 Santa Maria , 448, 473, 474 River Bean , 66, 67 Santo Domingo Mahogany , 559 River Bluebell , 47 Sarsaparilla , 817 Rocambole , 8 Sarson , 41 Rocket , 39 Saxifrage Burnet , 11 Arugula , 43 Scarlet Bell Tree , 559 Mustard , 44 Scarlet Runner Bean , 65 Salad , 43, 575, 598 Scarlett Runner , 64 Rock Goldenrod , 32 Scarlet Wisteria Tree , 67, 889 Rock Samphire , 10 Scented Fern , 501 Rocky Mountain Beeplant , 51 Scented Mayweed , 26, 30, 397 Roman Camomile , 26, 270 Scholar Tree , 906 Roman Candle Tree , 841 Scoparia , 57 Roman Chamomile , 24 Scorzonera , 31 Romanesco caulifl ower , 577, 578 Scorzonera Zuccherina , 31 Roman Plant , 11 Scotch Broom , 62, 66 Ronga Bhahak , 2 Scotch Marigold , 213 Rongai Dolichos , 62, 64 Scotch Thistle , 30, 291 Ronier Palm , 16 Scottish Marigold , 213 1072 Common Name Index

Scottish Thistle , 291 Silver Nailroot , 51 Scrub Birch , 36 Silver Pennies , 204 Scurvy Weed , 52 Silver Seed Gourd , 53 Sea alyssum , 628 Silver Wattle , 59 Sea Bluebells , 38 Silvery Whitlow Wort , 51 Sea Kale , 42 Sindbis, 896 Sea Radish , 43 Singapore Frangipani , 87 Sea Rocket , 42 Singapore Graveyard Flower , 87 Seaside Jack-Bean , 61 Singapore White Plumeria , 87 Seaside Lobularia , 628 Single-Flowered Dahlia , 28 Sebasten , 38 Single-Leaved Cleome , 51 Sehra , 60 Si Pree Laa , 67, 903 Semba-wang Tree , 641 Sisal , 111–113, 116–119, 560 Semenov’s Onion , 8 Sisal Agave , 111 Semki-Gona Gum , 743, 752 Sisal Hemp , 111 Semperfl oren Begonia , 551 Sitka Alder, 36 Sena , 65, 836 Skorzonere Butloshe, 31 Sengal Dat Eplam , 18 Sleeping Grass , 65, 821 Sensitive Plant , 65, 821 Slender Amaranth , 4 Sensitive Weed , 821 Slender Leaf Marigold , 469 Serbian Bellfl ower , 47 Slender Leaf Rattlebox , 62 Serrated-Leaved Mustard , 40 Small Yellow Onion , 6 Sesban , 66, 67, 889 Smooth , 95, 449, 470, 488, 491, 557, 561, 595, 642, 671, Sesbania , 66, 67, 889, 897, 904 682, 721, 739, 745, 767, 790, 799, 800, 807, Sesbania-Pea , 67 838, 874, 875, 880, 940, 951 Sessile Joyweed , 4 Smooth Luffa , 54 Seven Golden Candles , 841 Snake Bean , 69 Seven-Leaf Toothwort , 42 Snake Jasmine , 2 Seven-olden-Candlesticks , 841 Snake Plant , 15 Seven Year Bean , 65 Snakeroot , 29, 340 Shady Lady , 548 Snap Pea , 65 Shameful Plant , 65, 821 Snapweed , 537, 548 Shame Plant , 821 Sneeze Wort , 13, 23, 139 Shaw’s Agave , 19 Snotty Gobbles , 38 Shepherd’s Needle , 11 Snow Crown , 46 Shepherd’s Tree , 48 Snowdrift , 628 Shining Herb , 213 Snowfl ake Aralia , 15 Shone Cabbage , 51 Snow Pea , 65 Short-Joint Beavertail , 46 Snowy Orchid-Tree , 60 Short ragweed , 530 Soap Pod , 58 Short-Style Onion , 5 Soap Tree Yucca , 22 Showy Milkweed , 13 Soapweed Yucca , 22 Showy Toothwort , 42 Society Garlic , 9, 80–82, 85 Shrinking Plant , 821 Soft-Tip Yucca , 22 Shrubby Bittersweet , 51 Soko , 4 Shrub Pagoda Tree , 67 Sola , 59 Shy Plant , 821 Soldier’s Friend , 23, 139 Siamese Cassia , 873 Soldier’s Woundwort , 139 Siamese Senna , 873 Sour Clover , 68 Siamese Shower , 873 Southern Grape Hyacinth , 123 Siam Pumpkin , 53 Southern Indica Hybrid Azaleas , 57 Sichuan Pickled Mustard , 40 Southwestern Coral Bean , 57 Sichuan Swollen Stem Mustard, 40 Soybean oil , 218 Siegesbeckia Herb , 31 Spanish Bayonet , 22, 23 Signet , 32 Spanish Bugloss , 37 Signet Marigold , 32, 33, 469 Spanish Clover , 65 Siler Root , 11 Spanish Dagger , 22, 23 Silkgrass , 134 Spanish Garlic , 8 Silver Birch, 36 Spanish Needles , 25 Silver Cycas, 55 Spanish Oyster Plant , 31 Common Name Index 1073

Spanish Salsify , 31 Summer’s Bride , 213 Spanish Tarragon , 32, 448 Sunchoke , 29 Spanish Thistle Artichoke , 291 Sunfl ower , 29, 340, 372–390, 511 Spear Lily , 732 Sunfl ower oil , 218, 319, 374, 377, 378, 383, 385, 386, Spear Thistle , 27 388, 389, 602, 636 Spider Tree , 49 Sunn Hemp , 28 Spiderwort , 52 Sunroot , 29 Spinach , 4, 13, 15, 21, 35, 41, 80, 141, 518, 615, 926 Sun’s Bride , 213 Spineless Yucca, 22 Swamp Milkweed , 12 Spiny Rest Harrow , 65 Swamp Onion , 9 Spiny Sesbania , 66 Swamp Pea , 889 Spiny Taro , 15 Swamp Wattle , 59 Spiral Flag , 53, 712 Swatow Mustard , 40 Spiral , 53, 712, 726, 730 Sweet alice , 628 Spirulina , 528 Sweet alison , 628 Splitting Jenny , 42 Sweet alyssum , 43, 628, 630 Sponge Gourd , 54 Sweet Baby Broccoli , 624 Spoonleaf Yucca , 22, 134 Sweet Chamomile , 397 Spoon Mustard , 42 Sweet Cicely , 11 Spot Flower , 163 Sweet Clover , 925 Spotted Aloe , 20 Sweet Coltsfoot , 30, 31 Spotted Bellfl ower , 47 Sweet False Chamomile , 397 Spotted Snapweed , 537 Sweet Fennel , 11 Spreading Marigold , 456 Sweet Fern , 11 Sprouting Broccoli , 42, 594, 602 Sweet Feverfew , 397 Spur Valerian , 49 Sweet Garlic , 80 Squash , 54, 57, 70 Sweet Golden Rod , 32 Squirt Tree , 559 Sweet Hottentot Fig , 4 Starch Hyacinth , 123 Sweet Indraja , 14 Starfl ower , 37, 38 Sweet Kitty Clover , 925 Star of Bethlehem , 21 Sweet Mace , 32, 448 Staunchweed , 139 Sweet Pea , 65 St. Dominic’s Mahogany , 559 Sweet Rocket , 43 Stemless Carline Thistle , 25 Sweet Scent Marigold , 448 Stick Senna , 841 Sweet Scent Mexican Marigold , 448 Sticky Weed , 31 Sweet William , 50, 681–683 Stilt Palm , 17 Swine origin IV (S-OIV, H1N1) , 356 Stinking Wall-Rocket , 43 Swine’s Snout , 34, 516 Stinking Weed , 61 Sword Bean , 61 Stinking Willie , 501 Sydney Golden Wattle , 58, 738 Stink-Weed , 43, 456 Sydney Wattle , 58 Stock , 43, 61, 633, 634 Szechuan Buttons , 23, 165 Stone Beech , 69 Strangler Vine , 13 Strawberries , 446 T Strawberry Pear , 45 Tadgell’s Bluebell , 47 Streamside Bluebells , 38 Tall Bluebell , 38, 48 String Bean , 63, 65, 790 Tall Bulrush , 55 Striped Mexican Marigold , 469 Tall Fringed Bluebells , 38 St. Vincent Plum , 63, 806 Tall Kale , 41 Styptic Weed , 860 Tall Lungwort , 38 Succory , 27 Talma , 31 Sugar cane , 310 Tamarind , 67, 713 Sugar Palm , 16, 18 Tanner’s Cassia , 860 Sulfur/Sulphur Cosmos , 28, 287 Tansy , 33, 493, 501–512, 530 Sultana , 548 Tan Wattle , 58 Sultan’s Balsam , 548 Tapertip Onion , 5 Sultan’s Flower , 548 Taraxacum offi cinale , 231, 516–532 Summer Daisy , 201, 473 Tartary Bush Clover , 64 Summer Pumkin , 54 Tarwar , 860 1074 Common Name Index

Tasmanian Blackwood , 58 Trailing Ground-Berry , 56 Tatsoi , 42 Transvaalaalwyn , 20 Tea , 2, 3, 11, 14, 18, 20, 24–26, 30–35, 38, 43, 46, Trealease’s Beavertail , 46 48–51, 56, 57, 62, 64–66, 68, 137, 151, 157, Tree Bean , 65 190, 205, 225, 276, 294, 334, 388, 416, 417, Tree Jasmine , 37 422, 433, 449, 453, 494, 518, 531, 538, 542, Tree Kale , 41 616, 682, 751, 812, 813, 855, 882 Tree of Damocles , 37 Tea tree , 416, 417 Tree of Iron , 63, 806 Telltime , 516 Tree of Life , 14, 94 Temple Flower , 14, 94 Tree Turmeric , 35 Temple Tree , 14, 87, 94 Trelease Beavertail , 46 Tenasserim Mahogany , 836, 839 Trellis-Vine , 14 Tenderstem , 624 Tropic Ageratum , 175 Tenderstem Broccoli , 624 Tropical Burnweed , 29 Teneriffe Daisy , 201 Tropical Watermeal , 15 Tepejilote Palm , 17 Tropical White Morning Glory , 708 Texas Sotol , 20 True Chamomile , 397, 493 Texas Tarragon , 32, 448 True Daisy , 24 Textile Onion , 8 Tuberose , 21, 126–131 Thai Cassia , 873 Tuberous Begonia , 35, 556 Thai Copper Pod , 873 Tufted Bluebell , 47 Thailand Shower , 873 Tufted Grape Hyacinth , 123 Thai Marrow , 53 Tufted Vetch , 68 Thai Silver Cycas , 55 Tulip , 70, 560 Theot , 63 Tuliptree , 559 Thin Vermicelli , 53 Tumble Thistle , 29 Thousand-Leaf , 23, 139 Tumbleweed , 29 Thousand-Seal , 139 Tuna Cactus , 46 Thousand-Seal Bad Man’s Plaything , 139 Turkish Rocket , 42 Thousand Weed , 139 Turkish Warty Cabbage , 42 Three-Leaf Caper , 49 Turks Head , 45 Three-Leaved Caper , 49 Turmeric rhizome , 306 Tick-borne encephalitis virus , 233 Turnip Mustard , 41 Tickle-Me Plant , 821 Turnip Rape , 41 Tiger’s Claw , 788 Turnip-Rooted Mustard , 40 Tiger Tongue , 889 Turpentine Tree , 9 TMV. See Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Tussock Bellfl ower , 46 Tobacco , 34, 141, 453 Twisted leaf Garlic , 7 Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) , 691, 880 Twisted-Leaf Yucca , 23 Toddy Palm , 16, 18 Typhonium , 15 Tomato , 444, 466, 610, 625 Tonga Bean , 62, 64 Tonkin Creeper , 14, 107 U Tonkinese honeysuckle , 653 Ugandan Flame , 559 Tonkin Jasmine , 14, 107 Umbrella Tree , 906 Tonkin Telosma , 107 Urn-Heath , 57 Toothache Plant , 23, 32, 163 Utah Agave , 19 Toothed Bur Clover , 65 Toothed Medick , 65 Topinambour , 29 V Top Onion , 9 Valerian , 59 Torch Azalea , 57 Valerian Root , 49, 529 Toreador Cockscomb , 4 Variegated Coralbean , 63 Toria , 41 Variegated Coral Tree , 63 Touch Me Not , 35, 65, 548, 821 Variegated Orchid Tree , 60, 754 Touch Me Not Balsam , 537 Variegated Thistle , 31 Touch-Shy Plant , 821 Vegetable Hummingbird , 67, 889 Trackleberry , 57 Vegetable Marrow , 54 Trailing Arbutus , 57 Vegetable Rennet , 291 Trailing Bellfl ower , 47 Veld Lupin , 63 Common Name Index 1075

Velvet Bean , 65 Marguerite , 201 Vervain , 420, 421 Melilot , 65 Vetter-Voo , 473 Morning Glory , 708 Violet Spiral Flag , 53, 728 Onion , 6 Viper’s Bugloss , 38 Orchid-Tree , 60 Virgin Plant , 821 Popinac , 64 Sagewort , 24 Sweet Clover , 65, 949 W Variegated Orchid Tree , 60, 754 Wall-Mustard , 43 Waxberry , 56 Wandering Sailor , 52 White-Flowered Morning Glory , 708 Wapato , 4 Whiteleaf Manzanita , 56 Waree Palm , 16 Whitetip Clover , 68 , 43 Whiteweed , 24, 175 Water Birch , 36 White-Wort , 473 Waterblommetjie , 15 Whitlow Wort , 51 Watercress , 341, 609 Whortleberry , 45, 57 Water Dragon , 213 Whortleberry Cactus , 45 Water Garlic , 6, 855 Wild Artichoke , 28, 291, 292 Water Hawthorn , 15 Wild Bugloss , 37 Wattle Bark , 58 Wild Camomile , 397 Wax Begonia , 35, 551, 554 Wild Caper Bush , 48 Waxberry , 56 Wild Cardoon , 291, 292, 296, 300, 302, 319 Wax Gourd , 53 Wild Carnation , 684 Waxy Bluebells , 47 Wild , 10 10-Week Stock , 633 Wild Cassia , 62 Welsh Onion , 6 Wild Celery , 10, 11 Western Canada Golden Rod , 32 Wild Chamomile , 26, 30, 397, 407, 411, 473, 493, 511 Western Labrador Tea , 56 Wild Chervil , 10 Western Redbud , 62 Wild Chive , 7 Western Yarrow , 139 Wild Clover , 68, 925 West Indian Jasmine , 14, 94 Wild Date Palm , 18 West Indian Pea , 889 Wild Endive , 516 West Indian Pea Tree , 889 Wild feverfew , 530 Wet-A-Bed , 34, 516 Wild Garlic , 9, 80, 85 WHCO3 , 83 Wild Ginger , 18, 53, 712 Wheat , 294, 310, 374, 388 Wild honeysuckle , 49, 653 Whig Plant , 26, 270 Wild Hyacinth , 21 Whig Plant; Manzanilla , 26 Wild Lemon , 48 Whinberry , 57 Wild Lime , 48 White , 95, 127, 128, 135, 141, 145, 156, 177, 202, 246, Wild Marigold , 223, 456 252, 334, 538, 544, 549, 552, 554, 558, 568, Wild Mustard , 42, 44 573, 574, 578, 588, 629, 634, 639, 657, 685, Wild Onion , 6, 7, 9 695, 756, 775, 807, 900, 963 Wild Pin , 44 Alder , 36 Wild Pine , 44 Austrian clover , 931, 953 Wild Pineapple , 44 Bauhinia , 60, 64, 754 Wild Quinine , 473 Bauhinia Orchid Tree , 754 Wild Radish , 44 Beech Winter Beech , 69 Wild Turnip , 41, 44 Birch , 36 Willow bark , 410 cabbage , 237 Windhoekaalwyn , 20 Camel’s Foot , 60, 754 Wine Palm , 17, 18 Chamomile , 397 Winged Senna , 841 clover , 68, 949–956 Winter Aster , 26, 28, 270 Costus , 712 Winter Caulifl ower , 594 Dandelion , 33 Winter Red Hot Poker , 21 Dragon Tree , 889 Wintersweet , 46 Elderberry , 2 Winter Tarragon , 448, 449 Kalachuche , 87 Winter Weed , 51, 175 Leadtree , 64 Wire Wood , 58 1076 Common Name Index

Wirilda , 59 Ye-Hua , 41 Wiry Wattle , 58 Yellow Wisteria , 69 Bird of Pradise Tree , 60 Witch , 59 Burhead , 4 Witgatboom , 48 Buttons , 501 Wood Artichoke , 291 Cassia , 873 Woodbine , 656 Clover , 68 Woodbury , 46 Commelina , 52 Wood Forget-Me-Not , 38 Cosmos , 28, 287 Wood Leek , 9 Crown Beard , 31 Wooly Thistle , 27 Elderberry , 49 Wooly Wisteria , 69 Melilot , 65 Worm Killer , 18 Patrinia , 49 Wormwood , 24 Pitahaya , 45 Woundwort , 139, 204 Rocketcress , 39 Wu Jia Pi , 15 Sweet Clover , 65 Weed , 29 Wisteria , 903 X Yellowtop , 841 Xiat Palm , 16 Yoi-Cai-Tia , 41 Yucca , 70, 134, 135, 137 Y Yangtze River Mustard , 40 Yarrow , 139–141, 145, 146, 148–151, 156, 157, 410, Z 493, 511, 529, 530 Zanzibar Balsam , 548 Bloodwort , 139 Zebra Leaf Aloe , 20 Milfoil , 139 Zig-Zag Wattle , 58 Yarroway , 139 Zucchini , 54, 70 Scientifi c Index

A A. bandana , 270 Acacia , 70 A. berdana , 270 A. aneura , 58 A. bicolor , 138 A. auriculiformis , 853 A. borealis , 23 A. boliviana , 813 A. borealis f. fusca , 138 A. concinna , 58 A. borealis subsp. arenicola , 138 A. coriacea , 58 A. borealis subsp. californica , 138 A. cultrata , 735 A. borealis var. arenicola , 138 A. cultriformis , 58, 735–737 A. borealis var. californica , 138 A. cultriformis var. glaucescens , 735 A. californica , 138 A. dealbata , 58 A. ceretanica , 138 A. decurrens , 58 A. collina , 142–144, 148 A. farnesiana , 58, 313 A. compacta , 138 A. glaucifolia , 735 A. coronopifolia , 138 A. glaucophylla , 735 A. crassifolia , 138 A. longifolia , 58, 738–741 A. cristata , 138 A. longifolia subsp. longifolia , 741 A. cuspidata , 138 A. longifolia subsp. sophorae , 741 A. dentifera , 138 A. longifolia var. sophorae , 738 A. distans , 148 A. longifolia var. typica , 738 A. eradiata , 138 A. macradenia , 58 A. fusca , 138 A. melanoxylon , 58 A. gigantea , 138 A. mucronata , 59 A. gracilis , 138 A. nilotica , 59 A. haenkeana , 138 A. oshanesii , 59 A. intermedia , 138 A. papuliformis , 735 A. lanata , 138 A. paradoxa , 59 A. lanulosa , 138, 144 A. podalyriifolia , 59 A. lanulosa f. peroutkyi , 138 A. pycnantha , 59 A. lanulosa f. rubicunda , 138 A. retinodes , 59 A. lanulosa subsp. alpicola , 138 A. saligna , 59 A. lanulosa subsp. megacephala , 138 A. scapuliformis , 735 A. lanulosa var. alpicola , 138 A. sophorae , 59 A. lanulosa var. arachnoidea , 138 A. spectabilis , 59 A. lanulosa var. eradiata , 138 A. verticillata , 59 A. laxifl ora , 138 Acanthoscelides obtectus , 188, 781 A. magna , 138 Achillea A. marginata , 138 A. albida , 138 A. megacephala , 138 A. alpicola , 138 A. millefolium , 23, 138–157, 529, 530 A. alpina , 23 A. millefolium f. albifl ora , 138 A. ambigua , 138 A. millefolium f. californica , 138 A. anethifolia , 138 A. millefolium f. discolor , 138 A. angustissima , 138 A. millefolium f. iserana , 138 A. arenicola , 138 A. millefolium f. rhodantha , 139 A. asiatica , 144 A. millefolium f. rosea , 139 A. asplenifolia , 144, 148 A. millefolium f. roseifl ora , 139

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 7, Flowers, 1077 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7395-0, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 1078 Scientifi c Index

A. millefolium f. roseoides , 139 A. submillefolium , 139 A. millefolium f. rubicunda , 139 A. sylvatica , 139 A. millefolium subsp. atrotegula , 138 A. tanacetifolia , 139 A. millefolium subsp. balearica , 138 A. tenuifolia , 139 A. millefolium subsp. compacta , 138 A. tenuifolia var. albicaulis , 139 A. millefolium subsp. lanulosa , 138 A. tenuis , 139 A. millefolium subsp. millefolium , 146 A. tomentosa , 139 A. millefolium subsp. pallidotegula , 139 A. virgata , 139 A. millefolium subsp. pannonica , 139 Achillios A. millefolium subsp. pannonic a , 149 A. millefoliatus , 139 A. millefolium var. alpicola , 138 A. pratensis , 142 A. millefolium var. arenicola , 138 Achyranthes aspera , 719 A. millefolium var. asplenifolia , 138 Achyrocline satureioides , 23 A. millefolium var. borealis , 138 Acinetobacter A. millefolium var. californica , 138 A. baumannii , 440 A. millefolium var. colliniformis , 138 A. lwoffi i , 154, 452 A. millefolium var. dipetala , 138 Acmella A. millefolium var. dissecta , 138 A. oleracea , 23, 163–172 A. millefolium var. fulva , 138 A. paniculata , 32 A. millefolium var. fusca , 138 A. uliginosa , 32 A. millefolium var. gigantea , 138 Acorus gramineus , aff. Angelica , 271 A. millefolium var. iserana , 138 Acrotriche A. millefolium var. lanata , 138 A. attenuata , 56 A. millefolium var. lanulosa , 138 A. prostrata , 56 A. millefolium var. litoralis , 138 A. serrulata , 56 A. millefolium var. lobata , 138 Actinea odorata , 24 A. millefolium var. maritima , 138 Actinella odorata , 24 A. millefolium var. megacephala , 138 Actinomyces , 794 A. millefolium var. nigrescens , 138–139 A. bovis , 848 A. millefolium var. occidentalis , 139 A. viscosus , 232 A. millefolium var. pacifi ca , 139 Adhatoda vasica , 2 A. millefolium var. parviligula , 139 Adyseton A. millefolium var. parvula , 139 A. halimifolium , 628 A. millefolium var. puberula , 139 A. maritimum , 628 A. millefolium var. rosea , 139 A. orbiculare , 628 A. millefolium var. russeolata , 139 Aedes A. millefolium var. sordida , 139 A. aegypti , 101, 117, 155, 171, 188, 363, 441, 452, A. millefolium var. spathulata , 139 465, 703, 784 A. nabelekii , 139 A. fl uviatilis , 565 A. nigrescens , 139 A. triseriatus , 155 A. occidentalis , 139 Aegle marmelos , 719 A. ochroleuca , 139 Aeromonas A. ossica , 139 A. hominis , 451 A. pacifi ca , 139 A. hydrophila , 440, 463 A. palmeri , 139 A. sobria , 440, 463 A. pannonica , 139, 144 Aeschynomene A. pannonica f. laxa , 139 A. aspera , 59 A. pecten-veneris , 139 A. coccinea , 889 A. pratensis , 139, 142 A. grandifl ora , 889 A. pseudotanitifolia , 139 A. indica , 193 A. ptarmica , 23 A. paludosa , 903 A. puberula , 139 Agapetes variegata , 56 A. pumila , 139 Agati A. rosea , 139 A. coccinea , 889 A. seidlii , 139 A. grandifl ora , 889 A. setacea , 139, 144 Agave , 19 A. sibirica , 23 A. amaniensis , 111 A. sordida , 139 A. americana , 18, 118 A. subalpina , 139 A. americana subsp. americana , 19 A. subhirsuta , 139 A. angustifolia , 18, 19 Scientifi c Index 1079

Agave (cont.) A. akaka , 5 A. atrovirens , 18 A. altaicum , 5 A. attenuata , 18 A. ampeloprasum , 5, 7 A. australis , 732 A. ampeloprasum var. babingtonii , 5 A. cantala , 19 A. angulare , 5 A. chrysantha , 19 A. angulosum , 5 A. complicata , 19 A. ascalonicum , 5 A. crassipina , 19 A. atropurpureum , 5 A. deserti , 19 A. bisceptrum , 5 A. palmeri , 19 A. bodeanum , 5 A. parryi , 19 A. bolanderi , 5 A. , 126 A. brevistylum , 5 A. rigida var. sisalana , 111 A. canadense , 6 A. salmiana , 19 A. canadense var. canadense , 7 A. salmiana subsp. crassipina , 19 A. carinatum , 6 A. segurae , 111 A. carolinianum , 6 A. shawii , 19 A. cepa , 6, 387, 388 A. shrevei , 19 A. cepa var. aggregatum , 6 A. sisalana , 19, 111–119 A. cernuum , 6 A. sisalana f. armata , 111 A. chinense , 6 A. sisalana var. armata , 111 A. condensatum , 6 A. stricta , 19 A. cupani , 6 A. tequilana , 19 A. douglasii , 6 A. tuberosa , 126 A. dregeanum , 6 A. utahensis , 19 A. drummondii , 6 A. vivipara , 19 A. fi stulosum , 6 Ageratum A. fl avum , 6 A. album , 175 A. galanthum , 6 A. arsenei , 175 A. geyeri var. tenerum , 6 A. ciliare , 175 A. giganteum , 6 A. coeruleum , 175 A. grayi , 6 A. conyzoides , 24, 175–194 A. hookeri , 6 A. conyzoides f. obtusifolia , 175 A. kunthii , 6 A. conyzoides var. pilosum , 175 A. kurrat , 6 A. cordifolium , 175 A. ledebourianum , 6 A. hirsutum , 175 A. macleanii , 7 A. hirtum , 175 A. macropetalum , 6, 7 A. humile , 175 A. macrostemon , 7 A. latifolium , 175 A. moly , 7 A. latifolium var. galapageium , 175 A. monanthum , 7 A. meridanum , 175 A. mutabile , 7 A. microcarpum , 175 A. neapolitanum , 7 A. nanum , 175 A. obliquum , 7 A. obtusifolium , 175 A. oleraceum , 7 A. odoratum , 175 A. orientale , 7 A. pinetorum , 175 A. oschaninii , 7 A. suffruticosum , 175 A. paradoxum , 7 Agrobacterium A. pendulinum , 7 A. rhizogenes , 438, 462, 470, 478, 779 A. platycaule , 7 A. tumefaciens , 232, 312, 337 A. porrum , 7, 72 Albizia julibrissin , 59 A. przewalskianum , 7 Alcaligenes A. ramosum , 7 A. faecalis , 440 A. roseum , 7 A. viscolactis , 183 A. rotundum subsp. rotundum , 8 Alitubus A. rubellum , 7 A. millefolium , 139 A. rubrum , 7 A. tomentosus , 139 A. ruhmerianum , 7 Alliaria petiolata , 39 A. sacculiferum , 7 Allium A. sativum , 8, 230 A. acuminatum , 5 A. sativum var. ophioscorodon , 8 A. afl atunense , 5 A. schoenoprasum , 8 1080 Scientifi c Index

A. schoenoprasum subsp. sibiricum , 8 Amblyomma cajennense , 192 A. scorodoprasum , 8 Amblyseius newsami , 193, 194 A. scorodoprasum subsp. rotundum , 8 Ambrosia A. semenovii , 8 A. acanthicarpa , 530 A. senescens , 8 A. artemisiifolia , 530 A. sphaerocephalon , 8 A. trifi da , 530 A. splendens , 8 Amorphophallus sp . , 15 A. stellatum , 8 Anacardium occidentale , 895 A. stipitatum , 8 Anacyclus pyrethraria , 163 A. stracheyi , 8 Anagyris chinensis , 906 A. suaveolens , 8 Anchusa A. subhirsutum , 8 A. azurea , 37 A. textile , 8 A. capensis , 37 A. thunbergii , 8 A. offi cinalis , 37 A. tricoccum , 9 Andrographis paniculata , 828 A. triquetrum , 9 Anemarrhena asphodeloides , 668, 669, 674 A. tuberosum , 9 Anethum graveolens , 10 A. unifolium , 9 Angelica A. ursinum , 9 A. archangelica , 10, 417 A. validum , 9 A. sinensis , 421 A. victorialis , 9 Annona squamosa , 281 A. wallichii , 9 Anodontea halimifolia , 628 A. walteri , 5 Anopheles culicifacies , 171 A . x proliferum , 9 Anopheles stephensi , 101, 131, 171, 188, 235, 441, 465, Alnus 566, 784, 812, 880 A. oregona , 36 Anopheles subpictus , 281, 441, 869 A. rhombifolia , 36 Anthemis A. rubra , 36 A. artemisifolia , 250 A. sinuata , 36 A. frutescens , 201 A. tenuifolia , 36 A. grandifl ora , 250 A. viridis crispa , 6 A. nobile , 24 Aloe A. stipulacea , 250 A. barteri , 20 Anthriscus cerefolium , 10 A. candelabrum , 20 Antigonon leptopus , 289, 290, 438, 439 A. chabaudii , 20 Antirrhinum majus , 635 A. ferox , 20 Aphanostephus pinulensis , 473 A. greatheadii , 20 Aphis gossypii , 192 A. littoralis , 20 Aponogeton distachyos , 15 A. macrocarpa , 20 Arabidopsis lyrata , 39 A. marlothii , 20 Arabis alpina , 39 A. tenuifolia , 20 Arabis lyrata , 39 A. zebrina , 20 Arachis pintoi , 59, 813 Alomia microcarpa , 175 Aralia armata , 15 Alomia pinetorum , 175 Arctium lappa , 24 Alpestris ssp. , 143 Arctium minus , 24 Alternanthera sessilis , 4 Arctostaphylos Alternaria A. glauca , 56 A. alternata , 313, 384 A. manzanita , 56 A. porri , 702 A. nevadensis , 56 Alternaria sp. , 720 A. parryana , 56 Alyssum A. patula , 56 A. maritimum , 628 A. pungens , 56 A. odoratum , 628 A. tomentosa , 56 Amaranthus , 4 Arctotis elegans , 270 A. caudatus , 192 Arenga A. cruentus , 4 A. ambong , 16 A. powelli , 4 A. engleri , 16 A. quitensis , 4 A. pinnata , 16 A. retrofl exus , 192 A. undulatifolia , 16 A. tristis , 719 Argula sp. , 389 A. viridis , 4 Argyranthemum frutescens , 24, 26, 201–203 Scientifi c Index 1081

Aristolochia Astragalus A. bracteata , 18 A. membranaceus , 672 A. indica , 281 A. multiceps , 59 Armoracia rusticana , 39 Astrocaryum mexicanum , 16 Arnebia euchroma , 420 Atopobium , 313 Arnica , 492 Atriplex canescens , 4 Arnica montana , 210, 236 Atriplex sp. , 4 Artemia Avena sativa , 387 A. absinthium , 24 Azadirachta indica , 852, 855, 866 A. franciscana , 452 Azalea indica , 56 A. salina , 247, 311, 452, 795, 812 Azalea oldhamii , 56 A. salina nauplii , 171 Artemisia A. dracunculus , 449 B A. ludoviciana , 24, 313 Babesia canis , 465 A. tridentata , 530 Bacillus , 647 A. vulgaris , 24, 153, 423 B. anthracis , 100, 101, 542 Arthrospira platensis , 528 B. atrophaeus , 116 Asarum canadense , 18 B. brevis , 384 Ascardia galli , 762 B. cereus , 91, 101, 116, 170, 183, 312, 313, 440, 564, Ascaris lumbricoides , 703 612, 672, 690, 759, 780, 795, 810, 811, 827, Asclepias 848, 895 A. asperula , 12 B. licheniformis , 895 A. cordata , 107 B. megaterium , 827 A. curassavica , 719 B. polymyxa , 101 A. galioides , 12 B. pumilus , 810, 811 A. hallii , 12 B. stearothermophilus , 101, 116, 848 A. incarnata , 12 B. subtilis , 83, 84, 100, 101, 170, 183, 232, 260, 313, A. lanceolata , 12 440, 451, 463, 491, 492, 509, 543, 565, 612, A. mexicana , 12 639, 646, 647, 672–673, 702, 720, 721, 749, A. ovalifolia , 12 759, 760, 770, 795, 811, 827, 839, 847–849, A. pallida , 107 864, 865 A. pumila , 12 B. subtilisis , 312 A. purpurascens , 12 Bacteroides , 313 A. quadrifolia , 12 B. fragilis , 672 A. rubra , 12 B. ovatus , 672 A. speciosa , 13 Bactris gasipaes , 17 A. syriaca , 13 Bactrocera cucurbitae , 801 A. tuberosa , 13 Balsamina A. viridifl ora , 13 B. angustifolia , 537 Aspergillus B. balsamina , 537 A. candidus , 647 B. coccinea , 537 A. effusus , 811 B. cornuta , 537 A. fl avus , 84, 154, 183, 313, 647, 702, 810, B. foeminea , 537 827, 846, 847, 849 B. hortensis , 537 A. fumigatus , 154, 183, 827, 846, 847 B. lacca , 537 A. nidulans , 156 B. minutifl ora , 537 A. niger , 100, 101, 154, 170, 183, 209, 232, 260, B. mollis , 537 312, 313, 337, 360, 413, 452, 529, 542, B. odorata , 537 639, 647, 702, 721, 749, 759, 781, 795, B. racemosa , 537 810, 839, 847, 848 Balsamita major , 24 A. ochraceus , 313 Balsamorhiza A. oryzae , 640, 702 B. deltoidea , 24 A. parasiticus , 84, 170, 183, 412, 422, 849 B. sagittata , 24 A. terreus , 640 Banksia Aspidistra sutepensis , 20 B. speciosa , 712 Aspilia rudis , 567 B. speciosus , 712 Aster bellis , 204 Barbarea Aster kantoensis , 24 B. orthoceras , 39 Aster koraiensis , 24 B. vulgaris , 39 1082 Scientifi c Index

Barringtonia racemosa , 895 B. perennis , 24, 204–211 Basella B. perennis f. discoidea , 204 B. alba , 35 B. perennis f. plena , 204 B. rubra , 35 B. perennis f. pumila , 204 Bauhinia B. perennis f. rhodoglossa , 204 B. acuminata , 60 B. perennis f. tubulosa , 204 B. candida , 754 B. perennis subsp. hybrida , 204 B. carronii , 60 B. perennis var. caulescens , 204 B. castrata , 743 B. perennis var. fagetorum , 204 B. coromandeliana , 743 B. perennis var. hybrida , 204 B. decora , 754 B. perennis var. margaritifolia , 204 B. hookeri , 60 B. perennis var. microcephala , 204 B. malabarica , 60 B. perennis var. pusilla , 204 B. platyphylla , 743 B. perennis var. strobliana , 204 B. purpurea , 60, 203, 743–752, 757, 763 B. perennis var. subcaulescens , 204 B. purpurea var. corneri , 743 B. perennis var. tubulosa , 204 B. purpurea var. violacea , 743 B. pumila , 204 B. racemosa , 60, 746 B. pusilla , 204 B. retusa , 60 B. scaposa , 204 B. rosea , 743 B. validula , 204 B. semla , 60 Beloperone californica , 2 B. triandra , 743 Benincasa hispida , 53 B. vahlii , 746 Berberis B. variegata , 60, 754–763 B. aquifolium , 35 B. variegata var. albofl ava , 754 B. aristata , 35, 648 B. variegata var. candida , 754 B. canadensis , 35 B. variegata var. chinensis , 754 Berlandiera lyrata , 25 B. violacea , 743 Betula Begonia B. glandulosa , 36 B. boliviensis , 35, 556 B. kenaica , 36 B. cucullata , 35 B. nana , 36 B. cucullata var. hookeri , 35, 551 B. occidentalis , 36 B. cucullifolia , 551–555 B. papyrifera , 36 B. davisi , 556 B. pendula , 36 B. dispar , 551 B. pubescens , 36 B. elatior , 35, 552, 553 Bidens , 290 B. hookeri , 551 B. alba , 25 B. nervosa , 551 B. artemisiifolia , 287 B. paludicola , 551 B. artemisiifolia f. grandifl ora , 287 B. pearcei , 556 B. artemisiifolia f. parvifl ora , 287 B. sellowii , 551 B. artemisiifolia f. rubra , 287 B. semperfl orens , 35, 551, 553, 554 B. artemisiifolia subsp. intermedia , 287 B. semperfl orens ( Begonia cucullata ) , 552 B. artemisiifolia var. rubra , 287 B. semperfl orens f. fl avescens , 551 B. bardanna , 270 B. semperfl orens var. sellowii , 551 B. bigelovii , 25 B. setaria , 551 B. cervantesii , 329 B. tuberosea , 556 B. coccinea , 329 B. veitchii , 556 B. fervida , 163 B. x tuberhybrida , 556–558 B. fusca , 163 B. x tuberhybrida , 35 B. marginata , 270 B. x tuberhybrida var. grandifl ora , 556 B. pilosa , 192, 193 Bellis B. sulfurea , 287 B. alpina , 204 B. variabilis , 33 B. armena , 204 B i fi dobacterium bifi dum , 313 B. croatica , 204 Bignonia tulipifera , 559 B. hortensis , 204 Biomphalaria glabrata , 567 B. hybrida , 204 Bipolaris oryzae , 78 B. integrifolia , 204 Blainvillea acmella , 32 B. margaritifolia , 204 Blastomyces dermatitidis , 847 B. minor , 204 Blepharis maderaspatensis , 719 Scientifi c Index 1083

Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus , 55 B. oleracea var. botrytis , 39, 571, 617 Bombax morifolium , 103 B. oleracea var. botrytis f. botrytis , 571 Boophilus microplus , 814 B. oleracea var. botrytis subvar. cymosa , 594 Borago offi cinalis , 38 B. oleracea var. italica , 41, 617 Borassus aethiopum , 16 B. oleracea var. palmifolia , 40 Borassus fl abellifer , 16 B. oleracea var. viridis , 41 Boscia albitrunca , 48 B. parachinensis , 41 Boswellia serrata , 45 B. pekinensis , 41 Botryanthus B. perviridis , 41 B. atlanticus , 122 B. rapa , 39, 41, 42 B. breviscapus , 122 B. rapa (Caisin Group) , 41 B. granatensis , 122 B. rapa (Nipposinica Group) , 41 B. lelievrii var. strangwaysii , 122 B. rapa Ruvo Group , 41 B. mandraliscae , 122 B. rapa Sarson Group , 41 B. mordoanus , 122 B. rapa subsp. chinensis , 42 B. neglectus , 122 B. rapa var. campestris , 41 B. neglectus var. speciosa , 122 B. rapa var. nipposinica , 41 B. odorus , 122 B. rapa var. parachinensis , 41, 42 B. racemosus , 122 B. rapa var. purpurea , 42 B. saulii , 122 B. rapa var. rosularis , 42 B. speciosus , 122 Brauneria purpurea , 340 B. strangwaysii , 122 Brevibacterium leuteum , 895 B. vulgaris var. strangwaysii , 122 Brevipalpus phoenicis , 194 Botryosphaeria dothidea , 85 Bromelia Botrytis cinerea , 85, 465, 720 B. karatas , 44 Bougainvillea glabra , 289, 290, 438, 439 B. pinguin , 44 , 42, 575–577, 579, 580, 585, 587, 588, 600, Bulinus africanus , 567 604, 606, 607, 610, 611, 616 Bungarus B. alboglabra , 39 B. candidus , 827 B. botrytis subsp. botrytis , 571 B. fasciatus , 827 B. botrytis subsp. italica , 594 Bunias orientalis , 42 B. botrytis var. caulifl ora , 571 , 10 B. campestris , 39 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , 444 B. carinata , 39 Byrsonima crassifolia , 811 B. caulifl ora subsp. abortiva , 571 B. caulifl ora subsp. simplex , 594 B. chinensis , 39 C B. cretica , 39 Cacalia mentrasto , 175 B. cretica subsp. botrytis var. caulifl ora , 571 Caelestina latifolia , 175 B. juncea , 40 Caelestina microcarpa , 175 B. juncea subsp. juncea , 39, 40 Caesalpinia B. juncea var. crispifolia , 39 C. gillesii , 60 B. juncea var. foliosa , 39 C. gilliesii , 203 B. juncea var. multiceps , 40 C. pulcherrima , 60, 766–771 B. juncea var. napiformis , 40 C. pulcherrima var. fl ava , 766 B. juncea var. rugosa , 40 Cakile B. juncea var. tumida , 40 C. edentula , 42 B. napus , 40 C. maritima , 42 B. nigra , 40 Calandula offi cinalis , 214–230 B. oleracea , 39–41, 571–589, 595, 597 Calceolaria , 72 B. oleracea (Botrytis Group) , 571, 617 Calea urticifolia , 482 B. oleracea (Broccoli Group) , 617 Calendula B. oleracea (Caulifl ower Group) , 617 C. arvensis , 25, 233 B. oleracea (Italica Group) , 589, 594, 617 C. aurantiaca , 213 B. oleracea convar. botrytis , 571 C. eriocarpa , 213 B. oleracea italica , 594 C. fl ores , 230 B. oleracea italica x alboglabra , 624–626 C. hydruntina , 213 B. oleracea subsp. oleracea convar. botrytis var. C. micrantha offi cinalis , 235 botrytis , 571 C. offi cinalis , 25, 213, 231–237, 260, 409, 412, 720 B. oleracea var. asparagoides , 41, 594 C. offi cinalis var. prolifera, 213 1084 Scientifi c Index

C. prolifera , 213 588, 612, 647, 672, 702, 749, 759, 770, 795, C. sinuata var. aurantiaca , 213 810, 839, 846–849, 880 C. x santamariae , 213 C. glabrata , 880 Calliandra calothyrsus , 812 C. guillermondii , 154 Callistemon sp. , 60 C. guilliermondii , 489, 880 Calloselasma rhodostoma , 827 C. humicola , 91, 101 Callosobruchus maculatus , 191 C. kefyr , 359 Calluna vulgaris , 56 C. krusei , 154, 412, 880 Calonyction C. lusitaniae , 312 C. aculeatum , 52, 708 C. parapsilosis , 154, 880 C. aculeatum var. lobatum , 708 C. shehata , 359 C. album , 52, 708 C. steatulytica , 359 C. bona-nox , 708 C. tropicalis , 154, 232, 359, 509, 672, 880 C. bona-nox var. lobatum , 708 Capnodium citri , 193 C. pulcherrimum , 708 Capparis C. speciosum , 708 C. arborea , 48 Calophyllum C. decidua , 48 C. brasiliense , 314 C. mariana , 48 C. inophyllum , 647, 648 C. ovata , 48 C. nagassarium , 641 C. sarmentosa , 48 Calotropis gigantea , 702 C. sepiaria , 48 Caltha offi cinalis , 213 C. spinosa , 48 Calyptronoma C. spinosa var.mariana , 48 C. dulcis , 16 C. velutina , 48 C. plumeriana , 16 Caprifolium Camomilla defl exa , 397 C. chinense , 656 Campanula C. confusum , 653 C. alliariifolia , 46 C. hallianum , 656 C. carpatica , 46 C. japonicum , 656 C. carpatica var. turbinata , 46 C. roseum , 656 C. cochleariifolia , 46 Caragana C. fenestrellata , 46 C. ambigua , 61 C. garganica , 46 C. sinica , 61 C. glomerata , 46 Cardamine C. grandis subsp. grandis , 46 C. heptaphylla , 42 C. lactifl ora , 46 C. hirsuta , 42 C. latifolia , 46 C. kitaibelii , 42 C. latiloba , 46 C. pentaphyllos , 42 C. medium , 46 C. pratensis , 42 C. persicifolia , 47 Carduus C. portenschlagiana , 47 C. cardunculus , 291 C. poscharskyana , 47 C. cynara , 291 C. punctata , 47 C. nutans , 25 C. punctata var. punctata , 47 C. scolymus , 291 C. pyramidalis , 47 Carelia conyzoides , 175 C. takesimana , 47 Carica papaya , 50 C. versicolor , 47 Carlina Campylobacter C. acanthifolia , 25 C. coli , 313 C. acaulis , 25 C. jejuni , 232, 313, 412 C. vulgaris , 25 Canavalia Carpobrotus C. ensiformis , 60, 914 C. deliciosus , 4 C. gladiata , 61 C. edulis , 4 C. maritima , 61 C. glaucescens , 4 C. rosea , 61 Carthamus tinctorius , 25, 216, 229, 260 Candida , 190, 313 Carum carvi , 10, 417, 510 C. albicans , 83, 84, 91, 100, 101, 116, 154, 183, 209, Caryophyllus barbatus , 681 232, 260, 277, 312, 313, 353, 354, 357, 359, Caryophyllus tunica , 684 360, 412, 452, 464, 465, 509, 540, 542, 565, Caryota urens , 16 Scientifi c Index 1085

Caspareopsis purpurea , 743 C. rhizocephala , 245 Cassia C. segetalis , 245 C. alata , 841, 844–853, 856 C. umbrosa , 245 C. alata var. perennis , 841 Centaurium umbellatum , 529 C. alata var . rumphiana , 841 Centranthus macrosiphon , 49 C. arayatensis , 873, 886 Centrosema latidens , 813 C. arborea , 873 Ceratapion basicorne , 247 C. auriculata , 61, 281, 860, 862–869 Ceratocystis ulmi , 211 C. bracteata , 841 Cercis C. densistipulata , 860 C. occidentalis , 62 C. exalta , 886 C. siliquastrum , 62 C. fi stula , 61, 203, 847, 853 Cercis canadensis , 62 C. fl orida , 873 Ceretanum, subsp. , 143 C. garrettiana , 61 Cereus C. gigantea , 873 C. latifrons , 638 C. goensis , 886 C. oxypetalus , 638 C. herpetica , 841 Cerinthodes C. hookeriana , 61 C. oblongifolia , 38 C. latopetiolata , 61 C. paniculatum , 38 C. montana , 886 Chamaedorea C. occidentalis , 61, 171 C. costaricana , 16 C. podocarpa , 846 C. elegans , 16, 17 C. rumphiana , 841 C. graminifolia , 16 C. senna , 203 C. tepejilote , 17 C. siamea , 873, 875–880 Chamaefi stula gigantea , 873 C. sophera , 62 Chamaemelum C. sumatrana , 873 C. millefolium , 139 C. timoriensis , 62, 886, 887 C. nobile , 24, 26 C. tomentosa , 62 C. parthenium , 473 C. tora , 276, 847 C. suaveolens , 397 Castanopsis C. tanacetifolium , 139 C. hystrix , 69 C. tanacetum , 501 C. purpurella subsp. purpurella , 69 C. tomentosum , 139 Castela tortuosa , 442 C.vulgare , 397 Castilla elastica , 710 Chamomilla Catalpa C. aurea , 26 C. bungei , 36 C. chamomilla , 397 C. kaempferi , 36 C. courrantiana , 397 C. ovata , 36 C.offi cinalis , 397 Caulerpa scalpelliformis , 880 C. patens , 397 Caulifl ower , 611, 617 C. recutita , 26, 397, 400 Celastrus C. recutita subsp. bayeri , 397 C, dependens , 51 C. vulgaris , 397 C. paniculatus , 51 Cheilocostus speciosus , 53, 712–722 C. paniculatus subsp. multifl orus , 51 Cheiranthus Celosia C. albus , 633 C. argentea , 4 C. annuus , 633 C. argentea var. cristata , 4 C. coccineus , 633 C. cristata , 4 C. fenestralis , 633 Centaurea C. graecus , 633 C. concinna , 245 C. hortensis , 633 C. cyaneum , 245 C. incanus , 633 C. cyanus , 25, 245–248 C. viridis , 633 C. cyanus var. denudata , 245 Chelidonium majus , 417 C. hoffmanniana , 245 Chenopodium C. lanata , 245 C. album , 4 C. nigra , 26 C. bonus-henricus , 5 C. pulcherrima , 245 C. cornutum , 5 C. pulchra , 245 C. fi cifolium , 5 1086 Scientifi c Index

C. nuttalliae , 5 C. vulgare , 26, 501, 504 C. quinoa , 5 C. vulgare var. boreale , 501 Chilo partellus , 191 C. zawadskii , 265 Chilopsis linearis , 36 Chrysocoma maculata , 175 Chimonanthus praecox , 46 Chrysothamnus confi nis , 27 Chirocalyx Cicer arietinum , 390 C. candolleanus , 788 Cichorium intybus , 27, 529 C. divaricatus , 788 Cinnamomum C. indicus , 788 C. cassia , 279 C. pictus , 788 C. wightii , 649 Chondrilla taraxacum , 516 Cirsium Choristoneura rosaceana , 512 C. arvense , 27 Chromolaena odorata , 191 C. eriophorum , 27 Chrozophora plicata , 57 C. oligophyllum , 27 Chrysanthemum , 28 C. palustre , 27 C. asiaticum , 501 C. tanakae , 27 C. boreale , 501 C. vulgare , 27 C. chamomilla , 397 Citrobacter divergens , 827 C. chanetii , 265 Cladosporium C. coronarium , 26, 27 C. cladosporioides , 183, 720 C. dichrum , 265 C. cucumerinum , 312, 810 C. fl oridum , 201 C. herbarum , 564 C. foliosum , 201 Clarkia breweri , 687 C. frutescens , 26, 201, 203 Clavibacter michiganensis , 85 C. fruticosum , 201 Cleome C. hortorum , 250 C. gynandra , 51 C. indicum , 26, 261, 263–265, 270, 272–273, C. gynandropsis , 183 276–283 C. integrifolia , 51 C. indicum var. albescens , 270 C. monophylla , 51 C. indicum var. hiberinumj , 270 C. serrulata , 51 C. indicum var. indicum , 270 Clerodendron inerme , 422 C. indicum var . tuneful , 275 Clianthus puniceus , 62 C. japonicum , 270 Clistoyucca brevifolia , 20 C. japonicum var. japonicum , 270 Clitorea C. koraiense , 270 C. ternatea , 62 C. lavandulifolium , 265 Clitoria C. lavandulifolium var . aromaticum , 265 C. albifl ora , 773 C. leucanthum , 26 C. bracteata , 773 C. maximoviczianum , 250 C. coelestris , 773 C. maximoviczianum var. maximoviczianum , 250 C. parvifl ora , 773 C. mongolicum , 265 C. philippensis , 773 C. morifolium , 26, 27, 103, 216, 229, 250–265, 279, C. pilosula , 773 281–283 C. ternatea , 773–784 C. morifolium var. genuinum , 250 C. ternatea var. pilosula , 773 C. morifolium var. morifolium , 250 C. ternatensium , 773 C. morifolium var. sinense , 250 Clostridium C. nankingense , 265 C. diffi cile , 672 C. parthenium , 26, 473, 475 C. perfringens , 154, 672 C. procumbens , 250, 270 C. sporogenes , 101 C. purpureum , 270 C. sticklandii , 939 C. sabini , 250 Clypeola halimifolia , 628 C. sinense , 27, 250 Cnicus C. sinense var. hortense , 250 C. benedictus , 27 C. sinense var. sinense , 250 C. communis , 291 C. spatiosum , 27 Cochlearia anglica , 42 C. stipulaceum , 250 Cochlospermum C. suaveolens , 397 C. fraseri , 37 C. tripartitum , 270 C. planchonii , 852, 855 C. vestitum , 265 Cochylis hospes , 380 Scientifi c Index 1087

Cocos nucifera , 17, 853 C. sulphureus var. exaristatus , 287 Cogswellia nudicaulis , 10 C. sulphureus var. hirsuticaulis , 287 wrightii , 44 Costus , 53, 727, 729 Cola nitida , 567 C. barbatus , 53, 726–727 Colletotrichum C. claviger , 728 C. acutatum , 741 C. erythrophyllus , 53, 728–729 C. gloeosporioides , 131, 193, 720, 781 C. formosanus , 712 C. lindemuthianum , 452, 780 C. productus , 53, 730–731 Collinia elegans , 17 C. sericeus , 712 Combretum C. speciosus , 712–715, 717–722 C. grandifl orum , 52 C. speciosus var. hirsutus , 712 C. indicum , 698–705 C. speciosus var. leocalyx , 712 C. paniculatum , 52 C. spicatus var. pubescens , 712 C. platypterum , 52 Cotesia plutellae , 722 Commelina Cotula pyrethraria , 163 C. africana , 52 Courrantia chamomilloides , 397 C. communis , 52 Coxiella burnetii , 465 C. cyanea , 52 Crambe C. diffusa , 563, 564, 567 C. maritima , 42 Convallaria C. orientalis , 42 C. keiskei , 20 Crateva C. majalis , 20 C. adansonii , 49 Convolvulus C. magna , 49 C. aculeatus , 708 C. religiosa , 49 C. aculeatus var. bona-nox , 708 Crepis taraxacum , 516 C. bonanox , 708 Crinum angustifolium , 126 C. pulcherrimus , 708 maritimum , 10 Copernicia Crocus sativus , 457 C. cerifera , 17 Crotalaria C. prunifera , 17 C. glauca , 62 Coprinus cinereus , 118 C. juncea , 28 Coptotermes curvignathus , 840 C. longirostrata , 62 Corallodendron C. ochroleuca , 62 C. divaricatum , 788 Croton corymbulosus , 58 C. orientale , 788 Croton pottsii var. pottsii , 58 C. spathaceum , 788 Cryptococcus neoformans , 154, 183, 360 Cordia Cryptococcus sp. , 209, 846, 850 C. dichotoma , 38 C. myxa , 38 C. canadensis , 10 Coreopsis , 290 C. japonica , 10 C. artemisifolia , 287 Cucumis C. crassifolia , 333 C. melo , 521 C. georgina , 333 C. sativus , 192 Coriandrum sativum , 10 Cucurbita , 54 Coronilla C. argyrosperma , 53, 54 C. coccinea , 889 C. fi licifolia , 53 C. grandifl ora , 889 C. foetidissima , 53 Corynebacterium , 464 C. maxima , 54 C. diphtheriae , 170 C. mixta , 54 C. pseudodiphthericum , 100 C. moschata , 54 C. pyogenes , 101 C. pepo , 54 Corypha utan , 17 Culex Coscinium fenestratum , 828 C. pipiens , 691 Cosmea C. quinquefasciatus , 117, 131, 171, 188, 441, 465, C. sulphurea , 287 784, 880 Cosmos C. tritaeniorhynchus , 281, 441, 869 C. artemisiifolius , 287 Curcuma C. aurantiacus , 287 C. longa , 306, 530, 828 C. bipinnatus , 27, 216, 229, 260 C. wenyujin , 276–278 C. sulphureus , 28, 287–290, 438, 439 Curvularia lunata , 721 1088 Scientifi c Index

Curvularia sp. , 720 D. juarezii , 28 Cyanus D. lutea , 329 C. arvensis , 245 D. nana , 333 C. cyanus , 245 D. pinnata , 28, 331, 333–337 C. dentatofolius , 245 D. pinnata var. cervantesii , 329 C. vulgaris , 245 D. pinnata var. coccinea , 329, 331 Cycas siamensis , 55 D. pinnata var. gracilis , 329 Cylichnanthus barbatus , 681 D. pinnata var. nana , 333 Cylindrocladium spathulatum , 740 D. pinnata var. variabilis , 333 citratus , 454 D. popenovii , 329 Cynanchum odoratissimum , 107 D. purpurea , 333 Cynara D. purpurea var. fl avescens , 333 C. cardunculus , 28, 291–320 D. purpurea var. lilacina , 333 C. cardunculus subsp. fl avescens , 28, 292 D. purpurea var. pallida , 333 C. cardunculus subsp. scolymus , 302 D. purpurea var. rubra , 333 C. cardunculus var. altilis , 291, 292 D. pusilla , 333 C. cardunculus var. elata , 291 D. rosea , 28, 333 C. cardunculus var. ferocissima , 291 D. royleana , 333 C. cardunculus var. inermis , 291 D. sambucifolia , 333 C. cardunculus var. sativa , 292 D. sherffi i , 331 C. cardunculus var. scolymus , 291, 292, 300 D. sphondyliifolia , 333 C. cardunculus var. sylvestris , 291, 292, 300 D. superfl ua , 333 C. corsica , 291 D. variabilis , 330, 333, 335, 336 C. ferox , 291 D. x hortensis , 333 C. horrida , 291 Dasylirion C. humilis , 28 D. texanum , 20 C. scolymus , 28, 297, 299, 300, 303, 304, D. wheeleri , 20 306, 307, 309–314, 316, 317, Dasynus piperis , 191 320, 530 Datura stramonium , 388 C. spinosissima , 291 Daucus carota , 10 C. sylvestris , 291 Dendranthema Cynodon dactylon , 719 D. grandifl orum , 28, 250 Cynthia carye , 188 D. indicum , 28, 270 Cyperus difformis , 193 D. lavandulifolium var. tomentellum , 501 Cytisus scoparius , 62, 66 D. morifolium , 29, 250 D. parthenium , 473 D. sinensis , 250 D D. vestitum , 28 Dacus dorsalis , 705 Dermatophilus congolensis , 848 Dahlia , 28 Diabrotica virgifera virgifera , 390 D. acutifl ora , 329 Diachasmimorpha longicaudata , 631 D. astrantiaefl ora , 333 Dianthus , 51 D. australis , 331 D. acinifolius , 684 D. bidentifolia , 329 D. aggregatus , 681 D. cervantesii , 329 D. amurensis , 694 D. chisholmi , 329 D. arbuscula , 684 D. coccinea , 28, 329–331, 335–337 D. arrectus , 684 D. coccinea var. gentryii , 329 D. barbatus , 50, 681–683 D. coccinea var. palmeri , 329 D. barbatus var. asiaticus , 683 D. coccinea var. steyermarkii , 329 D. barbatus var. barbatus. , 683 D. coronata , 329 D. binatus , 684 D. crocata , 329 D. caryophyllus , 50, 684–692 D. crocea , 329 D. caryophyllus var. coronarius , 684 D. crocea var. coccinea , 329 D. chinensis , 50, 694–697 D. crocea var. fl ava , 329 D. chinensis f. ignescens , 694 D. frustranea , 329 D. chinensis subsp. versicolor , 694 D. gentryi , 329 D. chinensis var. amurensis , 694 D. gracilis , 329 D. chinensis var. dentosus , 694 D. hybrid , 333 D. chinensis var. ignescens , 694 D. jaurezii , 329 D. chinensis var. jingpoensis , 694 Scientifi c Index 1089

Dianthus (cont.) D. spathacea , 36 D. chinensis var. liaotungensis , 694, 697 D. stipulata , 37 D. chinensis var. longisquama , 694 Dolichos D. chinensis var. macrosepalus , 694 D. arborescens , 889 D. chinensis var. morii , 694 D. bifl orus , 281 D. chinensis var. subulifolius , 694 D. kilimandscharicus subsp. kilimandscharicus , 63 D. chinensis var. sylvaticus , 694 D. lablab , 62 D. chinensis var. trinervis , 694 D. malosanus , 63 D. chinensis var. versicolor , 694, 697 Doryanthes excelsa , 55, 732–734 D. coronarius , 684 Draba maritima , 628 D. corsicus , 684 Drechslera longirostrata , 715 D. corymbosus , 681 Dregea volubilis , 13, 14 D. deltoides , 50 Drosophila melanogaster , 191, 409 D. dentosus , 694 Dysdercus D. fi scheri , 694 D. cingulatus , 191 D. girardini , 681 D. fl avidus , 191 D. hispanicus , 681 D. kayserianus , 684 D. latifolius , 681 E D. longicaulis , 684 Echinacea , 236 D. miniatus , 684 E. angustifolia , 342, 346, 350–354, 360, 365 D. morii , 694 E. intermedia , 340 D. morrsii , 684 E. pallida , 345, 346, 350–352, 354, 360, 365 D. moschatus , 684 E. paradoxa , 354 D. multinervis , 684 E. purpurea , 29, 233, 340–360, 365 D. plumarius , 50 E. purpurea f. liggettii , 340 D. pulcherrimus , 681 E. purpurea var. arkansana , 340 D. sequieri , 694 E. purpurea var. serotina , 340 D. splendidissimus , 681 E. sanguinea , 354 D. subulifolius , 694 E. serotina , 340 D. subulifolius f. leucopetalus , 694 E. simulata , 354 D. superbus , 51 E. speciosa , 340 D. versicolor , 694 E. tennesseensis , 354 D. versicolor f. leucopetalus , 694 Echinochloa crusgalli var. formosensis , 193 D. versicolor var. subulifolius , 694 Echis carinatus , 827 Diaphania hyalinata , 191, 192 Echium vulgare , 38 Dichelostemma Ehrlichia canis , 465 D. congestum , 21 Eimeria tenella , 188, 705 D. pulchellum , 21 Eisenia foetida , 868 Dichopogon Eleutherococcus D. fi mbriatus , 9, 21 E. gracilistylus , 15 D. strictus , 10, 21 E. nodifl orus , 15 Dicoria E. senticosus , 354 D.brandegeei , 29 Elsinoe fawcettii , 193 D. canescens , 29 Emblica offi cinalis , 648 Digitaria sanguinalis , 192, 193 Emerus grandifl orus , 889 Dillenia Emilia sonchifolia , 29, 185 D. indica , 55 Enterobacter D. pentagyna , 55, 649 E. aerogenes , 337, 452, 492, 672 D. philippinensis , 55 E. agglomerans , 452 D. serrata , 55 E. alcalifaciens , 451 Dione juno juno , 192 E. cloacae , 84 Dioscorea pentaphylla , 55 E. faecalis , 100, 810, 811 Diphysa carthagenensis , 62 Enterococcus Diphysa robinioides , 62 E. faecalis , 100, 116, 440, 463, 864 Diplotaxis muralis , 43 E. faecium , 440, 564, 811 Dipterocarpus obtusifolius , 55 Epidermophyton fl occosum , 154, 183, 463, 721, 810, Ditylenchus dipsaci , 952 811, 848–850 Dolichandrone Epigaea repens , 57 D. rheedii , 36 Epiphyllum D. serrulata , 36 E. acuminatum , 638 1090 Scientifi c Index

E. grande , 638 795, 810, 811, 827, 839, 846, 848, 849, 864, E. latifrons , 638 865, 867, 895 E. oxypetalum , 45, 638–640 Etheiranthus jacquinii , 122 E. oxypetalum var. purpusii , 638 Etlingera elatior , 895 E. purpusii , 638 Eubacterium ramulus , 942 Erechtites Eubotrys odorata , 122 E. hieracifolia , 29 Eucalyptus , 72 E. valerianifolia , 29 Eucalyptus citriodora , 454 Eremothecium ashbyi , 384 Eugeissona utilis , 17 Erica cerinthoides , 56 Eugenia unifl ora , 413 Ericameria nauseosa subsp. consimilis , 27 Euonymus japonicus , 203 Erigeron perennis , 204 Eupatorium Eruca E. conyzoides , 175 E. sativa , 43 E. lindleyana , 271 E. vesicaria , 43 E. paleaceum , 175 E. vesicaria var. sativa , 43 E. paucifl orum , 194 Ervatamia coronaria , 826 Euphorbia Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae , 440 E. hirta , 58 Erysiphe cichoracearum , 192 E. pulcherrima , 58 Erythrina , 72 E. tetragona , 58 E. alba , 788 Eutrema E. americana , 63 E. japonicum , 43 E. berteroana , 63 E. wasabi , 43 E. boninensis , 788 E. carnea , 788 E. corallodendron , 788, 797 F E. corallodendron var. orientalis , 788 Fagus grandifolia , 69 E. corallodendrum , 788 Faurea , 72 E. divaricata , 788 Fernaldia pandurata , 13 E. fl abelliformis , 63 Ferocactus E. fusca , 63 F. acanthodes , 45 E. glauca , 63 F. viridescens , 45 E. herbacea , 63 F. wislizenii , 45 E. humeana , 788 Ferula assa-foetida , 10 E. indica , 788, 799, 801 Flavobacterium devorans , 895 E. indica var. alba , 788 Foeniculum vulgare , 11, 231, 412 E. indica var. fastigiata , 788 Fonsecaea pedrosoi , 101, 830 E. lithosperma , 788 Frankliniella occidentalis , 257 E. lobulata , 788 Furcraea australis , 732 E. loureiri , 788 Fusarium , 542 E. marmorata , 788 F. graminearum , 413, 422 E. mysorensis , 788 F. moniliforme , 170, 452, 465 E. orientalis , 788 F. oxysporum , 85, 170, 337, 439, 463, 740, 741, 849 E. parcellii , 788 F. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi , 691, 692 E. phlebocarpa , 788 F. oxysporum var. lycopersici , 848 E. picta , 788 F. solani , 192, 193, 780, 811 E. rostrata , 788 F. solani var. lycopersici , 848 E. rubrinervia , 63 F. sporotrichum , 452 E. spathacea , 788 F. tricinctum , 313 E. variegata , 63, 788–801 Fusarium conglutinans , 462 E. variegata f. alba , 788 Fusobacterium nucleatum , 277 E. variegata f. marmorata , 788 E. variegata f. mysorensis , 788 E. variegata f. orientalis , 788 G E. variegata f. parcellii , 788 Gaillardia , 492 E. variegata f. picta , 788 Galactites tomentosa , 29 E. variegata var. orientalis , 788 Galedupa pungam , 806 Escherichia coli , 84, 100, 101, 116, 183, 184, 232, 260, Galinsoga parvifl ora , 29 277, 312, 313, 337, 440, 451, 452, 463, 491, Garcinia atroviridis , 895 509, 542, 564, 565, 587, 588, 639, 647, 672, Gaultheria appressa , 56 690, 702, 720, 740, 749, 759, 760, 770, 780, Gaultheria viridicarpa , 56 Scientifi c Index 1091

Gelala alba , 788 H. annuus subsp . lenticularis , 372 Gelala litorea , 788 H. annuus subsp. texanus , 372 Georgia H. annuus var. lenticularis , 372 G. superfl ua , 333 H. annuus var. macrocarpus , 372 G. superfl ua var. fl avescens , 333 H. annuus var. texanus , 372 G. superfl ua var. lilacina , 333 H. aridus , 372 G. superfl ua var. pallida , 333 H. cultus , 372 G. superfl ua var. purpurea , 333 H. erythrocarpus , 372 G. superfl ua var. rubra , 333 H. indicus , 372 G. variabilis , 333 H. jaegeri , 372 Georgina astrantiaefl ota , 333 H. lenticularis , 372 Georgina cervantesii , 329 H. macrocarpus , 372 Georgina coccinea , 329 H. multifl orus , 372 Georgina coccinea var. crocea , 329 H. ovatus , 372 Georgina coccinea var. fl ava , 329 H. platycephalus , 372 Georgina crocata , 329 H. pumilus , 372 Georgina frustranea , 329 H. tubaeformis , 372 Georgina frustranea var. coccinea , 329 H. tuberosus , 29 Georgina frustranea var. crocea , 329 Helichroa purpurea , 340 Georgina frustranea var. fl ava , 329 Helichrysum italicum , 30 Georgina purpurea , 333 Helicobacter pylori, 84, 183, 231, 412, 418, 540, 542, Georgina rosea , 333 612, 613, 916 Georgina variabilis , 333 Helicoverpa armigera , 437, 779 Ginkgo biloba , 418 Helicoverpa zea , 171 Gliricidia Heligmosomoides G. lambii , 806 H. bakeri , 192 G. maculata , 806 H. polygyrus , 235 G. maculata var. multijuga , 806 Heliopsis longipes , 166, 170 G. sepium , 63, 806–814 Hellenia grandifl ora , 712 Glomus Helminthosporium oryzae , 849 G. claroideum , 954 Heracleum G. intraradices , 954 H. lanatum , 11 Glyce maritima , 628 H. maximum , 11 Glycine violacea , 817 H. sphondylium subsp. montanum , 11 Glycyrrhiza Herpetica alata , 841 G. glabra , 417 Hesperis G. uralensis , 259 H. fenestralis , 633 Guilielma gasipaes , 17 H. incana , 633 Gundelia tournefortii , 29 H. matronalis , 43 Gymnema sylvestere , 440 Hesperoyucca whipplei , 21, 23 Gynura nepalensis , 29 Heterodera zeae , 466 Heterometrus laoticus , 648 Heterophragma adenophyllum , 37 H Hibiscus cannabinus , 113 Haemaphysalis bispinosa , 869 Hipericum perforatum , 231 Haemonchus contortus , 116, 154, 442, 812, Holarrhena antidysenterica , 648 851–852 Holostemma rheedii , 13 Haemophilus infl uenzae , 357 Hordeum vulgare , 387 Halococcus Hoslundia opposita , 564 H. morrhuae , 170 Hosta sp. , 21 H. turkmenicus , 170 Hoya viridfl ora , 13 Hamatocactus hamatacanthus , 45 Humulus lupulus , 48, 936 Haplophragma adenophyllum , 37 Hyacinthus Hardenbergia monophylla , 817 H. juncifolius , 122 Hardenbergia violacea , 63, 817–819 H. neglectus , 122 Hedera helix , 233 H. racemosus , 122 Helianthus Hydrellia sp. , 814 H. annuus , 29, 216, 229, 260, 372–390 Hylastinus obscures , 931 H. annuus subsp. jaegeri , 372 Hylocereus 1092 Scientifi c Index

H. lemairei , 45 Kennedia monphylla , 817 H. megalanthus , 45 Kennedia prostrata , 64 H. polyrhizus , 45 Klebsiella , 810 H. undatus , 45 K. aerogenes , 183 Hymenolepis diminuta , 852 K. pneumoniae , 84, 100, 101, 232, 440, 452, 463, Hypericum perforatum , 230, 352, 354 564, 639, 690, 702, 720, 759, 760, 780, Hyphaene petersiana , 17 810–811, 827, 848, 865, 895 Kleinia quadricolor , 698 Koniga maritima , 628 I Krameria , 72 Iberis amara , 417 Kraunhia fl oribunda , 64 Impatiens Kummerowia striata , 260 I. balsamina , 35, 537–543 Kunth var. gasipaes , 17 I. cornuta , 537 I. cuata , 537 I. episcopi , 548 L I. eriocarpa , 537 Lablab purpureus , 62, 64 I. giorgii , 548 Lactobacillus , 794 I. holstii , 72, 548 L. acidophilus , 896 I. lobbiana , 537 L. arabinosus , 647 I. longifolia , 537 L. casei , 232, 667 I. lujai , 548 L. paracasei , 313, 314 I. malayensis , 537 L. plantarum , 313 I. rosea , 537 L. sporogenes , 228 I. stapfi ana , 537 Lactuca I. sultanii , 548 L. sativa , 192, 388 I. walleriana , 35, 548–550 L. serriola , 30 Imperata cylindrica , 853 Lagenaria siceraria , 54 Indigofera Lantana camara , 191 I. cassioides , 63 Lasia spinosa , 15 I. dosua , 63 Lasiodiplodia theobromae , 780–781 I. gerardiana , 63 Lathraea clandestina , 72 I. hebepetala , 63 Lathyrus I. heterantha , 63 L. davidii , 64 I. pseudotinctoria , 63 L. spectabilis , 773 I. pulchella , 63 Lawsonia inermis , 544 Ipomoea Ledum I. aculeata , 708 L. columbianum , 56 I. aculeata var. bona-nox , 708 L. glandulosum , 56 I. alba , 52, 53, 708–710 L. palustre subsp. decumbens , 56 I. bona-nox , 708 L. palustre subsp. groenlandicum , 57 I. cairica , 710 L. palustre var . decumbens , 56 I. rubrifl ora , 710 Legionella pneumophila , 357 Iriartea Leichhardtia australis , 13 I. deltoidea , 17 Leishmania , 187 I. ventricosa , 17 L. amazonensis , 155, 492 Isocarpha pyrethraria, 163 L. donovani , 187, 362 Ixodes ricinus , 510 L. enrietti , 354 L. infantum , 421 L. major , 362 J L. mexicana , 421 Jacea segetum , 245 Lemna gibba , 265 Juniperus communis , 529 Leontodon Justicia , 189 L. offi cinale , 516 Justicia adhatoda , 2 L. taraxacum , 516 L. vulgare , 516 Leopoldia neumayeri , 122 K Lepidium , 895 L. densifl orum , 43 Karatas plumeiri , 44 L. sativum , 382, 388, 689 Scientifi c Index 1093

Leptadenia L. hypoglauca , 659 L. hastata , 13 L. japonica , 49, 103, 656–675 L. lancifolia , 13 L. japonica var. chinensis , 656 Leptinotarsa decemlineata , 512 L. macranthoides , 658 Leptocorisa chinensis , 191 L. multifl ora , 653 Leptosphaeria maculans , 589 L. nubium , 659 Lespedeza L. pampanini , 659 L. bicolor , 64 L. telfairii , 653 L. davurica , 64 Lophophora williamsii , 453 Leucacantha cyanus , 245 Lotodes repens , 949 Leucaena Lotus corniculatus , 953 L. diversifolia , 812 Luffa L. glauca , 64, 703, 829 L. acutangula , 54 L. leucocephala , 64 L. aegyptiaca , 54 Leucana leucocephala , 64 L. cylindrica , 54 Leucanthemum Lunaria annua , 630 L. odoratum , 473 Lycopersicon esculentum , 387, 388 L. parthenium , 473 Lycopodium cernuum , 183 L. vulgare , 30 Lymantria dispar , 265 Levisticum offi cinale , 11 Lymnaea Lignum nephriticum , 838 L. acuminata , 130 Ligusticum chuanxiong , 276 L. cailliaudi , 235 Limnocharis , 70 Lysiphyllum Limnocharis fl ava , 4 L. carronii , 64 Lingoum L. gilvum , 64 L. echinatum , 836 L. hookeri , 64 L. indicum , 836 L. rubrum , 836 L. saxatile , 836 M L. wallichii , 836 Maclura pomifera , 521 Liposcelis bostrychophila , 675 Macrophomina phaseolina , 811, 848 Lippia Macrotropis foetida , 906 L. alba , 454 Magnaporthe grisea , 721 L. chevalieri , 171 Mahonia aquifolium , 35 Listeria Mamestra brassicae , 237 L. innocua , 313 Mammea americana , 52 L. monocytogenes , 131, 353, 354, Mangifera indica , 9 671, 690 Manihot esculenta , 813 Lobularia maritima , 43, 628–631 Markhamia stipulata , 37 Lolium Marsdenia australis , 13 L. multifl orum , 192 Marshallocerues thurberi , 45 L. perenne , 956 Mathiolaria annua , 633 Lomandra longifolia , 21 Matricaria Lomatium M. aurea , 26 L. hallii , 11 M. bayeri , 397 L. macrocarpum , 11 M. capitellata , 397 L. nudicaule , 11 M. chamomilla , 26, 30, Lonchocarpus 397–420, 424 L. rosea , 806 M. chamomilla f. suaveolens , 397 L. sepium , 806 M. chamomilla subsp. pusilla , 397 Lonicera M. chamomilla var. recutita , 397 L. acuminata var. acuminata , 49 M.courrantiana , 397 L. affi nis , 49 M. exigua , 397 L. brachypoda , 656 M. frutescens , 201 L. caprifolium , 49, 674 M. indica , 270 L. confusa , 653–655, 659 M. kochiana , 397 L. dasystyla , 653 M. matricarioides , 30, 216, 229, 260 L. fl exuosa , 656 M. morifolia , 250 L. fulvotomentosa , 659 M. parthenium , 473 L. henryi , 49 M. pusilla , 397 1094 Scientifi c Index

M. recutita , 30, 236, 397, 412, 415, 417–420 Millettia M. recutita var. coronata , 397 M. luzonensis , 806 M. recutita var. kochiana , 397 M. slendidissima , 806 M. recutita var. recutita , 397 Millingtonia hortensis , 37 M. salina , 397 Mimosa M. suaveolens , 397 M. hispidula , 821 Matthiola M. macrostachya , 738 M. annua , 633 M. pudica , 65, 821–832 M. fenestralis , 633 M. pudica var. hispida , 831 M. incana , 43, 633–636 M. rubicaulis , 825 Mauritia fl exuosa , 17 Momordica Medicago M. balsamina , 92 M. polymorpha , 65 M. charantia , 54, 866 M. sativa , 65 M. cochinchinensis , 54 Mekistus sinensis , 698 Monilia fructicola , 953 Melaleuca alternifolia , 416 Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea , 193 Melampodium divaricatum , 30 Morrenia odorata , 13 Melichrus Morus M. procumbens , 57 M. alba , 918 M. urceolatus , 57 M. nigra , 529 Melilotus Mucor , 846, 847 M. alba , 65 M. circinelloides , 452 M. offi cinalis , 65 M. hiemalis , 647, 760 Melissa offi cinalis , 231, 417 M. miehei , 459 Meloidogyne M. mucedo , 312 M. arenaria , 444, 466 Mucuna pruriens , 65 M. artiellia , 237 Musca domestica , 170, 188, 189, 422 M. hapla , 444, 466 Muscari M. incognita , 192, 237, 444, 466, 471, 814, 832 M. atlanticum , 122 M. javanica , 444, 466 M. atlanticum subsp. alpinum , 122 , 70 M. atlanticum var. valentinum , 122 M. piperita , 417, 420 M. bootanense , 122 M. pulegium , 420 M. bootanensis , 122 Menyanthes trifoliata , 151 M. botryoides var. bucharicum , 122 Merremia M. breviscapum , 122 M. emarginata , 719 M. bucharicum , 122 Merr. var. lobata , 66 M. compactum , 122 Mertensia M. dolioliforme , 122 M. bella , 38 M. elwesii , 122 M. ciliata , 38 M. fl accidum , 122 M. longifl ora , 38 M. fontqueri , 122 M. maritima , 38 M. granatense , 122 M. oblongifolia , 38 M. grandifolium , 122 M. paniculata , 38 M. grandifolium var. populeum , 122 Mesua M. grandifolium var. rifanum , 122 M. ferrea , 52, 641–650, 703 M. grossheimii , 122 M. nagassarium , 641 M. letourneuxii , 122 Microcerotermes losbanosensis , 814 M. leucostomum , 122 Micrococcus M. macranthum , 122 M. fl avum , 895 M. mordoanum , 122 M. luteus , 101, 116, 170, 277, 312, 464, 509, M. neglectum , 122–124 849, 895 M.neglectum f. bertramii , 122 Microsporum M. neglectum subsp. atlanticum , 122 M. audouinii , 849 M. neglectum subsp. odorum , 122 M. canis , 91, 154, 183, 811, 813, 847, 848 M. neglectum subsp. speciosum , 122 M. canslaslomyces , 849 M. neglectum var. atlanticum , 122 M. cookei , 463 M. neglectum var. fontqueri , 122 M. gypseum , 154, 360, 810, 811, 846, M. neglectum var. valentinum , 122 847, 849 M. neumayeri , 122 Millefolium, subsp. , 143, 148 M. nivale , 122 Scientifi c Index 1095

Muscari (cont.) Opuntia basilaris , 46 M. odoratum , 122 Opuntia fi cus-indica , 46, 313 M. populeum , 122 Orbea namaquensis , 13 M. racemosum , 122, 124 Ormosia esquirolii , 906 M. racemosum var. alpinum , 122 Ornithogalum M. racemosum var. neglectum , 122 O. pyrenaicum , 21 M. skorpili , 122 O. umbellatum , 21 M. speciosum , 122 Oroxylum indicum , 37 M. strangwaysii , 122 Oryza sativa , 382, 390 M. szovitsianum , 122 Oxystelma ovatum , 107 M. vandasii , 122 Mycobacterium M. avium , 412 P M. phlei , 646 Panax M. smegmatis , 154, 357 P. ginseng , 355 M. tuberculosis , 258, 412, 720, 895 P. notoginseng , 259 Mycosphaerella pinodes , 85 Panonychus citri , 193, 194 Myosotis sylvatica , 38 Paraixeris chelidoniifolia , 35 Myristica fragrans , 418 Paramphistomum cervi , 443 Myrrhis odorata , 11 Parkia Myrtillocactus geometrizans , 45 P. biglobosa , 182, 184 P. timoriana , 65 Paronychia N P. argentea , 51 Naja kaouthia , 827 P. capitata , 51 Naja naja , 827 Parthenium Nannorrhops ritchiana , 17 P. hysterophorus , 530 Narcissus jonquilla , 9 P. matricaria , 473 Nauchea ternatea , 773 Patrinia Neisseria gonorrhoeae , 183, 810, 813 P. scabiosifolia , 49 Nicotiana , 72 P. villosa , 49 N. glutinosa , 691 Pectis papposa , 30 N. rustica , 453 Peliosanthes teta , 21 Nintooa confusa , 653 Peltandra virginica , 15 Nintooa japonica , 656 Peltaria alliacea , 43 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis , 784 Penicillium , 720, 846 Nymphula sp. , 814 P. chrysogenum , 702 Nypa fruticans , 17 P. digitatum , 465 P. funiculosum , 313 P. marneffei , 847 O P. notatum , 452, 848 Ocimum sanctum , 846 P. ochrochloron , 313 Octadenia maritima , 628 P. oxalicum , 312 Odontotermes obesus , 443 Pentaglottis sempervirens , 38 Oesophagostomum columbianum , 116 Pergularia Oidium tingitaninum , 193 P. daemia , 14 Omentaria P. minor , 107 O. cepacea , 80 P. odoratissima , 107 O. violacea , 80 Periplaneta americana , 170 Oncosperma Petasites O. fi lamentosum , 17 P. frigidus , 30 O. tigillarium , 17 P. hyperboreus , 30 Ononis spinosa , 65 P. japonicas subsp. giganteus , 30 Onopordum P. japonicus , 31 O. acanthium , 30 P. japonicus var. giganteus , 30 O. illyricum , 30 P. palmatus , 31 Ophiophagus hannah , 827 P. sagittatus , 31 Ophiopogon japonicus , 672 Petrorhagia prolifera , 51 Ophiorrhiza mungos , 719 Phanera purpurea , 743 1096 Scientifi c Index

Phanera variegata , 754 P. aurantiaca , 94 Pharbitis nil , 918 P. bicolor , 94, 99 Phaseolus P. blandfordiana , 94 P. coccineus , 65 P. carinata , 94 P. mungo , 390 P. conspicua , 94 P. vulgaris , 65, 310, 311, 390, 529 P. gouanii , 94 Pheretima posthuma , 544, 751, 762, 783, 830, 868, 898 P. incarnata , 94 Phlogacanthus P. incarnata var. milleri , 94 P. curvifl orus , 2 P. jamesonii , 94 P. thyrsiformis , 2 P. kerrii , 94 P. tubifl orus , 2 P. kunthiana , 94 Phoenix P. lambertiana , 94 P. canariensis , 17 P. loranthifolia , 94 P. dactylifera , 18 P. lutea , 94 P. reclinata , 18 P. macrophylla , 94 P. sylvestris , 18 P. megaphylla, 94 Phyllanthus P. mexicana , 94 P. amarus , 852, 855 P. milleri , 94 P. justicia , 188 P. mollis , 94 P. pulcher , 188, 189 P. northiana , 94 Phyllocactus P. obtusa , 14, 87–92, 98, 103 P. acuminatus , 638 P. obtusa var. typica , 87 P. grandis , 638 P. purpurea , 94 P. latifrons , 638 P. rubra , 14, 87, 94–103 P. oxypetalus , 638 P. rubra cv. acutifolia , 97 P. purpusii , 638 P. rubra f. acuminata , 94 Phyllocoptruta oleivora , 194 P. rubra f. acutifolia , 94 Phyllodoce longifolia , 738 P. rubra f. lutea , 94 Phyllotreta , 237 P. rubra forma acutifolia , 97 Phytophthora citrophthora , 193 P. rubra f. tricolor , 94 Picrorhiza kurroa , 648 P. rubra f. typica , 94 Pieris P. rubra var. acuminata , 94 P. brassicae , 237 P. rubra var. acutifolia , 98, 99 P. rapae , 237 P. rubra var. alba , 98, 99 Pimpinella P. tenuifolia , 94 P. anisum , 421 P. tricolor , 94 P. saxifraga , 11 Plutella xylostella , 237, 722 Pistacia terebinthus , 9 Poecilia reticulata , 101 Pisum sativum , 65 Pogostemon cablin , 278 Pityriasis versicolor , 846 Poinciana bijuga , 766 Planera speciosa , 712 Poinciana elata , 766 Plantago major , 248 Poinciana pulcherrima , 766 Plasmodium , 187, 290 Polianthes P. berghei , 187, 452, 812, 852 P. gracilis , 126 P. berghei berghei , 565 P. howardii , 130 P. falciparum , 153, 171, 187, 281, 442, 647, 798, 799, P. tuberosa , 21, 126–131, 702 852, 868, 878 P. tuberosa f. plena , 126 P. yoelii yoelii , 171 P. tuberosa var. gracilis , 126 Platycodon grandifl orus , 47 Polygonum minus , 895 Pleurotus pulmonarius , 838, 839 Pongamia chinensis , 906 Pluchea indica , 31 Pontia matricaria , 473 Plumeria Porphylomonas gingivalis , 277 P. acuminata , 94, 97, 99, 101, 102 Pratylenchus penetrans , 444, 466, 471 P. acutifolia , 94, 98, 100 Prevotella , 313 P. acutifolia var. gasparrini , 94 Prevotella intermedia , 277 P. angustifolia , 94 Propionibacterium P. arborea , 94 P. acnes , 360, 440, 542, 672, 918 P. arborescens , 94 P. avidum , 918 P. aurantia , 94 Protea , 72 Scientifi c Index 1097

Proteus Q P. mirabilis , 84, 452, 509, 564, 647, 690, Quisqualis 702, 811, 865 Q. bracteata , 698 P. vulgaris , 183, 770, 780, 810, 849 Q. glabra , 698 P. vulgarisms , 84, 564 Q. grandifl ora , 698 Pseudallescheria boydii , 360, 848 Q. indica , 52, 698, 700–705 Pseudomonas , 720, 810 Q. indica var. oxypetala , 698 P. aeruginosa , 100, 101, 116, 183, 184, 260, 277, 312, Q. indica var. villosa , 698 313, 440, 451, 452, 463, 509, 564, 565, 612, Q. longifl ora , 698 646, 647, 672, 702, 720, 740, 749, 759, 760, Q. loureiroi , 698 770, 780, 795, 810, 811, 827, 839, 847–849, Q. madagascariensis , 698 865, 880, 895 Q. obovata , 698 P. fl uorescens , 101, 232, 849 Q. pubescens , 698 P. pseudoalcaligenes , 759 Q. sinensis , 698 P. pseudomallei , 100 Q. spinosa , 698 P. putida , 849 Q. villosa , 698 P. syringae , 232 Psophocarpus tetragonolobus , 65 Psoroptes cuniculi , 424 R Pterocarpus Racosperma cultriforme , 735 P. blancoi , 836 Racosperma longifolium , 738 P. carolinensis , 836 Ralstonia solanacearum , 85 P. casteelsi var. ealaensis , 836 Raphanus P. draco , 836 R. landra , 43 P. indica , 836 R. maritimus , 43 P. indicus , 65, 836–840 R. raphanistrum , 44 P. klemmei , 836 R. raphanistrum subsp. landra , 43 P. marsupium , 65 R. sativus , 44 P. obtusatus , 836 R. sativus var. caudatus , 44 P. pallidus , 836 R. sativus var. mougri , 44 P. papuanus , 836 R. sativus var. niger , 44 P. pubescens , 836 R. sativus var. oleiformis , 44 P. santalinus , 836, 838 R. sativus var. sativus , 44 P. vidalianus , 836 Raphia P. wallichii , 836 R. hookeri , 18 P. zollingeri , 836 R. vinifera , 18 Pueraria Ratibida columnifera , 31 P. lobata , 66 Rattus norvegicus , 799, 829 P. montana , 66 Rauwolfi a serpentina , 828 Pycnanthus angolensis , 564 Resupinaria grandifl ora , 889 Pyrethrum Rhinacanthus nasutus , 2 P. buschianum , 473 Rhipicephalus P. demetrii , 473 R. annulatus , 424, 853 P. divaricatum , 473 R. microplus , 869 P. frutescens , 201 R. sanguineus , 465 P. glanduliferum , 473 Rhizobium trifolii , 954 P. grossheimii , 473 Rhizoctonia , 741 P. indicum , 270 R. leguminicola , 943 P. sericeum var. divaricatum , 473 R. solani , 85, 452, 589, 780, 811, 848 P. sevanense , 473 Rhizomucor pusillus , 811 P. sinense , 250 Rhizopus , 846, 847 P. sinense var. sinense , 250 R. japonicus , 232 P. spilanthus , 163 R. oryzae , 640 P. vulgare , 501 Rhodococcus terrae , 895 Pyricularia grisea , 78 Rhododendron Pyricularia oryzae , 384 R. arboreum , 57 Pythium R. columbianum , 56 P. aphanidermatum , 193, 444 R. groenlandicum , 57 P. ultimum , 85, 465, 466, 954 R. indicum , 57 1098 Scientifi c Index

R. kaempferi , 57 S. cerulea , 2, 3 R. lapponicum , 57 S. gaudichaudiana , 2 R. mucronulatum , 57 S. glauca , 3 R. oldhamii , 56 S. javanica , 3 Rhodotorula glutinis , 232 S. melanocarpa , 3 Rhoeo spathacea , 52 S. mexicana , 3 Rhopalostylis sapida , 18 S. microbotrys , 3 Rhyncharrhena linearis , 14 S. nigra , 2, 3, 363 Rhynchosinapis wrightii , 44 S. pubens , 3 Richea scoparia Hooker , 57 S. racemosa subsp. kamtschatica , 3 Richophyton longifurus , 848 S. racemosa subsp. pubens , 3 Ricinus communis , 58, 853 S. racemosa var. arborescens , 2 Rickettsia conorii , 465 S. racemosa var. melanocarpa , 2 Rickettsia rickettsii , 465 S. racemosa var. microbotrys , 3 Robinia S. sieboldiana , 3 R. grandifl ora , 889 Samuela carnerosana , 21 R. hispida , 66 Sansevieria gracilis , 21 R. luxurians , 66 Santalum sp. , 882 R. maculata , 806 Saposhnikovia divaricata , 11 R. mitis , 906 Saraca R. neomexicana , 66 S. bijuga , 66 R. pseudoacacia , 66, 72 S. indica , 66 R. rosea , 806 S. indica/asoca , 784 R. sepium , 806 Sarcina lutea , 451, 452, 795 R. variegata , 806 Sarothamnus scoparius , 66 Rosmarinus offi cinalis , 306, 418, 530 Schisandra chinensis , 526, 530 Rotylenchulus reniformis , 471 Schismatoglottis calyptrata , 15 Rubia cordifolia , 870 Schistocerca gregaria , 191 Rudbeckia purpurea , 340 Schistosoma mansoni , 187, 188 , 84 Schoenoplectus S. lacustris , 55 S. tabernaemontani , 55 S Schotia capitata , 66 Saccharomyces Sciacassia siamea , 873, 874, 881 S. carlsbergensis , 312 Scilla suaveolens , 122 S. cerevisiae, 124, 170, 312, 337, 359, 360, 452, 795, 845 Scirpus Sagittaria latifolia , 4 S. lacustris , 55 Salacia oblonga , 828 S. paludosus , 55 Salinicoccus roseus , 170 S. validus , 55 Salix alba , 485 Scleria striatinux , 183 Salmonella , 233, 234, 452, 720 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , 589 S. choleraesuis , 116 Sclerotium rolfsii , 85, 183, 202 S. enterica , 895 Scolymus hispanicus , 31 S. enteritidis , 440, 451, 672 Scopulariopsis sp. , 721 S. gallinarum , 183 Scorzonera S. paratyphi , 810, 811 S. mollis , 31 S. paratyphi A , 865 S. mongolica , 31 S. typhi , 451, 452, 491, 564, 759, 760, 780, 810, 811, S. papposa , 31 827, 847, 848, 865, 880, 895 S. undulata , 31 S. typhimurium , 91, 100, 101, 124, 258, 312, 313, S. undulata subsp. deliciosa , 31 362, 420, 440, 441, 564, 587, 612–613, 647, Scutellaria baicalensis , 478 672, 720, 780 Sedum aff. sarmentosum , 271 Salvia Sedum aff. spectabile , 271 S. chinensis , 276 Senna S. offi cinalis , 412 S. alata , 841–856 Sambucus S. arrettiana , 61 S. australasica , 49 S. auriculata , 61, 860–870 S. callicarpa , 2 S. birostris var. hookeriana , 61 S. canadensis , 2 S. glauca , 886 Scientifi c Index 1099

Senna (cont.) Solidago S. multiglandulosa , 62 S. canadensis , 32 S. siamea , 61, 66, 873–882 S. lepida , 32 S. sophera , 62 S. odora , 32 S. sumatrana , 873 S. spathulata , 32 S. timoriensis , 62, 886–889 S. virgaurea , 32, 208 S. velutina , 813 Sonneratia caseolaris , 702 S. versicolor , 61 Sophora Serratia marcescens , 564, 810, 811, 849 S. angustifoliola , 906 Sesban coccinea , 889 S. chinensis , 906 Sesban grandifl ora , 889 S. davidii , 67 Sesban grandifl orus , 889 S. fl avescens , 909, 913 Sesbania S. japonica , 67, 103, 906, 909–916, S. aculeata , 903 918–920 S. aculeata var. paludosa , 903 S. japonica f. columnaris , 906 S. aegyptiaca , 66 S. japonica f. hybrida , 906 S. benthamiana , 905 S. japonica f. oligophylla , 906 S. bispinosa , 66 S. japonica f. pendula , 906 S. burbidgei , 905 S. japonica f. variegata , 906 S. coccinea , 889 S. japonica var. praecox , 906 S. cochinchinensis , 903 S. japonica var. pubescens , 906 S. cochinensis , 903 S. japonica var. vestita , 906 S. drummondii , 900 S. japonica var. violacea , 906 S. emerus , 900 S. korolkowii , 906 S. exaltata , 900 S. mairei , 906 S. formosa , 890 S. pendula , 906 S. grandifl ora , 67, 775, 889–900 S. pubescens , 906 S. javanica , 67, 903–905 S. sinensis , 906 S. muelleri , 905 S. vanioti , 906 S. paludosa , 903 S. viciifolia , 67 S. punicea , 900 Spathiphyllum phryniifolium , 15 S. roxburghii , 67, 903 Spathodea S. sesban , 66, 67, 898, 900, 905 S. campanulata , 37, 559–568 S. sonorae , 900 S. campanulata subsp. congolana , 559 S. speciosa , 900 S. danckelmaniana , 559 S. vesicaria , 900 S. nilotica f. bryanii , 559 Shigella , 452, 647, 720 S. tulipifera , 559 S. boydii , 451, 452, 895 Spatholobus suberectus , 918 S. dysenteriae , 116, 451, 759, 795, 827, 848, 865 Spilanthes S. fl exneri , 451, 811, 895 S. acmella , 32, 163, 166–172 S. shiga , 827 S. acmella var. oleracea , 163, 169 S. sonnei , 895 S. acmella var oleraceae , 171 Shorea talura , 55 S. calva , 171 Sideritis S. fusca , 163 S. clandestina , 421 S. iabadicensis , 32 S. euboea , 421 S. oleracea , 167, 171 orientalis , 31 S. oleracea var. fusca , 163 Silene caryophylla , 684 S. paniculata , 32, 164, 171 Silphium laciniatum , 31 S. radicans , 163 Silybum marianum , 31, 412, 417, 530 Spodoptera Sinapis arvensis , 44 S. frugiperda , 192 Sisymbrium irio , 44 S. littoralis , 929 Sitophilus Spondias S. oryzae , 191, 203 S. malayana , 9 S. zeamais , 191, 465, 675, 801 S. mangifera , 9 , 11 S. mombin , 813 Smyrnium perfoliatum , 11 S. pinnata , 9 Solanum quitoense , 237 Sporothrix schenckii , 452 Solenopsis saevissima , 171 Staphylococcus , 464 1100 Scientifi c Index

S. aureus , 83, 84, 91, 100, 101, 116, 183, 184, 232, T. lucida , 32, 438, 448–450, 454, 462, 470 260, 277, 312, 313, 412, 413, 440, 451, 452, T. lucida f. fl orida , 448 463, 491, 509, 564, 565, 612, 639, 646, 647, T. lucida subsp. schiedeana , 448 672, 690, 702, 720, 740, 749, 759, 760, 770, T. macroglossa , 469 780, 794, 795, 810, 811, 827, 839, 847–849, T. major , 432 864, 918 T. minuta , 437, 438, 450, 457, 462, 470, 471 S. epidermidis , 101, 170, 183, 313, 440, 451, T. oligocephala , 469 452, 542–543, 672, 720, 721, 810, T. patula , 32, 434, 437, 438, 443, 444, 450, 848, 864 456–466, 470 S. saprophyticus , 440, 464 T. patula subsp. nana , 466, 471 Stellaria media , 51 T. peduncularis , 469 Stenocereus thurberi subsp. thurberi , 45 T. pineda , 448 Streptococcus T. remotifl ora , 432 S. agalactiae , 440, 564 T. schiedeana , 448 S. anginosus , 277 T. seleri , 448 S. creceti , 277 T. signata , 33, 444, 466 S. faecalis , 84, 101, 183, 412, 464, 810, 811, 849 T. tenuifolia , 32, 34, 432, 437, 438, 444, 450, 462, S. gordonii , 277 466, 469–471 S. haemolyticus , 183 Tamarindus indica , 67 S. intermedius , 811 Tanacetum S. mitis , 232 T. balsamita , 24 S. mutans , 232, 277, 412, 847 T. boreale , 501 S. oralis , 232 T. crispum , 501 S. pneumoniae , 154, 440, 451 T. grossheimii , 473 S. pyogenes , 170, 183, 277, 357, 412, 451, 464 T. indicum , 270 S. ratii , 277 T. morifolium , 250 S. salivarius , 412 T. parthenium , 26, 34, 473–495, 507, 509 S. sanguinis , 277 T. sinense , 250 S. sanguis , 232, 412 T. umbellatum , 501 S. sobrinus , 232, 277 T. vulgare , 34, 483, 484, 486, 489, 501–512, 530 Streptomyces bikiniensis , 544 T. vulgare subsp. boreale , 501 Strobilanthes scaber , 2 T. vulgare subsp. siculum , 506 Strongyloides stercoralis , 821, 823–830 T. vulgare var. boreale , 501 Strychnos T. vulgare var. crispum , 501 S. nux-vomica , 231 Taraxacum S. potatorum , 828 T. albidum , 34 Styphelia sp. , 57 T. almaatense , 516 Styphnolobium japonicum , 67, 906–920 T. bessarabicum , 34 Styphnolobium japonicum var. pubescens , 906 T. formosanum , 34 Suaeda maritima , 5 T. heterolepis , 34 Symphytum offi cinalis , 231 T. hondoense , 34 Syzygium jambolanum , 880 T. hybernum , 34 T. japonicum , 34 T. kok-saghyz , 34 T T. laeticolor , 516 Tabernaemontana heyneana , 719 T. laevigatum , 34 Tagetes , 228 T. magellanicum , 34 T. anethina , 448 T. megalorrhizon , 34 T. campanulata , 470 T. mongolicum , 34 T. erecta , 32, 289, 290, 432–444, 450, 459, 462, 466, T. obovatum , 34 470, 471 T. offi cinale , 34, 231, 516–532 T. ernstii , 432 T. offi cinale var. glabratus, 516 T. excelsa , 432 T. offi cinale var . pygmaea , 516 T. fi lifolia , 438, 450, 462, 470 T. offi cinalis , 306 T. fl orida , 448 T. platycarpum , 34 T. gilletii , 448 T. retrofl exum , 516 T. heterocarpha , 432 T. sinicum , 34 T. jaliscensis var. minor , 469 T. sylvanicum , 516 T. laxa , 470 T. taraxacum , 516 Scientifi c Index 1101

Telosma Trichoplusia ni , 265 T. cordata , 14, 107–109 Trichostrongylus colubriformis , 116 T. minor , 14, 107 Trichuris trichiura , 703 T. odoratissima , 107 Tridax procumbens , 189, 190, 281, 564 T. pallida , 109 Trifolium T. procumbens , 14 T. agrarium , 68 Terminalia T. aureum , 68 T. belerica , 648 T. borysthenicum , 925 T. chebula , 648 T. bracteatum , 925 Ternatea ternatea , 773 T. cyathiferum , 68 Ternatea vulgaris , 773 T. dubium , 953 Tetradapa javanorum , 788 T. fucatum , 68 Tetragonisca angustula , 171 T. hybridum , 68 Tetranychus cinnabarinus , 814 T. incarnatum , 68 Tetranychus urticae , 512 T. involucratum , 68 Thelesperma T. lenkoranicum , 925 T. fi lifolium , 34 T. limonium , 949 T. gracile , 34 T. medium , 941 T. megapotanicum , 34 T. mucronatum subsp. mucronatum , 68 Thespesia populnea var . acutiloba , 203 T. pratense , 68, 925–943, 950, 955, 956 Thlaspi arvense , 44 T. pratense var. lenkoranicum , 925 Thlaspida japonica , 191 T. repens , 68, 926, 943, 949–956 Thymus kotschyanus , 690 T. repens f. riparia , 949 Thysanotus patersonii , 21 T. repens giganteum , 949 Tilia cordata , 72, 420 T. repens var. giganteum , 949 Tilia sp. , 72 T. stipitatum , 949 Tillandsia erubscens , 44 T. ukrainicum , 925 Tillandsia recurvata , 45 T. variegatum , 68 Tinea coporis , 811, 850 T. virescens , 68 Tinea cruris , 811 Triticum Tinea versicolor , 850 T. aestivum , 388 Tinospora cordifolia , 828 T. vulgare , 390 T. patula subsp. nana , 444 Trypanosoma , 187 Trachycarpus fortunei , 18 T. brucei , 362 Trachyspermum roxburghianum , 11 T. brucei rhodesiense , 187 Tradescantia spathacea , 52 T. cruzi , 155, 492, 812, 813 Tradescantia virginiana , 52 Tsiana speciosa , 712 Tragopogon Tuberosa amica , 126 T. porrifolius , 34 Tulbaghia T. pratensis , 34 T. alliacea , 9, 84 Trevesia palmata , 15 T. cepacea var. maritima , 80 Tribolium castaneum , 443 T. cepacea var. robustior , 80 Trichoderma viride , 313 T. violacea , 9, 80–82, 84, 85 Trichophyton , 564 T. violacea var. minor , 80 T. longifurus , 848 T. violacea var. obtusa , 80 T. mentagrophytes , 91, 154, 183, 209, 260, 337, 360, T. violacea var. robustior , 80 439, 452, 463, 721, 749, 760, 770, 810, 811, Tunica caryophyllus , 684 813, 839, 847–849 Tunica morrisii , 684 T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale , 154, 847 Tussilago farfara , 34 T. mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes , 847 Tuta absoluta , 171, 192 T. mentragrophytes , 720, 849 Tylenchorhynchus brassicae , 471 T. rubrum , 91, 101, 154, 209, 463, 540, 720, 721, Typhonium trilobatum , 15 810, 811, 827, 846, 847, 849 T. schoenleinii , 848 T. simii , 721 U T. tonsurans , 360 Ulex europaeus , 68 T. verrucosum , 154, 849 Uncaria tomentosa , 409 T. violaceum , 463 Urtica dioica , 529 1102 Scientifi c Index

V Wolffi a globosa , 15 Vaccinium Wrightia tinctoria , 14 V. myrtilloides , 57 V. myrtillus , 529 V. vacciniaceum , 57 X Valeriana offi cinalis , 49, 529 Xanthomonas Valerianella locusta , 50 X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli , 781 Vallaris heynei , 14 X. campestris , 85, 232 Vallaris solanacea , 14 X. oryzae pv. oryzae , 390 Veltheimia bracteata , 21 Verbascum thapsus , 230 Verbena offi cinalis , 420 Y Vetiveria zizanioides , 828 Yersinia enterocolitica , 183, 452 Vibrio Youngia chelidoniifolia , 35 V. cholerae , 451, 452, 759, 760, 810, 848, 865, 895 Youngia japonica , 35 V. fi scheri , 492 Yucca , 23 V. mimicus , 795 Y. aloifolia , 22 Viburnum Y. angustissima , 22 V. edule , 3 Y. baccata , 22 V. trilobum , 4 Y. brevifolia , 20, 22 Vicia cracca , 68 Y. carnerosana , 21 Vigna Y. constricta , 22 V. luteola , 68 Y. elata , 22 V. umbellata , 69 Y. elephantipes , 22 V. unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis , 69 Y. fi lamentosa , 22, 134–137 Vipera russelli , 827 Y. fi lamentosa var. bracteata , 134 Vitis vinifera , 526 Y. fi lamentosa var. elmensis , 134 Y. fi lamentosa var. laevigata , 134 Y. fi lamentosa var. maxima , 134 Y. fi lamentosa var. media , 134 W Y. fi lamentosa var. mexicana , 134 Wahlenbergia , 48 Y. fi lamentosa var. nobilis , 134 W. capillaris , 47 Y. fi lamentosa var. patens , 134 W. ceracea , 47 Y. fi lamentosa var. recurvifolia , 134 W. communis , 47 Y. fi lamentosa var. variegata , 134 W. fl uminalis , 47 Y. fi lifera , 22 W. gracilenta , 47 Y. fl accida , 23, 137 W. gracilis , 47 Y. glauca , 22 W. graniticola , 47 Y. gloriosa , 22 W. littoricola , 47 Y. gloriosa var. recurvifolia , 23 W. luteola , 47 Y. harrimaniae , 23 W. multicaulis , 47 Y. mohavensis , 23 W. planifl ora , 47 Y. recurvifolia , 23 W. queenslandica , 47 Y. rupicola , 23 W. stricta , 48 Y. schidigera , 23 W. tumidifructa , 48 Y. smalliana , 23 Wattakaka volubilis , 14 Y. whipplei , 23 Wisteria W. fl oribunda , 64, 69 W. frutescens , 69 Z W. sinensis , 69 Zabrotes subfasciatus , 781 W. villosa , 69 Zingiber offi cinale , 412, 418, 751 Withania somnifera , 749 Zizia aurea , 1 1