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The Bonneville Flood Debris Field As Sacred Landscape

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The Bonneville Flood Debris Field As Sacred Landscape UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Title The Bonneville Flood Debris Field as Sacred Landscape Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4z80r4md Journal Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, 27(1) ISSN 0191-3557 Author Pavesic, Max G Publication Date 2007 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology | Vol. 27 No. 1 (2007) { pp. 15-27 The Bonneville Flood Debris Field as Sacred Landscape MAX G. PAVESIC 7870 SE 13th Avenue, No. 204, Portland, OR 97202 This study argues that the debris field left by the Bonneville Flood in southwestern Idaho can be viewed as a sacred landscape. A correlation is made between petroglyph placement and flood-produced Melon Gravel. The significance of this correlation is then discussed within a mythic framework. atastrophic flooding throughout the Pleistocene within "a few days...and that voluminous discharge Cleft an indelible mark on various northern- contmued for a least a year" (Malde 1968:13). hemisphere landscapes. High energy impacts from In the vicmity of Twin FaUs, the floodwaters scoured superfloods were the result of ice-dam breaching or the northern canyon rim and then became entrenched subglacial outburst flooding in most instances (Baker within the confines of the canyon. At this point the 2002; Colman 2002). In western North America, the canyon is a mile wide and 500 feet deep, and it is thought most notable example is the Glacial Lake Missoula that it was nearly brimful of floodwater at its peak flood sequence, which inundated much of the Columbia discharge, floodwater that carved a scabland topography River system in Washington and Oregon and created a in its path (Malde 1968: Fig. 15) (Fig. 2). Once confined to scabland topography and the famous "coulees" or dry the narrow canyon, the water became impounded within fafls (Bretz 1923). In the period between 18,000 and several basins, or coves, which acted as large sediment 12,000 years B.P., "phenomenal catastrophic flooding traps. That entrapped basaltic debris is known as "Melon occurred" (Baker 1980:121) that drained the impounded Gravel," and is composed of sediments which range in waters of Lake Missoula (Pardee 1942; Richmond et al. size from coarse sand to boulders over 15 feet ui diameter 1965). A similar fluvial event—the BormeviUe Flood— (Malde and Powers 1962). The flood route continued also occurred across the Snake River Plam of southem westward for about 275 kilometers, until the canyon Idaho, ca. 14,500 years B.P basalt rimrock dissipated and the canyon widened into The Bonneville Flood, or Lake BonneviUe overflow, a broad plain, thus reducing the water's energy flow occiured when Provo-age shoreline sedunents coUapsed and capacity. The present study argues for a prehistoric from spillover waters of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville recognition of Melon Gravel (represented by petroglyph at Red Rock Pass in southeastem Idaho (GUbert 1878; inscriptions) as being part of a sacred landscape in the Malde 1968). The consequent flood waters raced down Snake River canyon of southwest Idaho. Marsh Creek and the lower Portneuf River, entering the Snake River Plain north of Pocatello (O'Conner 1993). The flood's route continued westward on the SITE CONTEXT AND SAMPLING Snake River Plain, with a major reentry into the Snake The primary research involved in this study entailed River canyon in central Idaho; it then continued west gleaning data from the archaeological site survey files and north along the Snake, eventually entering the housed in the Office of Archaeology, Idaho State Columbia River in Washington State (Fig.I). During Preservation Office, in Boise. Data coUection was then this event an extraordinary volume of water, estimated reinforced by field observations carried out during the to have been some 4,750 km^, drained from Pleistocene record search and during earUer site visits by the author Lake BonneviUe (Jarrett and Malde 1987:134; O'Conner (Pavesic 1990,1998, 2002). The research area extended 1993:5). The initial wave is beUeved to have occurred from the Perrine Bridge at Twin FaUs, at the eastem end 15 16 Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology | Vol 27. No. 1 (2007) Figure L Route of BonneviUe Flood through southem Idaho (base map after O'Conner 1993:Fig. 1). of the study area, to the bridge crossing the Snake River at However, the unique nature of the Melon Gravel Marsing, Idaho (Fig. 2); it included the riverside portions provides a more refined database. The gravel bars of of Ada, Canyon, Ehnore, Gooding, Jerome and Owyhee rounded, redeposited basaltic boulders are "the most counties. In this stretch of the Snake River Canyon, easUy recognized evidence of the catastrophic magnitude approximately 1,450 archaeological sites have been of the flood" (Malde 1968:13). Gravel deposition was recorded m or adjacent to the flood path, which was first a rapid event. The boulders originated a few miles reported by Erwm (1930) and ScheUbach (1930). While upstream, often as flood-carved rock originating in the the site total is impressive, it is replete with recording canyon walls, and now are found below the canyon's problems. Part of the confusion stems from the fact that restrictive basms or coves. Only 36 of the 1,450 reviewed most researchers do not define an archaeological site; in site reports involve rock art locales in the flood path, addition, field objectives were executed under different and 32 of those 36 are petroglyph sites, with images conditions (e.g., Butler and Murphey 1982; Miss et al. etched into Melon Gravel. Only four petroglyph sites— 1997; Ostrogorsky and Plew 1978; Plew and Ostrogorsky IO-GG-173, a glyph located on a cUff face; lO-GG-303, 1980). Such recording problems are not entirely the fault a sUde rock locaUty; and two sites identified as possible of the researchers, since site surface evidence can change historic markers (lO-EL-1281 and lO-JE-426)—fall through time, and resurveyed river sections often provide outside of the study parameters. Painted motifs are different results. rare, if nonexistent, although some petroglyphs have ARTICLE I The Bonneville Flood Debris Field as Sacred Landscape | Pavesic 17 Figure 2. A primary entry point of flood water into the Snake River Canyon. View to the west from Perrine Bridge, Twin Falls. been coated with red ochre (Murphey 1987). There is, Table 1 however, some confusion in site recordmg m the lower reaches of the study area, primarily as a result of survey MELON GRAVEL PETROGLYPH SITES parties using different recording techniques (e.g., DeUsio 1971; Keeler and Koko 1971; Statham 1971; Tuohy 1958). Ada County Rock art researchers recognize the deposited boulder 10-AA-2/3-, 5/66. 8, 47,164,213,214 fields as representing a swift fluvial event, but site Canyon County survey crews have a tendency to record single loci and 10-CN-1,2/3,4,7/8,10,12,14,15,16,17,21,[ ,70 overlook the depositional episode. This problem is particularly evident in the Walters Bar area, where an Elmore County over-lapping of site mmibering has occurred (Fig. 3). The 10-EL-216,1281,1412 36 petroglyph locaUties include seven recorded in Ada Gooding County County, thirteen in Canyon County, three in Elmore lO-GG-29, 44, 303, 307 County, five in Gooding County, one in Jerome County and seven in Owyhee County (Table 1). While site Jerome County description and motif analysis is not a primary purpose lO-JE-173,426 of this paper, several major petroglyph locations warrant Owyhee County further discussion. 10-0E-12,15,270,272,563,1992,1685/3160 The most extensive interpretive art rock research in the area has been conducted at the Kanaka-Briggs Creek : denotes recording duplication 18 Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology | Vol. 27 No, 1 (2007) Legend . — ^ Maximum Flood Stage mm Flood Deposits ^m General Flow Direction .t-^ Local Flow Direction O Site Location 5 km. Si te Localities Ada County Canyon County Owyltee County 1. 10-AA-2/3 5. 10-CN-1 13. 10-OE-12 2. 10-AA-5/66 6. 10-CN-2, 3,16 14. 10-OE-15 3. 10-AA-47 (cluster) IS. 10-OE-270 4. 10-AA-214 7. 10-CN-4 16. 10-0^-272 8. 10-CN-7/8 17. 10-OE-583 9. 10-CN-15 18. 10-OE-1992 10. 10-CN-17 Swan Falls 'I ^ 11. 10-CN-21 Constriction 'E^ —.-» 12. 10-CN-70 Ilk O \ Figure 3. Walters Bar site recording congestion. locaUty (lO-GG-307) near Buhl, Idaho. Murphey (1987) The C.J. Strike Park site (10-OE-1685/3160) is a reports six petrogylph loci consisting of seven to fifteen relocation of portions of two boulder groupuigs originaUy boulders each spread over 420 m^ (Fig. 4). Murphey found near the mouth of the Bruneau River at its interprets the motifs as resulting from a Fremont Culture confluence with the Snake (Erwin 1930:102). During intrusion into southern Idaho, which is a contentious construction of the nearby C.J. Strike dam, the Idaho research issue (see Adovasio et al. 1982; Butler 1980, Power Company attempted to save the rock art by 1981; Harrison and Hanson 1980; Plew 198Ga, 1980b, moving it. Today, 17 reconstructed and several broken 1981). The locality has since been heavily impacted by caliche-encrusted boulders are displayed at a public the removal of several boulders by private parties. recreation site (Woods 1994). Upper Salmon FaUs (lO-GG-29), also investigated The Wees Bar petroglyph field (lO-OE-12), located by Murphey (1997), involves a series of eleven boulders south of Boise below Swan Falls Dam, is the most scattered over a kilometer (Figs.
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