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RESEARCH NOTE No. 31 Published 1976

A laboratory Evaluation of Nine Materials for use in Ground-line Maintenance of Transmission Poles Against Attack

by R. H. Eldridge (Wood Technology and Forest Research Division)

Use of product names in this publication does not constitute a guarantee or warranty ofthe products named and does not signify that these products are approved to the exclusion of comparable products.

FORESTRY COMMISSION OF N.S.W. SYDNEY, 1976 G21535-1~ TERMITE CONTROL MEASURES

A Laboratory Evaluation of Nine Materials for Use in Ground-line Maintenance of Transmission Poles against Termite Attack

by R. H. Eldridge

SUMMARY Tests using standard laboratory colonies of CoptQtermes lacteus (Froggatt) and Nasutitermes exitiosus (Hill) were made on sample& of Eucalyptus regnans which had been dipped in various preservatives. A protective oil emulsion paste containing 5 per cent pentachloro­ phenol and 1 per cent heptachlor was the most effective treatment in the laboratory situation, while, as dip treatments, preservatives containing 1 per cent chlordane were also satisfactory. The only preservative, other than those conta,ining an insecticide, to improve the performance of the test samples aga,inst C. lacteus was high temperature creosote. Kopp,ers K.C. 900, although not effective against C. 1actf!US, did imprOve the performauGe of test samples against lV. exttiosus. The addition of tar to two of the preservatives significantly reduced their perfQrmance ag,ainst C. !ac(eus,

INTRODUCTION This series of tests was initiated after discussion with officers of the Sydney County Council regarding the effectiveness o(creosote as a barrier to termite attack when used as a surface coating and "puddled" around the base of transmission poles in service. Some doubt as to the value of creosote, used in this manner, was raised. Instances of building galleries through creosote treated soil, over creosote treated poles and actually penetrating the pole through the creosote barrier have been recorded during an intensive survey of termite attack in transmission poles. There was an obvious need for close examination of current methods of in service maintenance and possible alternative measures. Da Costa et al (1971) demonstrated that creosote acted as a deterrent, in that it discouraged termites from eating treated wood, rather than a repellent which has the connotation of keeping the away from the wood. Creosotes did not have any toxic effect on termites.

3 In tests 'pefformed to determine' the relative effectiveness of high temperature (H.T.) and low temperature (L.T.) creosotes as timber preservatives against termite attack it was found that high temperature creosotes were superior at low levels of retention (Bezemer et aI, 1974). Once again it was dearly demonstrated that neither high temperature nor low temperature creosotes were in any way toxic to the test insects, acinaciformis acinaciformis (Froggatt) and N. exitiosus (Hill). It should be noted that these tests were performed on pressure treated materials, and it was shown that timber treated with creosote in this way was very resistant to termite attack. MATERIALS AND METHOD The test method used was as outlined by Gay et al (1955). A brief descripti<:>n of the method is given below. Testing is based on the use of standard eating units oftermites which enable the effects of timber treatments to be assessed quantitatively under controlled conditions. The standard eating unit is specific fOJ; any particular test termite, but can be described in general terms. .. The unit is contained within it 1 kg glass' jar with a, ventilated lid. Within the jar there is a standard quantity, d:J;:Y, weight, of'crushed inner­ wall mound material aild' a specific quantity of moisture (e.g:,· fot C. lacteus; 90 ml moisture in 120 g mound material). The 1110ist mound material acts as a matrix with which the termites can' work and ,build their nest structure, and as a source of,water. At the,beginning of the test period the weighed test samples are partially·burie.d in the mound material and 25 g of termites are added to each jar to make up the standard unit, or colony. Approxiniate ;equivalent to 25 g of termites is 5 000 to 6 000 workers and soldiers. .- The initial population is estimated fromuJitre:;l-ted cpntrorcolonies which are dismantled after 2 days. This allows for handling mortillities resulting from the separation of termites from the mound and the experimental set up. Two sets of controls are maintained for the experimental peridd and these are referred to as fed and unfed controls. The fed controls contain untreated test samples and are used to determine the effediveness· of the .various treatments. Unfed controls are supplied with no food source other tha:q. the mound material matrix; and bY,cOInparing popull:!,tion survival time ofthe treated colonies with the unfed and fed contrors some estimation of the toxicity of the treatments ~a,n be'maqe: . Nine preservatives were supplied, the details of which. are shown in table 1. E. regnans was used as the test timber. The method of -application, with the exception of protective paste; 'wasto dip each of the test, samples into the preservative and place ~hese on raCKS to dry. The paste, because ofits nature, was applied as a thin film over the surface of the test sample...... Mter treatment the test samples, on their drying:r~Qks, .weJ;e.ieft for 4 weeks in a well-ventilated room before being installed in a constant environment ,room at 26° C and ~ -per cent relative humidity..The test samples were weighed finally on the day prior to the test commencement, giving them a minimum of'll days to come to an equilibrium moisture content.

4 TABLE 1 Treatment schedule

Treatment I Preservative Source

A H.T. Creosote WT and FRD Preservation Chemistry. B H.T. Creosote + 1 per cent Chlordane WT and FRD Preservation Chemistry. C H.T. Creosote + Tarl Sydney County Council. D 5 per cent Pentachlorophenol in Diesel WT and FRD Preservation Oil. Chemistry. E .Koppers H.D. Timber Protective Paste2 WT and FRD Preservation Chemistry. F K 55 Creosote .. Sydney County Council. G H.T. Creosote + Tar + 1 per cent Sydney County Council. Chlordane. H Koppers KC. 700 3 Sydney County Council. J Koppers KC. 9004 : :, Sydney County Council. X Untreated Control U Unfed Control

1 High Temperature Creosote + Tar as u~ed by Sydney County Council. • Oil emulsion paste + 5 per cent pentachlorophenol + 1 per cent heptachlor. 2 Coal tar solution type 1. 4 Coal tar solution type 11.

Two species of termites, C. lacteus (Froggatt) and N. exitiosus (Hill), were selected as the test insects. C. lacteus, although unrecorded within the Sydney metropolitan area, has been shown to be a good indicator of' the possible effects of C. acinaciformis, which is by far the most destructive termite in New South Wales. Five replicates for each treatment were tested along with. fed and unfed controls. Part I ,(test , C. lacteus) was commenced on 13th June, 1973 and part n (test insect, N. exitiosus) was commenced on 25th July, 1973. In part I, mound material of C. acinaciformis was used as a matrix. The parameters examined at the end of the 84-day test period were percentage survival of initial population, ,percentage of wood eaten (by weight) and percentage of the surface area of the test .blocks attacked. Population survival time was also ,considered for part II (N. exitiosus). To facilitate analysis of results it was necessary to perform' a trans­ formation, loge(x), on all data. Analysis of val'iance was made for each parameter and correlation between these was also considered.

RESULTS-PART I--'-COPTOTERMES LACTEUS All data resulting, from part I are summarize4 in appendix I. In this summary., values of percentage wood eaten, population survival time and percentage survival after 84 days are given for each treatment replicate.

5 ------

The results of the analysis of variance are shown in appendix lI. For each of the three parameters there was no significant difference between replicates and there were highly significant differences between the different treatments. Population survival for treatment E (H.D. paste) was zero. The only other colonies to show a reduced population survival, significantly lower than the unfed control colonies were those containing treatments B (H.T. creosote + 1 per cent chlordane) and G (H.T. creosote + tar + 1 per cent chlordane), (fig. 1). Treatments H (Koppers KC. 700) and F (K55 creosote) had a population survival significantly higher than treatments E, B, G and treatment A (H.T. creosote). Apart from the latter no other treatments produced results significantly lower than the fed and unfed controls, (fig. 1).

so

70 _ r- - 60 -

-' - ~ 50 r- j ·~ a 40 ~ g ! 'E ~ cf 30 .'l ... tl ~ ~" + +· 0 20 .~ ~ g · u g '" 10 (l ! . ,; ~ ,; j

E A TREATMENTS

0) Any two means not underscored by the same line are significantly different. (1\ significance level. Figure 1 Mean per cent population survival after 84 days, Coptotermes lacteus

The amount of wood eaten was nil for treatments E (H.D. paste) and B (H.T. creosote + 1 per cent chlordane). This was significantly lower than for treatments G (H.T. creosote + tar + 1 per cent chlordane) and A (H.T. creosote) which were in turn better performers than the untreated controls and all other treatments (fig. 2). There was no significant difference in the amount of wood eaten for treatments J, D, H, C and F either between treatments or when compared with the untreated control colonies (fig. 2). The mean surface area attacked for the untreated control colonies was approximately 80 per cent. There was no surface attack on treat­ ments, E or B (fig. 3). This was significantly less than for treatments A, G and J which were comparable in their performance for this parameter. Of these treatments J (Koppers KC. 900) and H (Koppers KC. 700) were not significantly different to each other. The remaining treatments

6 BO

70

60

0- X w 50 xw - ~ ~ r- z '0 w r- .; - r- 5 'E ! ~ ~ g 30 ~ + - c" a ~ ~ ~ ~" ~ ~ 20 + + 0 -a· 0 + ~ .~ . c .~ 0 u U 0 8 ~ ,.; ,.; . - ~ '" 10 ~ u ~ ~ ." ~ ." ~ ~ ~ ~ ;n ~ f ~ ~ E TREATMENTS

(1) ,AnY two means not underscored by the Sil,JIl'" 1"'..... ;I""" sianificantlY different (1\ s1.gn1.ficance leve"' Figure 2 Mean per cent wood eaten (by weight) after 84 days, Coptotermes lacteus e (H.T. creosote + tar), D (5 per cent p.e.p. in diesel oil) and F (K.55) although not appearing to be as effective as the treatments already mentioned still had much less surface attack than the untreated controls (fig. 3).

BO

w "~ u 5 j5 .l< . ~ ~ '0 'E ~ ""w ~ u ] ti 11: ~ ... 3 ~ Jl ~ + 0 ... ~ .... ~ ~ {!." . 0 . + + 0 0 + ~ .- ~ Jl ~. ~ UU g ~ ~ 11 ,.; 10 ~ ~ § u " u ,; ,; .: .:

A TREATMENTS

(Il 1t¥ly ~wo Mans note \lnderscored by the same line are significantly different.. (U si9Ilificance level). Figure 3 Mean per cent surface area attacked after 84 days, Coptotermes lacteus 7 The addition of tar significantly increased the surface area attacked for both B (H.T. creosote + 1 per cent chlordane) and A (H.T. creosote), when compared with treatments G and C respectively (fig. 3). The correlation between the three parameters was examined and it was found that there was very significant correlation between population survival and amount of wood eaten (table 2) and also between amount of wood eaten and surface area attacked. No correlation between population survival and surface area attacked was found.

TABLE 2 Correlation between the three parameters of attack for Coptotermes lacteus

Factors d.f. r value

Per cent population survival and per cent wood eaten .. 48 .68* Per cent population survival and per cent surface area 48 .13 N.S. attacked. Per cent wood eaten and per cent- surface area attacked 48 ..48*

*-significant at 1 per cent level. N.S.-not significant.

RESULTS-PART ll-NASUTITERMES EXITIOSUS All data resulting from part Il are summarized in appendix Ill. This summary contains the same type of data as for part 1. The results of the analysis of variance are shown in appendix IV. As for part I there was no significant difference between replicates and there were highly significant differences between the various treatments. No unfed control colonies of Nasutiterriles exitiosus survived· the full 84-day test period (fig. 4) but, from the analysis based on the 84-day period being the maximum survival time for any colony, the survival time for these colonies was not significantly different to that of the fed control colonies (fig. 5). . Treatments E (H.D. paste) and B (H.T. creosote + 1 per cent chlordane) were the only sets of colonies- to··die out completely before the end of the test period (fig.. 4). One colony only containing treatment G (H.T. creosote + tar + 1 per cent chlordane) survived until the end of the 84 days, having 10 per cent of its initial population still living. The population' survival and survival time of treatment G was not significantly different to that of the unfed control colonies.

8 70 ,.--- ~ ,.--- 60 ,.--- ~ .... ;:: 50 j . r-- r-- z 0 <0 ~" . ~ ~ ." '"u if. 30 ~ ~ " ~ .. tJ + "0 k k ~ ~ " ~ 20 0 0 + + 0 ~ + " ~ · 0· JJ ~ ~ " · .~ ~ u u ~ 0 :3 "g 10 ~ ~ j ~ I.l "~ "k ~ ,; 8 ,,; ~r-1 i i ::: ,; j A TREATMENTS

(ll Any two means not underscored by the same lint> ,...... significantly different (1\ significance level) Figure 4 Mean per cent population survival after 84 days, Nasutitermes exitiosus

The population survival and survival times for the remaining treat­ ments were not significantly different to those of the fed control colonesi (figs 4 and 5). -

60

(1) Any t ....o means not underscored by the same hne are signifl.cantly different (U Significance level). Figure 5 Mean population survival time for Nasutitermes exitiosus

G 21535-1~ 9 70

60

... SO '" '"~ g - ,. (0 ~ - - .. ~ r- .e .<: ffi ~ " r- 30 ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 - 0 6 + ~ ,....- ~ ~ ;l" ;l" ::!E ~r- 0 20 + + · + .. ~ ·0 ~. e ~. ~ u u ~ 0 10 ~ I.J '". '" '" 5 5 ." [ " ,; ll: '" ~ .: ~r-, :l §: ~ :; = A

TRE~TMEtITS

(I, Any two moans not:. underscored by the same line are signJ.ficantly dJ.fferent (1\ significance level). Figure 6 Mean per cent wood eaten (by weight) after 84 days, Nasutitermes exitioslIs

tn Any two means not underscored by the same line are siqnihcantly different (1\ SJ.gnificance level). Figure 7 Mean per cent surface area attacked after 84 days, Naslltitermes exitiosllS

10 -~-~.. .~.~~------

Treatments E (H.D. paste), B (H.T. Creosote + 1 per cent chlordane), G (H.T. Creosote + tar + 1 per cent chlordane) and J (Koppers KC. 900) were the only treatments to have significantly less wood eaten than the untreated control colonies (fig. 6). The effect of treatment J was found to be not significantly different from that of H (Koppers KC. 700) or A (H.T. creosote). Both treatments containing 1 per cent chlordane (B and G) had some wood eaten before the colonies died. No wood was eaten in colonies containing wood treated with H.D. paste (fig. 6). . . The mean percentage surface area attacked for the untreated controls was approximately 90 per cent (fig. 7), and the highest percentage surface area attacked for the treated timbers were for treatments F (K55 creosote), D (5 per cent P.c.P. in diesel oil) and H (Koppers KC. 700), (fig. 7). Of these the only treatment to show significantly higher surface area attacked than all the remaining treatments was F (fig. 7). There was very little to separate any of the treatments on the basis of surface area attacked, except for those treatments containing insecticides, E, Band G (fig. 7). ' Examination of the correlation between the three parameters, of attack revealed very .good correlations between all factors. .For this species of termite there was a significant correlation between population survival and surface area eaten (table 3). This was not the case for Coptotermes lacteus (table 2).

TABLE 3 Correlation between the three parameters of attack for Naslltitermes exitiosllS

Factors d.f. r value

Per cent population survival and per cent wood eaten.. 48 .96* Per cent population survival and per cent surface area 48 .51*' attacked. Per cent wood eaten and per cent surface area attacked 48 .59*

*-significant at 1 per cent level.

DISCUS,SION The most noticeable result from this bioassay was the' extremely good performance of timber treated with H.D. paste. Caution should be exercised in the interpretation of this result in particular. Even after a 4-week period of drying only a thin "crust" had formed on the surface of the gel, and at the time of installation in the test colonies there was considerable free fluid on the surface of the test samples. It is' quite feasible that the termite populations were affected by vapours within the test jar diffusing into the mound material matrix.

11 No treatments other than H.D. paste and those containing 1 per cent chlordane showed any toxic action on either species of test insect. The effect of the treatments containing chlordane was most marked for N. exitiosus where most colonies died well before the end of the 84-day test period. It is interesting to note that the effect of the chlordane containing treatments on C. lacteus was much slower and the treatment seemed to have a repellent action on the termites as much as a toxic effect. The repellent action was evident in the way C. lacteus attempted to isolate the treated timber from the colony by "plastering" all surfaces within a few days of installation. The addition of tar to the H.T. creosote/chlordane treatment significantly increased the survival time for the colonies of N. exitiosus exposed to timber dipped in this treatment. The lack of toxic action of the various creosotes examined in this test and the free movement of the test insects over the surface of timber treated with these is in good agreement with the work of Da Costa et al (1971) and Bezemer et al (1974) in which they conclude that creosote acts as a deterrent rather than a repellent. The addition of 1 per cent chlordane appears to increase the effectiveness of these materials when used in this manner, but this test has not shown that creosote is a necessary medium for application of this insecticide. This test has revealed that, used as surface coatings, H.T. creosote + tar, 5 per cent P.C.P. in diesel oil, K.55 creosote and Koppers K.C. 700 do not significantly increase the resistance of timber to attack by either C. lacteus or N. exitiosus. Koppers K.C. 900 gave some increased protection against N. exitiosus but was not effective against C. lacteus. The performance of high temperature creosote as a deterrent to attack by C. lacteus, considering the very thin protective barrier, was quite outstanding. Apart from those containing proven insecticides no other treatment gave the same increased protection against this species of termite as did high temperature creosote. This treatment was not as effective against N. exitiosus, but it should be noted that this species does not present anywhere near the hazard of the genus Coptotermes. A very notable feature of the results was the effect of the addition of tar to H.T. creosote and H.T. creosote + 1 per cent chlordane. In both cases the effectiveness of these treatments was significantly reduced, against C. lacteus. It is possible that the patches of tar which seemed to adhere to the surface of the timber offer no resistance to termite attack and thus act as a "doorway" through the treatment barrier, to the untreated timber beneath. An examination of surface area eaten shows that all treatments had some deterrent effect on termites eating wood in direct contact with the preservative. Once the surface barrier was broken the following attack was concentrated at that point. This was particularly evident with C. lacteus which gave no correlation between surface area attacked and population survival. ' On the other hand the results for N. exitiosus indicate that the population survival was closely related to the surface area attacked. This is in good agreement with what is already known about the mode of attack of members of these two genera. Coptotermes tend to destroy a piece of timber working from the inside to the outside surface, usually leaving a thin shell of timber on the outside.

12 Nasutitermes tend to "abrade" a piece oftimber, working from the outside, inwards. These results emphasize the point that if a barrier treatment of any kind is to be completely effective against termite attack it must have no points ofweakness at all. This point may be extended to include pressure impregnated timber, particularly poles and posts where the treated sap­ wood and end grain represents a physical, protective barrier covering the untreated heartwood. The overall results point to some flaws in the experimental method. Coptotermes lacteus colonies installed with Coptotermes mound material as a base medium can easily survive the full 84-day test period without any other additional food source. This reduces the effectiveness of this method as a forced feeding test, as the insects are not under any food stress at any time during the course ef the experimen~. The rather dramatic effect of H.D. paste in the confines of the experimental colony container points to the possible need of some type of accelerated weathering of the treated timber before installation in the test colony. This may also give a better indication of the long term effectiveness of any particular treatment. The results of this bioassay give only an indication of how the test materials may perform in the field and are not by any means an absolute statement of the effectiveness of the test materials. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge the considerable amcunt of work contributed to this project by Dr Judith L. Reynolds. The bioassay was initially planned by Dr Reynolds in conjunction with the Sydney County Council and the work carried out by Dr Reynolds and the author. Dr Reynolds was forced to resign, due to ill health, before the results of this work could be reported. The statistical analysis of the results was performed by N. Omar. His advice and assistance during the course of this bioassay is greatly appreciated. The author would also like to thank the Sydney County Council for its ready co-operation, and supply of test materials.

REFERENCES Bezemer, L. D.; Da Costa, E. W. B. and Gay, F. J. (1974). Laboratory Evaluations of Wood Preservative. Pt. IX. Effectiveness of Low and High Temperature Creosotes Against Wood-Rotting Fungi and Subterranean Termites. Holzforschung 28, (1), pp. 24-29. Da Costa, E. W. B., Gay, F. J. and Osborne, L. D. (1971). Laboratory Evaluations of Wood Preservatives. Pt. V. The Effectiveness of Some Australian Creosotes Against Subterranean Termites. Holzforschung 25, (2), pp. 43-47. Gay, F. J., Greaves, T., Holdaway, F. G. and Wetherly, A. H. (1955). Standard Laboratory Colonies of Termites for Evaluating the Resistance of Timber Preservatives and Other Materials to Termite Attack. Aust. C.S.I.R.O. Bull. No. 277.

13 APPENDIX

Summary of results for part I (Coptotermes lacteus)

Amount eaten IPop~lation survival

Colony Treatment Weight Surface Time Percent of area (d initial per cent per cent ays) population

Ul 84 67.9 U2 l 84 61.5 U3 Junfed .. 84 69.4 U4 .{ 84 66.3 U5 84 66.2 , -1·---­ Mean 84 66.26 !-----1----

~! }Untreated .. ., . .f ~H ~H ~1 ~H X5 I 56.8 75.3 84 67.4

1 ~:~I------~--:-~-:~-1-'--~:-:7-22---:--:-- -~~::4------1----1------5.8 0.2 '84 58.4 11.7 0.3 84 60.8 17.2 1.8 84 54.2 16.3 0.9 84 59.1 19.5 1.2 84 61.9 Mean 14.1 0.88 84 58.88

B1 o o 84 47.8 B2 o o 84 48.1 lJHigh temperature creosote{ B3 1 per cent chlordane. o o 84 52.8 B4 + o o 84 49.9 B5 o o 84 55.9 Mean o o 84 50.9 --_·-11---_·_------1----1----1------Cl 39.3 7.1 84 80.4 C2 38.2 3.7 84 68.5 High temperature creosote{ 44.6 2.3 C3 Tar. 84 61.1 C4 } + 37.8 4.7 84 68.9 C5 30.2 5.0 84 58.6 Mean 38.02 4.56 84 , 67.5

25.3 5.6. '84 52.9 34.9 3.8 84 66.8 34.8 6.5 84 57.7 47.6 4.2 84 68.8 41.3 4.1 84 73.2 Mean 36.78 4.84 84 63.88

14 ------_._------,------.1 Amount eaten IPopulation survival I Colony Treatment Weight Surface Time Per cent of area (days) initial per cent per cent population

El 0 I 0 13 0 E2 l 0 0 14 0 E3 JH.D. Paste .. .. 0 0 12 0 E4 0 0 14 0 E5 { 0 0 19 0 Mean 0 0 14.4 0 ------F1 45.3 4.4 84 73.5 F2 48.9 8.8 84 73.5 F3 } K. 55 C"ooot, .. 42.4 5.1 84 73.2 F4 37.6 4.4 84 62.2 F5 { 40.2 4.2 84 69.2 Mean 42.88 5.38 84 70.32 ------G1 5.7 0.2 84 50.1 G2 }m,b t,mpernt." 0""0"{ 19.5 3.4 84 54.4 G3 + Tar + 1 per cent chior- 22.4 1.7 84 60.4 G4 dane. 0.5 0.1 84 48.4 G5 4.8 0.4 84 51.0 - Mean 10.58 1.16 84 52.86 ------HI "1 32.3 3.7 84 65.3 H2 39.0 3.3 84 69.4 H3 IKOPP~' K.C. 700 .. 40.3 2.9 84 65.8 H4 39.3 2.3 84 72.9 H5 { 36.7 }.1 84 72.0 - Mean 37.52 3.06 84 69.08

J1 "1 15.8 1.5 84 67.8 J2 38.3 3.2 84 68.6 13 IKopp,rn K.C. 900 .. 32.5 2.2 84 63.9 J4 29.0 1.1 84 70.5 J5 {27.6 1.7 84 63.6 ------Mean 28.64 1.94 84 66.88

15

i L APPENDIX II Analysis of variance table for Coptotermes lacteus

Mean Factors I ~~:~~~;f I ~~~r~~ square F value

I I A. Per cent population survival after 84 days Treatments 9 .5180 .0576 7.89 * Replicates .. 4 .0121 .0030 0.41 N.S. Error 36 .2629 .0073 Total 49 .7930

Least significant difference (1 per cent) = .146

I I B. Per cent wood eaten (by weight) after 84 days Treatments 9 102.9943 11.4438 71.79 * Replicates .. 4 .8397 .2099 1.32 N.S. Error 36 5.7371 .1594 Total 49 109.571

Least significant difference (1 per cent) = .682

I I C. Per cent surface area eaten after 84 days Treatments 9 72.9067 8.1007 102.28 * Replicates .. 4 .3206 .0802 1.01 N.S. Error 36 2.8497 .0792 Total 49 76.077

Least significant difference (1 per cent) = .481

*-1 per cent level of significance. N.S.-not significant.

16 APPENDIX III Summary of results for part II (Nasutitermes exitiosus)

Amount eaten IPopulation survival

Colony Treatment Weight Surface Time Percent of area (days) initial per cent per cent population

U1 .. .. 71 0 U2 .. .. 77 0 U3 ...... 71 0 U4 }um'd .. .. 43 0 U5 { .. .. 81 0 Mean .. .. 68.6 0

X2 40.4 85.1 84 57.9 X3 44.3 86.9 84 56.2 X4 }untreat'd ...... 46.3 86.7 84 65.7 X5 {44.3 82.9 84 69.0 X6 42.4 93.4 84 68.5 Mean 43.54 87.0 84 63.46

Al 31.3 12.5 84 62.1 A2 33.7 6.6 84 59.7 A3 }High t'mp'''tu", ere"o"'.. { 2.9 1.8 76 0 A4 33.6 17.6 84 61.1 A5 37.6 12.0 84 62.3 Mean 27.82 10.1 82.4 49.04 ------B1 0.1 0* 33 0 B2 0 0 30 0 B3 }High t=p&.tore ~'" { 0.1 0 22 0 B4 + 1 per cent chlordane. 0.2 0 42 0 B5 0.2 0 33 0 Mean. 0.12 0 32 0

Cl 31.6 3.5 84 60.3 C2 43.4 9.5 84 61.0 } High C3 Tar."'mp'''tore. ereo'o'"{ 50.4 14.7 84 78.6 C4 + 36.7 8.3 84 53.0 C5 36.1 8.9 84 48.1 ------Mean 39.64 8.98 84 60.2

D1 33.5 7.6 84 50.2 D2 38.9 20.4 84 58.7 D3 }5pe, <=t P.C.P. in Di"'" Oil{ 46.1 15.9 84 64.1 D4 34.5 10.6 84 71.0 D5 35.2 16.4 84 52.4 Mean 37.64 14.18 84 59.28 - 17 Amount eaten I Population survival

Colony Treatment Weight Surface Percent of area Time initial I per cent per cent (days) population

El o o 19 o E2 o o 15 o E3 lH.D. Paste .~ o o 19 o E4 o o 19 o E5 J l o o 19 o Mean o o 18.2 o ------1----1----·1------F1 39.9 19.6 84 59.3 F2 l 48.1 20.1 84 58.0 F3 JK. 55 Creosote 33.4 19.6 84 61.2 F4 38.0 18.5 84 72.8 F5 38.0 21.3 84 77.4 Mean 39.48 19.82 84 65.74

0.3 0.3 54 o 81 }High temperature Creosote r 0.3 0.8 46 o G3 + Tar + 1 per cent chlor-l 13.9 5.7 84 9.7 G4 dane. 0.4 0.9 46 o G5 o o 48 o Mean 2.98 1.54 55.6 1.94 ~~ }------{1- 29-':- 10.6- -~-4- --5-::- H2 25.1 12.1 84 45.9 H3 Koppers K.C. 700 .. " 25.9 14.5 84 57.3 H4 5.8 4.0 42 0 H5 14.6 7.4 84 32.9 ------Mean 20.22 9.72 75.6 38.8

J1 36.7 8.1 84 58.8 J2 28.3 7.5 84 61.1 J3 } Kop_ K.c. 900 .. 12.8 4.5 84 35.5 J4 o 1.4 56 o J5 10.0 4.5 84 32.5 Mean 17.56 5.2

*- Slight surface nibbles, negligible area.

18 APPENDIX IV

Analysis of variance table for Nasutitermes exitiosus

Factors Degrees of I Sum of Mean F value I freedom squares I square I I I A Per cent population survival after 84 days Treatments .. .. 9 142.0545 15.7838 14.78 * Replicates ...... 4 4.0130 1.0033 0.94 N.S. Error .. ·. .. 36 38.4329 1.0676 .. ------Total .. .. 49 184.5003 .. .. L east significant difference (1 per cent) = 1.764

I I B. Per cent wood eaten (by weight) after 84 days Treatments .. .. 9 107.3128 11.9236 24.90 * Replicates .. " .. 4 1.7686 .4421 0.92 N.S. Error ...... 36 17.2389 .4789 .. ------Total ·. .. 49 126.3203 .. .. L east significant difference (1 per cent) = 1.182

I I c. Per cent surface area eaten after 84 days Treatments .. .. 9 88.0983 9.7887 48.63 * Rephcates ...... 4 .4097 .1024 0.51 N.S. Error ...... 36 7.2455 .2013 .. Total ·. .. 49 95.7536 .. .. L east significant difference (1 per cent) = .766

I I I D. Population survival time (days) (no transformation of this data) Treatments .. .. 10 26636.539 2663.654 30.22 * Rephcates ...... 4 724.613 181.153 2.05 N.S. Error ...... 40 3526.195 88.155 .. Total .. .. 54 30887.348 .. .. L east significant difference Cl per cent) = 16.03

*-1 per cent significance level. N.S.-not significant.

19 NOTES NOTES NOTES NOTES NOTES

21SSS 10.76 D. WEST, GOVERNMENT PRINTER