Legacy of a Lynching Columbia Remembers Racial Injustice by BARTON GROVER HOWE
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DIGITAL REPRINT ISSOURIAN MColumbia, Missouri May 3-8, 2003 Legacy of a lynching Columbia remembers racial injustice BY BARTON GROVER HOWE 5-part series Part 1 An attack in black and white, 2 Part 2 Different definitions of justice, 4 Part 3 And no one lived happily ever after, 7 Part 4 Successes and secrets, big and small, 10 Part 5 The next generation and lessons learned, 12 Visit our Web site at: www.ColumbiaMissourian.com COLUMBIA MISSOURIAN May 3-7, 2003 — Page 2 An attack in black and white ames T. Scott looked at the crowd following her. gathered on the Stewart Street She decided something was wrong bridge. Screaming, yelling, they and started to cross into the woods to Jwanted justice. the south rather than walk back up the Amazingly, he was surrounded by tracks and pass the man. She began to other community leaders. Next to him climb the slope out of the ravine. was a But it was too late. former city councilman, nearby, a The man grabbed her by the arm. banker. There were even a few fellow He forced her farther into the woods. veterans of the Great War gathered. He told her, “A white man stole my They, too, were calling for a killing. wife, and I am determined to get even He’d seen a university professor beg and made up my mind to ruin the first them to stop, but they wouldn’t. A local white woman I got a chance at.” reporter had tried as well. But Scott With her umbrella, she smashed the watched as the mob continued. man about the face and head, break- Characters As he watched, a pair of hands ing the umbrella into pieces. But it was James T. Scott reached out and grabbed him. no use. He pulled a belt from his pant Prominent black resident They hoisted Scott to the rail of the loops and tightened it around her neck, of Columbia, decorated for bridge. What had begun under this very then punched her in the face several valor in World War I. He bridge eight days ago would be over times. He then pulled a knife and told 1 in seconds, unless someone could stop her he would use it if she made any was accused of the attack those giant, white hands. noise. on Regina. n n n On the tracks below, a small MKT What has become an 80-year-old leg- railroad work crew passed by on a Regina Almstedt acy of secrets kept and revealed began handcar. Despite the belt around her 14-year-old Columbia at about 3:30 p.m. April 20, 1923. Regi- neck, Regina screamed to get their High School student. She na Almstedt was walking quickly west attention. Her assailant quickly stuffed was attacked under the on Maple Street, which led to Stewart a handkerchief in her mouth. Stewart Street bridge in Road and the bridge over the MKT rail- She continued to struggle. Hoping April of 1923. road tracks. A 14-year-old sophomore robbery was his true motive, she man- at Columbia High School, her music aged to free a 50-cent coin from her lessons were on the other side of town, pocket and fling it to the ground. He Hermann Almstedt closer to the university. told her he did not want the moneybut University of Missouri Her dress flapped lightly as she got up and took it anyway. professor of German from walked. The temperature was in the He asked her if it would be necessary 1901 to 1942. Father of low 70s, and even though it hadn’t to tie her to a tree or if she would wait Regina, he tried to save the rained for weeks, she carried an there while he got away. She told him life of James T. Scott. umbrella; in the spring, weather could she would wait. be unpredictable. As soon as he was out of sight, she Charles Nutter She was only a few blocks from her ran up through the woods, heading University of Missouri home on Garth Street when a black for her parents’ house. Suffering from student and Columbia man approached her. He said he needed bruises and cuts on her head, face and Evening Missourian her to come into the ravine because body, she began to slip into shock. She reporter. He covered there was a baby down near the rail- is thought to have fainted twice along road tracks. the way, a distance of four to five Scott’s lynching and Regina was a baby sitter to many blocks. tried to save Scott’s life. local children. She reasoned it might be When she finally arrived home, she one of the children she cared for, so she told her parents what had happened. George Barkwell started down the slope into the 30-foot- There was no doubt in their minds the City contractor, business- deep ravine. assault had taken place; her injuries man and former city coun- At the tracks, Regina still could see were obvious, and the state of shock she cilman. He was accused of no one. She followed the tracks around was in would have been hard to fake. playing a larger role in the the bend to the west but could still find But more than that, professor Hermann lynching. nothing. By now, the man had come B. Almstedt had raised his daughters to down into the ravine and seemed to be tell the truth. It was inconceivable that Editor’s Note This story of the people and events surrounding the lynching of James Scott in 1923 is based on newspaper accounts published at that time, written oral histories of people who recall the event, records from local history archives, scholarly research papers, interviews with people who remember the events and their surviving family members, and discussions with local historians. All quotes and dialogue used in the recreation of the event are from newspaper accounts written at the time of the incident. Visit our Web site at: www.ColumbiaMissourian.com COLUMBIA MISSOURIAN May 3-7, 2003 — Page 3 she would lie to the famously stern Restaurants, churches and even professor. a theater opened in and around n n n the area. The Frederick Douglass Professor Almstedt had been School opened a new building in a serious man as long as anyone 1916. By the 1920s, more than half could remember, a product of his of Columbia’s black population Teutonic German upbringing. owned their own homes. He graduated from the Univer- For many of the older black sity of Missouri in 1895, Phi Beta citizens, times had certainly Kappa, and was the first valedicto- changed. A former slave owned rian to speak in the new Jesse Hall. a blacksmith shop in Columbia In 1901, he returned to the universi- in the 1920s and marveled at the ty to help build a new German stud- improvements in his world. ies department. Within six years, he But if the early 20th century was head of the department. had proven a leap forward for He married a woman from Eng- the black residents of Columbia, land in 1906, and they started a the end of April 1923 marked a family the next year. Within 10 giant step backward. Even though years, their family had expanded to Columbia’s black population let the six, with daughters Ruth, Regina, newspapers know they were out- Margaret and Elsa. As in his own Photo courtesy of State Historical Society of raged at the attack, the pursuit of Missouri. upbringing, professor Almstedt justice nearly brought Sharp End brought discipline to the household. Regina Almstedt in her senior to a standstill. Sitting at the head of the din- photo from Hickman High School. Rain, which had been absent ner table, he would issue orders: Two years earlier, she was that spring, made a return the “Knees runter,” knees under attacked near the Stewart Street day after the attack, pouring all the table; “Ellbogen vom Tisch,” Bridge. day April 21. The attacker’s path elbows off the table. from the ravine to Sharp End was But if there was a severe, academ- God had intervened and helped awash, and any attempt to get ic side of professor Almstedt, there her fight off the attacker. beyond the edge of it was impos- was also a softer one. He loved n n n sible. Other means of investigation music, and he ran the university’s That the attack had not ended would be required. informal program until the 1920s, in rape mattered little to many of Some 1,900 black people lived in when the music program became the people of Columbia. In hushed Columbia in 1923, a sizable portion official. He played the organ at the tones, people talked about what of Columbia’s 10,392 people. Police Calvary Episcopal Church on Ninth had happened to the Almstedt girl. crashed through their homes with Street most every Sunday. They tried to warn their children, little warning, brandishing clubs He passed this love on to his trying to say something without and guns. The residents of Sharp children. His two oldest daugh- saying everything. End were besieged. ters, Ruth and Regina, were both But the words were so cloaked in To the white police, nothing was involved in glee club and other hidden meanings, many children going to interfere with the pur- musical organizations at high ended up knowing just enough to suit of their suspect: a black man, school. Both took music les be terrorized.