NEWS SL"AMARY ON RHODESIA

NEWS SL"AMARY ON RHODESIA National Student Christian Federation Committee on Southern Africa 475 Riverside Drive, Room 754, New-York, New York 10027 NOVEMBER 28: Rouan Catholic Church- speaks out: The strongest church attack on the Smith regime was issued by the Roman Catholic church in a pastoral letter distributed after the services today. It called attention to the dangers of-placing nationalism, race, or economics above'a basic concern for man. It refuted the idea that white silence has neant consent, Rather the silence is a silence of "fear, disappointment, and hopelessness". It condemned Smith for declaring independence and said that the country's racial policies were just asking for trouble. There are- 23,000 white Catholics, 304,000 black Catholics and 4,000 of mixed blood., Other churchmen, have also spoken out. However, in spite of the strong opposition expressed by the Anglican Archbishop of Salisbury, the Anglican church is very divided in its response to U.D.I. British Troops for Zambia: Zambia has &&ked Britian for troops to protect the Kariba dam and is preparing a course of action if Britian refuses. Kaunda called a special cabinet meeting to lay out such plans. However, they will probably not be necessary. Malcolm MacDonald is back in Britian and met with Wilson. MacDonald was expected to analyse the reality of Zambia's statement that it would seek aid elsewhere if Britian refused to act. MacDonald a13o has influence in Conservative circles which could be extremely important in getting their support for a British force in Zambia. Most likely a token force will be sent, Kaunda is highly respected in Britian and the prospects of other nation's forces in Zambia is not a happy one to Britian. Britian has real reason to want to protect Zambia as most of Britian's copper comes from Zambia. Some in Britian fear sending in any troops as this appears to them to be an encouragement to sabotage. Attempts would be made to force Britian to increase her commitment. From 'the point of view of acme in Zambia, this is a highly'positive prospect, a way of getting Britian to intervene directly in Rhodesia. Railway Strike Ends: The white railwaymen who went on strike in Zambia, protesting attacks'on their families have returned to work. President Kaunda has given assurances that they will be protected. Interview with Ian Smith: Emery Barcs had an interview with Ian Smith on November 27, which was copycighted by the Australian Consolidated Press and printed in the London Observer, November 28. Powtions of the interview appear below: "Things have gone better than anticipated since his declaration of independence according to Mr. Ian Smith, the rebel Rhodesian Prime Minister... " We have had a large number of indications of friendship from many different countries in the world. I would rather not, of course, mention them specifically because I think you will accept this would put these countries in an embarrassing position...' Smith said. "'People have not only written to us, but have come here to offer their advice and tell us how we can overcome our problems. Certainly one or two of them have been commercial ventures with people who want to make a little bit 6or themselves, but there is nothing wrong is this. There have been some people who have no intention of making money. They have come here because in principle, they believe this is a country that must be helped. They have paid theiz own expenses and have gone away at thQ.Zi own expense.I

Rhodesian News Summary 14 Nov. 28, cont. "Next I asked what Mr. Smith thoughtabout the threats of war against Rhodesia. "'You mean threats from pan-Africanists and African nationalists to the north of us? Well, I don't want to appear to treat this too lightheartedly, but I must be honest and I can only tell you that we don't regard this as anything serious. It is not a practicat suggestion. There is no country in Africa to the north of us that can in any way compare its military strength with our own efficient war machinery.' "L aeked: 'Have you any concrete plans about African advancement?' "Mr. Smith replied: 'Certainly, and in fact, I am hoping to announce something about our plans which are being worked cut now.' "I asked what proportion of Africans back Mr. Smith. "He answered: 'My view is that the majority of Africans can't understand what has happened and in the circumstances it is very difficult for them to express any opinion as to whether they support the change or don't. However, I believe that the majority of that section of African opinion which has some idea of what is happening supports the action we have taken.' I asked: 'You mean the articulate African opinion?' Mr. Smith replied: 'Yes, those who are opposed to us I think are political opportunists who are being used as a tool of Communism and, of course, I have concrete evidence that these Africans are being paid by the Communists.' "Next we discussed what i called 'the family quarrel' between Britian and Rhodesia. "'I am always an optimist,' he said, 'and I think these difficulties can be overcome and the family can be reunited. This quarrel which is taking place now is between ourselves and the British politicians, not the people of Britian. I don't think there has ever been greater sympathy among the people of Britian for Rhodesia than there is today.' "Did he think America was in the sane position. "' Yes, I do. I think the American Government has made it clear that what actions are made against us are made in keeping with the lead the British Government has given,' Mr. Smith said." SOURCES: The New York Times, November 29. The Observer, November 28. The Economist, November 27. NEWS SUMMARY ON RHODESIA 15> National Student Christian Federation Committee on Southern-Africa. 475 Riverside Drive, Room 754 New York, N.Y. 10027 NOVEMBER. 29:. British Troops to Zambia: Reuters reported that Britian has agreed "in principle" to send' a token force of aircraft .followed by a limited number of ground troops to Zambia. These forces are strictly for use within Zambia and under no circumstances are to be used against Rhodesia. Kaunda asked for the force to protect the Kariba dam. Britian's response is largely due to a desire to keep Zambia from turning to African or Arab states for, troops. However, the presence of the forces Will secure Zambia's airfields if Rhodesia closes her border, forcing Zambia to fly copper out: and oil in. The second British cabinet meeting in 24 hours is expected to be held Nov. 30 to discuss.the operation. Wilson is-then expected to make a statement to parliament. African Protest in Rhodesia: In spite of a mandatory death sentence for terrorism or sabotage, dozens of incidents are taking paace in and'around Salisbury, according to N.Y. Times reporter Lawrence Fellows. Buses are stopped in-an effort to keep Africans from getting to their jobs in white parts of Rhodesia. Numerous incidents of gasoline bombs have been reported. Hcwever, a general strike in Bulawayo was prevented last week and police helicopters are keeping order there. A strike planned for- today in Salisbury was frustrated by the arrest of a number of nationalist leaders who were shipped to restricted areas. So far this year there have been about 500 instances of property damage by the African opposition. Fellows reported that Russian-made hand grenades had been found and that a group of terrorists trained in the Soviet Union had been picked up last August, as a third of the group turned out to be informers. Minister of Law and Order, Desmond Lardner-Burke reported that African nationalists were trained in Ghana and then reentered Rhodesia from Zambia. He said there were 7 or 8 hundred such people being trained, but that the police and the special emergency powers of the government were strong enough to control any African violence. African acts of violence are committed to express the extreme'opposition that the Africans feel toward the Smith regime. The hope is that the economy can be crippled, destroying Smith, and that British troops can be forced to intervene. Lack of jobs and detention of leadership greatly multiply the African's problems. It was reported that Sithole is in a Salisbury jail, not at Sikombela. Wilson met with both Joshua Nkomo and Sithole- when he was in Rhodesia before U.D.I. According to a member of his delegation, he was nctimpressed with either leader.' British Action: In spite. of anticipated negative reaiction from the Conservatives, Wilson appears ready to increase the economic pressures on Rhodesia. Probable measures include, first Of all, the extension of Britian's

Rhodesian News Summary 16 Nov.29,cont...... : .16 trade embargo to include more than tobacco, sugar,, chrome, and copper which it has already ceased to buy. Secondly, the financial measures On which Wilson already has authority to act, could be applied in the extreme. These measures require official.permission.for nearly all transfers from or to the special quarantined Rhodesian: stering accounfis. Rhodesian iip6rtes ca"be forced to pay for all:British goods 'in [email protected] ' .And sthey also iut g. pecif4q permission from the Bank of .rigland fo e:achpment.hu~ u~ it would be. easy to campletely strangle trado'bet ed ritian and. -Rh6desia,"and between RhQdesia and other -nati.'.Rhodes ia wouldiot .able to get foreign exchange. The only sour¢t, uld be her gldi exports which Could be sold in Zurich instead :of ondon and'whi6 amo0fted to almost $20, million a year overthe last gh Rh could be hurt . even more if Britian tok full control over her foreign capital holdingB.. Rhodesia transfered L 12 millionD frcirLondo toSw ,tzerland..and South..Afria before UD.I'. Bfxitimaind6uld'take:over 'the powers of the.Rhodesian Reserve Bank and in so doing order Switzerland and South Africa not to make payirents from Rhodesian accounts except on approval by the.:Bank of England. The final step that Wilson is likely to take involves, the C.ommonwealthnations. 'First, a committee ..could be set. up to coordinate Commonwealth. sahcti ns and: ihure total participation. Secondly, a SCommonwealth lobby could be'rg~nized to pressure such nations as"West SGermany., Francespain, Japan, and Italy to.apply sanctions fully, . Is Wilson really prepared to take these steps, given the opposition at home? Those who see Rhodesia only from the perspective of .British national politi.c say no. The'London Observer however., states that Wilson'will act because of the reafities of the international factors. The; consequenc'es ofineffective sernctions leading to a Rhodesian victory are far more serious than the Conservative opposition. To allow Smith to getaway: with U .D.I. would undoubtedly lead to a majority of African states withdrawal from the commonwealth.. India might withdraw also.' 'The African nations. are not really satisfied with sanctions; they want Military intervention.. Thus they would never' stand for a;eloibut to Smith.. .Further," if Britian surrenders. her leadership In Rhodesia, the door is wide open to Communist intervention. And the Soviet Union would probably be' forced to act to keep China from moving into'Africa as the great opponent-of white supremacy... 05iously," te Uhited States is not prepared to see a Communist victory in Rhodesia. "British inaction would force the U..S. to take.* the initiative, ''B~t, the doesn~, . t,.want:to have to play this role and Britian knows 'i ., T1he United. S.tates is presently fully behind Britian and expects' Bkitian to act responsibly. Th~se factors may., force .Wilson' to, nake sahetions really hur . He will :have the-difficult task of interpreting this action at home, but the task must be done. The Observer calls on Britian to take three necessary, steps:.. (1) a complete trade embargo, (2), initiation of a. United Nations resolution making sanctions mandatory under chapter.. 7., and (3) the sendincj o&f :c foDrc66,t6 Zambid. -Zt .these steps are follpwed, it may

Rhodesian News Summary . 17 Nov. 29. cont. still. be possibj .to~endthe white sup ,emay government of Ian Smith. SOURCES:NY IreNy 0 The Observer, Nov. 28 The Economist, Nov. 20-26 NOVEMBER 36: ...... Troops .to .Zambia: ..... ~ ...... ~ Prime Min erWipson d.dno.make his e~pectd statement today on the dispatchment of troops to Zambia..Zambia has objected to some, of the stringent conditions set by"Britian concerning the force's operations .. Bot jajcolmMacDonald ap Fommonwe lth.Secretary Arthur Bottomley,. are in Lusaka workiDg out the,poem.. . b In.. Sz.lisbury, ..Prime-, 1Minist erT I mth. si hewud ecme, British troops in Zambia as they wou d help to maintain law and order in that country. He insisted once again that he hasno quarrel with Zambia and that we was ready to meet with Kaunda or Wilson. to discuss, common problems. Smith stated that British troopswould n' ... ot.be tolerated on Rhodesian soil, and then added'.hastily that he was sure Britian would never violate Rhodesian territory. The Situation in Rhodesia after U.D.I. Ian Smith's offer to talk on a constructive basis is much in line with one form of action being urged on the British Government. Before things get worse, the Economist feels that attempts should again be made for negotiations between Wilson and Smith. The question the Economist is asking is "what has been gained by U.D.I.?" The answer in Britian is that the whites in Rhodesia are worse off than they were before November 11. If the whites in Rhodesia can be made to admit this, there might be grounds for talks. Smith has continually stated that his reason for declaring independence was not racist. He is not committed to apartheid in the South African form. He says that the economic question was of extreme importance in his U.D.I. And what is the economic result of U.D.I.? The Economist asks key questions: "One year from now, is UDI likely to have increased Rhodesia's trade, strengthened its currency, stepped up foreign investment there? Is UDI even likely to have increased political stability compared with November 10th, ended the danger of black African intervention, made the African population more docile, less willing to listen to its extremists?" The answer from the outside is an obvious NO. The Economist urges negotiations on these grounds. But, negotiations going back to the 1961 Constitution seem too much to expect from Smith, given his confidence in himself and his government. Further, in spite of tightening economic problems, the "carpet-baggers" have arrived. Some of the agents in Salisbury obviously represent only themselves. Others have been identified as agents for French and Italian principals who must be, because of the kinds of terms they are discussing, in

Rhodesian News Summary 18 Nov. 30 cont. contact with European headquarters. Japanese agents are also present but evidently are ambivalent about involvement in Rhodesia, given the reaction of black Africa to such a, move,.. Thus Rhodesia does not yet feel totally isolated. Rhodesia is aware, of course, that there will-be unrest, and has already calculated the number of expeqted unemployed. The estimate is that only 5,000 whites out of a labor force of' 88,000 will be laid off, and that 25,000 Africans out of 645,000 workers will be laid cff. The Rhodesian Government believes that it can handle the problems caused by this unemployment. The question that emerges is for what reason did Smith really declare independence from Britian. The economic answer just does not made sense. The real reason-must be recognized in order that efforts against Smith can attack the real problems, and the real sonrces of Rhodesian strength. SOURCES:, New York Times DQ', 1. The Observer, Nov. 28.,. The Economist, Nov. 27..

NETS SU.1MARL CN R.ODES7. National.Student .Christian'.Federation committee on :Southern Africa 475 Riverside Drive, Room 754 New York,. N.Y. 10027 DECEMBER 1: The Rhodesian Iron and Steel Co. (Risco) has confirmed a report that Spain has ordered 20,000 tons of crude steel worth $1.4 million. Portugal has ordered 18,000 tons of steel. Britian will continue to give financial help to the University. College of. Rhodesia as.long as the school discharges its multiracial function. Increased British action: Troops to Zambia, Economic Measures: Prime Minister Wilson announced that Britian would Send troops into Rhodesia if that were necessary to protect the IKariba Dam. Wilson i:: ready to send a token force to Zambia. It would be a Royal Air Force squadron with ground protection. Agreement to send armed forces is seen by many as the breaking of a real psychological barrier. Wilson mnde it clear that the power station was too vital for the rebel Rhodesian Government to be allowed to control it and deprive Zambia of its power. He refused to be explicit about whAit he wouJ.d do if Rhodesia cut off Zambia's power. There were strong protests to the sending of troops from the Conservatives. However, Wilson is committed to go ahead. However, Zambia is not satisfied with British restrictions on the use of. forces.. Kaunda wants the troops to take up'positions around the Kariba power 'omplex:. 'This is in Rhodesia and would mean that British forces would have to move a few hundred yards into Rhodesian territory. Britian feels this couldlead to violence, but. Kaunda belieues the Rhodesian forces would simply retreat. Commonwealth Secretary BOttomley.is in Lusaka working Out. the.differences. A squadron of British: jets flew to Kenya to standby for possible use in Zambia. In addition to commiting himself to the use of troops, WiIson imposed new .and more stringent economic measures. 95% of imports from Rhodesia are banned. Mo pensions, dividends or interest will be paid to anyone in Rhodesia. Bank loans are forbidden. In the long.run, these measures may be more important than the military ones according to some observers. SOUTH AFRICA: Rhodesia's response to British sanctions is to turn to South Africa as her main trading partner. But how much can and will South Africa respond? The Economist answers political and economic questions: First of all, South Africa does not approve of Rhodesia's race policy. Rhodesian whites continue to talk of "eventual" black participation and even control. Dr. Verwoerd of South Africa is an ideolgist who believes that Rhodesia will continue to be unstable because of its policy of racial partnership. This being true, the South African leader is able to see the possible destruction of white control in Rhodesia and thus he is not about to take too many risks to prop up

L~DES:U fTNS SU'Id~iARY Rhodesia. White public opinion in South Africa is generally very enthusiastic about U.D.I. however. On the other hand, Rhodesia is a test-case for sanctions. For years there has been pressure from many quarters to place economic sanctions on South Africa because of its policy of apartheid. South Africa has a great fear of sanctions. So far they have not been tried, in part because there is widespread belief that they couldn't work. If thoy did work against Rhodesia, there would be increased pressure to impose them on South Africa. And if they failed to destroy white control in Rhodesia, they would never be expected to:work in South Africa. One obvious reason is thatRhodesia has only 220,000 whites, while South Africa has 3 million. Thus, Verwoerd is very eager to see sanctions fail. However, much as Verwoerd wants sanctions to fail against RhodesiE he is not prepared to take so much action that his own nation will become the object of sanctions. He will not strain the South African economy or do anything to weaken his stance of non-intervention. Econoic strength is South Africa's strongest protection from outside interference and must be maintained, according to Verwoerd. Thus, military involvement would be out of the question. Further South Africa would be very hesitant, according to the Economist, to try to break an oil boycott. She is too vulnerable herself to such a boycott to be willing to risk too much. Further, South Africa does not particularly need the products Rhodesia must sell. She has.tobacco and sugar surpluses. Rhode~ia's manufacturing industries are the ones South Africa has been developing. However, Dr. Anton Ruppert, the Afrikaner tobacco magnate, may buy 1/3 of Rhodesia's 1'966 crop. Finally, South Africa's incredible boom has fallen off. The. economy expanded too rapidly. There -is now inflation and a shortage of capital and foreign exchange° Thus South Africa is not at her best to be of help. Rhodesia desperately needs South Africa, and S.A. will respond. But, the response will be highly determined by that Sout Africa sees in the future. That is, if it is clear that Britian and her allies will not destroy Smith, South Africa will aid Rhodesia to the hilt. But if sanctions are really firm and effective, South Africa will be cautious and will pull out altogether before. Smith ever falls, SOURCES: Christian Science Monitor, Dec. 1 New York Times, Dec. 2 The Economist, Nov. 27

RHODESIAN NEWS SUMMARY 21 DECEMBER 2: Zambia has accepted Britian's offer of Royal Air Force jets, but the dispatchment of ground forces is still being discussed.. The first planes arrived inLusaka Friday. Britian's Defense Ministry's director of military operations, Maj. Gen. R.G.V. Fitzgeorge-BalfoUr. is in Zambia Studying the situation. Secretary for Commonwealth Relations, Bo fmley has been negotiating concerning the ground fcrces. A battalio of Scots Guards, 500 men, is what is being discussed. Kaunda wants the troops to move into Rhodesia and guard the Kariba power.:complex. Britian refuses, There is a real question as to whether 500 men could do this anyway. Certainly they could not if Rhodesia decided to oppose them. Hfowever, iBritian's refusal to send ground forces means that Kaunda may ask for troops under OAU sponsorship. Such operations might see --financial support in Moscow or Peking.. The Conservatives are very much oppossed to the sending of troops and even more angry with the Government's severe economic action including the suspension of:all pension payments in Rhodesia.::, Ian Smith has asked Queen Elizabeth to appoint Clifford Dupont as Rhodesia's Governor and indicated that Dupont will take over the governor's powers in two weeks whether Britian likes it or not. Smith also hao ordered the Rhodesian Treasury to continue payment of pensions out of Rhodesian funds. Britian's refusal to send ground troops: The refusal of the British Government to send ground troops into Rhodesia has meant that if Smith falls, it will be after a long and painful endurance of economic sanctions, which may only solidify his supporters rather then finish him. The critical question was asked in Britian: "If U.D.I. had been proclaimed by Adenis or Guyanans, can any~ne deny we would have sent in troops immediately?'(Uew Statesman)... What gets lost a bit in the complexities of the situation are the conditions under which Africans live in Rhodesia and the failure of Britiar to act because of too close identification with the white rebel government. What are the conditions? For example, an average income for a white clerk would run about $3,500 a year while an African counterpart would make only $350 a year. African peasants average little more than $!1 cash income every year. Britian has stated a policy of educating the.Africans for self-rule. Yet Smith's predictions have been that it will be. at least 30 or 40 years before thei is an African premier. When U.D.I. was declared, Smith'spoke to the African population: "You must all continue to do your work and business as you have done before. You have nothing to fear. The laws of the country are all well known to you and you will continue to obey them as you have done in the past." (Rhodesian Herald). The statement becomes extremely ironical when one realizes what some of these "well known laws" have done. They have greatly weakened the African opposition by banning the leadership and outlawing the movements. A lawyer who has won cases for Africans for 14 years in Bulawayo was arrested immediately after U.DI. without charge or trial as a warning to other lawyers. Leo Baron is now in solitary confine-! ment in Que Que prison where be is not allowed to even send or receive

RHODESIAN~ 11EITS SUMMARY 24. I DECEMBER 4: U.S. Action: The.United States is moving to take stronger measures against Rhodesia. A selective ban on exports is to be imposed. First_- to be. affected will be airplane parts. A ban on imports will probably-be. imposes later, but there are legal problems holding this up. The U.S. is discussing its role ih the international trade embargo, including oil. Some officials oppose an oil embargo because of the,-. difficulty of enforcement and because it would cause a confrontation with South Africa. The problem with Britian's and the U.S.Is economic measuses is that they will take 6 to 9 months to really hurt. There is the very important question of whether the'African States are prepared to wait that long for action. U.S. officials will watch very closely the African's action over the next few days. Will the OAU take military action? If so-they might ask for U.S. air transport. The U.S. would be reluctant to act, as it would be reluctant to act in response to a Zambian request for troops. Secondly, Kaunda's action is seen as critical. If he gets no help from Britian and decides to call in African troops, a new dimension will be added to the crisis. Also the U.S. is. watching Britian's response to the call for ground troops very closely. , Much as Britian and the U.S. do not want to use military force, neither do they feel prepared to endanger the power supply for Zambia's copper. If copper production were halted, the British supply would be cut off. Also, Britian's export earnings would be hurt and thus the pound would be weakened. Neither the U.S. or Britian wants this to happen. There is also the question of .the Us's and Britian's prestige in Africa, which will suffer greatly if Smith is victorious,. Ineffective action could destroy"stable and progressive government" in sub- equatorial Africa, according to some., observers. Rhodesia and South Africa: Smith reported that Rhodesia has no immediate plan for a formal defense arrangement with South Africa. However,.there have been unconfirmed reports that S.A. has moved fighter planes into the.. Caprivi Strip close to Zambia's border. -South African businessmen have been invited and have accepted the invitation to visit. Rhodesia.The Handels Instituut of South Africa will'send representatives early. next month. Also., South Africa's Industrial Development Council will send representatives. Rhodesia Unable to Pay: Rhodesia has announced that it will not be able to pay some of its international debts in London and to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Smith said that those who Rhodesia owes money "will have to look to the British Government for redress." A Way Out: One thing which has been lacking in Wilson's handling of the Rhodesian crisis is a way out for the Smith regime, according to some critics. However, it is reported that Wilson will be making.

Rhodesian News Summary 25 Dec. 4 cont. an official statement some time during the weeh of Dec. 6 setting terms by which Rhodesia could return to normal relations with Britian. This is felt necessary to allow for the possibility of se ond thoughtsr on the part of white Rhodesia as it begins, to realize the real deprivations of independence. OIL: One of the unanswered questions is the feasibility and results of an oil embargo. Some disregard it as a possibility because of a disbelief in embargos altogether. The argument runs thus: the only time world sanctions were placed on a nation, that is Italy in 1935-1936, they did not work. Therefore sanctions cannot work. Anthony Howard of the London Observer did a careful study of that past attempt at sanctions and rejects any generalizations from it to Rhodesia. What happened in the 1930's was that by the time the embargo even began to be felt, Mussolini' iready had half of Ethiopia. Further, oil was not included In the embargo. In Mussolini's own words, "If the League of Nations had extended economic sanctions to oil, I would have had to withdraw from Abyssinia within a week." Thus it is false to use the only half hearted attempts at embargo 30 years ago as an argument against an oil embargo today. Some action has already been taken. Iran has instructed the oil exporting companies operating in Iran to refrain from the sale of oil to Rhodegia. However, the only really effective way to control the sale of oil to Rhodesia would be to physically check the tanker traffic at Beira. This would have to be done for an oil embargo to work. Of course, South Africa and Portugal might still supply Rhodesia. But there is some question as to whether they are really prepared to buck world opinion that much at this point. What would be most hurt by an oil embargo is Rhodesia's transport. The almost entirely car-borne European population would strongly feel an oil embargo. SOURCES: Christian Science Monitor, Dec. 4 New York Times, Dec. 5 Observer, Nov. 21 Economist, Nov. 20 U.N. Security Council S/6971 23 Nov. 1965 DECEMBER 5: Force Against Rhodesia: The OAU has agreed to plan sabotage and military action against Rhodesia if British action is not successful. Ghana, Zambia, Tanzania, Kenya, and the United Arab Republic are responsible for working out the plans. Approval of them may call for a special meeting of the OAU's council of Ministers or even heads of state.

RHODESIAN NEWS SUMMARY 26 Dec. 5 cont. Meanwhile Britian has finalized her refusal to send ground troops to Zambia on Kaunda's terms. Commonwealth Secretary Bottomley stated that neither British "or any other troops" would go to Zambia. Evidently, he got that promise from Kaunda. Mr. Bottomley not only talked to Kaunda, but also to Kenyatta of Kenya, Nyerere of Tanzania, and Obote of Uganda. He rejected the request for troops because the Africans insisted that the troops go into Rhodesia, Bottomley rejects this because he believes that "the Kariba Dam is mined and if troops went across, it is possible the dam could be blown up, in which case the very thing that Mr. Kaunda fears--the tarning off of the switch--would be acheived not temporarily but for all time." The New Statesman has raised some important questions about Britian's stand on the use of force. Wilson has repeatedly ruled out the use of force against Rhodesia. According to the New Statesman this stand has left Wilson in the position of reacting to the continuous unfolding of events, rather than controlling events. Thus the question: "Does Wilson still rule out the use of force as a means to bring the rebels to heel? If so, the decision to send military units to Zambia is illogical and hazardous. Alternatively, does he genuinely accept a military commitment to defend Zambia against economic aggression and internal violence? If so he must recognize that military action within Rhodesian territory is a logical--and possibly inevitable--consequence of this commitment, and he must make military dispositions accordingly.y Wilson's refusal to use force is grounded in the opposition to such action in Britian. Yet, what it acheives is the alienation of the African states, possibly an open break with them. Further, it reassures Ian Smith that he really has nothing to fear from Britian and decreases the possibility of strong action against Smith. copper from Zambia: Portugal has approved a plan for shipping Zambian copper on the Benguela Railroad through Angola if Rhodesia closes her railroad to Zambia. The Angola line is owned by Tanganyika Concessions Ltd. a London based British concern. The Portuguese manager of the railroad flew to Lusaka Oct. 31 to talk of the plan. The talks were exploratory only. The final decision to use the Angola line is in the hands of the Company's Board. There are several key people who are British and who hold a right-wing view on the Rhodesian question. Their decisions will be crucial. SOURCES: New York Times, Dec. 6 New Statesman, Dec. 3.

RHODESIANT NEWS STMMAR'" 27 National Student Christian Fede-ation Committee on Southern Africa 475 Riverside Drive, Room 754 New York N.Y. 10027 DECEMBER 5 corit.: Rhodesia Acts to Counter Sanctions: The economic leaders who were most oppossed to U.DI. are now drawing up a comprehensive plan to enable Rhodesia to succeed with her independence. The country is being put on a war time footing. Some .goods will be rationed, some ineffieient factories will be closed, and raw materials will be channeled to those companies which will make best use of them. Economic pressures have solidified Smith's control. Phodesians areconfident that they will find markets, that entrepreneurs in search of qqick profit will help them out. They were irritated at the refusal of the U.S. to accept the 1965 sugar quota, complaining that not even Britian had backed out of agreaments comp.Leted before November iI. White population: One indication that all is not well in Rhodesia is the fact that since 1961, there has been a decrease in the white population. With increased tensions, "Europeans have, on balance, been getting out of Rhodesia, "according to the London Times, In 1960, "Europeans" were 6% of the population. In 1.964 they were only 5%. If emmigration and the high African birth rate continue. whites will became a tiny percentage of the population. SOURCES: New York Times, Dec. 6 London Times, Nov. 17 DECEMBER 6: Mozambique Pipeline: Opponents of Portugese control in Mozambique have pledged themselves to blow up the oil pipeline which supplies Rhodesia ilth oil. Dr. Eduardo Mondlane. chairman of the Mozambique Liberation central committee (FRELIMO) stated that "the struggle of the black people of Rhodesia is the struggle of the people of Mozambique." Oil enters Mozambique at Beira and goes by pipeline to Rhodesia. FRELIMO has some 3,000 men engaged in guerilla warfare in Mozambique, so their threat has to be taken seriously. Zambia and OAU Action: The Organization of African Unity passed a resolution calling for complete economic and diplomatic isolation of Rhodesia and a breaking with Britian if her action is ineffective, Further, military measures will be taken if economic measures fail. Chana and Ethiopia have already agreed to contribute troops. The United Arab Republic, Algeria, Nigeria, Sud~an, Ivory Coast and Congo (Leopoldville) are also expected to offer forces. This Lction, howevery is only a

Rhodesian News Summary 28 Dec. 6, cont. recommendation, not an imposition of measures. The question is, what will Zambia's response be to the OAU's action? Kaunda is believed to be moving towards the imposition of sanctions, in spite of the great coat.to Zambia. This would hurt Rhodesia as 20% of her exports are bought in Zambia. Certain products like tires and textiles would lose more than half of their trade Zambia would have to find new sources of coa'., gasoline, foodstuffs, spare parts, etc., and a new outlet for copper. Zambia is really caught because of her dependence on Rhodesia. Kaunda believes that Smith is perfectly capable of cutting off Zambia's Power or even blowing up the dam and that as pressures on Rhodesia increase, there is more and more lik ilihood of this happening. Thus the sooner Smith can be stopped, the better. And Kaunda believes that Britian is responsible to see that this happens. Kaunda believes that British troops, not African troops, should move against Smith. He very much does not want to be held responsible for allowing African troopsinto Zambia that would start a war against Rhodesia -- a war that would be a race war. The OAU's forces cannot function without a Zambian base. Adding to Kaunda's fear of the racial elements in the situation is the pressance in Zambia of white railway workers and miners, who are essential to the working of Zambia's economy. There are 68,000 whites in Zarabia, and generally they are very sympathetic to Smith. The railway workers are almost all Rhodesians and the miners are Rhodesians and South Africans. So far Kaunda has done an excellent job of curbing racial conflict, and he can't afford not to. There is the further problem of the pressence of Portuguese troops which are being moved in close to the Angola-Zambian border, and the strengthing of the South African Air Force detachment on the Caprivi Strip in South West Africa. RHODESIA'S FORCE: Rhodesia's armed forces consist of a, one-brigade army, not counting reserves, and a small but highly professional air force equipped with jets. It is estimated that by combining the army and the police force 45.,000 men, mostly whites, could be put onto the field. However, some observers Ceel that if Britian were to send in a half-battlaiont numerous Rhodesixans would rally to it in order not to break oaths of fealty and in order to avoid being courtmartialed by the British. Peace Plan to Rhodesia: Wilson is preparing a plan that will give Rhodesia the opportunity to return to normal relations with Britian. Wilson is taking this action for at least two reasons. He does not want to see the Commonwealth destroyed. Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierre Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia have threatened to breai relations with Britian if her action is ineffective. Secondly,

Rhodesian News Summary: 29 Dec. 6 cont.: the Conservatives have warned Wilson that they are not prepared to see Britian involved in a civil war in Rhodesia. Thus Wilson must i,-do everything in his power to solve the problem peacefully. The precise terms of the offer have not yet been worked out. The terms will be announced over the radio. The British are building a station in Bechuanaland.which shoUld: be 'ready for use in a week or 10 days.: 'Wilson or even'Q~eenEliiabeth; will offer the terms. There are.two expectdd app0a-6chEs, Prs-, Britian is expected to encourage an oierthrowof'the SnLth reginie:. The encouragment of a coupi.is expected. tO appeal to :the fder ates in Rhodesia who oppose Smith,.:Secondly 'Britiari' will off L,'Smith th6 chance t6; -return to -1the961 C.onstitution Twith minor chaftqes, AssUrances will be given - that .1SmithEMs,-.Government will: not be pft'ished 'if it decides now to return td legality. Wilson :is attempting"to cdnvi. c the white population that although' they must acLept °unitpeded :progress towards majority rule there will be an iinterim ]period'.lasting several years befOre they° need fear an:Aftican majorit . 'The Prime minister is convinced that one of the reasons why Mr.S ith has so much of the white population behind .him- s that *th9 believe there is no third way between'U.D.I, and African rule." (Observer).' Fear of Africanis:* It is significant that the Observergs statement about Wilson's offering of terms, talks about thewhitefear of African rule. What seems to be implied is that it Will notbe necessary to fear an African:majorit' or several years, 'bUt eventually it will be necessary to fear ':one.'' in other words,-the onl! way the whites can see an African majority is through eyes of fear. While Wilson is attempting not to be offensive to the Africans it-is clear that he does not have a policy which really responds to6t-heir needs. He has not acted:to help elliviate-white fears. The 'Soth Aifrican Bantu paper Wdrl'd carried an article Nov. 22 which very much throws.-light :on the mutual' distrust and fear of white and black in Rhodesia sm7th. has. decl-ared that the Africans are behind him,-,- He has consulted th,& chiefs- and they support him. The World report-s:. .,Our quarrel 'with some people who have spoken about consultaton has been thatit has not 'been honest consultation. It has always been 'consultation with the chiefs, as the so-called traditional. leaders of the)people: and not consultation of the politicians and ;enligh-ten@d;,",f'ricans. 'This is the case with our Republican .Govdrnment as: a6lU Wit'h 'the' Rhodesian Government under Mr..- Smith.. .The7 educated Afr"icain was 'regarded as an agitat6r and he was discarded .for purposes-'Of: conSultation. We respect -O&'chiels... but we feel that they are embarking -.oh a role which they never exercised per se in -the tribal -set- .All -tribal political organization was based on the system' 'of the leadership of the headman.'.-There is a. real hunger f~r a political forumfor the expression of the legitimate grievences and aspirations of the people. People must ventilate their feelings if they are to remain happy...It is not too late to Rhodesian News Summary: . 30 Dec. 6, cont. create political machineries for.co9dltation. ' There must, however, be pure motives." Britian and Rhodesia should take note. The African's fears and hpes must be taken with :'thf same' seiousness that is ipzesently given the whites and the British- problems invoved-in:countering UDI. Jobs in Rhodesia: -." " - - ". A" public work's program is big plann'ea to jirvenr the 'spread of unemployment in Rhodesia. The Orojects env.sione :includbr6oads and houses in the African townships. "inance ministerki6hn'Wrathall said that road building alone could empl6oy' 1,500 people,: w"ithin -few months. What this means is thit man- power will:l be used-.instead of machines. : Wrathall waricd thiath- ,siwould mean d "tax incre6ae. Unemployment has not yet been- a visible prolem because. sandtions take time to work. However,. auixiety over job security is growing. 'It has been estimated that- by 'the ;end of February there will be -4,000 unemployed whites. Some employers are waiting until after 'Christmas to "lay their 'men'off ' " .. Wrathall spoke on television arnd told the country that Rhodesia was at war. He compolained about Britian's suspension of the board of the Bank of Rhodesia and called the new board "atroop of puppets." :16 :rt ionalized the secrecy_ of government economic planning saying, "those -6of- you who remember the last war-wili need no reminding of Elio- poder'-which said, ."loose ;talk costs lives'". 4.-80URCES: N.Y. Times, Dec.7. .b.%-rver .*Dec.5 - South AfricafiPre.sDigest NO. 47, Dec. 2 ' Manchester'Guardian Weekly,' Dec. 2. '[DECEMBER 7: -. News Censorship: . The 'Smith GOvernment hia passed a regulation making it .a-de±iie to turn on a radio in a publid place if it pickg up a progiam that could "endanger public safety'l"6r "interfere with rpublic!.ot..er".." "Public place" has been 'brbadlV defined and 'it was unclear ab-t6 whether private 'homes -were' inoIluded in 'the ban. The ban was init iated to block news from the Zambia: Broadcasting Corpoxation-.dnd: th:"British' Brbadcasting Corponation.' Broadcasts frbm Zambia daild'&ll. the black population to resist 'Siith., They 'are broadwast". by Rhodsian 'Afi cAn nationalists in- kxile . 'These 'broadcasts can!'onlV be' :he-rd oh:!6hokt-wave.Sets. The :B.:' ha not Openlycalled for sistence ' but in its regular newscasts stresses the illegal-y lf thed Smith take over. The B.B.C. is building-a 50kiloWatt:t-ranSh~ittezr fin,. Bechuanaland, 7 miles kf th&ehRodesian border.: Ordiharyradisw..,:will .abeiae to tick up its broadcasts. . _Newspaper- censorship Continties but" has loose'du'p&,p iittle'. The i hewsphpers have left. white spae' wherever" news:! was ,ens.red in 'order to show the public how much news was but. There are fewer blanks

Rhodesian News Summary 31 Dec. 7 cont. than there were immediately after U.D.I. Censcrship has been used effectilely.and humorously by those who are in opposition to Smith. The Central African Examiner, a liberal monthly magazine is 1/3 white pages. Joseph Lelyveld reports that, "the cover of the magazine advertized it as a "Special Christmas Do-It- Yourself issue,' with lots of spacd in which you can write what you want to read instead of what we want you to vead.' Inside there was a 'Christmas party puzzle' with !cash prizes (payable in Rhodesian paper currency)' for readers 'who correctly fill in the largest number of.missing words in this issue.'" White Solidarity The Econom*sts reported in Salisbury writes of growing white solidarity..% He: is convinced that Wilson will not be able to split the whites-. Regardless of earlier positions, the whites now see themselves faced with the basic problem of survival. They believe that sanctions .wil! not work. They also believe that la~rge numbers of people in Britian, the U.S. , Australia, New Zealand, and continental Europe support.: them in their action. They see themselves, and want the world to see them., as the "sturdy fighters for Christian civilization in a disintegrating continent full of weak black governments unable to stem communist subversion." SOURCES: N.Y. Times, Dec. 8 The EconomList, Dec. 4 DECEM4BER 8: Rhodesian Curbs Against Zambia.and Malawi: Rhodesia has placed stringent restrictions on trade with Zambia and Malawi, saying that British economic sanctions have forced this action. Malawi and Zambia will no longer be able to pay for Rhodesian goods in British currency. For, payment in British currency merely swells the reserves in London which Rhodesia cannot touch. Thus Zambia and Malawi must pay for Rhodesian purchases in U.S. or Canadian dollars or some other Western European currency. The question is whether or not Britian will allow Zambia and Malawi to buy these currencies with their British pounds.. If Britian refuses, Rhodesia's secondary industries will be. crippled. Last year Zambia and Malawi spent $102 million in Rhodesia, about 25% of all Rhodesian exports: Zambia is Rhodesia's largest Customer... Thus, Rhodesia may lose a great deal by this action. Her response.will be to send the Zambian and Malawian workers in Rhodesia home. There are 270,000 such workers, (more than the total white population of Rhodesia). Their exit would open up jobs for Vhodisians. Malawi has already reacted~by banning all tradewith.Rhodesia. The only sterling area nations exempted from-the Rhodesian regulation are Britain and South Africa-. Rhodesian News Summary 32.: Dec. 8, cont. Rhodesia's -action-is puzzling. As Rhodesia begins to feel the effect of Sanctions, observers: were predicting that one of the things Rhodesia most feared was a break of trade by Zambia. The break may have come but at Rhodesia's initiative. There are conflicting reports from Salisbury on the effect of sanctions. Smith is admitting that they are being felt. He called Wilson's action "deceitful". But he also said, "I am confident that we will be-able to overcome them soon." Those who support him evidently believe sanctions-cannot work. However, the minority of whites perhaps just 5% of the electorate, are convinced that Britian means business and that sanctions will work. Smith has always played down the hardships of sanctions. Yet, as unemployment rises he will have to face it. A real test of his strength will come after Christmas, when large lay offs are expected. If,'as some predict, large numbers of whites leave the country in search of jobs, he will be in serious trouble. South Africa is the logical destination of such people and South Africa wants whites. The whites of Rhodesia cannot afford to' loss very many of their members and survive. And, those who would remain would be the farmers andthose most committed to Smith, in other words the most conservative and'die hard whites. Rhodesia's Economy: Rhodesian business has ]one underground,- but plans are being made and will become evident as they come -into effect.* For example, the price of sugar has gone up 20% to offset the loss of Commonwealth preferences and to keep the sugar estates going. The sugar industry employs some 30,000 people and still aims at 350,000 tons of sugar next year. However, it cannot hope to sell this sugar to brokers for more- than Li5 a ton, which is L9 less than the break-8ven price. :: Tobacco is a real problem. The Government talked of buying the crop. However,'now that Britain has taken over control. of the Rhodesian Bank and because of the fact that South Africa-has been unable to raise large loans for Rhodesia, the Government may not be able to buy;up the tobacco. If it is sold on the world market, it could only be expected to bring about half its normal price. In a year of excellent crops, this can hardly make the farmers happy. Asbestos and chrome are.. expected to bring their normal prices. as there is such.a great demand for them. African States.and the Commonwealth: Uganda-has definitely committed herself to leave the Commonwealth if Britain fails to "take action against Mr Smith's rebel Rhodesian regime by December 15." Mr. Felix Onama,Ugandan Defense Minister announced this December 4. He said ."we attach great importance tothe Commonwealth, but on the question of Rhodesia Uganda feels Britain:has let down the whole of Africa and the Commonwealth members in Africa." Zambia's; President, Kenneth Kaunda has written to Tanzania's President, Julius Nyerere, asking Tanzania not to break with Britain. Rhodesian News Summary 33 Dec. 8 cont. Kaunda pointed out that such a break would sever the geographical,'.' corridor through which Britian could move against Rhodesia. The break would landlock Zambia and prevent her from receiving British aid. Kaunda is -expected to write to other African leaders: expressing agreement- in:principle with the OAU's action but reservingthe right, to act only on the resolutions that would not damage..ZambiaiS° economy or expose her to other dangers. U.S. Action: In a move that was more symbolic than practical, the U.S. deprived Rhodesia of control over foreign exchange accounts held-in"!:' this country.: This was done by recognizing the new board Of the' RhodeSian Reserve Bank as-the body-which is entitled to-control official'Rhodesian accounts in the U.S. The'act is realatively minor as total Rhodesian holdings are only about $1 million. Kariba Dam: Arthur Bottomley,.Britain's Commonwealth Secretary, gave themining of the Kariba Dam as oneconcrete reason why British troops ... would not enter Rhodesia, .dausing the'dam to be destroyed. -A thorough inspection of the dam indicates that it is-not mined. Dam officials deny any truth'to such contentions.:L.E. Black, a senior British corporation offici;alat Kariba reported that no orders had ever been-received to make arrangements to destroy the dam. Even private sabotagewas kuled:out. It-would take a huge amount'of explosives to destroy the dam. There are 6 100-kilowatt turbines. The superintendent of the cOntrol station, Philip Slack', said; "No individual would have-a chance to sabotage more than one or two tur-, bines before he was disCoVered and we could still.operate on the. . other four." The complex is:patrolled day and night. Thus, Bottomley's statement now appears as an attempt to justify' Britain's unjustifiable refusal''t6- send troops- t6both sides of the dam. Zambia and Rhodesia each .owhn.50% of the stock-of the-Central African Power Corporation.* However..thelocation of-the Control center in Rhodesia gives her a strangle hold on Zambia is she chooses to use it. If the dam ever were to be destroyed, it would h6t only " paralize.Zambia's economy. .It would a-Iso " .uneA..h.-a:ssiv 'tidal wave down the Zambezia-Valley-and inundate scores-of Africahvillages in Zambia, Rhodesia, and Portugese Mozambique." SOURCES: New York Times, Dec#.'9Observer Dec.5 . . Economist, Dec. 4

Rhodesian News Summary DECEMBER 9: Zambia r s rsdent: Kenneth.Kaunda..was a "Man in the News" in the New York Times today., Reespect for him grows as he tries to deal with the prohbms of his nation and Rhodesia. The following represents some of the thinking of Kaunda:.. ",Power in the hands of the minority--in this case the white man--is an arrangement that will corrupt the best of men regardless of their color,'Mr. Kaunda observed several years ago. 'It is a system that tempts the privileged few to discriminate against the many--in this country the blacks.' The comments...are echoed today in Mr. Kaunda's position in regard to Rhodesia." Zambian-Appeal for Troops: Zambia issued a new appeal to Britain for troops to protect the Kariba Dam. President Kaunda sent two notes, the second after Britain failed to respond to the first. Kaunda warned Britain that failure to act would open the door to troops contributed by African states to an Organization of African Unity force. Kaunda addressed the Zambian parliament and strongly attacked Britain's refusal to act effectively against Rhodesia. He said Britain was using Zambia as an excuse to not act against Rhodesia. For example, Britain has refused to stop a British Shell OiL tanker bound for Rhodesia, because some of the oil may be for Zambia. Kaunda believes that Britain is refusing to take really effective economic and military action, but that concern for Zambia is not the real *reason for the inaction. Kaunda also condemned Britain's offer to negotiate a settlement with Smith. Kaunda said of the British offer?. "Today you brand someone a rebel--a chap who has committed treason--and tomorrow, you declare publicly you will embrace him." Zanbia announced two new moves. First, the army and air force will be rapidly strengthened. Secondly, a program will be initiated to build a dam on the Kafue River to eliminate Zambian dependence on the Kariba Dam. The Kariba Dam, the airline services, and the Rhodesian Railroad are all jointly owned by Rhodesia and Zambia. Kaunda declared in parliament that if Rhodesia interrupted any of these, Zambia would regard it as a declaration of war and act accordingly. Fuel Stockpile: The London Times reported that a convoy of tank trucks is on its way from Zambia to Dar es Salaam, Tanzania to pick up fuel for a stockpile. It is a 1,500 mile trip. Rhodesian Action against Zambia and Malawi: In Salisbury, economic circles were expressing cautious hope that yesterday's economic restrictions imposed on Zambia and Malawi would not disrupt the bulk of trade with these countries. They base this hope on the fact that Britain has shown no signs of preparing a

Rhodesian News Summary 35 DeC. 9 cont. " program to replace Rhodesia'as Zambia's main supplier of manufactured goods. Trade may be able to continue between-Zambia and Rhodesia by using South Africa. Zambian importers could pay stierlihg to South African exporters for goods purchased in Rhodesia.' In' ases where the Rhodesian producer was a subsidiary or affiliate of a South African concern this would be quite easy. U.S. and Oil Embargo: Secretary of State Dean Rusk said the United States was considering the imposition of anoil embargo but that the U.S. was doubtfulof. the et i s of such an embargo. U.N. Man to, Zambia:' Mr. Geoxrge Ivan Smith, Australian born U.N. official and U Thant's speciai representative in East and Central Africa has been sent. to' Zambia. He will also go to Tanzania and Kenya, visiting U.N. technical assistance offices. The purpose of the visit is to study the disposition .of U.N. staff there and the posibilities of extending. technical assistance which'might be needed as result of the'. Rhooesian crisis. SCRCES:i eew York Times-, Dec. 9 &10 . Observer, Dec. 5 : DECEMBER,10:...... Prime Minister.Wilson: .,._...Prime Minister Wilson's ability:to control the Rhodesian crisis. has been praised by many in Britain at the same time that he was being severly criticized abroad, particularly by the African states. Wilson cannot forget the political realities at home and this has a huge influence on the way he moves. The African states have threatened to break with Britain if Smith is not destroyed by December 15th. While some observers have critcized "African impatience" the act did bring the two British parties closer together, perhaps convincing Conservative leader Heath that strong action is a necessity. Wilson, according to the Observer is operating on two principles: (1) no surrender to 9mith, and (2) no military invasion. He has had to move slowly enough to take the public with him as he is not prepared to lose an election over U.D.I. The Conservatives are still highly critical of the economic measures. The Economist came out against the freezing of pension payments due to Rhodesians. It said thatthis merely made it harder for those loyal to Britain to stand against Smith, and called for a paying of pensions. (There are at least 3,500 pensioners in Rhodesia drawing remittances of about L500,000 a year.) The Daily Mirror, which has the largest circulation of any British daily paper, came out with a surprising attack on Wilson, calling him not to spend so much time on Rhodesia and to

RHODESIAN NEWS SUMMARY .a Dec. 10, cont. attend to matters at home. To the Africans, it seems as though Wilson moves more in reaction to events than he does in relation to any clearly thought out policy. Thus they distrust his intentions. No Negotiations With Smith: Today Wilson strengthened his position against Rhodesia. He said that Britain would not negotiate with Smith's regime, that Smith could not be trusted. The question of trust grew out of an event that preceeded U.D.I. Before November llth, Smith had asked the British Governmr of Rhodesia, Sir Humphrey Gibbs, to grant the Rhodesian Government emergency powers. At that time, Smith assured Sir Humphrey that the emergency powers would not be used to declare independence. The powers were granted. Smith did in fact declare independence shortly thereafter. This episode caused Commonwealth Secretary Bottomley to call Smith a liar and Wilson's action essentially backs up that accusation. The Conservatives strongly protested Wilson's action. The Opposition leader, Edward Heath, accused Wilson of demanding "unconditional surrender" by Smith. British Reaction to the Sending of Troops: It seems to be generally agreed that in order for Britain to maintain the initiative in the Rhodesian crisis, she had to send troops. However, there has been real criticism of the lack of clarity about the role the troops are to play. The Economist believes that if Zambia's President Kaunda invites in African troops then Dritain will immediately have to reevaluate her role. In other words, the Royal Air Force detachment should not be used a s protection for an African military force which would nove against Rhodesia. The Observer sees the role of troops in three ways: theoretically they are going in to protect the Kariba Dam from attack by Rhodesia. They could also be used to help maintain order in Zambia if the white population there begins to get out of hand. Thirdly, the force could easily become involved in indirect support of saboteurs and then have to move into Rhodesia it self to restore order. All these possibilities need to be acknowledged. The Observer sees Britain's role in the following way: "to move fast enough to keep the initiative, but to consult now with Zambia on how best to involve other forces acceptable to her---preferably drawn from other Commonwealth countries with the blessing of the United Nations--- in dealing with the ciisis. Kenya and the Commonwealth: President Jomo Kenyatta today said that Kenya would "not be panicked into" breaking diplomatic relations with Britain nec. 15, even if Britian had not defeated Smith by then. Kenya has already announced a complete trade ban against Rhodesia. SOURCES: N'Gw York Times, Dec. 11; Observer, Dec. 5; Economist, Dec. 4; London Times, Dec. 3.

Rhodesian News Summary DECEMBER 11: African States and Britian: As the 15th of December draws nearer, the African states are beginning to commit themselves regarding the called for break with Britain which the Organization of African Unity initiated. .Zambia's President Kaunda has gone to Tanzania to talk with President Nyerere to persuade him not to break with Britain. Nyerere has already warned Britain that he would break relations if Smith is not defeated by the 15th. * The Rhodesian.crisis is seen as the greatest threat to the Commonwealth since the Suez Crisis of 1956. However, it is believed that if Kaunda can persuade Nyerere not to break, the 11 other African members of the Commonwealth will not break either. Those most likely to go ahead and severe ties with Britain are Ghana and the Sudan. * The states most likely to break with Britain are the non-English speak ing sta tes of Congo (Brazzaville), Guinea, Mali, and perhaps Mauritania. These countries have no significant economic ties with Britain. Algeria has aunounced that she will break diplomatic and consular relations. Ethiopia has called for a delay of the -action because the break would not really help the African Rhodesians. Kenya will not break because of a belief that Zambia would suffer .more than Rhodesia. Diplomatic Missions in.Salisbury: There were 14 diplomatic missions in Rhodesia before U.D.I. and :not one of them has shut down since then. The South African and Portuguese missions have maintained normal relations with Rhodesia although they have not formally recognized her. The Australian and Canadian missions are the only two that seem to be preparing to close. The rest have followed the lead of Britain. This means that the' head of the mission is sent home, the staff is cut, and a waiting process is entered into. The United States consulate for example, is still operating but with about 1/3 of its regular staff. "A European dirbmat, asked what he does when businessmen arrive from his country and request help in making appointments with Government officials, replied, 'We always help them--indirectly.'" Rhodesian Christian Council Rejects U.DI. The Christian Council of Rhodesia, which includes the Anglican,' Methodist, Presbyterian, and Congregational Churches has declared its loyalty to the Queen and the British Governor, and has pledged itself .to work "for the rapid restoration of constitutional Government" meaning the 1961 Constitution. It also called on all men, "to abstain from violence and bloodshed," and called on its own people to ."pursue their daily duty peacefully and to share what privations and difficulties may come to us.."

Rhodesian News Summary 38 Dec. 11 cont. France Denies Secret Oil Deal The Compagnie Francaise des Petroles, denied charges that Total one of its subsidaries, was negotiating behind the scenes with South Africans,: through Belgium bankers to supply crude oil to Rhodesia. The Company said its policy was the same as all the other ,ompanies involved and that unless there was complete participation in an oil embargo it would be ineffective. Visas for Zambia: Zambia is requiring all Rhodesians who wish to enter the country to have visas and to sign a declaration renouncing the Smith regime. The Rhodesian Government has decided to ignore such renunciations. News From South Africa: Die Volksblad, an Afrikans paper reports the following: "The merciless manner in which Zambia and other Black African States are asking for the head of the Smith Governmnet on a platter, is, naturally the'result of the unbroken hate campaign which is being conducted in the world against the Whites of Southern Africa. The scrape in which this has caused Britain to land herself, is part of the price which must be paid because the Western countries so merrily contributed to it. Mr Wilson's Government is in such a difficult position that it almost no longer knows how to/withstand the pressure of the-African states for her to send a military force. Should Mr Wilson do this and a force for the sake of show is stationed in Zambia without achieving anything further, it can place Britain in a somewhat ridiculous light. The Smith Governmebt will simply go its way and Britain will be exposed to further irritation by being urged not to let the force sit still." Die Transvaler reports: "The Rhodesian crisis has created a gulf between the English press and the overwhelming majority Qf Englishspeaking people, which can snrely not be bridged easily. These papers have always succeeded in carrying the English-speaking people of South Africa along with them on the path which Britain has chosen. Today they however find it impossible, because' the acceptance of liberalism amounts to their committing suicide. This the.Englishspeaking people of Rhodesia as well as of the Republic refuse to do. For the first time in history these English-speaking people do not see in Britain their protector byt indeed one who could bring about their possible downfall...One could, in connection with the future of South Africa honestly not express a better desire than that the estrangement between the Bnglish-speaking people and the English press will remain permanent." SOURCES: New York Times, Dec. 12 Statement by the-Christian Council of Rhodesia, Nov. 26 London Times, Dec. 3 South African Press Digest, No. 47, Dec. 2.

Rhodesian News Summary 39 National Student Christian Federation Committee on Southern Africa475 Riverdde Drive, Room 754, New York, N.Y. 10027 AFTER U.D.I. WHAT? (an editorial) 'The whites of Rhodesia declared themselves independent from Britain in large degree to be.able to maintain control over the country's 4 million Africans.' Britain has stated that they will not get away with this illegal act and has placed economic sanctions on Rhodesia. Britian has stated that she hopes to undermine Rhodesian Prime Minister Smith's support to the point that the country will demand a change. The Governor, Sir HumpIrey Gibbs could then rule until -general elections on thebasis of the i961 Constitution could be held. A moderate white government could then take over that would move the co ntry slowly but surely toward majority rule. As the weeks pass, this solution seems more and more unrealistic. :,Observers are beginning to see that even if there were enough moderate whittes to control the mechanics of government, they would not have the needed support from the white or the black popdlations to be able to run the country. Lawrence Fellows, N.Y. times reporter, interviewed a number of whites in the Rhodesian town of Banket. Their attitudes differ: Theemore realistic ones are quite willing to admit .that it will be impossiblelfor Rhodesia to remain in the white man's control. The numbers are ovbViously against this. However, it will be 10 or 15 years before the black man Will be able to rle responsibly. Those who show genuine feeling for the Africans are however, extremly paternalistic. They talk about all they have done for the "boys"; how loyal their ybbys" are to them..,. On the blatantly negative side are those who desperately fear a black government and who feel it is worthless to even try to teach the Africans because they cannot learn. Somewhere in the middle are those well meaning, hard working whites who unfortunately are blind to the way in which their attitudes dehumanize the Africans. One woman is actually quoted as saying, "...I'ye just saved its life... from malnutrition ...if we could only train it into something,...so it could earn money." These are the people who don't see why the Africans keep demanding things they won't work fcr. They do not understand why the Africans do not work with the same energy with which they work. Their attitude is "why don't the blacks help themmlves?" They have not been able to see the meaninglessness of striving for advancement in a nation which is so governed that an African cannot expect to reap the benefits of his labor as a free man. He cannot participate as a whole person, taking on social and political responsibility. It is the old story of domination. The privileged refuse to give up their superior position until the oppressed act like the privileged in terms of values, manners, and life ambitions. Yet, as oppressed, this is an impossibility; and of course a questionable thing to strive for anyway. The black Rhodesians can hardly be expected to want to be like the white man, even though they may wish to learn a great deal from the white man. Thus, it is clear that white men, with these attitudes, are not really ready to move with a moderate government towards

Rhodesian News Summary 40' After U.D.I. cont.:. majority rule. At least a good deal of British opinion supports this attitude.. The Economist has expressed itself: "...Mr. Wilson should give no credence to the belief that blood is either necessary or inevitable in Rhodesia. Those who want force in Rhodesia have no idea what they would do with the conntry if it fell into their hands. For no British government could hand over to the black Rhodesian politicians without a very-long time spent in African political education.- For most ofl that time the only difference from today would be that Messrs Nkomo and Sithole would be inBritish-run jails if: hey insist on -one-man, one-vote tomorrow, not Mr. Smith's jails." what the'Economist1 and the whites fail to deal with are African attitudes. And,' articulate African leaders are in no way prepared to live under a white government, if Smith is defeated. For the Rhodesian African, the end of UD.I. is a black government. To oppose U.D.I. is to fight for African rule. Rhodesia has never really been ruled from Britain and the Africans are not prepared to accept 'British rule now. Neither is a moderate white Rhodesian government a possibility. MOst reporting on the Rhodesian Africans has stressed their divisions, their lack of preparation to rule. Yet their aspirations towards the control of their own nation are certainly more realistid than the white Rhodesian's belief that he can go on treating the black as "boy" and reaping the benefits of his labor. SOURCES: New York Times Magazine, Dec. 12 . Economist, Dec.'4 .. .i , -

RHODESIAN NEWS SUMMARY National Student Christian Federation Committee on Southern Africa 475 Riverside Drive, Room 754 New York, N.Y. 10027 DECEMBER 12: Kenya Asks for Security Council Hearing: Kenya ealled fox an emergency session of the Security Council to discuss Rhodesia. The effortwas initiated to prevent large numbers of African states from breaking with Britain, December 15th. Kenya's President Kenyatta said in his message that voluntary sanc-tions had doubtfyl chances of success. The Rhodesian crisis could set off a racial war that would have world wide significance. Thus the Security Councilshould immediately call for mandatory sanctions under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter to help destroy Smith and prevent a war. The Security Council will meet Monday at 4:00. Both British and U.S. spokesman refused to comment on the requested appeal to Chapter VII. Both nations have avoided it. Britain does not want any action against Rhodesia to be taken under Chapter Vil. In order for such action to be taken, the Rhodesian situation would have to be defined as a threat to world peace. This would open the door to economic and military action. However, without a United Nations force, the measures adopted could not be enforced. British and U.S. agreement would be essential for any approval and effective action. Kenyatta.Denounces Smith: On the second anniversary of Kenya's independence, Kenyatta vigorously attacked Ian Smith for seizing independence in order to prevent the- political advancement of the Rhodesian blacks. Tanzania to Break with Britain: In spite of Zambia's appeal to continue relations with Britain, President Nyerere of Tanzania has cabled his decision to the Sec. General of the O.A.U. Diallo Telli, stating that his nation would honor the O.A.U. resolution to break with Britain. Tanzania's break with Britain cannot be seen as an irrational or spur-of-the- moment decision. Tanzania has done all in her power to cooperate with Britain. She was supportive during the long negotiations which preceeded U.D.I. She called on nationalist leaders to use constitutional means; whe was willing to take the time to see a correct, not a hasty solution emerge. She even waited to see if sanctions could work, in spite of a dLsbelief in their effectiveness. Tanzania was willing to fully cooperate with Britain because Tanzania honored Britain's continued demands that Britain was responsible for what happened in Rhodesia. However, the failure of Britain to break Smith, coupled with Britain's continued rejection of outside help from the United Nations or the Commonwealth, has dissillusioned Nyerere. The only honorable alternative is to break with Britain# according to Nyerere.

Rhodesian News Summary 42 Dec. 12 cont. Tanzaniawill suffer from this break. The.Economist reports: "Britain does not usually grant capital aid without supervision, and it is therefore assumed that when the British high commission. in Dar closes down all capital aid will cease. A recently announced interest-free loan of L-7.5 million has not yet been signed and it is unlikely that it now will be.. Other outstanding capital aid amounts to about L 800,000.. The-development eXpenditure -estimates for 1965-66 show British aid at 22 per cent as far the largest foreign contributor.# There are over 1000 Britons in Taniania under technical assistance progrrms. Nyerere hopes that many of these whites will stay in the country and has. assured them of their safety. Nyerere is not demanding the defeat of Smith by December 15th, but rather decisive British act~ion, such as the occupation of Kariba. Nyerere is acting on three principles in his decision to severe ties with Britain: (1) a belief in racial equality throughout all of Africa, (2) the decision of the O.A.U. that this action is necessary, and (3) the principle that the international community must act decisively against challenges to law, morality, and world opinion. Zambia Not to Break:With Br'itain: Zambia will not severe its ties. with Britain for a number of reasons. Zambia cannot stop all its dealing with Rhodesia until alternative routes and supplies are discovered and British help is needed in finding these alternatives. Further, the Royal Air Force jets would undoubtedly be withdrawn if ties were severed. . Kaunda is in a tricky spot. His Foreign Minister, Mr. Hapwepwe, at first severly attacked the "outdated and useless" aircraft that Britain had sent to Zambia. He has since be~n persuaded that the, force is eapable of fighting Rhodesian planes. But, the incident points to the problems within the Zambian cabinet. Kaunda is being pressured into taking a more militant stand. Kapwepwe is seen as a real potential rival, although he presently is loyal to. Kaunda. Kapwepwe's support comes from the north among the Bambaspeaking people who make up 40% of the population and 80% of the copperbelt. , Kaunda's position will become even more difficult as the belief that Wilson and Smith are acting in collusion grows.. What would dispel this belief would be British occupatibn of the Kariba power: installation. Compromise on Kariba It has been suggested that if a strong British force were placed on the Zambian side of the border ready to move across, with real.. power if needed, this might solve the problem. However, neither side is likely to accept it. Rhodesia could quickly put the dam out of commission by simply removing a few pieces of vital equipment.

Rhodesian News Summary 43 Dec. 12 cont. Extent of British Aid to Africa: What would a break between African and Britain really mean, a break that has been called for by the Organization of African Unity? No one seems to be sure. British aid to African states amounts to L61 million a year. 8000 Britons work in Africa and 5000 Africans study in Britain. Much of this might continue after diplomatic breaks. However, it is doubtful that any military aid would go to states preparing to fight Rhodwsia, with the possible exception of Zambia. The African states sterling balances are estimated to total about L400 million. If the Africans were willing to suffer the consequences to their own currencies, they could really hurt Britain's reserves and currency by withdrawal. Ian Smith's Christmas Card The Daily Mail carried Prime Minister Ian Smith's "Christmas" ,.greeting: The Card: a picture of the map of Rhodesia. Four white men stand erect, back to back on the map. Frpm the midst of them arise a cross, the Union Jack and the crown. Inside are the words from Rhodesia's Declaration of IndependenceV "We have struck a blow for the preservation of justice, civilization and Christianity." It is clear that Mr. Smith's "justice" "civilization", and "Christianity" are all a mockery. SOURCES: New York Times, Dec. 13 Economist, Dec. 11 Observer, Dec. 12 Daily Mail, Dec. i0 DECEMBER 13: NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ministers meet in Paris tomorrow. Both Vietnam and Rhodesia will be discussed. The United States is asking for support for her position in Vietnam and Britain is asking for discussion on Rhodesia. Security Council Meeting.Postponed: The Security Council meeting scheduled for today was postponed on Kenya's request until tomorrow. Wilson at the United Nations:. Prime Minister Wilson will speak before the UN General Assembly on Thursday, but he may also speak at the Security Council, a very unusual act for a head of state. Wilson would present Britain's case on the Rhodesian crisis and attempt to keep the Council from taking action that Britain feels would be exlosive. Wilson is oppossed to any use of military force as he knows that the military obstacles are severe and that there is- little support for this at home. He also fears it because such action could lead to bloodshed and chaos in Rhodesia..

44 Rhodesian News Summary Dec. 13, cont. Nigeria's Balewa in London: Nigeria's Prime Minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa arrives in London December 14, to present to Britainhis ideas on how to prevent the African states from breaking with her. He is said to, favor a meeting of British Commonwealth Prime Ministers. The U.A.R. ReverSes Its PoSition: , iThe United ArabSRepublic has decided not to break with Britain and has called.- a new meeting of African foreign ministers to discuss their stand against ahOdesia. Cairo reversed itself because of the reluctance of o0thet tates: to bneak with Britain, but felt that a meeting should be called no later than December 21 to discuss plans. Action. againSt-Rhodesia would need Cairo's support as the U.A.R. :has the strongest army of any O.A.U. member. Bombing in Salisbury: Four gasoline bombs were thrown into houses in the white residential suburbs of Rhodesia. No one was hurt according to the Police. The Economist: The Economist was sent free to Rhodesia this week to be sold on newsstands. The exchange restrictions would otherwise have meant that the paper would not have been distributed. The rationale for this move was that a British view should be available in Salisbury for those who want it. Business in Rhodesia: As Christmas draws nearer, the whites of Rhodesia seem to be trying to make themselves believe that all is fine. Christmas shopping is going on as usual, and there has been very little hoarding of goods. The only buying up of goods has been by women buying cosmetics and nylons. Most people have not yet been hit with the realities of sanctions. At the movies, "God Save the Queen" is still played and the Union Jack still flies. Merchants predict that by March certain products will be scarce, but by then they hope to have found substitutes., And, It is Wilson, not Smith who is blamed for any inconvenience or anxiety. Loyalty. to Smith is very strong. However, Prime Minister Smith and his cabinet are beginning to understand what sanctions will mean, in spite of white optomism. There are rumors that not only has Britain approached Rhodesia, seeking possible ways back to normalacy, but Rhodesia has likewise sent its secret messages to Britain. What this means, no one knows. * How has Rhodesia been effected? So far, Rhodesian imports have not been greatly cut.She can no longer 'buy arms.. But, she is still getting oil. Restrictions have been -plced :on consumer goods which account for about 17% of Rhodesia's *imports. Producer's goods, some 70% of imports have not been hit, but will be very soon. Exports have been hit much more, perhaps affecting 40% of Rhodesia's experts. Rhodesia's -regular customers aren't buying. Butj

Rhodesian News Summary Dec. 13, cont. bufore long it is realistic to suppose that she will find other markets. However, Rhodesian exports will bring much lower prices than before. The really critical factor, effecting both imports and exports is the financial one. The take over by Britain of the Rhodesian Reserve Bank means that Rhodesia is actually dependent on current earnings for meeting her financial needs. The L9 million sterling held in London is now controlled by the Lqn~on board of the Rhodesian Reserve Bank, and the Lll million sterling held outside Britain is now frozen because of dual claim to authority over it. Foreign Banks are not honoring requests from Mr. Bruce, Mr. Smith's Bank Governor to release funds. There are small amounts of foreign exchange held by commercial banks in their own accounts. However, these funds are irreplacable and the commercial banks are very reluctant to use up these small reserves. Thus, Rhodesia must rely on her present income to survive. These earnings amount to about 5 million pounds a month instead of the usual 10 million pounds. Thus, imports, which usually run at L9 million a month will have to be cut too. Somehow the British act of taking control of the Reserve.Bank was not anticipated. Thus, Rhodesian importers are in for a rude shock when they see their quotas, a shock for which they should have been prepared. Newly earned foreign exchange will have to be placed in newaccounts that Britain cannot touch. The big problem is to keep the country going until March-April when tobacco and sugar sales will bring in money. It is inevitable that sanctions will soon be felt very strongly. Already, the Africans are being hit. The British Motor Corporation laid off 10 of its black workers when Zambia announced that she would no longer buy cars assembled in Rhodesia. It is hard to assess African attitudes because the leadership can't be talked with. One. African said, "Maybe if we suffer we'll be able to act together." There is some questioning as to-whether Africans will lose their jobs to make way for the white worker. Some whites at least may be unwilling to do "black man's work". Large numbers of married white women who work to bring in a second paycheck for luxury items will probably be laid-off early in the game. SOURCES: NewYork Times, Dec. 14 Economist, Dec. 11 New Statesman, Dec. 10

Rhodesian News Summary: 46 DECEMBER 14: Britain to Apply Oil Embargo:, Prime Minister Wilson is expected to announce an oil embargo. on Rhodesia when he speaks to the United Nations, Thursday. N gotiations for the embargo are going on in Lqndn, Lusaka, and..," Washington.. The Conservatives are opposses to this move,,. sq Wilson can expect trouble at home.. However, the oil embargo is the strongest act which Britain has taken against Rhodesia, and should ease. pressures on Zambia's Kaunda, as he is being pushed to demand more, extreme acts. The United .States has been in .favor of on embargo, according to the N.Y. Times, but felt. that. Britain had to take the initiative. Thus, the U*S. is pleased with the-:tep, hoping it can ward off race war in-Africa. Cooperation of the oil producing :states, principally IXan and the Arab states is essential, but is probably assured. Zamrbia, whose oil, rail traffic, and other crucial economic factors are connected with Rhpdesia will have to be supported so that she doesn't suffer as much as Rhodesia. Air and train routes that aveid Rhodesia are being;worked out. U.N. Security Council Meeting Postponed Indefinitely: Kenya's U.N. Representative Burudi Nabwera explained that therequested meeting had been cancelled because Britain is.-not prepared to consider, the involking of Chapter VII of the U.N, Charter and thus, the meeting would be worthless.. .It, was :rumored that the meeting was postponed till after Wilson spoke at the General Assembly to see what would be proposed by him. . Kenya had originally asked for the meeting to be held under the terms of Chapter VII. Both Britain and the United States reject the use of this chapter, which calls for mandatory sanctions against nations which threaten international peace. Britain's Argument is that Rhodesia is not legally a nation and thus the chapter does not apply. The United States agrees with Bvitain., African States Consider Break with Britain: It was reported fromAlgiers that the resolution to breoak dijiomatic relations with Britain by December 15 if Smith were not, crushed, was being reconsidered. Zambia Seeks Support: A four man team is headed for London on Sunday to try once again to work out an acceptable plan on how to defeat Smith. The Zambian's major concern is the Kariba complex. They want British troops to surround the complex. Britain refuses to do so because such a move ,kould necessitate the movement of troops onto Rhodesian soil. If Britain is unwilling to send just a British force, Zambia is prepared to accept a Commonwealth force. If negotiations with Britain fail, the four man team will split

Rhodesian News Summary 47 Dec. 14, cont. up.' Foreign Minister Kapwepwe and Minister of Mines and Cooperatives, A. Grey Zulu, will travel to Washington to seek help. Finance Mininster Arthur Wina and Minister of Agriculture Elijah Mudendq will fly to Moscow for talks. The Washington and Moscow delegations will not be asking for U.S. and Soviet troops, but rather for support for a United Nations contingent to surround and guard Kariba. The response of the United States will be watehed very closely if such a request is made. It will be interpreted as a symbol of the kind of commitment that the U.S. has to Africa. While the Kariba power problem will be the major concern of such talks, the group will also attempt to work out plans for airlifting essential items into Zqmbia, such as coal, fuel oil, and industrial parts and food. With airlift support, Zambia would be able to break all relations'with Rhodesia in a month. It would cause a good deal of strain on Zambia, but it would also hurt Rhodesia. Rhodesia exports more that $100 million worth of goods to Zambia yearly. Further if Zambia really stopped all relations with Rhodesia, the. * Rhodesian Wankie coal fields would have to stop production. The Soviet Union has not been approached about support for an airlift but it is believed that they would be receptive to the idea. The United States gave Zambia assurance of airlift support in the case of Rhodesia breaking with Zambia. Whether or not the United States would supply the air support if Zambia breaks with Rhodesia is yet to be decided. International Force for Kariba: One plan being discussed in Britain is that of an international force operating under the name of the World Bank, to demilitarize the Dam. The World Bank was the largest single contributor in financing the dam, releasing a loan of L28.6 million. The total cost of the dam was L113 million. Commonwealth countries would supply troops for this "Bank" force. The plan is being discussed with the Bank. Mr. Cledwyn Hughes, Minister of State for Commonwealth Relations, and Mr. Maurice Foley, Parliamentary Secrtary, Department. of Economic Affairs, are going to Zambia today and will discuss the plan with Kaunda. The idea was initiated in an effort to break the deadlock between Britain and Zambia on troops, and becuse the dam is of concern to more than one nation, Zambia's Vulnerability: A reoccuring problem in all the plans against Rhodesia is the effect that these plans will have on Zambia. One somewhat uncontrolable factor is Zambia's white population. If the whites were suddenly to exit the copperbelt in large numbers, "the result would be as grave as the destruction of the Kariba power house and Zambia's economy would be crippled for years to come," according to Colin Legum. Rhcdesian News Summary 48 December 14 cont. The unhappy fact is that Zambia's whites are behind Smith. In ,Zambia the whites operate, and expect to be treated, as a. p?;ivileged elite. They know that their technical skill is needed t,..run the mines, and until Africans canbe-:trained to replace them, the 12,000 white miners are able to get what they ask for. Their average~pay now approaches L2,500 a year compared to the L300 for African workers who do the unskilled jobs-.:The whites -have. not acopted Kaunda's hope for a truly multiracial society with,equal opportunity for all. SOURCES: New York Times, Dec. 15 Observer, Dec. 12 DECEMBER 15: . Breaks With Britain:,. President. Sekou.Toure of Guinea announced severance of relations with Britain. nd .the closingof the 1British mbassy at gqnakry. Senega-l,..and i gqer, also French speaking, states, -broke with. Britain in'keep±ng with. :an O..A.U. resolution to sevegetties with Britain if,.she had faled to take concrete action to destroy Smith. ;It-was -a.nnounced that Ethiopia would ot break with.Britain at this time. Tanzania -announced that she would go through with her break with Britain and that-it would - into affect- at midnight. By so doing, Tanzania:.,becomes thel.first Commonwealth nation ever to break with Britain. The break however is not absolute. Tanzania plans to remain in the Commonwealth. She will probably maintain a small staff in London, and the British will keeb a small staff in Tanzania at the Canadian Embassy. Reports from London indicate that aid to Tanzania will probably -continue dispite the break. Wilson's Response to:the Breaking of the African States: Before leaving Britain for the United States, Prime Minister Wilson said that, whatever:[ .the African states did about their threat to break with Britain, he was still against the use of force to settle the Rhodesian crisis. WilsonArrives in the United States: Prime-Minister Wilson arrived in the U.S. for a speech at the United Nations tomorrow and for talks with President Johnson,. Among other things, an oil embargo on Rhodesia will be discussed. On arrival Wilson indicated that his U.N. address would not deal spec.ificclly with the oil :embargo0 He wants to talk to Johnson. first, and it is believed that,-his future action will be greatly influenced by the kindof backing the United States gives. British-Policy and Public Opinion: As Wilson traveled to the U.S. a few African states broke relations with Britain over Rhodesia. In Britain itself, Wilson was A

Rhodesian News Summary 49 Dec. 15 cont. receiving conflicting advice and support, The Economist called the. December 15th deaaline, "arbitrary and silly," and encouraged Wilson to continue on the path that he has tpken: strong economic measures but no military action. Anthony Lewis of the N.Y. Times distinguished three basic positions regarding Rhodusia that are held in Britain. The first is a.pi' ified "white man's burden". That is, because Britain was responsible for bringing the white man to Rhodesia in the first place, she is also responsible for seeing that eventually the hbck man will rule and that the whites wilinot exploit the blacks. Secondly, there are those who identify with the whites of Rhodesia as "kith and kin" andwho see white control "as an outpost of civilization in a primitive black sea." Finally, there are thosw who see the Rhodesian crisis in the larger context of world hiolitics. They realize that failure in Rhodesia could mean the destruction of the Commonwealth and the isolation of Britain as a little island off Europe's coast. Wilson probably falls in this camp. Constructive measures are being urged on Wilson. The oil embargo appears crucial. Secondly, the Economist suggests that an international force, of perhaps:Nigerians and Canadians surround Kariba and demilitarize it, thus making it safe for Zambia and Rhodesia. One of the problems of all of these suggestions is that they take time to be planned and executed. To the African states and even more critically, to the Africans inside Rhodesia, it appears that Britain is-doing nothing. The consorship in Rhodesia means that the Africans are almost totally cut off from the outside and are convinced that Britain is doing nothing. Colim Legum suggests some steps that would show Britain's good faith and help insure success. First, Wilson should make it very clear that force is needed and will be used to defeat Smith. However, there are two kinds of force, economic coercion and military-coercion, and they are complementary not exclusive. Thus, Chapter VII of the U.N. Charter should be involked, and action taken under this chapter. Economic measures will be taken first and tried until a given deaaline, such as May 15. If by that time, sanctions have not defeated Smith, then military force would be employed. The importance of involking Chapter VII is clear. It would make sanctions mandatory. It would give, nations like the United States a tool to use in forcing their companies to stop shipping oil to Rhodesia. The deadline is also a helpful suggestion. It would make Smith and his government decide whether or not they are really ready to face invasion and could force negotiations. Troops for Zambia: President Kaunda has asked for and been promised three battalions from his neighbors, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania.

Rhodesian News Summary 50 Dec. 15 cont. Belgium and Luxembourg: : Belgium has prohibited all imports from Rhodesia and the export of arms, munitions, and petroleum prodacts, This is not too significant because Belgium buys litte from Rhodesia' and because the bin does not affect the trade of foreign subsidaries of Belgium cmpanies trading from other countries. Thus crude oil could st-ill be sold by the Angolan Company which..s jointly oviaed-by PetYofina and the Portuguese - Government. Further, goal would be bought from Rhodesia for the Jadotville sulphuric acid plant Of, Union Miiere du Haut Katanga. . Luxembourg is expeeted to ban imports from Rhodesia. T'isWoul be more meaningful as Luxembourg spends some L500,000 a year 611Rhodcr;an tobacco. SOURCES: N.Y. Times Dec. 16 Observer, Dec. 12 Economist, Dec. 11 DECEMBER 16: Wilson at the uiited Nations: Prime Minister Wilson spoke before the U.N. General Assembly, calling for full U.N. support for British action against Rhodesia and -rupeating the refusal to resort to military means to destroy Smith. Wilson said that Rhodesia wawell armed and that to statt any military action would be a grave mistake. He further said that due to the absence of a capable nationalist movement, it would be some time before majority rule could be areality in Rhddesia. Twenty-four African delegates walked out on Wilson right before he began to speak. Nigeria, Cuba and Cambodia boycotted the meeting altogether. The African states were not impressed with Wilson's speech. Britain constantly demands that she is responsible for Rhodesia and then does not take decisive action, according to the Africans. They raise the very important question of how sanctions can work with Rhodesia's neighbors being South Africa, Angola and M8 ambique. The Africans place the responsiility for the armed whit6 goverromnet and an unprepared African population at Britain's feet. They would also desagree with the state of prepardness of the Africans of Rhodesia. African States Break with Britain: Among the states that walked out on Wilson at the U.N. were those which have broken relations with Britain: Ghana,ianzania, Guinea, Senegal, Niger, the United Arab Republic,CQngo R epublic (Brazzaville), and Mauritania. Algeria is expected to break relations. Wilson and Johnson As Prime Minister Wilson wrnt to.washington to talk with Johnson the administration announced a policy backing further steps Against

Rhodesian News Summary 51 Dec.16, cont. Rhodesia. G. Mennen Williams, Assistant Secretary of State for Africa said in a speech to the State Department Post of the American Legion, that the United States was ready to support harsher measures. Williams stressed the importance of speed in carrying out new action, noting the "impatience" of the Africans. In private the U.S. has made it clear that it would welcome and support an oil embargo. Smith and the Regent: Prime Minister Ian Smith has dropped his request to have Clifford Dupont appointed Regent in Rhodesia. He did this, "out of deference" to the Queen. Dupont will however retain his title of "officier administering the government of Rhodesia". Smith appointed him to replace Sir Humphrey Gibbs, British appointed Governor. After UoD.I. Speculation from several sources indicate that there is wide difference of opinion regarding the outcome of sanctions in Rhodesia. The Economist envisions a government that Mr. Smith could perhaps be a part of, even after U.D.I. was defeated. More realistic is the call for a national convention with the entire population represented and rapid steps being taken for majority rule. Lack of clarity about what isbeing worked for does not help the situation. Opposition: There are vague rumors that a party oppossed to Mr. Smith is in the process of being formed. However, all plans for such action are very indefinite. The emergency laws and restrictions make it very difficult to speak because of penalties for anti-government statements. Further, most people agree that the time for such action has not arrived. SOURCES: N.Y. Times, Dec. 17 Economist, Dec. 11 New Statesman, Dec. 10 DECEMBER 17: African Response to U.D.I.: Mr. Robert Gardiner, speaking at the 1965 BBC Reith Lecture pointed out the basis of African fear about U.D.I.: "Reactions such as the decision of the O.A.U. to break diplomatic relations with Britain are inspired by memories of the transfer of power to a white minority in South Africa and the subsequent- years of discrimination and humiliation. These feelings have to be taken into account. They may easily explode into one of several kinds of violence: and that violence may well, as President Kaunda of Zambia has pointed out, engulf all of Africa and affect the west of the world,"

52 Rhodesian News Summary Dec. 17, cont. Britain Imposes an Embargo on Oil for Rhodesia: Immediately following Prime iKinister Wilson's talks with President Johnson, Britain-placed an oil embargo on Rhodesia. A special ,order in council" signed by the Queen prohibits the importation of oil and oil products to Rhodesia and prohibits supplying or caring oil or oil products. to Rhodesia. The penalty under British law f 6breaking the embargo is 6 months in jail, a fine of L500 ($1,400) or both., A Norwegian oil tanker, the 20,000 ton Staberg was ordered hot to take its oil to Beira." The ship Was chartered by the Shell oil Co. The oil embargo was placed on Rhodesia in part to kebp the U.N. from involking Chapter VII of the Charter in its action-ainSt Rhodesia. The U.S. and Britain were oppossed to this actiof bedause such action would be a concession of national sovereignty to Rhodesia. Conservative Reaction: he oil embargo will further strain Wilson's relations With the Conservatives. Earlier this week 100 Tory members of Parliament introduced a motion in the HouseOf Commons deploring Wilson's statement in which Wilson demanded "unconditional surrender" from Smith. .Conservative leader Edward Heathp avoided any endorsement of the oil embargo.. International Support for the Oil Embargo: Wilson is very hopeful that there will be international support for the oil embargo. Such support is crucial if it is t6 be effective. Major distributors like the Netherlands, France and Italy will need to abide by the restrictions. Promise of U.S. help is already a ssured. The State Department has advised all American oil companies to comply with the British order.- Legally the*U.S. Government cannot force U.S. companies to honor the embargo. However, accordinig to the N.Y. Times, the major U.S. companies involved will comply with the embargo. Such companies could be tried in British courts if they broke the embaro. he real questions are Portugal and South Africa. Either nation could greatly assist Rhodesia and do much to destroy the effectiveness of an embargo. However, neither nation mgy be willing to counter a joint U.S.-British action and risk economic reprisals. Zambia and the Oil Embargo Zambia will be cut off from oil just as will Rhodesia, because her oil comes through Rhodesia.. The Royal Air Force Command in Aden is organiz ing an airlift-of oil to Zambia. Copper will be flown out of Zambia. Zambia's copper is greatly neededand is one o the major reasons for the airlift. .The US. Air Force will help:with the airlift. Rhodesia may take action against Zambia because-of the oil embargo. Thus, Britain had to be assured of U.S. support for zambia before declaring the boycott.

Rhodesian News Summary .53 Dec. 17, cont. Rhodesia and Oil: Rhodesia consumes about 280,000 tons of oil a year. This is the source of only about 27% of her power. The'rest comes from coal, 63%, and hydroelectric power, 10%. The oil comes mainly from Iran and the Persian Gulf sheikdom of Abu Dhabi. It is carried by tanker to Beira, Mozambique and then goes 180 miles by pipeline to Umtali, Rhodesia where it is refined. The refinery is owned by Shell and British Petroleum mainly, but also by U.S. Companies Mobil, Caltex, and Aminoil, the French Co. Total, and the Kuwait National Petroleum Co. Back in October, Rhodesia only had about six weeks reserve of oil. However, by the time the embargo was finally placed on her, she has had time to stock reserves. With careful rationing Rhodesia's oil will probably last.. 6 months or so.* One effect of the oil embargo however will be to'raise- the price of petroleum products and thus further strain the precarious hardcurrency position of Smith's Government.. Most white Rhodesians are accostomed to drive by car a geat deal. This is where the embargo will be felt, although car pools can help out here. Some observers feel that by the end of six months,' Rhodesia wil'l' tave had plenty of time to artange for the importation of oil from South Africa 'and Mozambique. South Africa is believed to have oil reserves for 6 or 7 months. This would be enough to keep Rhodesia going for several years if Verwoerd decided to make a real effort to save Smith, which is unlikely. One problem of getting oil from South Africa is the added transportation costs. The only direct rail route goes through Bechuanaland and thus could not be used.' The most likely route would be to ship the oil to Lourenco Marques and then send it by train to Pretoria. The last lap would have to be done on trucks. Switzerland Acts Against Rhodesia: Switzerland has frozen Rhodesia's hard- currency assets in the Swiss National Bank. This amounts to supporting Britain's takeover of the Rhodesian Reserve Bank.* Switzerland also placed an embargo on arms shipments and subjected all trade to licensing. By means of import and export licenses, trade between Rhodesia -and Switzerland could be kept cbse, to normal. Last year, Swiss imports from Rhodesia ammnounted to $2,440,000 and exports to Rhodesia were $1, 500,000. South Africa and Rhodesian Currency: Besides :Switzerland and Britain, South Africa is the only country with sizable Rhodesian assets. South Africa is still accepting the Rhodesian pound. However, there has been no clarification by the S.A. Reserve Bank regarding the ,tatus of the'Rhodesian assets. One possible action is that South Africa could freez6"the assets to satisfy the Bank of England and then make a confidential hard-currency

Rhodesian News Summary 54 Dec. 17, cont. loan to Rhodesia, using the frozen assets as collateral. SOURCES: London Times, Dec. 13 N.Y. Times, Dec. 18 DECEMBER 18: Rhodesian Postage Stamps: Britain has refused to honor Rhodesian Independence Stamps. Letters mailed to Britain bearing the new stamps are marked postage due. Rhodesian Reaction to the Oil Embargo: Rhodesia stopped all oil shipments to Zambia and called for responsible use of oil at home but did not introduce rationing as an immediate reaction to the oil embargo. Minister of Commerce and Industry George W. Rudland called on all distributors to work to prevent hoarding, and called on Rhodesian citizens to use oil and oil products wisely. However, the new sanction was aceepted with little or no alarm, and no attempts at hoafding were reported. Rudland assured the peopl that the embargo would not prevent planned Christmas trips. He blamed Wilson, saying the embargowas deplorable expecially at this Christmas season, "when people throughout the world expect kindliness and goodwill from others." Prime Minister Smith seemed unalarmed. He spoke on television report ing on the effects of sanctions and never once mentioned oil. Officials in th4 oil industry were a little less nonchalant. They said that the existing stocks could last only 2 or 3 months and that rationing would be unavoidable. The five companies with Rhodesian subsidaries, in order of their strength in the market, are Shell (Britair Mpbil (U.S.), British Petroleum, Caltex, (U.S.), and Total (French). These five plus the American Independent Oil Co., and the.Kuwait National Petroleum Co., hold shares in the consortium that operates the refinery at Umtali. Local managers indicated that they felt that they would be able to continue operating. The embargo was just against selling oil to Rhodesia. They buy their oil from the refinery which buys it from suppliers. "The fact that they were owners of the refineries, they said, did not put them in violation of the embargo." One official was quoted as saying, "It is no business of ours where the oil at Umtali comes from." The managers did say that their home offices in London, New York, and Paris might be forced to withdraw from the Rhodesian market. However, if that were to happen "the business side of their enterprises could be carried on by their Rhodesian and 6 outh African personnel, who largely back the Government," As might be expected, the oil company managers are far more concerned about profit that they are about Rhodesia's people.j

Rhodesian News Summary 55 Dec. 18, cont. Response to Switzerland's Freezing of Assets: . The Rhodesian Government responded to the Smiss move by saying that the action was really put into effect two weeks ago and that "new arrangements had been introduced for makinq-and-receiving international payments". In his television report Smith said Rhodesia had really gained by the action. This is because, according to Smith, Rhodeisa is no longer responsible for serving its foreign debts and can use the moneyfor special development programs. He announced that $6.5 million would be spent on the development of agriculture, mining, African tribal areas and African education. Zambia and the Oil Embargo: Rhodesia has blocked all oil for Zambia. -All of Zambia's oil has come from the Central African Petroleum Refineries Ltd. at Umtali. The oil was ihipped to Zambia by train, a 750 mile trip through Bulawayo, to Livingston on the northern side of the Zambezi River. Rhodesia'a act was anticipated however, Two Royal Air Force Britannia transport planes arrive in Zambia tomorrow, beginning what will become-a massive airlift operation.. Britain will pl;y the major role in the airlift, but the United Staees Will also supply* planes. When the operation is in full s~ing, at least 12 planes a day will shtttle between Zambia and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania*s' seaport capital. The shuttle may be expanded to supply oil to the Unionminieres Kptanga copper mines in the Congo which also rely on Rhodesia for oil. Chartered civilian planes will be used in the main. Not ohly.will oil be shipped in, but copper will be shipped out. Alernate routes for all the products Zambia receives from Rhodesia by rail will be sought so that Zambia, Rhodesia's largest customer, can make a complete break with Rhodesia. Malawis Vulnerability: Like Zambia, Malawi is really caught by the Rhodesian crisis. Malawi was'the first of the three territories that made up the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, to gain indipendence. However, she is still in a very insecure position economically. More Malawians work for wages in Rhodesia than in Malawi itself. Some* 70,000 wage earners work in Rhodesia and counting their dependents, there must be some 200,000 of them in Rhodesia. Malawi has a population of around four million. If Smith were suddenly to send all the Malawians in Rhodesia home, the results would be disastrous for Malawi. Britain presently underwrites 40% of the budget of Malawi and supplies them with $28 million a year in aid. London expects this figure to decrease over the years. When Smith demanded that exporters in Rhodesia demand a hardcurrency other than sterling from Zambia and Malawi, Malawi was helpless. Zambia made the adjustment, but Smith finally had to accept sterling from Malawi to keep trade going.

Rhodesian News Summary 56 Dec. 18, Cont. Malawi's Prime Minister, Hastings Kamuzu Banda has tried to keep Malawi out of the crisis and has avoided commenting on Rhodesia. But, Malawi is involed ubether she likes it or not. Tanzania's Break with Britain: Tanzania's break with Britain was a -very difficult move for President Nyerere to make. He has set no time limit for Britain's withdrawal and has greatly encouraged the more than 1,000 Englishmen working in Tanzania to stay. The decision probably will cost Tanzania a $21 million interest free loan that would have been used for hospitals, roads, a dam, and water works, etc. Nyerere felt compelled to make the break because of Britain's failure to take decisive aution against Smith. The Organization of African Unity: The United Arab Republic called for a meeting by December 21st of the foreign ministers or heads of state of theO.A.U. to discuss action regarding Rhodesia. The proposal is mid to have received only three favorable replies. The Rhodesian crisis has illustrated the disagreement on tactics between, "radicals" and "moderates" and has raised questions in some circles about the future effectiveness of the O.A.U. Wilson's Handling of Rhodesia: The N.Y. Times reported on Wilson's handling of Rhodesia since U.D.I. While not underestimating the problem of the Conservatives to Mr. Wilson, the Times points out two mistakes that Wilson has made. First, Wilson was wrong to give away the possible threat of military action before U.D.I. If a tcken British force had been sent to Rhodesia last summer, it could help immensely now. Secondly, all of the sanctions against Rhodesia should have beem imposed immediately after U.D.I. The delay has merely given Rhodesia time to prepare herself and has iade the African states question Wilson's intentions. SOURCE: N.Y. Times Dec. 19.

RHODESIAN NEWS SUMMARY 57 NationalStudent Christian Federation Committee on Southern Africa 475 Riverside Drive, Room 754 New York, N.Y. 10027 December 19: Pessimism About Oil Embargo: The Christian Science Monitor reported that British officials are pessimistic about the possibilities of making an oil embargo work. This is why Whitehall has been slow in impossing the embargo. According to the report, Rhodesia only needs one tanker of oil a month to keep going and this should be realitively easy to secure. Zambian Mission to London, Moscow, Washington: A four man team headed by Zambia's Foreign Minister Simon M. Kapwepwe set out for London for talks with Prime Minister Wilson. The team will split up and on Wednesday head for Washington and Moscow. The purpose of the mission is to persuade Britain, and the US.S.R. and the United States to press for a United Nations relution making sanctions against Rhodesia mandatory and allowing for the use of force against Rhodesia's rebel Government. The African states are in agreement with such a resolution but the support of the powers is needed. Both Britain and the United States have resisted the use of force. Airlift to Zambia: The first Royal Air Force Britannia planes arrived in Zambia, bringing oil from Dar es Salaam. The planes brought 8 tons of diesel oil. Thus, less than 48 hours after Britain announced her oil embargo on Rhodesia, help was being sent to Zambia. By the end of the week 12 transport planes are expected to'be flying the 860 mile flight. Twelve planes a day from Dar es Salaam would be able to supply a third of Zambia's oil needs. The rest will come in by road from Tanzania and by rail from Angola. About 70 trucks are already bring oil in over the dirt roads from Tanzania. As the airlift goes into full operation , it is expected that British United Airways planes chartered by the Zambian Government will take over the airlift. Each plane will carry about 7 tons of oil from Dar to Ndola on the copperbelt. In spite of Tanzania's break with Britain, Tanzania is cooperating fully with the airlift. However, the operations are being directed from the Canadian High Commission office. The oil etbargo has had a positive effect on Zambian morale. However, Kaunda is still very worried about the possibilities of having power from Kariba cut off by Mr. Smith. Iraq and Kuwait have joined the oil embargo on Rhodesia and Saudi Arabia is expected to do likewise.

RHODESIAN NEWS SUMMARY 58 Dec. 19 cont. Coal: Rhodesia has placed an additional royalty of L5 ($14) a short ton on coal delivered to Zambia. The royalty was only about 14 cents a short ton. An expont tax of L8 ($22.40) a ton is being applied on coke. The royalty on coal was necessary, Ian Smith saidon radio, "because of the economic sanatinns initiated by Mr. Wilson." Rhodesia will receive an income of LIO million (28 millic from these new taxes. Coal is one of Zambia's real worries. She receives some 700,000 tons a year from Wankie. If Rhodesia were to stop all coal shipments from entering Zambia, all the smelting plants on the copper belt would have to stop working. Zambia does not have large coal stockpiles, but stock piling is beginning, Some coal will be brought in through Mozambique ports, but the major route will be through the Angolan port of Lobito. If Portugal's territories were to cooperate in the supplying of coal to Zambia, as is expected, it would be a significant blow to Rhodesian morale. In Rhodesia, Portugal has been seen as a great friend. Zambia is also developing its own field at Kandabwe but it is not yet ready for production and will not be able to completely supply Zambia's needs. Call for African Meeting: President Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, and Prime Minister Milton Obote of Uganda met in Nairobi to discuss the Rhodesian situation. They sent a cablegram to Diallo Telli, Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity, asking him to call an immediate conference of all 36 African heads of state. The United Arab Republic had earlier called for a meeting of O.A.U. foreign ministers. This proposal has been shelved. Breaks with Britain: Nine African nations have broken relations with Britain, or announced that they soon will break relations. These are: Algeria, the former French Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, the Sudan, Tanzania, and the United Arab Republic. Talks in Malawi: Britain's Minister of State for Commonwealth Relations, Mr. Cledwyn Hughes, and Malcolm Mac Donald, Britain's roving envoy in East and Central Africa flew to Blantyre from Lusaka. They talked with Malawi's Premier Dr. Banda on Dec. 18, about the effects of an oil embargo. SOURCES: Christian Science Monitor, Dec. 18 New York Times, Dec. 20, 21 Observer, Dec. 19

Rhodesian News Summary 59 December 20: Canada and the Airlift: Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson announced that Canada would contribute 4 Royal Canadian Air Force tuansport planes to be used in the airlift to Zambia. Zambia's Prime Minister Kaunda had requested the planes. Canada also joined in the oil embargo on Rhodesia. Canada does not ship oil to Rhodesia, but the move has been made to'prevent any shipment of oil in the future. Zambian Mission in London: The Zambian Mission arrived in London and called on Britain to place troops on both the Zambian and the Rhodesian sides of the Kariba Dam to protect it. Britain has Gppossed this act, refusing to put troops in Rhodesia. The Oil Embargo and British Politics: Prime Minister Wilson spoke in the House of Commons, explaining the decision to place an oil embargo on Rhodesia. He said it was done to head off "almost irresistible" pressures for military intervention. He stressed what he called "a very considerable gunboat mentality in Africa on the Rhodesian issue." He also said, "But fortunately not all-have gunboats." He revealed that last week the intervention of foreign troops in Rhodesia was only "inches" away, but he did not explain this statement. He reiterated that Rhodesia was Britain's responsibility and that all Britain's action aimed to return the colony to constitutional rule. He also said that France and Italy had agreed to support the oil embargo. The imposition of the oil embargo has brought Conservative misgivings out into the open. The leadership refrained from any open break today. Edward Heath merely said that the use of force was "entirely unacceptable" to the Conservatives and to the country. The leadedship also asked for a clarification of the conditions on which the Government was willing to negotiate. However, a group of right-wing Conservatives came out strongly against the oil embargo. Seven Tories proposed a House of Commons motion rejecting the oil embargo as a "penal" sanction that could only lead to the use of force. The Observer predicted that the Conservative leadership would force a decision against oil sanctions, before Parliament recesses on Wednesday. If this happens, it will be the first time since U.D.I. that the Rhodesian issue has bee subjected to party politics. Mercenaries to Rhodesia: Reuters quoted the German newspaper Bild Am Sonntag as saying' that German led mercenaries in the Congo have begun to move into Rhodeiia in support of the white regime there.

Rhodesian News Summary Dec. 20 cont. PRESSURES ON RHODESIA: Oountry Imposing Sanctions United Kingdom 60 France Canada U.S.A. Australia New Zealand Norway Ban on Imports from Rhodesia Tobacco, sugar, chrome, asbestos, copper, meat, tea, maize, vegetables Tobacco Tobacco, sugar cnrome, asbestosmeat Tobacco, sugar Tobacco Tobacco All goods subject to 1 "i n Ban on Exports to Rhodesia All goods Subject to licence Denmark All goods subject to Subject to licence licence Sweden All goods All goods Japan All goods except iron and steel Zambia Non-essential imports Other African All goods Countries Malaysia All goods subject Exports subject to exchange to control Singapore All goods All goods Jordan All goods All goods Greece Arms Arab League All goods All goods countries (except Tunisia) Egypt No use of Suez Canal for Rhodesia Iran Oil Kuwait Oil U.S.S.R. Tobacco Holland Tobacco Arms,oil. All trade subject tO licence Belgium Tobacco,sugar Arms,oil. All trade subject to licence W. Germany Tobacco Italy Tobacco, Sugar 46-49% of total Rhodesian export trade affected by sanctions "The table above (from the Dec. 19 Observer) shows that if all trade sanctions so far imposed were totally effective about 47% of

Rhodesian News Summary 61 Dec. 20, cont. Rhodesia's exports of Ll19 million (in 1964) would be cut off. But they are unlikely to be totally effective. Rhodesia may find some new markets; some countries may be unable to control their private importers effectively. In any case, it will be-some months before sanctions already imposed can be fully implemented--that on tobacco, for instance, needs four months to take full effect. The result is that the sanctions so far imposed will probably reduce Rhodesia's exports by 25-35 percent--which might reduce her national income by 10-14 percent. But further sanctions may yet be imposed--most Sprobably by Zambia, which takes over a quarter of Rhodesia's exports" SOURCES' New York-Times, Dec. 21 Washington Post, Dec. 21 Observer, Dec. 19 DECEMBER 21: Conservatives Force Vote on Rhodesia: The Conservative Party forced to a vote the Qovernment's policy of Rhodesia. The vote was not directed against any particular part of the policy but rather was asking for "more conciliation" and for a flat rejection of the use of force. Prime Minister Wilson's policy was endorsed by a vote of 299 to 272, defeating the Tory> motion. It was a substantial victory for Wilson as his Labour Government has a margin of only two. The nine Liberals voted -with Labour and seven Conservatives abstained. Later in the evening right-wing Conservatives forced a vote on the trovernment's imposition of oil sanctions. This however was defeated by. a vote of 276 to 48. Most of the Conservatives abstained. The very fact that the Conservatives forced the vote is. distutbing. It will ebable Ian Smith to claim broad sympathy for his Government among British Conservatives. It throws the whole Rhodesian issue into party politics. Wilson has continually and emphatically rejected the use of force in Rhodesia. Thus, it becomes quite clear that the only reason for the Conservative action was political. Mr. Heath was attempting to find a point to unite his badly divided party. Heath was severely attacked because of his action. Mr. Jo Grimond, the LIberal leader said: ,"...In that situation it is whollyirresponsible to 'let it go out to the Rhodesians tonight that the Conservative party are convinced the Government is determined to use force. This vote tonight will not be about Rhodesia. It will be about the internal division within the Conservative Party." Mr. Wilson spoke for an hour and a half. He repeated his refusal to use force and said, "he could not understand why Mr. Heath'worked himself into such a passion'---excapt for political reasons." United States Announces Airlift Plans The United States announced its plans to supply oil and

Rhodesian News Summary 62 Dec. 21, cont. gasoline to Zambia. The U.S. is now in the process of chartering a fleet of tanker and transport planes. They will fly from Leopoldville, capital of the Congo, to Elizabethwille near the Congolese border with Zambia. The oil will then go 150 miles by truck to Ndola. British, Canadian, and U.S. planes may be able to supply Zambia with half her oil needs which amount to 180,000 tons a year. Coal for Zambia: Even with the tax of $14 a ton on coal, it is still cheape to import coal to Zambia from Rhodesia than it would be to truck it in from Tanzania. The 1,000 mile road from Dar es Salaam to Lusaka is in bad need of repair. A number of bridges need to be rebuilt in order for the road to be usable in the rainy season. Rhodesia Reacts to Oil Embargo: The Rhodesian Government informed some 1,300 employees of oil-refinery and petroleum distribution companies that they could not resign orbe dismissed without permission from Ian McLean, the Labor Minister. This groups includes about 45 British and Dutch employees of the Shell Oil Co. which operates the refinery at Peruka. South Africa: South Africa has frozen Rhodesian foreign assets astimated at $16.8 million or 40% of Rhodesia's holdings of foreign reserves and gold at the time of U.D.I. The move was forced onto South Africa by Britain. South Africa is still pant of the sterling area, even though she withdrew from the Commonwealth in 1961. On the question of oil, South Africa has not declared herself. However, Wilson did refute the argument that an oil embargo couldn't work because South Africa would supply Rhodesia with oil. Wilson said that argument was wrong, but refused to elaborate. It may be that Britain and South Africa agree, for very different reasons on the oil embargo. South Africa, lice Britain would not want the embargo to become a .United Nations responsibility. Further, while South Africa would not want an embargo to work, thus increasing the possibility of an embargo on South Africa, she is hardly prepared to fight the U.N, or even Britain on this issue. Portugal: Like South Africa, Portugal does not want the oil embargo to become a United Nations responsibility. So far, Lisbon has refused to have anything to do with it, declaring a policy of neutrality. That is, Portugal chooses to see the crisis as one between Britain and her colony alone. This means that the 180-mil pipe-line which carries oil from Beira, Mozambique, to Umtali, Rhodesia will be kept open.

RHODE IAN NEWS SUMMARY 63 Decmber 21, cont. Rhodesia, Zambia, Malawi: End of Federation: The Central African Federation made up of Southern Rhodesia, Northern'Rhodesia, and Nyasaland, went out of existence politically two years ago. However, according to the Economist it is just now going out of existence economically. Rhodesia supplied expertise ,and customers to the "economic federation." Zambia, (Northern Rhodesia) supplied capital and customers, and Malawi, (Nyasaland) supplied labor. "Hence the Rhodesians' ability to boast that their economy had so marvellously survived the break-up of the Federation. I In fact, its ability to survive the break-up will only now be tested. Rhodesia appears to be bhe one who will lose from the break-up of the "economic federation". South Africa is already working behind Rhodesials back to secure export orders in Zambia. Once established, the ties between Zambia and her new trading partners will be hard to break even after "normalacy" returns to Rhodesia. As the Economist says: "South Africa is the logical i.dJstrial centre fo- white southern Africa. Zambia is a logical centre for black-central Africa and for a South African exporter the transition from selling in Zambia to manufacturing in Zambia is not an excessively long step. Where does that leave Rhodesia?" SOURCES: New York Times, December 22 The Washington Post, December 21 The Observer, December 19 ,,The Economist, December 18 DECEMBER. 22: Zambian officials in Moscow: Finance Minister Arthur Wina and Agricultural Minister Mudenda arrived in Moscow for talks with Soviet Foreign Minister AndreiA. Gromyko. They will discuss all aspects of the Rhodesian crisis and its implications for Zambia. Smith Announces Economic Plans: Refering to Britain's take over of the Rhodesian Reserve Bank as "the great Caine robbery", Ian Smith announced his economic plans on a radio and T.V. broadcast December 18. (Sir Sydney Caine has just been appointed governox of the Reserve Bank by Britain.) Smith called the bank action a scandal and said, "The world's confidence in the Bank of England has already been seriously shaken, and now we hear that another great institution, Lloyd's of London, is unable'to cover Rhodesian obligations. Lloyd's of London, a household word and the centre of the world's insurance market, has now had its good name besmirched because the United Kingdom Government has prevented it from meeting proved claims." According to Smith Britain's action freed Rhodesia from the responsibility for servicing and repaying (1) their pondon market debt, except that portion which is owed to residents of Rhodesia; (2) the debt due to the British Government and its agencies; and

RHODESIAN NEWS SUMMARY 64 December 22 cont. (3)the debt which is under British Government guarantee. Smith announced that the funds released by not having to pay these debts would free Rhodesia from the need to borrow abroad immediapl.y to finance developnmentprograms. These program include: a plan to grow wheat under irrigation which will be undertaken immediately and Ll,000,000 to be added to the permanent capital of the Land Bank. Comer&ial banks will be relieved of their undertakings to provide the Land Bank with credit. Also, the mining industry will receive L250,000 and L500,000 will be set aside for "special schemes in the tribal trust areas." Further, an additiona amount of L150,000 will be provided during the current financial. year for African education,- Smith also said that the Government wa completing the plans for "anew African education program which woul, enable the African people in the years ahead to play a greater part in the development of Rhodesia," the Observer reported. Television Attack on Smith's RegimeV The first anti-Smith broadcast took place in Rhodesia. A 31 year old barrister, Mr. Ben Whitaker made the attack. He is a pros. pective Labour candidate in Britain and flew to Rhodesia on behalf of Amnesty International. He agreed to be interviewed on televisiol only if the program went out live. Hewas able to sreak for ten minutes before being stopped. The Observer reported that he said that, "the Smith regime was an illegal iplice State which resorted to censorship because it was afraid of the truth; that Smith obtain4 his emergency powers by 'a lying trick'; that the judges and many of the police and army were loyal to Britain." Whitaker also said that 16 of the Broadcasting staff had resigned in protest of th6-. Smith regime. Immediately after the broadcast, Mr. Whitaker escaped by a bacl door and left the country by plane. A police officer reported that Whitaker had broken 18 Rhodesian laws in his broadcast, such as the bringing of Ministers into disrepute and the mentioning of people in detention. Tobacco: Rumors are widespread in Rhodesia that Dr. Anton Rupert's,' South African tobacco group will buy up the entire 1965 Rhodesian crop.- However, Dr. Rupert's resources are limited and his group denied any intention of buying the crop. South Africa has a tobacc surplus and restricts, the importation of Rhodesian tobacco. On the other hand, Rhodesian tobacco will be a real bargain. The tobacco, if bought, could be stored in South Africa until it is again possible to sell it on the market. Dr. Rupert controls 30 tobacco factories in 18 different countzies so there would be plenty of outlets for the crop. Many countries are even now, finding it difficult to decide to exclude Rhodesian tobacco. Germany, for example has not done so. Countries will hardly be able to pol their imports completely enough to exclude all of Rhodesian tobac

RHODESIAN NEWS SUMMARY 65 December 22 cont. The demand for South African tobacco will increase as Rhodesian tobacco is blocked from the market. To meet these requests South Africa also might want to increase its importation of Rhodesia's crop. Rupert's buying of the crop would be a real boost to Smith. The Economist called on Britain to use all possible means to keep South Africa from sabotaging tobacco sanctions in this way. SOURCES: New York Times, December 23 The Observer, Decwmber 19 The Economist, December 18 DECEMBER 23: Zambian Mission to the United &ates: Zambia's Foreign Minister Simon M. Kapwepwe and Minister for Mines, Alexander G. ZulA are in Washington seeking economic support from the State Department. They met with Thomas C.'Mann, Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, Anthony M. Solomon, Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, and G. Mennen Williams, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs. On Monday, Kapwepwe will meet with Dean-Rush. The Zambian officials are asking for economic aid and for support for an African-Asian move to make sanctions against Rhodesia mandatory under the United Nations Charter. The United States is most interested in financing an airlift to Zambia and helping to improve the road from Lusaka to Dar es Salaam. However economic aid was not ruled out. The United States is oppossed to invoking the U.N. Charter to make sanctions mandatory. There were reports foom Moscow that the Zambian delegation there was asking for Soviet troops. This report was not taken too seriously in Washingtcn. British in Tanzania: Tanzania has announced that the oil airlift to Zambia from Dar es Salaam, "must be completely civil and not military." Thus military personnel and equipment will not be allowed into the country. Tanz ania is not however demanding immediate withdrawal of all British military personnel. These people will be phased out as civilian replacements arrive. Zambia Rations Gasoline: Gasoline rationing began in Zambia today. Private motorists are limited to an initial quota of one gallon a week. Rhodesia Refuses British Planes Refueling Rights: The Rhodesian Government has cut off fuel supplies for British commercial aircraft and placed a surcharge on telecommunications. British-registered planes will no longer be allowed to refuel at Salisbury.

RHODESIAN'NEWS SUMMARY: 66 December 23 cont. African Militance: In an article entitled "African Militance", Lloyd Garrison of,. the New York Times, analysed Tanzania's break with Britain. Tanza n break was crucial because without it, it is highly unlikely that the other African states would have broken with Britain. Tanzania did this in spite of high cost to herself: the loss of some.$21 million pledged by Britain for her development program. According to Garrison, Nyerere made his decision to severe relations because of "his concern for the Organization of African Unity- if the O.A.U. keeps voting resolutions that no one is prepared to follow, who can possibly take Africa seriously?" The African states are not satisfic with Britain's action against Rhodesia.* Nine nations have broken with Britain.. Africa as an identifiable power is beginning to be recognized. "Africa's message is, not yet unanimous, but it is becoming increasingly clear: Britain may well choose to continue her 'no force' policy on Rhodesia--but at a growing rish to her influence in the rest of the continent. And the Rhodesian crisis will have meaning for more',than just Africa and Britain. Donald K Abbott,. United Church Board for World Ministries missionary in Rhodesia writes: "...Only if this rebel government can be brought quickly to its knees can there be any hopq for a peaceful and happy solution to the problems that now beset this country.. .The cost of the struggle in Vietnam to the United States has been great and is still mounting. If the U.S. does .not do all in its power to correct the conditions in this country today and the African states turn to the East for help, the United States, may well find itself fighting another Vietnam type of war here in Central Africa." ZA, PU AND ZANU: The Zimbabwe African People's Uniongand the Zimbabwe African National Union are the two African natik.nalist movements in Rhodesiz Theyhave not been able to give strong leadership for several reasoz their leaders are in prison; their leaders in exile, according to Zambia's Kaunda, enjoy the priveleges of power far more, than the responsibilitiess the two movements do not cooperate; and the labou3 situati(:n is againot them. That is, in order for strilks to be ef _cti, thcey must be close to universal. This. is a real problem because out of a total African working force of 700,000, 250,000 ar4 from Malawi, 117,000 are from Mozambiqu.e, and 70,000 from Zambia. These people have been more concerned-about jobs than about Rhodesii problems. James R. Chikerema, second in command'of ZAPU stated, "What.-'s needed now is guerrilla action. We are entering a revolutionary phase." The time table of the revolution is open to much debate. Rhodesia's Future: Because of the negative effects of economic sancticns, The

RHODESIAN NEWS SUMMARY 67 December 23, cont. Economist writes that even if Rhodesia is successful politically the c9untry will be an unpleasant place to live for all concerned. On these grounds negotiations are called for. The Economist believes that Wilson will have to negotiate with Smith as head of a de facto government. The reasons for this are several but basically Smith or someone more extreme will be in power in Rhodesia. Before U.D.I., the Rhodesian cabinet was deeply split. It was Smith who finally gave in to the extremists. It is unlikely that he would stand up to them now and "if there is ever a split in the Rhodesian Front it is likely to follow the usual pattern of southern Africa by producing an even more implacable leader." (Those in the Rhodesia cabinet in favor of declaring U.D.I., "according to their degree of determination, were Mr. Dupont, Mr. Lardner-Burke, Mr. D. W. Rudl.and, Lord Graham, Mr. Philip van Heerden, and Mr. B.M. Mussett. Those against, in order of conviction, were M.J.H. Howman, Mr. J.J. Wrathall, Mr. Ian McLean, Mr. A.P. Smith and...Mr. William Harper, who is by far the best brain of the lot.") The business community is not producing anti-Smith leadership. In fact, it is predictable that "hardship among those whites who remain here may produce an increase of the ugly attitudes displayed by men lileMr. Pieter van der Byl, Lord Graham, and Mr. Ivor Benson (the government's South African imported propaganda specialist." Only the 9 judges of the Rhodesian high court have publicaliy oppossed Smith. "They have indicated that they will go on upholding the ordinary law of the land butnot measures specially aimed at aiding the rebellion. Thus, a man probably would not succed in challenging the governmnet's right to his income tax, but he might well succeed in challenging its right to take over his foreign shares portfolio as a -measure of economic counter-warfare." Test' cases will be necessary, but no one seems eager to push one. And nine judges cannot really be expected to have a determining and decisive atount of influence. The Economist concludes that Smith will lave to be dealt with as the real leader of Rhodesia. SOURCES: New York Times, December 24 Christian Science Monitor, Dec. 20 Economist, Dec. 18 DPC-MBER 24: Pressure on Ethiopia: Ethiopia and other moderate African states are being encouraged to break diplomatic relations with Britain. If Emperor Haile Selassie does break with Britain, it is believed that a number of other nations will also severe ties. Kaunda to Moscow: Zambia's Finance Minister Arthur Wina announced in Moscow that President Kaunda would probably visit the Soviet Union next September.

RHODESIAN NEWS SUMMARY 68 December 24 cont. He refused to comment on reports that Zambia had asked for Soviet troops to guard the Kariba Dam. Extent of Zambian Airlift: "If the economic sanctions,aimed at bringing Mr. Smith's downfall, increase, the squeeze of landlocked Zambia may become so severe that in'time the airlift may well rival that to Beklin." Next Move in RhodesiaV An Observer editorial pointed out that regardless of the real motivation for British action against Rhodesia, it looks as if she has acted only under the pressure of events, i.e., when forced to act. For example, 61l sanctions would have been seen as a much more significant act if Britain had applied them November 12, not Decembei 3.7th. The Observer urged the Government not to lose the initiative in Rhodesia and to anticipate the next state in the crisis: "If-the sanctions s4-age of the campaign is to work, troops musl be sent to protect Zambia against possible reprisals by the Smith; regime: to safeguard the electric power coiing from the Kariba Dan. Whether or not the presence of these troops would immediately invln the use of force---which Mr. Wilson once'again unwisely went'out of his way to repudiate in New York--,wouldthen depend on Mr. Smith. But if Britain doesn't send these troops, others will." TREVOR HUDDLESTON ON AFRICAN INDEPENDENCE., Trevor Huddleston who spent over a decade in South Africa and who is now Bishop of Masasi in Tanzania where he has been for +the last five+years, wrote an article for the Observer which draws on his experience in these two nations. The difference between a'white dominated nation, South Africa, and an African nation ruling its' own, destiny, Tanzania, has much to say about the future of Rhodesia. Huddleston writes: "...,The end of colonialism in East Africa has brought life and purpose to the country. This is not to say that colonial administra. tors were bad or repressive men...But they could not be part of 'the new Africa, however hard they tried, however great their sympathy, however deep their understanding. They could not be part 6f 'it because foreign domination cannot co-exist with freedom. And colonialism, even at its most enlightened, is domination...It would be absurd and dishonest to claim that the changes have necessarily meant greater effieiency at every level...But one comes to see that there is a more important quality than mere efficiency in admiinistra, tion:and it is a sense of social power and purpose...It is the realization that, at last., administrator and people are part of:0ne urgent drive to the building of a nation... And this...means life.., "It is this / life and purpose_/ which I now recognize to have been totally absent in my §outh African days... In South Afric4, European domination was so complete in every area of life that+n

RODESIAN News Summary 69 December 24, Cont. to rebel against it was to acknowledge it... It is 'the ecape '-from the..inevitably phony relations between-black and white in South Africa_-that is so refreshing and stimulating in Tanzania. It is the realixation that every day that.passes an African social order is emerging and that one is privilegedto share in it...that is'-so exciting. "To live in a country like Tanzania today is in itself an exhilaration just because it is in movement, in movement away from the :4-dpllness of--the old British- colonial pattern to the rich variety of an African socialist State... "I want. to tell my fellowcQuntrymen....that if they really care about the future of white Rhodesian settlers they should tell tem the truth. And the truth is very simple indeed. It is not that there is no future for the white man in Africa. It is that there _i.S a futuremcre exciting and more enriching than anywhere else for every man-_-European, Asian, and African alike---who will recognize that Africa is now, not tomorrow but now,.in charge of her own destiny" SOURCES: New York Times, December 25 Observer, December 19 DECENBER 25: Soviet Response to Zambian Mission: The Soviet Union and Zambia issued a joint communique at the clove of three days talk in Moscow. "n it the Soviet Union pledged the "utmost as.sistance" to Zambia and other African states which oppose Rhodesia. The nature of the 'assistance" was not specified. There was no mention of troops--that Zambia had requested them or that the Soviet Union had in any way offered them. Zambia's Need of Troops: President Kaunda wants troops around the Kariba Dam to prevent Ian Smith from cutting off Zambia's power, Smith is not likely to do this as long as trade between the two nations remains relatively :normal. However, Kaunda is preparing his country for a complete economic break with Rhodesia. Such a break would be a severe blow to Rhodesia and could easily induce Smith to cut off Zambia's power. :Thus troops are needed to protect Zambia when the break comes. SOURCE: New York Times; December 26 THE FOLLOWING NEWS ITEMS ARE FROM THE DECEMBER 18 EDITION OF THE JOHANNESBURG STAR; . No Oil for Rhodesia-.While the. South African Government has refused to make any public statement about the oil embargo on Rhodesia,, it has said

RHODESIAN NEWS SUMMARY 70 from the Johannesburg Star cont.: - unofficially' that it "wonld be reluctant to supply Rhodesia with as much as a can of petrol." This is because of South Africa's vulnerable position regarding oil for internal consumption. She mset import heavily to supply her needs. Censorship in Rhodesia, andBritain to Pay Pensions: Censbrship has been in effect for over a month but it still seems to be done with little pattern or standard criteria. It seemi to depend on the individual who does each particular job. For example, immediately after U.D.I. was declared, any reference to Sir Humphrey Gibbs carefully deleted his title of Governor. "But in the story from London carried in 'The Chronicle'L Bulawayoj yesterday about the decision to resume payment to pensions, the censors allowed a British Government spokesman to be quoted as saying this was done on the advise of 'The Governor of Southern Rhodesia, Sir Humphrey Gibbs.$ Tobacco Ban on RhodesiaV "Tobacco imports from Rhodeia have been banned by countries which took about L30,252,000 worth of her total export of L41 milli( last year. They are expected to be joined by others who import4d about L6,453;000 worth last year, among them West Germany, whose decision isto be announced later today. Zambia--L830,000 tobacco imports from Rhodesia last-year--is among countries still undecided about a ban. Between them they took L2,400,000 of Rhodesian tobacci in 1964. South Africa and Spain who are unlikely to ban it, took L1,900,000 worth last year. Britain has been Rhodesia's biggest customer, buying L20,670,000 worth last year. "Other countries with have joined in imposing the ban are: Netherlands, L1,828,000; Japan, L1,527,000; Australia, LL,229,500; Malaysia, L655,000; Denmark, Norway, Sweden, L865,000; Belgium, L840,000; Hong Kong, L430,000; Singapore, L410,000; France, L340,001 Trinidad and Jamaica, L390,000; the United Arab Republic, L254,000; New Zealand,L250,000; Italy,L240,000; United Kingdom colonies (except Hong Kong) L90,000; and African states (Nigeria and Libya) L134,000. "Countries expected to impose the ban besides West Germany (L5,456,000) are : Soviet Union, L257,000; Jordon, L189,.000; East Germany, L151,500; Ghana, L95,000; Congo (Brazzaville), L151,500; Finland, L94,000; others, L100,000. "The undecided countries besides Zambia are: Switzerland, L430,000; Persian Gulf States, L300,000; Austria, L228,000; America L175,000; Luxembourg, L117,000; others, L320,000. "All the figures are for 1964." "Two of Britain's biggest tobacco companies--the Imperial Tobacco Company and Gallaher's--said this week that they would not, buy any of Rhodesia's 1966 crop unless normal trading-relations between Rhodesia and Britain were resumed.".

,RHODESIAN NEWS SUMMARY 7..71 from the Dec. 18 Johannesbur9 ,TAR cont.KenyaA:cts Against Rhodesia: Kenya, has-suspended all postal, services with Rhodesia. Letters mailed-in K~nya-.bound for Rhodesia will be stamped "No Service" and returned tothe sender. Letters. from Rhodesia will not be delivered either. Kenya has also banned air cargo to and from Rhodesia. This affects B.O.A.C., British: United Airways, and Alitalia. All'three have stopped accepting freight on Europe-Salisbury-Europe flights. Rhodesian bound cargo can be carried on South African Airways planes according to a B.0.AC. spokesman. However, this will depend on the available space on S.A.A. plan~es which are unusaally full during :beceinber. '- There is real "danger", the South African airline man said, that other African nations: will follow Kenya's lead, forcing goods bound for Rhodesia to go through Johannesburg, The Jan Smuts Airport is already inadequate for handling present freight and is not equipped to deal with large volumes of extra cargo. Zambia toQBuild Hydro-Electric Plant: In order to break its dependence on the Kariba Power Complex, Zambia is going ahead with plans to build a power plant on the Kafue River near Lusaka. Plans for such a project were begun during the .period of federation and the plant could probably be completed in about three years. The Kafue Dam was proposed in 1953. It would have a 100 foot high wall and a 13.5 mile tunnel leading to two power stations. With 6 generators it would have a capacity of 516 !L megawatts. Zambia presently draws some 300 megawatts from Kariba, which has a 705 megawatt capacity. World Bank Vice President to Visit Kariba: Mr. J. Burke Knapp, Vice President of the World Bank is to visit Uhodesia and Zambia to discuss the security of the Kariba Dam. "The .%r qd Bank has made two loans totalling $87,700,000 to the Power Corporation and both are guaranteed by Britain. Rhodesia and Zambia have each guaranteed one-half of the payments on these loans. The advantage of an approach by the bank is that protection of the aam can be done without the present Rhodesian regime being formally recognized." Rhodesia has refused to pay interest on her debts so the bank is, or course, concerned. Smith however, will most likely agree to meet the bank's representativeg not wanting to offend the World Bank. A large international force,- even if all white, could secure the dam and ease the worries of both Smith and Kaunda over sabotage. Star Editorial: AfteX a bitter attack on the-African states which walked out on Wilson at the United N~ions and which broke relations with Britain, the Star writes:

RHODESIAN NEWS SUMMARY 72 from the December 18 Johannesburg STAR: "As a world power with a major role to play in the West's ,battle against Communism, Britain could not treat U.D.I. other than as a major event in this battle. However foolishly some African states may act, Britain and the West must still endeavour to keep them from the Communists." from the January issue of Wind and Chaff: American's Response to the Rhodesi7.n Crisis: ""Put crudely, the Administxation's chief interest in Africa is that Africa should stay quiet and permit the United States to get on with its urgent business in Asia, Latin America and Europe.* "So wrote the Economist in its first issue following Rhodesia's declaration of independence from Britain. The Bconomiz-t's statement has been borne out in the following weeks. It became apparent that two of the realities of United States policy in Africa were dictating action. First, it is the European desk, not the Africa desk that has priority in the State Department. In fact, Africa now-appears to have the lowest priority of any area in the world. Thus it was not surprising that, in spite of strong words to end 'the rebellion in Southern Rhodesia,'.the U.S. action followed British action and took little initiative on its own. "Secondly, much of United States interest in Africa is based on the desire to contain Comnunism. To contain CommunisM, the U.S. might get involved in playing a role in Rhodesia that it very much does not want to have to play. What emerges is a policy based more on what the uinited States abhors than on what the United States hopes for. It is a policy based on historical relation with Britain and iceological warfare with Communism. "And once again Africa itself is given secondary consideration. When will the United States realize that Africa is just not going to bstay quiet?"' NOTICE: In order for this News Summary to continue, financial resource must be found to pay for its production° It presently is being sent., to some 300 people, but the number is increasing. Thus, we are requesting any contribution that you can make. Please make checks payable to the National Student Chzistian Federation Committee on Southern Africa. Any help, large or small will be greatly appreciated. Mail contributions to: N.S.C.F. Committee on Southern Africa, 475 Riverside Drivei Room 754, New York, N.Y. 10027

RHODESIAN NEWS SUMARY National Student Christian Federation Committee on Southern Africa 475 Riverside Drive, Room 754 73 New York, New York 10027 Rhodesia is suffer more from the economic sanctions than was expected by Britain. Drought has caused severe suffering and death in Rhodesia. Oil supplies are down and the future looks dark for Smith's government. Zambia is faring well with the oil air lift on United States and British planes through Congo and Tanzania. The Lagos Commonwealth Conference may issue stricter sanctions on Rhodesia and may propose a plan for return to constitutional, and eventually, majority, government. South Africa still does not recognize Smith's regime, but continues normal trade. She is afraid of open support for white Rhodesia because of the possibility of her being next in line for economic sanctions. December 26: New York Times: Soviets vow help against Rhodesia A communique issued after a meeting of Soviet officials and a Zambian delegation said that the Soviet Union is prepared to assist Zambia and other African nations in an effort against Smith's white government. This assistance was undefined. Reportedly, Zambia asked for troops to protect Kariba Dam. December 28, New York Times: South Africa and Portugal cautious Because South Africa recognizes Britain as the legal ruler of Rhodesia, Prime Minister Vermond has frozen Rhodesian gold and currency reserves in South Africa. South Africa and the Portuguese African territories risk having sanctions applied to them if they break the oil embargo on Rhodesia. Both South Africa and Portugal are cautious in their attitude toward Prime Minister Smith of Rhodesia. Rhodesia rations gasoline Gasoline and diesel fuel were rationed today. Doctors, diplomats, disabled persons and the government departments: railways, brocasting corporation, Central African Airways and the Central African Power Corporation are exempted. Cars have been rationed to 3.6 to 6 U.S. gallons a week, depending on the weight of the vehicle. Commercial vehicles will receive 5 to 20 gallons a week. Prime Minister Smith says Rhodesia has a 6 month oil and gasoline supply. Oil lift to Zambia This week the United States and Canada are to begin air lifting oil to Zambia via Congolese air ports. The oil air lift from Dar Es Salaam, already in progress, amounts to 20,000 gallons a day. Additional supplies are coming by road from Dar to help Zambia meet her 14,000 ton monthly minimum requirement. The Royal Air Force Transport Command has flown the oil from Dar Es Salaam - a total of 100,000 gallons to date. Secretary of State Dean Rush said the United States would begin helping in the air lift during the first week in January. United States officials indicate a willingness to help develop a new land route to Dar Es Salaam to alleviate Zambia's vulnerability to oil shortages. Secretary Rush and a Zambian delegation met arid issued a statement which called the white Rhodesian government a "threat to human rights." London Tifiies: Tobacco Sale Price . . It appears that, with 90% of last years buyers joining in the ban on Rhodesian tobacco. The Smith regime will have to buy the Rhodesian producers' tobacco - and presumably at well below the world price. Mr.. Smith, on the contrary, waid that Rhodesia could sell her 1966 crop and was negotiation for the best prices. December 29: New York Times: United States bars oil sales to Rhodesia United States prohibited the export of gasolene, kerosene and other petroleum products to Rhodesia today. Shotguns and shells are also in a category of exports requiring special licenses. The United States move supports Britainb sanctions. United States total petroleum products exports to Rhodesia, Malawi, and Zambia were worth about $380,000 last year. American companies have been requested not to ship crude oil to the Rhodesian refinery. These shipments are not covered by the United States action because they concern oil produced in the Middle East. Mobil, Coltex, and Aminoil are cooperating. Two tankers, one of Shell and one of Aminoil have turned back from Beira. Gasoline was rationed today in Rhodesia. Local petrol dealers were to administer the rationing, but few had organized any system yet. Bicycles and motor scooters sold fast. $2800 worth of dicycles were sold in two houses by one dealer. The Phodesia Herald, the Salisbury newspaper said harsher restrictions would be imposed later. Most of the Beira storage tanks have been emptied of oil, although the pipeline to Urntali was opened again today after a four day lull. London Times: Zambian delegation to Tanzania Vice President Kama~ga and Mr. Mundia, Laboux minister, flew to see President Nycrere today to discuss contingincy plans against any Rhodesian blockade of Zambia. Workers assured: Zambia ordered that noone is to work overtimeaand workers cannot be dismissed without government approval. The mining industries, government employees, and firms of less than 5 people are excluded.

December 30, 1965 New York Times: Rhodesia near end of oil supply: The last of the crude oil to be p8mped from Beira to Umtali will run out tomorrow. This has bolstered Britains confidence in the effeCtiveness of the embargo. British interests own a majority interest in the pipeline , but must negotiate with Portuguese authorities to decide whether the line will be shut down. The company is the Lonrho Company of London. Britain holds 45% of the shares directly and 17.5fo through Portuguese subsidies. The decision to close or to remain open will be made nest week in a meeting in Lisbon. Authorities in London believe Puvtugalwill not join an open effort to break the embargo, but they are not certain how Portugal will react to the proposal to close the line. Alternative sources of iol for Rhodesia would be taken by tanker to Beira from Angola, or by rail from South Africa. Bishop Pike prohibited entry: The California Episcopalian Bishop has been declared a prohibited immiex grant and has been deported from Rhodesia. Pike went to Rhodeais to visit the Right Rev. Kenneth Shvlton, Bishop of Matabeleland. London Times: Britain may pay surcharge: The five paund/ton surcharge levied by Smith on coal to Zambia has been refuted by the United National Independence Prty asameans of supporting Smith. If Zambia does not pay, Smithi may cut off supplies. "'hitehall fears the result of this and may pay the fi ve pounds herself. The copper coiIipanies are afraid that if they lose the coal, the mines will slow down, and the skilled European staff, already restless, may leave. RAF in Zambia There are about 600 RAF men in Zambia. December 31, 1965 New York Times: Episcopal Bishop Pike predicts bloodless coup: Bishop Pike of California, deported from Rhodesia, said today in Nairobi that a bloodless coup sould soon be staged in Phodisia. Bishop Pike said the coup would come frow the businessmen of Salisbury and landowners who would suffer roost. He said that Breat Tritain or the U.N. should send troops there if there is no coup. Pike contends that if the U.N. or Britain had sent or still would send troops to Rhodesia that there would be no firing on these troops. He also said that the economic sanctions have hurt Rhodesia more than tb the outside world is aware of. London Times: Kaunda not hopeful on Lagos conference: President Kausda said Zambia would attend the cormonwealth heads of states conference in Lagos on January 16, but he does not think anythinPr will come of it.

London T7:t5 Reiterates use of force Kaunda said force would have to be used when economic sanctions fail. He said it would be foolish for him to break relations with Britain as the O.AoUo has suggested. Coal from Tanzania In case of Smithts cutting Zambia's coal supply, some may be imported from Tanzania. Petrol supplies were coming in in greater quantity than Kaunda expected and rationing may soon be ended. Wilson refuses time limit Prime iKinister Wilson said Britain has not agreed to a time limit on the Rhodesia question. She also has no plan for a naval blockade. January 1, 1966 New York Te. Cabinet changes in Rhodesia The Duke of Montrose, whose title in Rhodesia is Lord Graham, leaves the 1iinistry of Agriculture to become 11in4ster of External Affairs and Defense. These posts had been held by Clifford DuPont, who is now officer administering the Government. George Rudland, Minister of Transport and Power, will assume the agricultural ministry and will relinquish his responsibility for roads and traffic. This post will be taken over by Basil T. Musset, 1 iinister of Local Government and Housing. ir. Smith's New Year's speech paid Rhodesia is "a model of peace and stability which is the envy of countries less fortunate than ours." Londo_ Im: Sir Humphreyts rent is up Prime Minister Smith intends to charge Sir Humphrey Gibbs, Governor of Rhodesia, L250 a month rent and upkeep expenses of LIO00 a month. Offers of assistance to Sir lHia.phrey have poured in to Government House in London. One business man gave LI000. About 250 Salisbury people are forming a "Friends of Sir Humphrey Gibbs Society" asking each member to give Li a month. Queen's New Yearts Message The message intended for Sir Humphrey Gibbs stated that the Queen "deeply regrets the events that have subjected the loyalties of the people of Rhodesia to uncertainty and strain. It is in the hope of a speedy ending of this unhappy situation and in an early return to constitutional rule that I send my good wishes for the coming year to all my loyal subjects in your country." This message was censored by the Rhodesian government and not sent to Sir Humphrey. Parliament to sit earlier The Rhodesian l arliament is to meet on February 2, three weeks earlier than planned. This change is to give the government its chance to ask Parliament to extend the emerr-ency declared on H1ovember 5, which is due to expire sooho

Lsonc-on T!!E=s: Verwoerd stands apart from sanctions South African Prime sinister attacked the economic sanctions against Rhodesia and reiterated that his countrj would not follow them. He made no overt support of Smith, but said they would maintain "normal relations." Interim government? Mr. G.W. Brind, iAio resigned from Smithts Rhodesian Front party shortly before UDI, said there were men ready to form an interim government when Smithts collapses. Brind claimed access to Sir Humphrey Gibbs and hopes to serve as a mediator between him and Smith. Force ruled out Prime iiinister Wilson reiterated that force would not be used in Rhodesia even if economic sanctions failed. Kenya to seize goods The Kenya government said today that all goods in transit through iairobi bound for Rhodesia would be seized as of January 14. Cargoes on ships calling at at Mombasa would be impounded as of Febray 2. Uanuary 2, 1966 Rhodesia offers to send oil to Zambia Prime linister Smith offered to refine and ship the full amount of Zambia's oil needs if Dritain would allow oil to be sent from Beira throug:h the pipeline to the refinery at Umtali. Sith also offered to suspend the coal and coke royalities he has recentlyv demanded of Za _bia. These amount to i1 a ton, or an increase of 100 fold. This coal is essential for Zamlbiats copper belt mines. The Beira pipeline has been shut down twice this week, evidently due to the lack of crude oil to pump throug7h. Verwoend achionishes Rhodesia to ",7o slow" In a speech on iTovember 12, South Africa's Prime ilinister Hendrik Verwoerd outlined a policy of noninterference for his country vis a vis Rhodesian affairs. He wvats to avoid any section that would encourage international interference in his own affairs. He seemed to say he would let Smith fall if this meant preserving South Africats position. South Africa has not yet recognized the Smith Eovernrment. South Africa's Central Bank was not directed to reco,'nize Rhodesia's Reserve Bank, which had been suspended by Britain. South Africa has frozed Rhodesian foreign assets now in South Africa. South Africa is equally cautious in her trade relations, making no sweepin,promises to Smith, making no effort to come to Smith's aid, and not promising to insure the continuation of accepting,. Rhodesian pounds for South African rands. ?ny support from South Aifrica for Smith is not in the open. Verwoerd is unwilling to try to encourag~e the South African private oil companies (90/0 of the South African supply) to send oil to Rhodesia. lie could send oil from the state ownmed refinery. 'He could also allow pirate tankers to discharge oil for Rhodesia at South African ports. But this he could allow only as long: as SrAith has other sources, thus not sinr.ling out South Africa as the agent of bredhing the sanctions. Verwoerd sees this as too great a risk; sanctions could be applied against her too.

Vern.oerd s unwiilinness to support Smith indicates his doubts that white Rhodesia can survive. Oil running out Deira's oil supply is quickly lessening. Granting a request to pump through the oil left in the pipeline would endanger the pipeline by exposure to water and corrosion which would have to be used to force the oil through. The Rhodesian refinery has asked for an indermity of L5 million - in cash 4 to cover the cost of the pipeline. No answer has been received. The chairman of a refinery at Lorenco Marques talked with Salisbury officials last week. Refined petroleum products could be trucked 1000 miles and xxee railed 700 to Rhodesia, but the trip would be formidable. January 3, 1966 NeT Yor Tnes: Zambia turns down oil offer Zambia scorned Rhodesia's offer to resotre oil supplies and talked of making the economic rift permanent. President Kaunda termed the offer a cheap propaganda move. Kaunda also rejected the offer to repeal the 414 a ton coal tax, saying Zambia could continue to operate her copper mines - though not at full capacityeven without Rhodesian coal. Kaunda welcomed South Africa's promise to continue to ship coal to Zambia. Some observers thought Smith's offers were a genuine attempt to mend relationships with Zambia. Ihost thought he was concerned about extremist African elements coming from the economic chaos possible in Zambia. U.S. help in the oil airlift seems to have given Kaunda considerable confidence in his decision to reject Rhodesia's offer. Nyrere sc~rhs $iith Tle President of Tanzania said today that Smith's offer to lift the oil blockade to Zambia was "a cleverly disguised atter'pt to safeguard his own economic interests." A Royal Air Force spokesman sz id today they were phasing out in the oil airlift to Zambia in favor of private chartered planes, but that they would back up the lift whenever need be. The oil airlift began December 15. Since then 154,000 gallons of fuel have been flown by the RAF to Zamlbia. More than 600,000 have gone in by road. London Timas: Banda refutes force Prime ilinister Hastings Bcnda of Hiolawi said today that he would not sever relations with Britain and that the African states should not cal! for use of fTrce because they do not have the strength to support their plea. Illegality of Smith's royalties declared President Laundats request that Britain declare Smith's coke and coal royalties illegal has evidently been honored. However, official announcement will not be made until other sources for Zambia can be found. Use of oil in place of coal for fuellinr suelters is bein?, experimented with in lHufielira. Kaunda will insist that the companies not pay the royalties.

Ja.uary 4 K2Ue York ZL12Z Rhodesia Facing a Drought Crisis Drought has hit hard in the central and southern parts of Rhodesia. The gover ent is attempting to move 200,000 head of cattle northward into the better watered areas of 1iachonaland. In liachonilcnd the drought has threatened the corn crop. Sorghum has been planted uhere the corn has already died. hiany families are threatened with starvation. The Rhodesia cabinet appears to be more concerned about this situation than about the econotic crisis. The drought may cause Rhodesia to seek food imports which would be difficult to obtain on credit. Fortuguese to Admit Oil Facilities for importing oil Y into Rhodesia from Deira, 1ozambioue, will be kept open despite international pressure to the contrary. The embargo on oil is dependent on the suppliers end Portugal emphasized that she was not one, The company controlling the pipeline to Ventali has not yet met to consider their action. Christian _Scence LtpL: Africans passive in Rhodesia African nationalists have been restricted and at the moment the African people are playing a passive roleg liany Africans are disillusioned with the nationalist leaders. Prior to DDI, ZAPU end ZAiTU leaders were at odds. Sabotage by Africans has so far been ineffective. Had there been widespread African opposition, other African states vould have been more militant in calling for intervention. The government has initiated a plan to develop small cottage industries in tribal areas-an inducement to Africans to accept the status quo. African housing is being increased; tribesments taxes are cut by half; l1,4000,000 has been set aside for special schemes of assistance and developement in tribal areas; an additional i420,000 has been appropriated for African education. liuch of this money will bolster local chiefs--who have been the notionalistst opposition. Lon.Jon TI..: Rationing extended Petrol rationing has been extended to include diplomatic and consular personnel. Fains have been restricted to fifty per cent of their normal bulk supplies. Deisel fuel is unaffected by the rationing. Cormionwealth Conference The January 11 meeting of coimionwealth heads of states vill be held in Lagos. The participation of Ghona, Tanzania, Australia and Trinidad is still doubtful. Dr. Hastings Banda of Malawi cannot attend, but will send his representatives. Hr. Shastri of India is sending iLr. Asoke liumae Sen, the Law iinister.

Copper price Up Anglo American Corp. and the Roan Selection Trust will raise their prices per long: ton of copper to 336 pounds, following a boast in the price of copper from Union miniere and froi Chile-q Copper Department. Lower level talks called for Labor P, It. Re-inald Pa et is visiting Rhodesia and calls for lower level tal:s to iron out the crisis. l-e said this is the only hope for a solution. January 5 Rhodesian Curbs on gasoline tightened Rhodesia cut by half the gasoline supplies to commrercial users who buy in bulk. Car rental a-'encies and taxis will be especially bit. Supplies are sufficient to last six months, according to P.M. Smith,. Rationinr. has been applied throughout the country. Oil experts estiLate Rhodesia has enough suj plies for tvo months, at normal rates of consumption. Rhodesian whites seem to be acceptin the rationing cheerfully. Acute cutbachs would not cripple industry, as only 27 per cent of the power is derived froi oil; 67 per cent from coal and ten per cent from hydroelectric power, chiefly Lariba. Trains could also be kept up by these other sources. US Oil Airlift Begun G. ciurtrie US. Ambassador to Cono today officially inCcirtl odley, eUS.Absadr an'td augurated the U.S. airlift of oil to Zambia. Twenty-six tons of oil were unloaded in Elizabethville to be taken by rail to Zam-.bia. 2istIan Sciec_ Lonitor: Conr,. onealth conference foces Rhodesian test A meetin" of Coraiionwealth heads of state is scheduled to meet in Lagos, li)]eria, Janua.ry 11, Irime iiKinister Wilson will ottend. The conference will try to see ihat steps can be tah en to bring constitutional rule to Rhodesia and what should happen ofter that. The OAU has scheduled a meeting iimvediately afterward. lembers of the OAU have proposed armod invasion of Rhodesia. Hr. Wilson says force must be avoided. Smith's recent offers to Zambia nay be signs of his weakening position. Rhodesia wants to maintain her priority position in the Zambian consumer marl-et. Someone with authority, and with police and army support has to ask Governor Gibbs to ton:e over Rhodesiats goveruvcnt in order to end the crisis there. The Rhodesia Front party must first fall, and white confidence in a new leader be maintained.

January 5 Lod-= !L= Loyalty Test of Rhodesian Christians Soon after UDI the Christian Council of Rhodesia issued this resolution: "We affirm our present loyalty to his Excellency the Governor of Rhodesia (Sir. H. Gibbs) as the Queen's lawful Governor according to the Constitution." The proclamation of the neu constitution was declared an unlawful act. Any ensuin- acts are considered unlawful unless confirmed by the lawful governor. Another resolution "rergretted the great blow" delivered by the UDI to the "concept of constitutional law brought to Africa by a western civilization nurtured in Christianity. The council urged Christians to support the Governor. None of the Chris*ian Council resolutions have appeared in Rhodesion newspapers. Bishop Alderson's sermon a'gainst UDI was so censored by the government that the resume in the church magazine hardly trade sense. The C holics took a similar action. They sugrested that such action as UDI would turn the Africans away from the Christian Church. The Rhodesian Christians seen to be unconcerned about the clash between the church and state. January 6 Zamabia pleased with sanction results Fresident Kaunda e::pressed pleasure at the success to date of the scnctions imposed on Rhodesia. Ile also complained of lack of action by Britain. He repeated his demandL for the use of force when the "crunch" came, probably in early spring, tiae. lie and his cabinet are certain Rhodesian forces would not resis British troops. Laiinda said tha.t apart from rationin, ,..e sancions had not created a hardship for Zambia. lie expressed concern about the racial harmony in Zambia should the Rihodesian crisis not be settled. The Zanabian cabinet has jade a unilateral decision to terninate cormronealth proference in order to enable their ,overn ent to buy food in the cheapest marlkets and to facilitate trade vith China and other Socialist cruntries. iiore petrol cuts The Rhodesirn government cut cormercial firns petrol allocations by fifty per cent. TIQe withdrawal of the tax on coke and royalty on coal was back dated to January 1. Smith evidently fears thrt the taxes would rice Rhodesia out of her only coal market. The offer was refused by Paunda. Lonon L'mes: Pipeline to remain open A !ritish request to close the Beira--Umtali pipeline was rejected today by the Tiozambique-Rhodesia pipeline company. lie puxipin7 h s r7one on since the 31st of Dec., and ne crude oil has been taken into the storage tanks since, according: to a stateneit issued by the compoany. The company said the decision vias a privaLe one, without consulttion with the I ortu£al .government. It was estimated b',, the British Liebers of the coiapany th'I. liRodesio had a ten weeks oil sulpply hen the embarg.o vas introduced. January 7 NewY T e s Wilson will .-o to Laros Prime linister Wilson plans to attend the Comnionweolth conference on Rhodesia. His earlier hsitation indicated a feeling that the conference would be used as a amy for the African nations to criticize Britain. His accep tance is an encoura.2ing note that economic sanctions are worl-in" better than e_7:pected and that the Rhodesian reriaaLe may be brought down by them. The two commonwealth nations which have broken relations with Britain-Ghana and Tanzania--will not attead. Irime jiinister ihen-ies of Austrclia will not attend because he thinks comonealth nations should not interfere in the affairs of member nations. January 7 £2iaian Scjien~ Lop tar Nyerere says force xcy be used. Iresident Ilyerere of Tanzania said today tl'-..t if ritain and the UN refuse to use force to brinr, down Sr.ith's regime, Africans will have to do it themseIzves. he helievos that sanctions w.ll not work. yerere said he was willin~ to jet arms fron the West; if it refused, he would accept tera from iloscow or Pci-in-... iiyerere said he does not fear Chins: and ixoE its intentions in Africa and tlinks they are honorable. He quichy added that le would evict the Chinese if they attepted a take-over. January U" Grain for iLhodesia Britain, Canada and Austr--lia agreed today on an eraer-encv plan to send grain to areas of Central Africa which are sufferiir from drou'.bt. Dechuanaland, Iasuto-LanO, Za'mbia and Rhodesia will receive the grain. ritain will worh- throu'.h Sir 1-. Gi1bbs whom she still recor-i.:.es as head of the rpovermnent of Rhcesi-. S;tit; amanot be willinC t w:ork with Gibbs, and Siiith may say he needs oil to transport the -rain. !"ritain vill not change her stand on the oil cil;arro. January 9 _-_ york Tim Drou.-ht worsens in Rhodesia The southmestern re ,'ion, in hlatabele!sand, continues to suffer under extreme drought. Cattle are clyinf," daily from starvotion and t!irst. In parts of iatabeleland tlere h)as been no effective rain for three years.

83 The Government next week will buy as many of the remaining cattle as they can to take northward to better grazing or slaughter. The Government wants to curb any discouraxnent over the cattle losses, and fears arising from the effects of the economic sanctions. Some white cattle ranchers have left for the cities, adding to the soon expected unemployment problem in the urban centers. The Government will have difficulty in convincing the Africans to sell their cattle, as they are a traditional syf-:bbl of wealth. Corn is the staple food, though it is suprlemented with game, leaves of the mopani tree and pods from a thorn tree. One African farmer reported that the corn seeds did not ever come out of the ground this year. Largos Confelence expected to offer plan F.i-. Wilson will go to the Commonwealth ministers' conference on Tuesday. He is expected to offer a plan whereby majority rule will come about over a period of time thereby reassuring white Rhodesians that a balck government is not the immediate goal. This plan will be coupled with a threat to tighten ecomomic sanctions should the Phodesians continue to balk. Zambia may discontinue her imports from Rhodesia- chiefly coal- but only after a sound plan for alternate sources is laid out. British and American officials have been working on such a plan to airlift and transport supplies to Zambia and it may be workable in the near future. ±he copper mines have a three months suprly of coal. Zambia doubled the gasoline rations to motorists in the Eastern region boday. Lumba is said to have ample supplies, NEWS SUTMAPf ON RHODESIAk, Jan. lo and 11. The Drought The drought in Miatabeleland (Southwestern Rhodesia) has destroyed virtually all of the grain crop and ruined the grazing conditions for cattle; the only harvests occur on a few irrigated farulands belonging to white farmers. The Smith regime has now closed the drought-stricken African areas and there are si. ns that the Africans, in spite of their hunger, are refusing to accept the regime's supply of food. iashonaland crops have recently received rain and will be sufficient for the Rhodesian population; consequently, the aid sheme proposed by Britian, Canaad, and Australia will not tak. e effect with regard to Rhodesia. Tobacco and cotton crops are doing fairly well. Situation in Zambia Air and road supplies of oil to Zambia are fast approaching that country's -aual rate of consumption. qqen the normal level is reached., Zambia should be able to build up stocks and ease rationing. Portupnal has agreed in principle to a civilian air-lift of oil from Beira, Mozambique, to Zambia.

Britian is exploring ways / of assurinL Zambia's coal supply and her own supplies of Zambian copper; she has promised L 3.5 million to improve the Zambia- Tanzania road and is investi,-atin! transportation possibilities through Malawi and the Be-uela railway in Ancola. She hopes that Zambia's economy can be shored up significantly before Lukaka makes any move to cut off Rhodesian imports. Drought has ruined about half of Zambia's maize crop, especially in the southern province which serves as the country's Cyrainary. Relief measures will strain the already overburd ened transportation and commercial systen. Lusabe is proceeding with plans to modernize and expand her Army. Three battalions will -row to two brigades, Zambian officers and especially pilots should soon begin accelerated training, and anti-armor weapons, helicopters, and new radio ecuiu, ment are to be obtained. Lag~os Commonwealth Conference 19 of 22 Commonwealth countries are meeting from Jan. 1012, in the Nigerian capital troublcd by its own domestic strife. Vilson reportedly will unveil a new plan of tihter economic sanctions, more Commonwealth aid to Zanbia, and a program of transitional goverrmlent after the "return to constitutional rule." Ghana is not attending the conference and recently repeated her denunciaation of economic sanctions as adequate. She feels thet an African force must intervene militarily rather than a British one comriitted only to a different form of "settler rule." U.S. Action At the State Department's request, U.S. manufacturers have discontinued imports from Rhodesia of asbestos and lithiutn, products which constituted about 37% of total 1964 U.S. imports (1i0,470,000) from that country. the Government is seeking alternative sources of chrome, which constituted about 41" of 1964 Rhodesian imports, with the hope of suspend.in75 that source of that comlodity. A seconf ,oeing 707 jet has been chattered to fly oil to Zambia via Leopoldville. SOurces: N.Y. Times, Jan. 10 and 11. The London Times, Jan. 10. 'he Observer, Jan. 9.

RHODESIAN NEVS STAVbARY National Student Christian Federation Committee on Southern Africa 475 Riverside Drive, Room 754 New York, New York 10027 January 11 London Times: Nigeria and Zambia Nigeria has ordered five locomotives, which she urgently needs to move her groundnut crop, to be sent to Zambia. 60 oil carrying vehicles ordered from a Nigerian firm - Bewac - will be sent to Zambia next week. The December issue of the Central African Examiner quotes the Citizen, a reliable source for Ahodesian Front opinion, to give this raison d'etre for censorship: "...the major newspapers have demonstrated...that they are highly effective instruments in the political warfare of our tim'e and that they must be treated as such if they come into conflict with the declared will and interests of the majority of the people." "The censors, therefore, refuse to permit inside Rhodesia's borders the publication of any matter which impugns the constitutionality of the status quo." College accepts regime's support: Central African Examiner The University College of Rhodesia has accepted the - million pound grant from the Rhodesian Front government. It is likely that the government will restrict the number of African students admitted by curtailing the number permitted to finish the Sixth Form (college entrance). There have been recent cutbacks in mission school building and in African teacher training programs. The Collgge may remain "multi racial" with only a few Africans* Censorship applies to College publications as well. A declaration of support of Sir Humphrey Gibbs was signed by 267 college students. 103 students affirmed loyalty to Smith. All students on government scholarships had been required to sign a "no politics" pledge. This has been formally withdrawng but it essence it remains, as the government may withhold any scholarship should the recipient engage in any "serious misconduct." January 13 London Times M.P. visits Rhodesia: 90% back Smith Mr. E. King, Conservative M.P., visited Rhodesia this week, calling on Sir Humphrey Gibbs, Mr. Smith, and other Rhodesians. He said that 90% of the white population support the Rhodesian Front Government. He also said he thought the African leaders as well as Mr. Smith were ready for a compromise settlement to the problems there. Congolese rebel sara Belgians plan new secession: Mr. Thomas Kanza, the Congolese rebel "Foreign Minister" said in Nairobi today that Belgians were planning a new secessionist move in Katanga in complicity with Rhodesia, Pokrtugal and South Africa. New York Times Whites rough up M.P.s in Salisbury: Three Labour Party M.P.s visiting Rhodesia were roughed-up by Smith's Rhodesian Front supporters at a public gathering. The M.P.s were to address a crowd of about 500, at the first public meeting of its kind since Rhodesia's U D I. Their speeches were never given and there was certainly no time for

January 12, 1966. London Times Oil Lift to Zambia Continues A record haul of 20,000 gallons of fuel was flown by eight British civilian aircraft on January 11th. The trucking efforts continue also. By the 12th, Zambia will have received one million gallons. Sanctions Affedting Enployment The acting Minister of Labor in Rhodesia says the number of jobs is being reduced by the effect of sanctions. Many married women, he reports, h:,ve patriotically given up their jobs to make room for others who need work more. There is an increased number of jobless Africans. Many patriotic employers have retained unneeded employees. Assurance to Whites Three British Labour MP's assured Rhodesians that immediate majority rule iv not the only alternative. The two Conservative MP's visiting Rhodesia call for renewed talks between Britain and Rhodesia. Arson Two atte~ipts at arson in the business area were reported in Salisbury today. One attempt was on a gasoline storage tank. More Rationing Rhodesia has cut the town residents' ration to on to two gallons of petrol a week. Banda BacksSanctions. Hastings K. Banda of Malawi supports the UK and Commonwealth a attempts to overthrow Smith through economic sanctions. He said this before the Malawian Parliament, just preceding his departure for the Lagos Conference. January 13 Manchester Guardian Drought aid to Rhodesia P.M. Wilson is trying to get foodstuffs-maize, wheat, and cattlefeed- into Rhodesia. He made it blear that the pressure Britain is applying on Rhodesia does not include stfrvation as part of it. He regards the effort to aid the area as a humanitarian act. Zambia gay and wise Life seems quite normal in Lusaka, the growing capitol of zambia. Planners are at work, however, to be ready for any emergency. Homegrown maize may be used instead of imported wheat for making bread. Cattle feed and poultry feed must be arranged for imports are cut back to necessities: newsprint, machinery and parts, and basic foodstuffs. questions. A rowdy group pulled Mr. Rowland, of the Foreign Office, from the speaker's rostrum, and police had to carry out the three British Labourites to save them from further harm. They said this event did not represent the type of reception they had had generally in Rhodesia. Wilson gives Lagos plan: Commonwealth ministers meeting in Lagos have given their support to Britain's plan for ending the Rhodesian rebellion. Mr. Wilson emphasized throughout the conference that he was optimistic about the efficacy of economic sanctions. "Expert advice," he said, assures him that Smith's regime will will fall within weeks, rather than months. The emphasis of the conference was on what to do after this, rather than on how to bring Smith down. A committee was set up to establish a program in Rhodesia for training African Rhodesians in administration and technical fields, after the demise of Smith. A sanctions committee is seeking to find new ways of aiding Zambia to stockpile essential materials so that she can break economic ties with Rhodesia. Zambia now consumes more than 30% of Rhodesia's exports. Commonwealth Relations Secretary, Arthur Bottomley, said the loss of the Zambian market would be the "knockout blow" to Smith. A July deadline was set by the conference for tle capitulation of Smith. This is a longer period of time than Wilson indicated was necessary, and seems to gite Britain a breathing spell. The heads of several nations, led by Prime Minister Pearson of Canada reserved the right to go to the U. N. to request that sanctions be made compulsory under Chapter VII, Article 42 of the U. N. Constitution. Pearson assured Wilson that Canada would make no move until March. Prime iinister Obote of Uganda still advocates the use of force. Sierra Leone's Sir Albert Margai clashed frequently with Wilson, but joined in issuing the conference communique, which supnorts Britain's action. Both of these African leaders were convinced of Britain's sincereity--about which many leaders of African nations havd had strong doubts. P.M. Wilson flew to Lusaka to talk with President Kaunda before returning to London. Britain is expected to issue further sanctions against Rhodesia soon. January 14 New York Times Bottomley may go to Rhodesia Commonwealth Secretary Bottorley may go to Rhodesia to see Sir Humphrey Gibbs. This would be the first official visit to Rhodesia since U.D.I. Wilson said, however, that Bottomley's visit would be canvelled if Ian Smith imposed "intolerable conditions", i.e., recognition of his zoverhment. Wilson said, "We are not willing to do this." Smith's government will not assume full responsibility for the Secretary's safety, and this concerns Wilson, especially after yesterday's reports of the manhandling of visiting M.P.s. If Mr. Bottomley goes, he will, if requested, visit Smith as a "private person." In anticipation of the fall of Smith's regime, officials in London are considering the political process to take place. Sir Humphrey Gibbs could appoint a loyalist government and call on Rhodesian civil servants and armed forces to supportit.

Three M.P.Is told to leave Rhodesia Christopher Rowland, Parlimentary Private Secretary to the Foreign Office, Jeremy Bray and David Ennalls - all of the Labour Party were told today that they Tere unwelcome guests in Rhodesia. The Rhodesian Minister of Law and Order said that the MP's had violated the law by holding a public meeting without governmental permission, required under the prevailing emergency conditions. Court to rule on legality of Smith's regime ? Eileen Haddon, editor of the Central African Examiner, Rhodesia's only remaining liberal publication, has brought an article to the High Court showing censorship by Smith's goverrment of a picture of Sir Humphrey Gibbs captioned "Loyal to Queen and Country." She contends that because Britian, 8 days after the UDI issued an order in council revoking Rhodesia's censorship regulations that the censoring of the Examiner's December issue was illegal. The Smith Government argued that it was beyond the jurisdiction pf the Court to entertain a challenge to the Constitution or to the Goverument. The case was adjourned for a day. JANUARY 15 N.Y. Times Revolutionary Tribunals may replace High Court Smith's government is prepared to replace the courts of Rhodesia with government tribunals should the High Court rule ag ainst the ler- ality of Smith's government under the 1965 Constitution.in the impending case concerning the censorship of the Central African Examiner. Government cousel, Julian Greenfield said, "It might not be a nobel concept, but in a delicate situation of this sort, one has to go with extreme delicacy." The Government asks the Court to decline jurisdiction anytime the validity of the 1965 Constitution is under question. This is tantamount to denying justice, judge J.V.R. Lewis contended. Greenfield stated that Britian has no further sovereignty in Rhodesia. The revolution has been complete and the Smith Government is the effective Government, Greenfield said. The country has not been invaded by continued, and the Govermument retains authority; only an economic war is goint on, and that from the outside. (London Times.) Bottomicy cancel visit to Rodesia: The Cornonealth Secretary will not make his trip to Rhodesia because of "possible insult or worse." London Times Botto-leys cancellation seen as victory: Britain views the need to cancel the Commonwealth Secy's visit as a sign of Smithts inability to control his country, as he said he could not guarantee Bottomleyts safety. Sanctions to widen: Britain is e-pected to ban the remaining 5, of those items she imports from Rhodesia, making the sanction 100/. These sanctions do not cover exports to Rhodesia. Hoiwever, the Board of Trade has stopped all export guarantees to Rhodesia, so that buyers must pay in hard cash. Famine relief: If Britain is to help in the famine relief in Rhodesia, it will have to be coordinated with e-d~sting voluntary agencies hich work there (.such as Oxfam), and not through the Smith regime, Britain is at a loss on how to deal with the question of obtaining information on the situation in iiatakbleland. It's presumed that Britain has not gone ahead in getting information from Smith because of the pressure other Coon-ealth nations of Africa have put on Uilson not to do anything ihich would denote recognition of Smithi s regime. The leT Republic RhoC.esia' s Ilext Government: The Rhodesian rebellion approaches defeat. Commonwealth officials say there will be African ministers in Salisbury before next Christmas. British, Swiss and South African bankcs have frozen Rhodesian assets. The oil embargo ilay be enforced by a U.iT. blockade of Beira, to prevent pirate tank-ers unloading. Smith illput the brunt of the suffering from sanctions on the African population, thereby holding them as hostages and hoping to get internatirnal opoosition to sanctions. Uhitehall vie7Ts the use of economic sanctions as an "excecise."1 Police action would have been cheaper and quicker, and JTould have had a 60 vote majority in the House of Coitions, but the "excercise" proves that sanctions work. Zambia is Rhodesia's other "hostage." She relies heavily on imports, but is assuring herself of supplies from elsewhere, penitting her to tighten hcr own sanctions against Rhodesia. Ghana still has not boycotted Rhodesian tobacco. Governor Gibbs is ready to q point a new Govern tient and demand loyality to it. A battalion of the Scots Guards is ecrniarked for his use. Gibbs could choose )avid Bntler, with some European sup-port and no frican support, or Dr. Ahr 1alley, the only white Opposition legislator. Ile has tice won an"African" seat against African ov)' onents. (88) in an .Zrican area. Gibbs could also choose former Prie 1iinisi/er Garfield Tod(:, ho would probably be .TilsonT choice. Todd is a .embor of __:o-..ol 's ZAPU nationalist party. Frani: Clements, 3alisbuj/s for, a' Harchdic Holderne s are also oossibilities. ±o l~ri',nral .-ao, rd1 * iT_ ono and Sithole an.,d their top _ icn, _lus Josiah Gondo, parliamentary op xositi-n leader -ill be as!ed to join the transition governmlent. Lo alisbt in Pdho '.e_,ia are displa,;in, car tic'ers .,th the si :n "1ile-J For..u a Gibbs SR11 the cover of a ritish toothpaste; the S3R being for Southern Rhodesia, not for sodim; ricinoleate' A constitutional conforene -o!,LL' follow the ap o__nting of this t-ransitional govcrnient, -LdLth te P'ie hinister of Legoria , Kinyatta of .ejya, and *.a n(a of Zabia present. ier electoral rolls would be set up, unth uiversal suffrage, -ut g-iving Europeans weighted representation. The 0 A-roll seats may be paired into 25 dual-member districts- one ifitc an( ,ne black. The ulti ,,e aLft will be ;,,retlling sinl .lar to the Za: bia u and .i la1.ian goverments ifiich have assured white seats. But these w ites ou1old be electe. from univ.rsal suffrage,i.e., miuti racial .artie. ir Dingle-Foot, Britain's Solicitor-Gqner'l, says that Sith and his collarues .'ust be broug t to trial if Britain is not to be accused of shouig racial favortism (Kenyattr 7--s tried and i.Priconed during en/a's ifau Aau rebellion). Srith could face a death penalty if tried under the Treasonable Felonies Act. JA2UAY 16 n.Y. Ti;es Uzatali Refinc7r closing dom: Crude oil supplies have been ed'austed and the refiner- at Utali is beginning "o close dow.n. It iill -ot in .. r.:.- cot.- on, ±toew ev r. very C iall? amount of oil is bei nZ trucked in from South Africa and i 11oz :3bue. SY-13t Is regime e-,mea s a tanker at Beira .thin the next ow 0ays, ad has askei that the pipeline co afy-.,aiy piTp this oil on to Puhodesia. Tis would mean abort 1,Of.O tons, the a.iount already in The line, iiou!d he pushed thr'u-h to Uratai. aaiou-,h rasoine to last two weols at present rate of consmLiption, is on hand at Unitai. The stores of individual cor roanies wov1 d raise the total to enough to last 6 to 8 weeks. Drought continues The Governiient is paying artifica- hig h prices for the cattle of 'atabelela.-d. Threy are being r-1ild north to better pastures aid c - to the slaughLer houses. African peoo le of the area are veryi near -tarvation, with tb.-ir cattle niearly- 11 '..d sn' no grain 1,o eat. T2hey are s-,.riving on seeis' leavcs, flyving ants and ca'erpillars. [fT.ile ranchers, though hard hit, are wealth, enourgh to feed some of their cattle an. keep the- a:: breedin- herds for the net year. (09)

January 17 New York Times Rhodesian Banks Fear Tightening Banks may be the next target for British sanctions in Rhodesia. At a regular meeting of commercial banks and the Reserve Bank of Rhodesia reports indicated that Britain may move to close these banking chafnnels which have been developed to circumvent British economic sanctions against Rhodesia. Mr. Wilson is reported ready to offer a new plan for peace with Rhodesia. This plan will probably involve greater sanctions, particularly with the aouth African banks. Britain may also attempt to take or to have frozen Rhodesian assets in commercial banks. This may not be too critical for Rhodesia, as the baxks have taken precautions to conceal depositing by using individuals' accounts. Zambia intends to ban imports on all nonessential items, regardless of their source, Newsweek Whites Support Smith White support for Ian Smith is growing along with a confidence that he will get around the oil embargo. Sales of scooters, bikes and motorbikes continue, however. Whites are organizing "lift clubs" to aid the country in the petrol shortage. There is widespread "hero-worship" of Smith. Some consumer shiortages are being felt, namely golf balls and girdlesa Unemployment is growing among the wkite population. Some " Rhodesian economists feel as many as 20,000 whites may leave the country because of the squeeze. Businessmen feel that the next two weeks will be crucial ones. January 18, 1966 New York Times Smith wants to neaociate Smith said today "I think we should try to start negotiations for the sake of Anglo- Rhodesian relations--not for my sake c:? Mr. WilsonAs sake". Smith refused to give his terms, but said he would insist that Rhodesia remain independent. kr. Wilson's statement frodmthe Lagos conference--that the Smitlh regime would fall within six weeks- is part of the psychological warfare by Britain, Smith said. ;le is assured that Rhodesia can withstand the sanctions impnsed by Britain. A London spokesman for the Commonwealth Relation office said that Smith should approach Governor Gibbs with any considerations for negotiation.

Bishop Pike addresses M'alawi Synod: The California Anglican Bishop, whose constituency is linked with fhatabeleland through the interdependence program formulated at the 1963 Anglican Conference, visited church leaders from Matabeleland. After his deportation, he spoke in Malawi, urging the church to take a strong stand against racial bondage and suppression of freedom in identification with and in support of the pppressed African School Teachers Disiissed It is reported that about one-forth of the African school teachers are being dismissed by the Smith regime, according to a letter from an African school teacher in Rhodesia (private correspondence). RHODESIA NEWS SU4MARY Committee on Southern Africa, National Student Christian Federation, 475 Riverside Drive, Room 754, New York, N.Y. 10027. January 1 / Additional information/ Johannesburg Star Civil servants assured by Britain Civil servants, police, and the armed forces were given assurance by Britain that their pensions and other rights would be maintained and that they would receive up to six months' pay and help in finding jobs if they would defect from Smith's regime. January 8 Johannesburg Star An editorial: "In short, Rhodesia faces the rest of the world. Her chances of success axe ast disappearing and at some point gallantry will become stubbornnoss and courage to endure will mean only economic ruin for the country. At some point patriotism will not mean struggling on but facing realities, bitter though they may be, and returning to a path of constitutional government which, Mr. WTilson has assured the world, does not mean an early African majority." January 15 Johannesburq Star Santion timetable Mr. wilson, speaking in Lusaka, said that the Commonwealth leaders decision to wait six months before meeting again was not a time limit, but a time table for the effect of sanctions in Rhodesia. He said that Britain was watching to see if South Africa would aid Rhodesia. The railway from South Africa through Bechuanaland is being carefully watched. No naval blockade Britain has said she doss not intend to set up a naval blockade of Beira. However, if pirate oil tankers are known to be going to Beira, the UN could raise the matter of a blockade. Lagos Conference The premiers' meeting affirmed that the Rhodesian rebellion must be brought to an end, that political detainees and restrictees be released and that repressive and discriminatory laws should be repealed. The principle of one man, one vote was "the very basis of democracy" and should be applied in Rhodesia. - 92 -

January 15: Johannesburg Star (Cont.) Interim Rule There would be need for troops to reinforce the police during interim rule by Britain. Many police and reservists are expected to resign when Smith's government falls. Allegiance of Rhodesian army and airforce has not been tested, but it is thought that senior officers are not totally loyal to Smith. It is expected that British officers, battalions and police may be needed for interim rule. Problems in Zambia Zambia's government is having internal problems in responding to Smith's U.D.I. Complications include; drought, new tariff charges, influx of refugees, dissension within the labor movement and so forth. They are having problems administering petrol rationing. There is much dissension among employers and emplyees over the 40 hour week and prohibitions against overtime work, plus regulations against dismissal of employees without government approval. In addition, 6,000 refugees have come in from Mozambique due to fighting in that country. Zambia is trying to care for these people. The Zambia Mail, a stateowned paper, is complaining that the all white National Progress Party has not condemned Smith. Kenya air plan fails Kenya's plan to prohibit all passenger and freight flights bound for Rhodesia from using the Nairobi airport is not being enforced, due to the potential effect on Kenya's growing tourist trade. The ban would effect six airlines which use Nairobi en route to Rhodesia. Kenya continues to refuse Rhodesia-bound mail. Rhodesian beef Johannesburg continues to receive beef from Rhodesia for sale in South Africa. Tourist Trade Anxiety is being expressed in Salisbury about the tourist industry. Tourists numbered 300,000 in 1964 and spent L6,500,000 Tourists are given special consideration in petrol rationing in Rhodesia. Iron banned The Japanese Prime Minister Sato announced that, as of April 1, Japan will no longer receive Rhodesian pig iron, terminating a contract for 160,000 tons annually. This does not affect the 95, 000 tons to be shipped before March 31. The producer of iron in Rhodesia is a combine of the Kobe firm, - 93 -

January 15, Johannesburg Star (Cont.) Nissho company and American interests called Mine de Chrome which produces 350,000 tons annually. Japan is likely to turn to South Africa, Russia or Communist China for new sources! January 17 London Times British carrier off Beira The Johannesburg Sunday Times says the British aircraft carrier "Eagle" is cruising ten miles off the coast at Beira with sufficient men and aircraft to blockade the port. British officials said the "Eagle" had been in East African waters for some time and that they never reveal the whereabouts of any ship. South Africa helps Rhodesia 100 railway wagons are being sent to Rhodesia from South Africa to help transport cattle to better grazing areas, Rhodesia plans to move 27,400 head of cattle this month. January 18 London Times Rhodesians return Two hundred white Rhodesians, who went to New Zealand when they thought Smith was going to turn over the government to the Africans, returned to Rhodesia to support Smith and to "rally round the white Rhodesian flag." Oil supplies assured P.M.Smith said that oil is still coming into Rhodesia though he is not prepared to tell how much or its source. He said there is plenty to keep the country running. Smith also said he is willing to open negotiations with Britain, providing that Rhodesia remain independent. January 19 The New York Times Chief Justice Beadle talks with Wilson The British Government invited Sir Hugh Beadle to London for talks concerning the Rhodesian situation. Sir Hugh, the Chief Justice of the High Court in Rhodesia, is still serving by appointment of the Queen. Although he is a close colleague of Governor Gibbs, his position has not been challenged by Ian Smith. Beadle will be given no official message for Smith, but he is expected to confer with him. - 94 -

January 19 (Cont.) Prime Minister Wilson has discussed with him the further sanctions Britain intends to impose, and the plan for an interim government once Smith's regime has fallen. Governor Gibbs would probably appoint a biracial "council" to govern until a new constitution could be drawn up. Black rule may not come to Rhodesia for 5 or 10 years. London Times British-Zambian defense talks A four man British military mission is meeting with President Kaunda to discuss implications of the recent demands that Britain send troops to Rhodesia. It is believed that the logistics of moving troops to Rhodesia will be discussed, should the occasion for maintaining law and order arise there. Charities may receive money Rhodesian charitable organizations may now be sent money from Britain, though the permitted amounts will be kept at a "reasonable" level. Restrictions increase The number of people restricted to the two camps of WTha What and Gonakudzingwa has risen from 276 persons on November 25 to the present figure of 350. Joshua Nkomo, Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole, Garfield Todd, the former Prime Minister, and Leo Baron, the lawyer who has represented African nationalists in court, are among the restrictees. January 20 London Times Mr. Heath to be invited to tripartite talks Mr. Wilson proposes that Mr. Heath join him in talks with Sir Hugh Beadle, the visiting Rhodesian Chief Justice. It is expected that the Conservative leader will decline. Conservative leaders think Wilson is trying to "brainwash" Beadle with Government plans. They further think that both Sir Hugh and Sir Humphrey Gibbs, the Rhodesian Governor, believe that Britain must re-open talks with Smith and negotiate. Mr. Wilson refuses to recognize the Smith regime in any way and holds to his original basic principles about a settlement. Tobacco sales secret Rhodesian tobacco sales will not be public this year. The Rhodesian Tobacco Marketing Board is controlling the whole procedure. The government has placed a reserve figure on all the crops and will pay this to the farmer should he be offered less - 95 -

January 20 (Cont.) in the auction. Any profit from a crop bringing a price over the reserve figure will be put into a pool to be shared by all growers. The Board will grade the tobacco and no appeal, by grower or buyer, may be made. Ease petrol shortage Twenty steam driven locomotives have been returned to service by the Rhodesia Railways to help preserve petrol stores. Experimentation with cane spirit, a sugar by-product, is being made to see if it can be used in automobile engines. January 21 The New York Times Queen cormutes death sentence The British Government advised Queen Elizabeth to commute a death sentence of a black Rhodesian who had been convicted of attempting arson, a crime which carries the mandatory death penalty. The decision will pose a crisis of conscience for those responsible for the execution. If they accept the decision of the Queen, it will demonstrate that Britain continues to have a hold on the feelings of Rhodesian officials. The Privy Council in London rejected appeal of a similar case which contended that the death penalty was an excessively cruel punishment banned by the 1961 Constitution of Rhodesia. The Queen's decision came on the advice of the Commonwealth Secretary, not from Governor Gibbs. This was done because the Smith government professes loyalty to the Queen and considers Gov. Gibbs to be a private citizen. London tightens sanctions Britain banned chrome imports today. Last year's production of $5.32 million went primarily to the United States. More petrol rationing Smith's government cut the 1-5 gallon weekly rationing by 20% and raised the price i¢ a gallon. Bulk buyers and farmers are included in the new restrictions with their quotas being cut 40 - 50%. London Times Smith announced that Rhodesian petrol consumption had been cut 39% compared with the week ending December 24, last year. Two Britons leave Rhodesian Police Two young Britons who had served in the Rhodesian police for 15 months left Rhodesia and returned to England. They said they - 96 -

January 21, London Times (Cont.) had sworn allegiance to the Queen and that now the police were controlled by a rebel regime. Mr. Heath and Mr. Wilson disaqree Mr. Heath talked for three hours with Sir Hugh Beadle, the Rhodesian Chief Justice, and then refused an invitations by Mr. Wilson to meet Sir Hugh at 10 Downing Street. Mr. Heath viewed the invitation as an attempt to smooth-over differences between Government and Opposition views on Rhodesian policy. Mr. Heath does not want to be associated with the new plans Wilson is to announce next week. Mr. Heath favors resuming talks with Ian Smith as defacto head of the Rhodesian government, talks based on the 1961 Constitution. Mr. Wilson says that U.D.I. has ruled out a return to that Constitution. Wilson sees the possible need of direct rule from Britain during a transitional period after Smith's fall. The Conservatives do not agree. They favor the 1961 Constitution as a basis for talks with guarantees to both African and European Rhodesians to be negotiated. January 22 The New York Times Queen Grants second commutation The death sentence of Simon Runyowa,convicted of attempted a:son, was commuted to life imprisonment. The Queen's commutation of the same sentence of a black Rhodesian yesterday was defied by the Smith regime. Twenty two other Africans are in jail in Rhodesia under the same law. Smith's government said it does not recognize Britain's interference in Rhodesian affairs and that the royal prerogative is in this case,. illegally taken. The action was seen as an attempt to embroil the Queen in politics and to embarrass the Smith government. The British view is that if the executions are carried out, those involved will have committed murder and may be tried under British law. January 24 The New York Times Heath joins talks P.M. Wilson received interparty support for his Rhodesian policy following a talk with Mr. Heath and Chief Justice Beadle. The new policy of Mr. Wilson will be announced next week. Mr. Maudling, deputy leader of the Opposition, said the Rhodesian problem would not be made a subject of party warfare in the coming British byelection although there is sore disagreement on Wilson's policy. Sanctions will be increased to cover some of the remaining 5% of exports to Britain and Rhodesian exports to Zambia. - 97 - January 22 London Times Further Economic tightening. Directors of British companies which export specified prohibited goods to Rhodesia would be liable to two years' imprisonment or to both a fine and imprisonment. So far there has been no direct ban on exports, but a new Order is being drawn up to list such prohibited export goods. General Inspects Dam Pajor-General John !7illoughby toured the Kariba dam area today. 700 yeards away there is a Rhodesian BREN gun emplacement trained on Zambia. major !illoughby is in Zambia discussing *further arrangements for British troops in Zambia." Two newpaper photographers drove across and took pictures of the gun emplacement. A Rhodesian sergeant confiscated their film. m ajor rTilloughby flies to Livingstone tomorrow to inspect another main border crossing point between Rhodesia and Zambia. January 23 The Observer Sir Hugh reports to Wilson Rhodesian Chief Justice Sir Hugh Beadle reported to government and opposition leaders this week. He does not think that sanctions are already beginning to "bite," as Mr. Wilson is convinced. Sir Hugh said that Britain must make clear to white Rhodesians what their alternative to Smith is. He appears to have doubts about the tactical wisdom of promising a "constitutional conference," Although he sees the need for an interim government, nominated by the Governor. Tory-inspired reports say there is a gulf between Sir Humphrey Gibbs and Prime Minister Tilson. There is no foundation for this opinion. Sir Hugh will return to Rhodesia to hear the cases of the two Africans sentenced to death, who received commutations of their sentences from the Queen. Someone will raise the question of the legality of the proposed executions, thereby forcing a head-on collision of the judges with the Smith regime. The judges will undoubtedly be asked to hear another case on the legality of Smith's regime when- the Order of the State of Emergency expires in February. Governor Gibbs signed this order before U.D.I. Any renewal of the Order would have to rely on the signature of Clifford Dupont who functions as the Officer Administering the Government -- Smith's replacement for Gibbs. The only way the Rhodesian Front can rid itself of the judges they cannot be fired even under the illegal regime's constitutionis to arrest them. - 98 -

January 24 LonOon Times Bipartisanship important Sir Hugh Deadle evidently convinced the Conservative leaders of the necessity of bipartisan support of British policy toward Rhodesia. Evidently Wilson is writing his final draft of the new plan for Rhodesia after the tripartite meeting with Heath and Beadle -possible to include those points of most concern to Heath. January 25 New York Times Wilson's Rhodesian Policy ir. Uilson's new plan for Rhodesia is expected to be announced tomorrow. He wants to maintain bipartisan support for the policy, although Mr. Heath's differences of opinion are strong. Ir. Heath opposes tighter sanctions because, he thinks, they would increase bitterness among white Rhodesians and lessen chances for negotiating with any moderate white Rhodesians. January 26 London Times Wilson's Peace Terms Prime Minister Wilson addressed the House of Commons yesterday, laying down the following points1. Rhodesia's future cannot be negotiated with the illegal Smith regime, but the Governor is authorized to receive any proposals from the Rhodesian Front government to bring the rebellion to an end. 2. Discussion of Rhodesia's constitutional future must include "responsible persons representing all the people." 3. On the return to a rule of law the British Government will reverse the economic measures taken against Rhodesia. 4. The Governor would form an interim government with representatives of all the racial groups. 5. Maintenance of law and order would be that government's chief responsibility, guaranteeing no repetition of the rebellion and guaranteeing protection of human rights. 6. Political restrictees and detainees would be released provided they give suitable guarantees. 7. Parliamentary institutions would be restored when conditions were stabilized. 8. Independence would be negotiated on Britain's five principles plus a sixth: That there be no oppression of a majority by a minority or visa versa. - £9 -

9. A constitutional conference would be hold hcfore independence and a Royal Commission to prepare for it would Dte considered. Mr. Heath, leader of the Opposition, and Mr. TWilson exchanged views on the role Smith was to have in negotiations. Wilson maintains non-recognition of the Rhodesian Front government, though he is willing to iiclude Smith in talks. Wilson said talks could not be based on the 1961 Constitution because it had promoted and forced the conditions for rebellion and also it did not provide for a representative government. Wilson clarified the question of 'direct rule" during the interim time by saying that the government would have executive but not legislative powers. Wilson said he agreed with Mx. Heath that, "it was never intended that there should be direct rule from Whitehall." He said that the present true and legal constitution of Rhodesia was the 1961 one "as amended by some pretty fundamental changes agreed to by this House." That is the position from which the intermim government will start. The Opposition thinks that ilson's terms will drive white Rhodesians into the last ditch. Wilson also said in his address that Britain and other Commonwealth countries will assist with plans for the advancement, education and training of Africans so that they may "as soon as possible play their full part in the development of the country's economic and political institutions." (Christian Science Monitor and London Times) South Africa retains policy The Opposition leader, Sir de Villiers Graaff, said that the Verwoexd government should recognize the Smith regime and use her influence with Britain and Rhodesia to reopen talks. He said that South Africa would never be forgiven if Rhodesia were brought to her knees while South Africa stood idly by, watching the destruction of civilization. Verwoerd replied that South Africa would retain her nonintervention policy. This is a matter between Rhodesia and Britain, and it is not to the interests of South Africa to be drawn into the conflict, he said. The Government will not intervene should any petroleum companies want to supply Rhodesia. Verwoerd added that South African Airways fly over Rhodesia, and the Government is prepared to see that their transportation system be assisted. He added that chaos will come from majority rule in Rhodesia. C.A.A. may reqister in Malawi and Zambia Central African Airways, all of whose aircraft are registered in Rhodesia, have been asked to change the registration of some planes to -ambia and Malawi, thereby assuring contact with the north after the ban on overflying by Rhodesian aircraft becomes effective in about two weeks. - 100 -

January 26 (cont.) Rhodesia petitions Privy Council Petitions have been ledged with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council seeking leave to withdraw appeals from two rulings of the High ourt for Southern Rhodesia which declared invalid restriction and detention orders made in 1964 against Joshua hkomo and 16 other Africans. The petitions will be heard next week. Oil from Beira to Zambia An oij. lift to zanmbia from Beira is expected to begin soon if Portugal agrees. British transport aircraft will carry the oil. British costs for the airlift from Tanzania from December 19-31 have been 100,000o. Figures are not available for later dates. Louder broadcasts from Bechuanaland Reception from the radio station in Bechuanaland is good in the southern part of Rhodesia, but not so in Salisbury. The volume of the broadcasts will be increased to assure audibility in Salisbury. NOTE: We are at present considering possible changes in the content and approach of this newsletter. Comments or suggestions would be appreciated. And again we would appreciate any financial contributions to enable us to continue this type of publication. - 101-

RHODESIA NEWS SUMMARY committee i ons6uteirAfrica, National Student Christian Federation, 475 Riverside Drive, Room 754, New York, N.Y. 10027 January 28 New Statesman Rhodesia: The Basic Error, Mr. Wilson's stress on a return to legal government in Rhodesia has primarily been directed towards the 200,00 white Rhodesians but his statements have failed to speak to the four million Africans. The proposal that power be transferred to Governor Gibbs and an Advisory Council of largely white Rhodesians once the Smith regime falls is very different from granting this coalition the full powers of an interim government. The author suggests that an Executive Council of former British civil servants with liberal backgrounds be substituted for direct rule from Whitehall, to which there is so much Tory resistance. This in addition to the physical presence of Britain in Rhodesia to assure a loyal military group, as the loyalties of the Rhodesian police and army has not really been proven, will also be a necessity. Mr. Wilson's desire to return to the 1961 Constitution "as amended by some pretty fundamental changes" must eliminate the repressive aspects of that constitution. His pledge to release political detainees only if they agree to function within a constitutional framework is "absurb" if it means within the 1961 constitutional forms. It is also unthinkable that "reformed" members of the present Smith cabinet be accepted into the Governor's council. "The basic error in British policy, to which Mr Wilson still adhergs is to envisage the prospect of independence before majority rule." Most Africans want immediate rule but they would be willing to work under a different system if it was one protected from the control of an independent white regime. The New Statesman points out that the end of the Smith regime via economic sanctions and the splitting of the Rhodesian Front leaders does not seem successful, and "one must hope that Mr. Wilson realises the need to have other and more direct shots in his locker if his present strategy fails to produce early results." There are many indications that Smith and his followers "expect to weather the storm." One is the fact that the Minister of Law and Order seems to be unaffected by Mr. Bottomley's announcement that the execution of the two Africans accused of arson or attempted arson would be murder in the eyes of the British, as both mens sentences were commuted by the Queen. The results of the sanctions seem to be debatable particularly since Dr. Verwoerd has given his support for the use of South Africa as a supply depot or channel to Rhodesia and because Sir Hugh Beadle himself didn't seem to know exactly what effect sanctions were taking in Rhodesia. This latter situation may merely indicate the strength of the Rhodesian censorship system. James Fairbairn Spectator The Truth about Rhodesia by Sir Edgar Whitehead, former Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia, 1958-1962. Sir Edgar Whitehead states that,"Sanctions are no more likely to produce a change of government in Rhodesia than in Cuba," and they will - 107 - simply result in economic chaos and destruction for the country and the exodus of a lr:e number of white Rhodesians. The geaeral British plan that a "multi-raclal - overnment" could be established after sanctions forced a return to constitutional rule "never at any time had any chance of success.'. Sir Edgar feels that Smith and his followers, many of them former moderates, who have been drawn to Smith in reaction to sanctions, will not fall until there is "total economic collapse." He asserts Africans will not accept anothpr white-dominated government but that multi-racialism itself proved a failure in December, 1962. "The next Rhodesian government will either be white supremacist if sanctions fail or black supremacist if they succeed." Pritish Whitehead sees an impending split between the bi-partisan/approach to Rhodesia because the Conservatives, althouGh most members have backe sanctiois, want early negotiations with Mr. Smith and oppose the concept of direct rule by Britain after Rhodesia falls. Thus they will be aCainst the complete success of sanctions and Sir Edgar predicts this will be a major political issue in party politics. The author also stresses the repercussions of the fate of Rhodesia on the rest of Southern Africa and that if sanctions fail he thinks that the African states will turn more to the UN and Communist areas for aid. If the question also boss down in British party politics it will also pass to the UN probably resultin- in an economic breach between Rhodesia and Zambia and the closinL of the Zambian copper mines, Sir Edgar concludes that "Britain must either surrender to Smith with an agreement which will include some face-saving clauses or go on to destroy the political and economic stability of Central Africa for a generation.n He then adds that this will occur unless there is a new approach to safeguard both sides which is an Act of Union between Rhodesia and Britain. It is a shame that Whitehead does not elaborate on this concept of an Act of Union. Editorial of the Spectator Govenor Gibbs, Sir Hugh Beadle and Sir Edgar Whitehead all realize that the Rhodesian whites will not turn to a 2iegal, moderate government on account of economic sanctions. The fall of Smith will not occur before the July deadline of the La,-os conference but will take a full year at least,"during which time Rhodesia and the Rhodesian economy will have been reduced to total chaos, and irreparable hardship will have been caused to Zambia and Mczambique." Therefore there must be negotiations with Mr. Smith as "head of a de facto, albeit rebel, Government," which must lead to "legitimate" independence without an interim of direct rule. P.M. Wilson avoids this step because of international and African pressure but he must resist this kind of "blackmail". Further splits in the Commonwealth or repercussions from negotiating with Smith would be of minute effect in comparison with the present or future chaos. Unless Wilson does talk with Smith, Governor Gibbs may speak out himself which would injure Wilson's own position. The Spectator expresses the viewpoint that the proven power of sanctions would ensure progress to majority rule in Rhodesia. January 29 Economist Still Consensus The rumbles between Mr. Heath and Mr. Nilson are "tactically convenient" for both of them, but there is no basic divergence since both sides agree that the rebels must be made to fall, that measures must include oil sanctions and that after UDI there must be a period of white controlled minority rule. - 103-

January 29 (Cont.) The points of disagreement center around three issues. First is the shutting off of the remnants of trade relations with Rhodesia (which did occur after this article was written). This "psychological tactic" of Mr. Wilson's does not represent a "show of reasonableness" but it is relatively unimportant as white Rhodesian action will be based on what Wilson says will happen after UDI. The second point is that Mr. Heath doesnot advocate- direct rule and that Mr. Wilson, althougl dismissing Mr. Bottomley's suggestion for Whitehall rule, has supported a policy of utilizing the Governor for direct rule, The Economist backs Mr. Wilson's bosition in that the cleaning-up and weeding-out process can only be accomplished by one man. But Rhodesians should be told that this type of rule will be only temporary, Yet the debate about this interim period is an academic one until UDI has ended, The last question then focuses on negotiations. Here the Economist supports Mr. Heath's "realism" about Rhodesian politics for by not talking with Smith Britain is just delaying any negotiations. Mr, Wilson has said he will talk to Mr. Smith but not to the "illegal regime" about the constitutional future of Rhodesia but the Economist points out that these two elements cannot be separated and that by talking with Smith does not mean Mr. Wilson is accepting the Nov. 11th rebellion. Early negotiations are important at which Britain will call off sanctions for the dropping of UDI and the acceptance of a consensus about the future of Rhodesia. Independence could follow after a constitution is accepted that will lead ultimately to majority rule (with at least a "blocking third" for Africans in Parliament before independence) plus an international treaty calling for sanctions if there is any violation of the constitution, Johannesburg Star Editorial "Mr. Wilson showed a complete lack of understanding of this situation. He has himself said repeatedly in the last two months and before that he does not contemplate an early transfer of power; indeed he used the expression 'for very many years. But on Tuesday /January 25/ his mood was very different and less realistic." Wilson s stress on the fact of "rebellion" and a multi-racial interim government just reconfirms the Rhodesian view that "the British are bent on his destruction" which is equated with early majority African rule. The Star believes that early negotiations are out of the question now. South Africa should follow some of Sir de Villiers Graaff's suggestions and should go to the British government and to Smith's and point out "the consequences that will flow from a life-and-death confrontation in Rhodesia." "For it may well become impossible for South Africa to maintain with any credibility the neutral posture which has so far been appropriate and wise. It is already visibly wobbling. South Africa would not be the only sufferer if it toppled, and Mr. Wilson must be aware that the whole precarious structure of Southern Africa would be threatened." Greek Ship shadowed by the RoA.F. Two aircraft of the Royal Air Force stationed in Aden have been reported as watching the Greek tanker "Antzouletta" after it left Bombay. The British Defense Ministry confirmed that an air-sea watch was being kept on sea lanes going to Beira, as part of an "early warning system." Reports of suspected oil shipments reach the "Oil Ops. Room" of the Foreign Office from where a request is sent either to the com- 104 -

January 29 (Cont.) pany which owns the oil or to the country where the ship is registered, Thus far Britain has received cooperation and the use of force does not seem to be part of Wilson's plans. Graaff's call "South Africa must aid Rhodesia". Sir de Villiers Graaff, leader of the opposition United Party in South Africa, said that Dr. Verwoerd's fence-sittinG position on Rhodesia was wrong. The people of South Africa will not forgive him if 1white civilized Government and stability are destroyed in Rhodesia." Therefore S.A. should use its influence to force a reopening of negotiations between Britain and Rhodesia. te facto recognition of Rhodesia by South Africa would permit S.A. to protect its own interests. Verwoerd's Reply: S.A. attitude of value to Rhodesia Dr. Verwoerd stressed that inspite of South Africa's sympathy for Rhodesia and opinion that black rule would be a disaster "we do not alloi interference in our affairs, so we must not interfere in the affairs of others." Recognition of any type was not necessary in an unresolved situation he said. Continuance of. existing relations with Rhodesia was stressed until the matter is settled and that South Africa' s position was a proper one in the eyes of Mr. Smith as well. Other opinions of the S.A. position Mrs. Helen Suzman, the lone Progressive Party member of the S.A, Assembly, condemned the statements of both party leaders. She agreed with Dr. Verwoerd's statements somewhat but she disagrees with his reasons. The Smith regime is unworthy of support because it is trying to entrench white supremacy in Rhodesia and not because the regime advocates a policy of partnership antithical to apartheid. Mr. Wilson seems to be pleased with the attitude of South Africa. The two major companies responsible for supplying Rhodesia with oil are South African registered companies indicated Mr. Ian Lloyd (C.) and the Prime Minister responded that this problem had been lessened by the South African Government's attitude, Rhodesians were pleased with Dr. Verwoerd's statement that the door was open in S.A. for private contributions to Rhodesia. The news came at an appropriate time to boost Mr. Smith's support. There are visions now of trainloads of oil cominC from the south and even of tankers carryins oil from Durban to Beira for the pipeline to Umtali. There are reports of oil supplies going from Lourenco Marques to South Africa before being reconsigned to Rhodesia by a private concern, Le -Monde reported that Mr. Smith expressed thanks to those people contributing petrol to Rhodesia and he recalled that when South Africa left the Commonwealth in 1961 it received condemnations from the AfroAsian peoples and numerous western countries but due to the"determination of its people" South Africa had surmounted these difficulties. South Africa oil line "not too difficult" What is the feasibility of getting oil from private South Africans to Rhodesiat It is felt that a strong organization which would act as a Go-between could succeed in supplying Rhodesia. Ideas include the formation of a private combany at Messina near the border. From Beit B1ridge on the Rhodesian border to West Nicholson the nearest railhead is a cap of 40 miles where costly road transportation would have to be used. A company to deal with this problem will probably be established by the Friends of Rhodesia Association. If such a company is estab- - 105 -

January 29 (Cont.) lished it could deal with oil companies and the South African Government which then would not have to deal directly with Smith's government. The railing of supplies through Bechuanaland is prohibited by the British threats to intervene along such a route. Big Cheque for petrol campaign The organization behind the "Petrol for Rhodesia" campaign, affiliated with the Friends of Rhodesia is now properly constituted it seems and has received contributions of varying sizes, one of over 4i,O00. The campaign has snowballed from that of a symbolic one to actually try to alleviate the oil shortage in Rhodesia. Mr, Smith has indicated that oil or petrol gifts will not be subject to customs dues and that the distribution of the oil will be through commercial channels where the customs dues will be paid and the balance put into a relief fund. Rhodesia's golfers succoured The appeal from Mr. Bert Schoeman, a former manager of an oil company in the Free State and now resident of Rhodesia, to Mr. Dave Theron has been answered. The Free State Club in Bloemfontein sent 16 dozen new golf balls to Mr. Schoeman to be delivered personally to:Prime Minister Smith for distribution to Rhodesian golf club groups. Financial Notes As of January 29 the Rhodesian pound will be valued in gold not sterling. The pound sterling is 2.488828 worth of fine gold in grams and the par value of the Rhodesian pound in relation to gold has been fixed at the same value, thus there is no change in the value of the Rhodesian pound. This move was the result of Rhodesia's expulsion from the sterling area. The Standard Bank review reports that Rhodesia has made "not unsatisfactory" arrangements after its breakaway from the sterling bloc, The proper arrangements were made for Rhodesia dealing in non-sterling currencies. The S.A. Reserve Bank after suspending dealings in Rhodesiar currency for a short time "resumed dealings because presumably it was satisfied that Rhodesia could meet her commitments." Standard Bank review commented that retail trade in Rhodesian shops had increased and that the shops seemed to have adequate stocks of goods and that there is little indication of stockpiling. The reduction of imports has led to a greater demand for locally produced goods. There is greater economic problems for the wholesalers and manufacturing industries which are dependent on sales to non-Rhodesian markets. A report from the"Financial Times" claims that Britain recovered only the Rhodesia Reserve Bank's foreign assets which were held in London and that the sharp increase of l0 million to South Africa reserves is the result of a transfer of Rhodesian assets to S.A. Nonreserve bank interests switched some assets pre- UDI. "Since the United Kingdom's financial relations with South Africa are almost as close as those she had with Rhodesia, this is something we ought to think about." The Rhodesian Minister of Finance, Mr. Wrathall, authorized the issue of savings certificatps known as Independence Bonds which will sell for three years at a 4/2%compounded interest. Sanctions Rhodesia ban worth -5I3.5 million The ban now covers goods valued at the above figure or approximately half of the ll9 million worth of Rhodesian exports in 1964, announced the Commonwealth Secretary Mr. Authur Bottomley. He also cited the . 106 -

January 29 (Cont.) 100 percent effectiveness of the embargo on crude oil coming through Beira. Mr. Wilson announced that the cost of government departments until December 31, 1965 due to economic sanctions was over &l million. The vice-president of the World Bank loans said that Britain would be held responsible as Rhodesia's guarantor if Rhodesia were to default in her payments, This has not occured until the present. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, Mr. G. Mennen Williams, said on Jan. 28 at a speech in South Bend, Indiana that Rhodesia's foreign exchange earning capacity had been cut by more than half due to British action. He also exclaimed that sanctions had been "remarkably effective." The United States, he said, does not consider Rhodesia a bulwark against Communism but rather that the continuance of the Smith regime would create factors favorable to Communism. The U.S. Government has asked American importers of chromite to cut off supplies from Rhodesia. This amounts to R3,500,0OO in "vital dollars." or the second largest source of American chromite. Resignations not allowed The Rhodesian Iron and Steel Corporation (Risco) has been made subject to "sweeping powers over employment" by the Rhodesian Ministry of Labour. This power extends beyond employment /if an employee fails to carry out orders or leaves Risco without ministerial consent he is subject to a fine of L500 and/or two years imprisonment/ into the right to demand information about the steel industry be made available to the Minister. Some furnaces of Risco will be closed due to market difficulties. The corporation's former prosperity was based on its pig-iron exports. Deserters on why they quit Rhodesia Two young Englishmen, who were part of the Rhodesian Police and fled via Bechuanaland to Scotland, said that the police had become "simply a political weapon" in Rhodesia. Another refugee who was a senior assistant of the Rhodesian Treasury Office stated that, "Many Rhodesians and immigrant Englishmen are against the Smith regime, but they prefer to keep quiet rather than act," Rhodesia's air links dwindle The overflying and landing ban,' imposed by Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania limit Rhodesia's air links with the outside world to two flights per week via South Africa Airways and one flight via the French airline, U.T.A° Rhodesians who want to fly BOAC jets will have to board them in Johannesburg. BOAC has withdrawn its five flights per week and Alitalia its two flights to Rhodesia. Miscellaneous The opening of the Rhodesian Parliament on February 2 will not result in any radical new legislation the Leader of the House, ir0 Harper announced. The rationing of petrol in Zambia will go up 10 gallons a month for private cars, "Punch" publishes Smith on Rhodesia Ian Smith wrote in a recent article for Punch that UDI was declared because P.M. Wilson had shown the Rhodesians that independence would not be obtained "on any fair or decent terms . . . . " He accused - 107 -

January 29 (Cont.) Wilson of beinr partial to African leaders of "ter'rorist organizations" such as Mr. Nkomo and Rev. Sithole who were responsible for "the most appalling atrocities, bloodshed and violence against their own kind." Mr. Smith thinks that majority African rule leads to "appalling chaos" as evidenced in the rest of Africa as well as corruption, injustice, murder, dictatorship, inefficiency, suppression of any political opposi.tion etc. "We were not prepared to set the stage for.swift handover." Tory's leader suggests a "way back" Mr. Edward Heath gave these three points for a program to restore legal - overnment in Rhodesia: ay Britain must talk with anyone willing to return to constitutional government, including Mr. Smith or members of the Rhodesian Front Government. b) There must be a return to immediate constitutional Government without an interim period of direct rule. c) Britain must honor her offers for educational aid to Rhodesia and plan for economic developmental aid as well. Mr. Heath said that "the trouble is that this has become a struggle between Mr. Wilson and Mr. Smith," and that his only concern was that when Rhodesians are ready to talk the British must be ready also. He admitted that the time-may not be ripe right now, Economist South Africa:, On the Fence The scheme for sending petrol to Rhodesia is organized around a plan to hire road* tankers to send fuel over the border at Beit Bridge. Ghe can pay four shillings and receive a sticker indicating you have donated one gallon of petrol to Rhodesia. The Friends of Rhodesia Assn, is trying to raise L5 million. Sir de Villiers Graaff's attack on Dr. Verwoerd's "neutrality" must be seen in the light of the March 30th general election in South Africa. The Prime Minister's retort to this attack was that active support of Rhodesia would simply antagonize Britain, the Commonwealth, other African nations and the United States. It would also harm Rhodesia by actually "closinz the back door now open to Smith." The United Party s attack seems to be a case of "transparent opportunism" and it will not really alter the image of Verwoerd as the source of white power in South Africa. Verwoerd is unlikely to change this position either befor or after March 30, since if Smith falls he will be commended for noninvolvement or if Smith succeeds he will not be blamed. Fear of sanctions hangs over South Africa particularly at a time when the decision of the World Court on the South West Africa case is expected in the near future. Le Monde The High Court of Rhodesia declared on Thursday, Jan. 27, as "non-receivable" a request which implied the contestation of the validity of the independence proclamation of Rhodesia and thus the legality of the rebel reGime. The Central African Examiner had raised the case asking that the Rhodesian desposition on censorship be declared illegal. An air-lift between Beira and Zambia is being negotiated by 17 Royal Air Force officers in Mozambique to carry oil in British planes to Zambia. - 108 .-

January 30 The Observer TLS buys Rhodesian Chrome ore Chrome ore amounting for &2 million of US imports from Rhodesia and one half of Rhodesian annual trade with America is still beina imported by Union Carbide Corporation and the Vandanium Corporation of America in spite of official government policy to the contrary. Roth companies have completely Rhodesian-owned subsidies which has caused some problem. Other sources of chrome ore, such as the Soviet Union, have been rejected by the companies due to the heavy financial loss. The 50 tons of tobacco imported to the US is likely to decline due to State Department pressure. The government can legally control American exports to Rhodesia under the export control legislation, but thus far this has been applied only to the export of armaments, widely interpreted as oil, trucks and ammunition. An Order in Council in Rritain banned all chrome ore imports to the UK last week, Wilson:s new move will freeze all tradd with Rhodesia The next step after Mr. Wilson's total restrictions on trade will be the Zambian announcement of a complete freezing of trade with Rhodesia which will not occur until the Zambian economy is brolstered enough to withstand the loss of coal and power. The Observer predicted Wilson's measures would include a 100 percent prohibtion of imports and a ban on all exports except for humanitarian goods or those affecting Malawi and Zambia as well as Rhodesia, Also the Treasury would apply stricter exchange control regulations. A lthough the "average" Rhodesian's morale is still high there will be 4,000 unemployed white workers at the end of February. Mr. Wilson is pleased with the oil embargo and the "shadowing" operations in the Indian Ocean. There is very little worry over Dr. Verwoerd's approval of "voluntary oil gifts" to Rhodesia as they will amount to only 80,000 gallons per month or enough to last only 1 day according to the present rationing scheme. If this amount is increased it will be noticeable in the increased amounts of oil imported by S.A. The Oil Leak It will be somewhat difficult to discern if oil going from S.A. to Rhodesia is from the South African government or other sources. T prevent this Britain should ask the UN to make sanctions mandatory under Chapter 7 of the fharter. Verwoerd will want to avoid entanglement with the UN particularly at the time of the South West African decision. January 31 The New York Times The new British ban on the remaining 5 percent of imports from Rhodesia will be effective as of February 2 announced the Board of Trade The Treasury announced that anyone who extended credit to Rhodesia might lose his money when legal government is restored. Export bans will not apply to "essential" goods for the functioning of the Rhodesian Railways, Central African Airways and the Central African Power Corp. The constitutional eovernment after the end of UDI will not be responsible for financial obligations incurred by the Smith government. Rhodesia ManaRing in spite of sanctions (Lawrence Fellows) "The sanctions are being felt in Rhodesia; there is no question about that. But the end of Rhodesia is not in sight." This situation, explains the journalist. is due to the fact that certain industrialized nations as well as some African nations have filled the economic vacuum - 109 -

January 31 (Cont.) caused by British sanctions. Exports from Rhodesia rose in 1964 a quarter above the previous year's level. This rise was also due to the return of people who had left Rhodesia in 1963 with the breakup of the Federation. One tanker carrying crude oil has been turned awqy from BReira by a British frigate and the refinery at Feruka in Rhodesia has been shut down but supplies of refined oil is coming into Rhodesia from South Africa and Mozambique. South Africa does not distinguish between exports and re-exports. Only 27 percent of the needs of Rhodesia for energy are supplied by oil; the rest is supplied by coal (63 percent) and hydroelectric power (10 percent). Oil is primarily important for the Rhodesian transportation system and "the prospect is that enough will get through if Rhodesia has the cash or credit to buy it." Rhodesia transferred from 1.2 to 714 million from the reserve bank in London to banks in Switzerland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Italy before UDI. The Swiss blocked the account of the Rhodesian Reserv Bank in the Swiss National Bank (L2O0,o00) but this move did not affect the money in "confidential accounts."(L3-4 million) South Africa is using the 47 million of Rhodesian Zovernment money "as collateral for the hard currency she is lending Rhodesia." 0ommercial banks in Rhodesia transferred their foreirn currencies to S.A. pre- UDI. The Government itself has L3.5 million in Cold and is buying up more to serve as backing for the Rhodesian pound. Tobacco will be marketed by one British company through a South African concern and the biqgest new customer will be a French macnate Regie Francaise. Fellows also adds that one African Commonwealth natior which has vehemently denounced UDI will also purchase tobacco. Another member of the Commonwealth is exchanging wheat worth 1-2 million for Rhodesiats sugar crop, The main effect of sanctions will fall on the small companies due to unemployment and the reduction in purchasing power. Risco has been doing so well that it will take until August to replenish its stockpile, The Rhodesian Independence Crisis casts a long shadow over Africa The talk of Africans in Africa is about Rhodesia and the possibility of the success of sanctions. Some say that UDI was planned to hurt the economy of Zambia more than that of Rhodesia. "In fact the subject /of Rhodesia/ has frequently come close to being exhausted. But it picks up again with news of a further tightening of sanctions Britain's Aid and Trade unhurt by Rhodesia Crisis Exports and imports between Africa and the w60 million aid proCram of Britain will not be greatly affected by the application of sanctions. Trade will probably increase with South Africa. British aid to Rhodesia consists of only L250,000, a Grant to the university in Salisbury. Rhodesia exported six times more than she imported from Zambia resulting in an unfavorable unbalanced trade relation. The two nations have retaliated against each other already;. Rhodesia by banning oil shipments to Zambia and demanding that Zambia must pay for goods in non sterling currencies. Zambia has stopped preferential treatment and demanded payments in dollars. Exports from Rhodesia to Zambia amounted to :86.2 million and those from Zambia to Rhodesia, '15.1 million. February 1 The New York Times - 110 -

February 1 (Cont.) Commons in an uproar over ?Thodesia Mr. Wilson's announcement of new sanctions against Rhodesia aroused the wrath of some Conservative MPs on the floor of the House of Commons. Mr. Heath avoided the Prime Minister's challenge to him to propose a motion of censure. Mr. Heath, amid the "angry shouts and cheering", saidabout the imposition of new sanctions, "Does it not indicate a complete failure of the psychological understanding of the present situation that you should have put forward a so-called peace offer and then followed it up with these minor measures when the major economic measures have already been taken?" Mr, Wilson's response was that all imunitions of rebellion" should be destroyed by sanctions. Editorial Wilson's statement to the Lagos conference in January that the rebellion would end "within a matter of weeks, rather than months" does not seem certain. " . . . the same confidence continues to gloss analyse in London." Change in Rhodesia will occur when there is a chance by Smith or defiance of him, " . . . neither development seems likely in the near future." February 2 QonLo Halts Trade with Rhodesia The Congolese Government (Leopoldville) annouced the cutting of trade links with Rhodesia, " . . . a move that many believe would cripple the Congo's own shaky economy," The embargo includes all imports, the suspension of landing and overflying rights for craft going to or from Rhodesia and the refusal to honor Rhodesian passports. Zambia Forms Military Unit at Ndola A new military unit consisting of two regular battalions and one infantry reserve as well as other light artillery battery units will be, when it is at full strength, the largest formation in Central Africa. February 3 The New York Times Rhodesia Asserts Foes Form "Shadow Cabinet" The Rhodesian Minister of Justice, Desmond Lardner-Burke, described a shadow cabinet of "Quislings" (Mr. Smith's opponents)had been formed but would be dealt with harshly. Some of these foes are said to be in hiigh places and are ready to take over the country if requested to do so) if Sir Humphrey Gibbs or P.M. Wilson asks them. Mr. LardnerBurke announced these "nefarious works" in Parliament during the discussion of a motion to extend the state of emergency for three more months. This state of emergency was declared several days after UDI and the Minister of Justice said its renewal was a necessity. He mentioned that British troops in Zambia and in Bechuanaland are a threat, Dr. Ahrn Palley was the only M.P. who said that extension of the emergency would undermine the Parliament by granting dictatorial powers to the regime. William J. Harper, the Minister of Internal Affairs, said that censorship would continue under emergency regulations in relation to newspaper rights to publish parliamentary proceedings, but not to verbatim reparts. British reaction to the Rhodesian admittance of the lack of 100 percent approval of the Smith regime was favorable, although there is no indication that the government had any knowledge of the "shadow cabinet" before the Minister of Justice's announcement, - lll -

February 6 The New York Times Rhodesia Said to Obtain Gasoline from South Africa Despite the boycott of oil two companies are reported to have supplied Rhodesian agents in South Africa with refined oil which is transported in Railway tank cars from Lourenco Marques and Beira. Supplies could last Rhodesia another six months. Portugal Offers to Help Zambia The Portuguese government said that it was willing to supply oil to Zambia by airlift from Beira to Lusaka, "without political considerations." A Zambian delegation went to Beira which included nine government officials and four Royal Air Force technicians. This type of aid has been blocked thus far by the insistence that negotiations should occur on a high level. No specific agreement has been reached yet, presumably because Portugal wants to use this time to establish diplomatic relations with Zambia. Both governments deny that Portugal is tryinr to "blackmail" Zambia into this position inspite of reports to the contrary. The Foreign Minister of Portugal has stated that his government will cooperate with any land locked country in Cantral Africa if they are not actively hostile to Portugal. No Road ProgFressing Lawrence Fellows The building of a railway from the Copper Belt of Zambia to Dar es Salaam, which was one of President Nyerere's prime goals, has droppe out of discussions as the road from Mikumi, a Tanzanian railhead, to Broken Hill in Zambia is being surveyed and widened to carry oil to Zambia. Tanzania is receiving aid from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the United States A.I.D The plans now seem to include turning the trail into a permanent road. London on Rhodesia: "Matter of deeks" Anthony Lewis The general estimates of the economic experts handling the oil embargo is that it has been successful. They claim that the stories of tankers going to Beira are not validated and while there is a "trickle" of lubricants from South Africa to Rhodesia evidence suggests that the oil supply cannot be stretched beyond the end of April. If the oil supply does diminish Rhodesian transport system will come to a grinding halt and affect the movement of agricultural and manufactured goods. Rhodesia has not been importing chemicals, machinery and fertilizers. The final British squeeze on exports from Rhodesia will cut the rebel countries exports to 0168 million as opposed to 0336 million worth last year. Zambiats imports of 86.8 million from Rhodesia of coal and goods in 1964 has been cut to 4i56 million. Foreign exchange currency seems to be running short as importers of goods worth as little as 02,800 are able to pay only one third of the amount per month. Some suppliers to Rhodesia are still demanding cash which is a strain on the country. Will all of these factors result in "drifting along in squalor" before too long? Inflation will be rampant as supplies diminish, unimployment will increase and the transportation system will crumble. Food for white Rhodesians in the urban areas will be short ---- yet in spite of all of these changes the alterration of the political system, that is the return to legal government, is problematic. P.M. Wiilson points to the "psychological turning point" when Gov. Gibbs will form a council, in fact there will be a "coup", but this type of move will only be a success if supported by force. This as well as Smith's renunciation of the rebellion seems doubtful --but hope is still held out that economic disaster and the exodus of whites will produce change. -112-

Editorial Comment .OMristian Science jonitor - Feb. 5, 1966 Rhodesia: sign of a crack" "Any hone that the Ian Smfith re-ime in Rhodesia might have of defeating the British Goverr-nent's sterr, efforts to get the uhite Rhodesiam comrunity to accept speedier political progress for black Africans has always depended on no whites cominr forward more amenable to British views. . It is understandable, therefore, that 1'r. Smith's Linister of Justic shoul. use such strong language to condemn those more moderate ihite Rhodesianswho reportedly have formed a shadou cabinet in the wings ready to takte over from i:r. Smith themoment he finds he might not be able to carry on. . . Given the strict censorship in P..hodesia and the police-state apparatus operating there, the fact that the Linisterof Justice admitted the existence of this alternZtive to theSmith regime is even more significant than the words used to describe them. This is, in fact, the first political crack in a tough if tfin facade--and is heartening to the 3ritish Government and thcs e everywhere Th o support its policy in Rhodesia . . . But the real testing time for Britain will come--apparently soon--when efforts are made to secure an orderly transfer from the Smit;h regime to sometding better." Further comrents on Ir. Lardner-Burke's accusations Chri r-J.n SCiPnr LDi. ar - Feb. 4, 1966 ('Robert LcHallett) The Phodesiam Parliament, in the first major meeting since indenendence, opened on a tone of stern resolve. L.inister 6f Law and Order, B. W. Lardner-Burle said he had information that "certain misguided individuals" l:vd formed "a shradow cabinet." lie said that if they continue with "nefarious " works, "the government will have no hesitation in handling them in exactly the same way wre have dealt with anybody else wvho has endec-voured to cause bloodshed in this country." (i.e. restriction or trial for subversion) In the debate on a motion to continue Rhodesia's state of emergency for a further three months, L'r. Lardner-Burke also cited acts of violence and sabotage against European farmers' property which he said had been incited directly by certain African nati-nalists "who have been given the facilities of Zambia radio." The Econouist - Feb. 5-11, 1966 "Out of the Bag" Lardner-Burke on Wednesday "had to ask Rhodesia's illegal parli-ment for an illegal ext nsion of his draconian -)owers. To strengthen his case, he revealed that certain 'puislings' some of them 'in high legal places' rere conspiring 'to cause bloodshed' by forning a legal government" Lardner-Burke has "provided a reminder that there are some loyal w7hite Rhodesians and he has indicated ;hat he means to do to anybody who tries to start any reasonable tall: with the Governor or with the Government. The cuestion can hardly be avoided any longer of L.at Britain can and should do to enable reasonable talkers to start talking without being promptly and of course il.egally seized and gagged by hir. Lardner-Burke and his policemen." 113

Sanctions New York Times - Feb. 8, 1966 " hodesia Target of another Curb" It is a crime for al-yone to export tobacco from the country. Any Rhodesian who deals in tobacco for sale abroad runs the risk of prosecution, with a penalty u) to two years aond/or an unlimited fine. The main pur-;ose was to discourage buyers abroad from dealing in Rhodesian Tobacco. The 1964 Lhodesian sale of tobacco was $103, 600,000. Estimated purchases since iTov. 11, 1964 have been ',490,000 by the U. S. and '4,233,600 by South Africa,. Officials estimate that 90 % of th normal market has been cut. Britain has in the past bought 1/3 of the Rhodesian tobacco. The present move is made in the season for tobtacco auctions in Rhodesi,. "U. S. Rx-ected to Act" The U. S. is ex-)ected to ask loierican com ganies not to purchase Rhodesian tobacco. The U.S. hold Iarge reserves of Virginia flue cured tobacco that is the principal tobacco crop in Rhodesia, but the U. S. does -urchase a Turkish-type tobacco (,ibouo, '500,000) annually from Rdhodesia. "Zambia Sets -?rice Control" Nalion w ide nrice controls h-ve been imposed by the country which is though%'to preclude total break with Fhodesia. Only a few items are in short supply and bt sinessmen are being urged to absorb cost increases that are likely to be temporary. , Enomi - Feb. E-11, 1966 "!heels but no Oil" (A Corres-'ondent in Salisbury) "On balance, wi Tat has happened in the last wreek or tvo has lifted the morale of I-r. Smith's supporters." The ban on all remaining .Lglo-Rhodesian trade had been expected and the "effect is likely to be both small and long delayed." Labour's victory in the Hull North by,-election waos a worse blo7, to the Sfiith regime than direct mea-sures. Feuer workers have been laid off than wras expected a few weeks ago. Exce-tioi:s occur at the two extremes of the spectrum. Large firms such as Dunlop, BiVC, and Ford whllich are geared to mcass production have been hit by Zambian import restrictions as well as shrini agrin the home ma, rket and small businesses which have hc,,d their credit slashed have folded up; but in the distributive trades the estimate made two months ao that 4,000 white workers ould be out of ork by the end of February seems too high. It w-.s thought that there would be a wave of unemployment as it came home to employers that no relief was in sight. The vital date would be April 1 when the second four month period of currency allocations for imports is to start. "Now with the unex-)ected news that allocations for April to July will be 20% above those for the first period there is at least a better chance that the holding action can be kept going for a feu months longei-." Oil is still the regime's biggest worry. Stocks are probably enough for another ten weeks at -resent rate of consumption and rationing. The regime's more thoughtful adherents are disturbed by a growing awareness that if sanctions do not work, this does not imply Wilson will give up. There is more talk about hat might happen if Britain tries force. -l14

Sanctions (cont.) Christian Science 1Lonitor - Feb. 2, 1966 The Congo Government hs banned all trade with Ehodesia and the Foreign Linistry said the ban will cut off 87% of the Congo coal and meat. Johannesbur Star - Feb. 5, 1966 "Ark Royal Joins in the Petrol Blockade" (from Nairobi) Britain has stepped up her naval strength in the Indian Ocean-main shipping lane %o Beira and supply route to Rhodesia--with the dispatch of the aircraft carrier Ark Royal and four supporting vessels from the Far East. Now cruising off the Last African coast, the 43,340 ton carrier is understood to have joined in patrols designed to deter "pirate" oil tankers from trying to deliver fuel to Rhodesia. "Rhodesia: Car plants can carry on for Six I-onths." (Salisbury) A spokesman for Ford's andB.M.C.--two of the firms which could be affected by the latest round of British sanctions--said last night that both plants could run for at least six months at present production levels on the strength of stocks in hand and on the water. Both firms, Ford's at Salisbury and B.E.C. at Umtali employ about 400 workers A spokesman for the Associated Chambers of Commerce said that the new bans wrould not surprise local businessmen. They had been expected for some time and in the last few months importeks had been making alternative arrangements for routing and in some cases for obtaining their essential su.pplies from other sources. One industrialist said that local industry was more worried by the threatened loss of the Zambian market than by the weight of the new British sanctions. "Rhodesia: South Africa Seeks Eusiness--Not Bonds" The warning from London to South Africa against -purchasing independence bonds from Rhodesia seems academic. South Africa's normal foreign exchange regulations would surely frustrate such intentions. A more relevant issue is discussed in the Foreign Bulletin of the Netherlands Bank of South Africa vw~ich explains that Rhodesian expulsioni from the sterling area did not lead to its automatic attachment to the external area. "Each sterling country is relatively free to continue its dealings with Rhodesia as long as the interests of the sterlin- area as a rhole are not iarmed. 1ie South Africa has chosen to maintcain business as usual with Rodesia, it must bar payments through its banking system to the outside world 'from hich this country or other members of the sterling area would not benefit' The bulletin points out that the Reserve Bank had no alternative but to withdraw its permission to South African residents to engage in merchanting transaction on behalf of Rhodesian importers.. . Does this mean tha't South Africans are barred altogether from financing trade between Rhodesia and the outside world? In other words, if South Africa finances business with, say the United States on Rhodesia's behalf, would anybody lose as long as rPhodesia has the United States dollars to pay? The exchange control authorities might oermit business on these terms. It is a cuestion the interested businessman might put to his banker." 115

Sanctions (cont.) Johannesburg Star - Feb. 5, 1966 (cont.) Information from the Star's Africa News Service Zambia's Vice--president, 1.1r. R. C. IKamanga, announced that Zambia has uncovered an alternate network of routes for imports of general cargo. Although this may bring the confrontation w7ith Rhodesia nearer, when Zambia cuts off all trade with Rhodesia, the showdown will have to be "slick and ruick, for the possibility always exists that this country will have to sit out the climax of the play without 'Jankie coal or Iariba power-and with 44,000 mine Africans out of work." Selwyn Lloyd's trip to Rhodesia Johannesburg Star - Feb. 5, 1966 "Tory Visit to Rhodesia - Lloyd vill talk and warn Smith" (from the Star's London Correspondent) "The real purpose of the forthcoming visit to Rhodesia by 1.r. Selwyn Lloyd, Conservative spokesman on Com.onwealth affairs, is to find a link for resumed talks bet7een Ian Smith and Britain, according to informed sources here. 1.r. Heath's decision to send Mvr. Lloyd is neT. evidence of the Opposition's conviction that 1.1r. W'ilson is not doing enough to try to onen- up ta-lkTs with the Rhodesians." There is concern in London that ..r. Lloyd's visit will encourage the Smith regime into thinkin- that the Conservatives are proSmith. Although part of EMr. Lloyd's task will be to disabuse hir. Smith of this idea, the London Times warned in an editorial "(Smith) and his su-?-orters may feel--or may put it about--that ir. Lloyd's visit implies that British opinion is moving in their favour." The Observer - Feb. 6, 1966 (Colin Legum, Commonwealth Correspondent) The Conservative Farty's future stand on Rhodesia may be largely determined by the report Selwyn Lloyd brings back from his fact-finding tour of rohodesia, for he represents the majority of the party's center and is its spokesman on Commonwealth affairs. Christian Science Monitor - Feb. 5, 1966 (hJilliam H. Stringer) The trio of Selwyn Lloyd, Conservc.tive "shadow cabinet" spokesman on Commonwealth affairs, to 1'hodesia is viewed in London as having a two-fold - Dur-ose. The first is to get some headlines for the Conservatives on an issue on rhich Prime Einister ,ilson has been gaining prestige. The second, and more important, is to see hat Ian Smith's position on negotiations presently is. The Conservatives care urging renewed discussions, a middle course, and a return to the 1961 Constitution plus amendments to reassure both Europeans and Africans in Rhodesia. The most recent statement of this was in an article by Mr. Heath in the current issue of Punch. Conditions ithin Rhodesia The Observer - Feb. 6, 1966 (Colin Legum, Comn.onelath Correspondent) Various sources indica te that unrest in the Africaj) tribal areas is increasing and that "it could become a serious problem for any successor Government to ir. Smith's." Smith's Minister of Law and Order (sic) ihr. Lardner- Durke, in arguing last week for the extension of emergency regluations, abandoned customary denials of 116

Conditions Ithin Thodesia (coat.) The Observer - Feb. 6, 1966 (cont.) disorder anJ "gave a lon: catalogue of African atta-chs on the cattle cros and buili:,gs of 2,Tite farmers. . . " The organ of Joshua Nkomo's ZAPU has "for months" reported a growaing' number of such attacks. Statemen ts and affa.davits by Anglican Church workers in Eatabeleland describe beatings of Africans and destruction of their property by the Rhodesian police in efforts to track down anti-Smith activists. Since U.D.. aL',ut 2,000 Africans in rural areas have been confined to "restriction camps," "most are held indefinitely." Ir. J. Idhlovu of ZAPU has come to London to urge the British to dea_1 :ith ZAPU as 7el'_ as "ith the Rhodesian whites concerning Rhodesia's future. Ilew York Times - Feb. 9, 1966 "Phodesia w.idens censorship curbs" The de facto government has assumed sweeping hew powrers of censorship, givins power to the censor to alter articles as they desired. It is an offense to state or imply that censorship is made. All ,,!hite s-)aces must be filled. The Central African Examiner a liberal monthly magazine, earlier clallenged the censorship but the case w.s dismissed w.ithout the legality of the new constitution coming to the test. An apa-eal is to be made. Er. van der Byl, deputy minister of Information, wTas ask:edl in Parliament for assurance that censorshi7 -,wouiLi not be used to cover the mis takes of the Government. He said constructive criticism w ill be acce-#table, but not destructive criticism, w,.hich casts doubts on the va-lidity of the present government. Johaanesburg Star - Feb. 5, 1966 M 0od 7Eh st~T in bilg demand" (Salisbury) The demand for overprint of the Rhodesia: standard issue of stamps bearing the rords "Inde )engfence, lovember 11, 1965" has been so great that five times the number could have been sold, says the Postr.nster-General, C. R. licenson. The Lritish postal authorities declare the 2s. Gd. commeorative stamps to be invalid and receivers of letters bearing the stmn have had to p-,y a surcharge. South African Reactions Johannesbiur, Star - Feb. 5, 1366 "Plea for Union ith Rhodesia" The Transvaal Provincial Council was told tais week that Rhodesia could be "inc'uded" in South Africa without British parliamentary aporovl, jr. harry Schrarz, leader of the United Party in the Council, sid nrovision for this was contained in the Act of Union, -assed by the British Parliament in 1909. The relevant secti-,n had been reta-ined in the Constitution when South Afric. bec .me a Rvepublic in 1961 and w, as still law. ! ir. Schrarz added t1 .a t the Prime Iinister Dr. Veroerci ha.d s.id in Parliament in 1961 that this section of the Act 77.,s being ret-ined in the Republic's Constitution because it affected a matter that "we cannot deal with unilaterally today. There are other interested parties and these portions of the Act must be ret-.ined until discussions can take -,)lace at o-ortune times w:ith those who also have an interest in this matter." The subject arose -!hen i r. Schwarz wias proposing an amendment hich urged that the Province approve donations by local athorities to Rhodesia for its inde endence struggle. Ir. Schwarz' amendment was defeated in a division by 33 votes to 10.

Reactions 'ithin South Africa (comt.) Johannesburg Star Feb. 5, 1966 "Support for Rhodesia - in Soweto" Repgorts that some Johannesburg Africa-ns are buying 'petrol for Rhodesia stamps" have surprised Soweto. Lost residents claid that only African cranks could sup- ort i ir. Ian Smith in his bid to defy the British Government. It is claimed Africans, Indians and Coloureds who w-,nt Rhodesia to survive British oil sanctions are buying the stamps at a garage in 11elville. "Danger to South Africa if Smith falls" "There ras a grave danger that if the Smith Government fell in Rhodesia, the Afro-Asian nations would be encouraged to wriden the use of boycotts, the Leander of the Opposition in the Senate, Sen. H.U.B. Oelrich, said this week. Sen. Oelrich, introducing a motion censuring the Government, said the first to be affected by extended boycotts would be South Africa,. The Opposition believed the Government had missed a golden op ortunity in not giving full sup ,ort to the T?.hodesian Government and in clefarly declaring its support for ,1.'ito leadership." The iinister of Justice, .r. Vorster, accused the Opposition of an "opportunistic reckless attitude" and said that in the past the Thite man in Rhodesia had meant nothing to the Opposition. "Gambling rith our Safety" (From the Afrikaans Press) "The United Farty has distinguished itself in masterful fashion by the way in rhich it has shown its readiness to gamble recklessly with South Africa's safety by demanding that the Republic should involve itself in the Rhodesin question. This would mate it (South Africa) the prey of the Afro-Asians." - Vaderland leader. "To make South Africa, a full participant in the Zhodesian crisis is to pla y right into the hands of 7.hodesia's and South Africa's w.,orst enemies. Practical friendship towards FRhodesia is best practised by a Soutl Africa uhich remains as free as -ossible from the ind of action. to -hich TIhoesia is subjected. It is not dif:Ticult to foresee wrhat rece-tion a South African attem-,t to move the PTodesian Government to accept a measure of subservience to Britain would have in our neighbour country. Burger leader. British ReacLions Johannesburg Star - Feb. 5, 1966 "Use Force Says Ca-non Collins" Cc.non John Collins, chairman of Christian Acti n Committee, which launched a campaign on the Rhodesian issue in London this week said that more stringent measures should be employed to bring dovn the present FRhodesian regime if sanctions fail. He defined more strin!-gent measures as "such measure of force as is necessary to reach the object. . The mistake in tihe past is tiat force should be Britain's responsihility. The world does not rant a return to British imperialims. 7e rant Britain to offer to the United lations such forces as it has available to end the Smith regime." 118 Additional information/ Ecumenical Press Service, World Council of Churches, January 6,,1966 Missions say Smith regime cuts African Teacher-Training Programme The Smith government has given orders to missions in Rhodesia to reduce by 25% their intake of Africans into teacher training colleges. "Over 90% of African education in Rhodesia is managed by British and North American missions which are being frustrated in every move they make in the field of higher education. " The Smith government has also ordered that Africans enter the new multiracial Bulawayo Training College at the end of their primary course rather than at the end of their secondary course as Europeans do. This decision destroys the plan of the missionsponsored school to offer equality in teacher training. Rote: Continued coverage of the London Times absent from this issue will continue in the next issue of the news summary. - 119 -