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Classificação Taxonômica, Diferenças Fisiológicas E Aspectos Nutricionais De Marrecos E Patos No Brasil

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Classificação Taxonômica, Diferenças Fisiológicas E Aspectos Nutricionais De Marrecos E Patos No Brasil Rev. Cient. Avic. Suin., v. 3, n. 1, p. 020-032, 2017 Classificação taxonômica, diferenças fisiológicas e aspectos nutricionais de marrecos e patos no Brasil Taxonomic classification, physiological differences and nutritional aspects of ducks and muscovy ducks in Brazil RUFINO, João Paulo Ferreira1,*, CRUZ, Frank George Guimarães Cruz2, OLIVEIRA FILHO, Pedro Alves de1, COSTA, Valcely da Rocha1 FEIJÓ, Julmar da Costa1, ROCHA, Biatris Lima3 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil. 2 Departamento de Produção Animal e Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil. 3 Curso de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil. * E-mail para correspondência: [email protected] RESUMO ABSTRACT O objetivo deste artigo foi contribuir para o esclarecimento da This paper aimed to set up an international and national classificação taxonômica internacional e nacional, diferenças taxonomic classification, physiological differences and fisiológicas e aspectos nutricionais de marrecos e patos. A nutritional aspects among ducks and muscovy ducks. The revisão da literatura foi realizada a partir da investigação de literature review was performed from papers and technical- artigos e material técnico-cientifico relacionados ao tema. Os scientific studies about these topics. We observed highlight estudos avaliados evidenciaram papel de destaque das aves da to the birds of Anseriformes order, where in the Anatidae ordem dos Anseriformes, onde na família Anatidae destacam- family, the ducks and the muscovy ducks stand out. The se os marrecos e os patos. Os marrecos (Anas platyrhynchos) ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) descend from mallard wild descendem dos patos selvagens mallard, sendo originários da ducks, originating in Asia and having a great range of Ásia e contando com uma vasta variedade de linhagens lineages distributed throughout the world. The muscovy distribuídas pelo mundo. Os patos são divididos em duas subespécies: o Cairina moschata moschata, forma selvagem ducks are divided into two subspecies: the Cairina dos patos, sendo um anseriforme originário de regiões moschata moschata, the wild form of its, an anseriform neotropicais e comum em grande parte do território brasileiro; native to Neotropical regions and usual in Brazil; and the e o Cairina moschata domesticus, considerado a forma Cairina moschata domesticus, the domestic form of doméstica dos patos, sendo originário de regiões do México, muscovy ducks, native of Mexico regions, Central America da América Central e da América do Sul. No Brasil, a partir de and South America. In Brazil, from genetic improvement processos de melhoramento genético, houve a classificação de processes, four lineages of muscovy ducks were classified: quatro linhagens: paysandu (ou paissandu), gigante alemão, paysandu (or paissandu), german giant, moscovy and moscovy e crioulo. O mulard duck é um hibrido estéril creole. The mulard duck is a sterile hybrid resulting from resultante do cruzamento do pato macho com o marreco the crossing of male muscovy duck with female duck. In fêmea. Quantos as diferenças anatômicas e fisiológicas em the anatomical and physiological differences in relation to relação aos galináceos, verificou-se principalmente adaptações the chickens, was observed adaptations in the oral cavity, na cavidade oral, ausência de inglúvio, modificações default of crop, structural modifications in the stomachic estruturais na cavidade estomacal e adaptações fisiológicas cavity and physiological adaptations related with feeding relacionadas ao comportamento alimentar destas aves. behaviour. However, an important difficulty observed was Outrora, é importante salientar a dificuldade existente para the lack of research works that available information for an obtenção de trabalhos de pesquisa que disponibilizem efficient production of ducks and ducks in Brazil. informações para uma eficiente produção de marrecos e patos no Brasil. Palavras-chave: anseriformes, comportamento alimentar, Keywords: animal nutrition, anseriformes, feeding foie gras, mulard duck, nutrição animal. behaviour, foie gras, mulard duck. 20 Rev. Cient. Avic. Suin., v. 3, n. 1, p. 020-032, 2017 INTRODUÇÃO há muitas empresas ou uma cadeia de produção estabelecida para a produção intensiva de Os marrecos e patos são aves aquáticas marrecos e patos, como existe na produção de que apresentam grande rusticidade, excelente frangos de corte. Somente na região Sul do país resistência a doenças em adequadas condições há algumas empresas que trabalham na de manejo e excepcional resposta produtiva em produção de marrecos, patos e seus derivados condições adversas de manejo, principalmente (JORNAL ESTADO DE MINAS, 2015). as denominadas criações de fundo de quintal Neste sentido, o sistema de manejo (MARIANTE et al., 2011; GOIS et al., 2012). adotado para estas aves ainda é uma questão Na indústria avícola, os marrecos e em discussão, já que, dependendo da região e patos possuem a característica de proporcionar dos hábitos culturais desta, podem ser criados uma série de produtos que vão desde a em sistema extensivo, semi-intensivo ou produção de carne à ovos, penas para fins totalmente confinados. ornamentais, fígados engordurados e outros Outrora, leva-se em consideração produtos para atendimento de um mercado também a dificuldade para obtenção de cada vez mais em ascensão, porém pouco recomendações precisas na literatura que explorado na América Latina (AVICULTURA disponibilizem informações para uma eficiente INDUSTRIAL, 2005; CRUZ et al., 2013; criação de marrecos e patos no Brasil, RUFINO et al., 2015) especialmente em sistema de confinamento, No Brasil, o consumo de pato é restrito tampouco como este pode influenciar na a 13 gramas por habitante ao ano. Na China, qualidade da carne destas aves (RUFINO et al., por exemplo, este consumo atinge 1,5 kg ao 2015; FEIJÓ et al., 2016). Neste caso, é ano e na Europa mantém-se em 1 comum a utilização de parâmetros utilizados kg/habitante/ano. A carne de pato também é para frangos de corte, porém, sem a devida bastante consumida nos Estados Unidos e nos precisão a respeito da real qualidade do países de etnia árabe, como Egito e Arábia produto que irá chegar ao consumidor. Saudita (WAWRO et al., 2004; A deficiência de literatura AVICULTURA INDUSTRIAL, 2005). especializada para marrecos e patos vai desde Ainda no contexto nacional, a produção informações básicas relacionadas a anatomia e de marrecos e patos em escala industrial ainda fisiologia dos animais, até dados específicos de é uma área inexplorada, principalmente pela comportamento alimentar e exigências falta de informações técnicas sobre o manejo nutricionais (CRUZ et al., 2013). produtivo e nutricional, além de outros fatores, Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste como adaptações as características de cada artigo foi, por meio de revisão bibliográfica, região do Brasil (SANTOS et al., 2012). Não contribuir para o esclarecimento acerca da 21 Rev. Cient. Avic. Suin., v. 3, n. 1, p. 020-032, 2017 classificação taxonômica internacional e características o difícil dimorfismo sexual (o nacional, diferenças fisiológicas e aspectos macho apresenta apenas 3 a 4% de peso nutricionais de marrecos e patos, a fim de superior em relação a fêmea), a precocidade e auxiliar produtores e consumidores, além de rápido crescimento nas etapas iniciais de disponibilizar informações acerca destas aves manejo, fazendo com que seus ciclos de com melhor embasamento teórico. produção sejam mais curtos (7 a 8 semanas) do que outras linhagens, e a capacidade de CLASSIFICAÇÃO TAXONÔMICA depositar gordura subcutânea (BEZZEL, 1977; INTERNACIONAL BIERSCHENK, 1991; REITER, 1997). Já os patos (Cairina moschata) são Na atualidade, a ordem dos divididos em duas subespécies: o Cairina Anseriformes é formada por 161 espécies de moschata moschata e o Cairina moschata aves aquáticas distribuídas por 48 gêneros em domesticus. O Cairina moschata moschata, três famílias (Anhimidae, Anseranatidae e também denominado pato selvagem em Anatidae). Especificadamente na família Portugal, “pato real” na Espanha e pato do Anatidae, destacam-se as duas espécies com mato, pato crioulo, pato bravo ou pato cairina maior potencial produtivo: os marrecos e os no Brasil, é considerada a forma selvagem dos patos, com os mulards representado o patos, sendo um anseriforme originário de exemplar hibrido do cruzamento destas regiões neotropicais e comum em grande parte (ASHTON & ASHTON, 2001; do território brasileiro. Este é maior que o pato RODENBURG et al., 2005). doméstico, apresentando naturalmente dorso Os marrecos (Anas platyrhynchos), em preto com uma faixa branca na parte debaixo inglês “ducks” ou “domestic ducks”, em das asas, porém, devido inúmeros processos de espanhol “los patos común”, descendem dos domesticação, uma ampla variedade de patos selvagem Mallard, originários da Ásia, colorações de plumagem foi produzida sendo suas linhagens mais conhecidas (RAUD & FAURE, 1994; ASHTON & internacionalmente: marreco de Pequim, ASHTON, 2001; RODENBURG et al., 2005). Aylesbury, Rouen, Cayuga e Tsaiya para corte, Com larga distribuição pelo planeta, o e Campbell e Correndor Indiano ou Indian pato selvagem é considerado o ancestral da Runner, para produção de ovos (ASHTON & subespécie doméstica, sendo que no Brasil ASHTON, 2001). existem relatos que o mesmo foi domesticado Dentre estas, a linhagem mais criada, pelos indígenas antes da chegada
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