I. Popović, Relief Decorated Handles of Ceramic Paterae from , and Starinar LVIII/2008, 119-134

IVANA POPOVIĆ, Institute of Archaeology,

RELIEF DECORATED HANDLES OF CERAMIC PATERAE FROM SIRMIUM, SINGIDUNUM AND VIMINACIUM

UDC Received: January 30, 2009 DOI Accepted: May 04, 2009 Original research article

Abstract: Four handles of ceramic paterae decorated in relief (nos. 1-4) and one fragmented object for which it has been assumed on the basis of its shape, way of manufacture and iconographic design to be also the patera handle (no. 5), have been found in Sirmium. The decoration on handles 1 and 2 was executed under the influence of the ornamental design of paterae from , while the motif of the goddesses’ busts on handles 3 and 4 is the local adaptation of existing ornamental motifs. The busts of female deities also embellish two handles from Singidunum (nos. 6 and 7) and one handle from Viminacium (no. 8). The multitude of such decorated handles of the ceramic paterae from the sites in Pannonia and the neighboring regions could be related to the expansion of the cult of Silvanus.

Key words: Roman pottery, patera, cult scenes, Pannonia, Superior, Noricum.

he vessels of cylindrical shape with long hori- maintained their role as table or kitchen ware. In addi- zontal handle, known as paterae or as cas- tion to rather large number of fragments of these ves- Tseroles, if the receptacle was deeper, had sels also few handles with or without rim fragments been produced of silver, bronze, glass or baked clay have been found in Sirmium, Singidunum and Vimi- throughout the entire Roman period. It is assumed that nacium. These handles are decorated in relief, imitat- they have originally been used for ladling wine and ing the ornamental scheme of the metal, first of all, sil- finds of the st1 – 2nd century silver paterae indicate that ver paterae. These paterae had cylindrical receptacle, they were made in pairs of which one specimen was ring-like molded rim and flat strap handle, terminating slightly smaller, so that it could fit into the other, larg- in a circular extension. They had been mold-made of er receptacle. These trullae, as they are called in the well-refined clay fired to a reddish color. It has been written sources, changed their purpose in the course concluded, on the basis of the molds and impressions of time, so they were not made in pairs any more and found in Gaul, that first the prototype was made that they were more and more often used for the cult pur- poses.1 Of course, more modest, mostly ceramic forms, 1 Baratte 1993, 151-153.

* The article results from the project: Urbanization and Transformation of the City Centers of Civil, Military and Residential Character in the Region of the Roman Provinces Moesia, Pannonia, Dalmatia (no 147001) funded by the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of .

Ivana Popović, e-mail: [email protected]

119 I. Popović, Relief Decorated Handles of Ceramic Paterae from Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium Starinar LVIII/2008, 119-134

Fig. 1. Handle of ceramic patera, Sirmium, ( quay) Сл. 1. Дршка керамичке патере, Сирмијум (Кеј на Сави)

was used as matrix, which was in the process of manu- Sirmium facture mostly undecorated, or just vaguely decorated. After drying and baking the decorated side of the ma- 1. Patera handle, fig. 1 trix has been impressed in the well refined clay, creat- A/1564, Sirmium, Sava quay, purchased ing thus the contours of a handle. On its base were Complete length 13 cm, handle length 10.3 cm, stamped usual figural or floral ornaments, like on the handle width 3.2-5.8 cm terra sigillata vessels. The details on figural represen- Handle with top arched edge missing and rim tations were finished off using special styluses (stilus) section of the patera made of refined reddish fired clay and the edge on some specimens was decorated with and coated with olive glaze. The handle edge has a bor- serrated wheel. The partly dried mold was cut out, der of a row of the bead-shaped spherical bosses. The additionally dried and fired and then filled with clay. relief representations on the handle are divided into After the completion of this process, the handle was three zones. On the top is the head of Maenad within taken out of the mold and additionally decorated.2 a frame of arrow-shaped volutes. In the central zone is Out of seven relief decorated paterae handles depicted Minerva or Roma in profile to the left: on the from Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium, six were head is crested helmet and she is dressed in a long robe coated with olive-brown glaze (nos, 1, 3, 4, 6-8) and and short cloak fluttering behind her. She holds in her one with whitish engobe (no. 2). The relief decoration right hand a spear placed diagonally across the body on the handles of these vessels made possible the anal- and the shield in her left hand. In the bottom zone are yses concerning their provenance, the workshops for two embracing figures, probably in an erotic scene that their manufacture and possible purpose. We will pay could be associated with the cult of Priapus. our attention also to the fragmented handle (?) from Unpublished. Sirmium (no. 5), for which, because of its poor state of preservation and lack of direct analogies, we could as- sume that it belonged to the vessel of the patera shape only on the basis of its shape and relief decoration. 2 Vertet 1972, 35-36. Bugán, 1992, 115, Abb. 8.

120 I. Popović, Relief Decorated Handles of Ceramic Paterae from Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium Starinar LVIII/2008, 119-134

Fig. 2. Handle of ceramic patera, Sirmium, (Sava quay) Сл. 2. Дршка керамичке патере, Сирмијум (Кеј на Сави)

2. Patera handle, fig. 2 coated with olive glaze. Along the handle edge is a A/2003, Sirmium, Sava quay, from discarded border consisting of horizontally incised lines, execut- earth ed by serrated wheel and the series of moldings shaped Length 7 cm, width 2.8-4.5 cm as rosettes or beads. On the elliptically expanded up- Handle of a patera made of reddish fired clay per section of the handle is the female bust in relief. with traces of whitish engobe. The arch-ending edge of The woman is dressed in a tunic and on top of it is a the handle has a double border: series of bead-shaped cloak the edges of which create a slit shaped as spherical bosses and the arched foliage. The head of letter V. The neck is long and slender and the features Maenad is depicted within these two borders on the are summary modeled and worn out. The hair parted expanded top section of the handle. Below the head is in the middle enframes the forehead. On the top of the the schematized figure of a naked child from the Bac- head are two protuberances or knots, which perhaps chic repertoire, Amor (putto) with a staff in his right represent the tips of the moon crescent. Below the bust hand (?). To the left of the figure is a basket, which is, ending in a triangle with rounded apex, there are two perhaps, hanging from the staff. Amor is standing on vertical grooves, which branch off at the top. some indistinguishable object. Unpublished. Unpublished. 4. Patera handle, fig. 4 3. Handle and section of the rim of patera, fig. 3 124/1962, inv. 254, Sirmium, south rampart A/2011, Sirmium, Stari šor (Moše Pijade) area street, 94, sewerage system, depth 2 – 2.5 m; Length 4.8 cm, width 5.1 cm purchased in 1981. Fragmented handle of a patera made of red- Complete length 9.5, handle length 8 cm; dish fired clay and coated with olive glaze. Along the handle width 3.5-5.5 cm handle edge is a border consisting of horizontally in- Handle with upper arched edge missing and rim cised lines. executed by serrated wheel and the series section of the patera made of refined reddish fired clay, of moldings shaped as rosettes or beads. On the top

121 I. Popović, Relief Decorated Handles of Ceramic Paterae from Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium Starinar LVIII/2008, 119-134

Fig. 4. Handle of ceramic patera, Sirmium, (south rampart area) Сл. 4. Дршка керамичке патере, Сирмијум (ареал јужног бедема)

On the top of the head are two protuberances, most probably the tips of the moon crescent. Unpublished.

Fig. 3. Handle of ceramic patera, Sirmium, (Stari Šor 5. Handle (?), fig. 5 Street) A/187, Sirmium, corner of Železnička and Сл. 3. Дршка керамичке патере, Сирмијум (улица Fruškogorska (Sutjeska) street, in front of Dom Стари шор) Vojske (Ratarski Dom), canal for electricity cable, depth 1 m, year 1959 Length 7 cm, width 5 cm elliptically expanded and arched handle section is de- Fragmented handle (?) made of reddish fired picted a bust of a female dressed in the robe with dense clay, coated with yellowish engobe. The preserved vertical pleats. In the lower section the bust ends in decoration consists of the head and part of the bust of the form of an isosceles triangle. The face features are a female, flanked with vertical column-like borders. vague and worn out and the hair enframes the forehead. On the head of a woman is a crown consisting of two

Fig. 5. Handle of ceramic patera (?), Sirmium, (outside north rampart) Сл. 5. Дршка керамичке патере (?), Сирмијум (изван северног бедема)

122 I. Popović, Relief Decorated Handles of Ceramic Paterae from Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium Starinar LVIII/2008, 119-134

on the backside indicates that person holds vexillum or signum in the left hand, while the front side of the handle edge could represent a scepter. Unpublished.

Singidunum

6. Handle and rim section of patera, fig. 6 A/671a, Singidunum, (1996 excavations), house 2, from the ghost walls Complete length 10.2 cm, handle length 8.2 cm, handle width 3.2-5.2 cm Handle and rim section of a patera made of re- fined reddish-brown fired clay. The handle is coated with olive-brown-ochre glaze. Along the handle edge is a border consisting of horizontally incised lines, executed by serrated wheel and the series of bosses shaped as rosettes or beads. On the edges of some bosses are visible the flutings, which make them look like shells. On the upper elliptically expanded section of the handle is the relief representation of a female bust. The woman is dressed in the pleated tunic the Fig. 6. Handle of ceramic patera, Singidunum, edges of which create a slit shaped as the Latin letter (Studentski trg, residential structure) V. The neck is long and slender and the face features are modeled in a summery way. The wavy hair, which Сл. 6. Дршка керамичке патере, Сингидунум, is parted in the middle enframes the face and covers Студентски трг, стамбени објекат the ears. On the top of the head are two protuberances or knots, which possibly represent the tips of the moon crescent. Below the bust ending in the form of a trian- towers to the left and right and the recession (gate- gle with rounded apex are two vertical grooves, which way?) in the center, suggesting that it was the mural are branching out at the top. crown (corona muralis). The hair on the forehead, Bibliography: Nikolić-Đorđević 2000, 117, type top and back of the head is depicted by vertical in- IV/2; Jovanović 2007, 58-60, sl. 6. 4. cisions. The features of the face are schematized and the eyes are emphasized. The woman is dressed in a 7. Patera handle, fig. 7 tunic on top of which is the breast armor fastened with Singidunum, Cincar Janka Street (within the molded rivets (?). The right edge of the handle (?) is castrum, next to the water supplying canal, devised as the raised hand touching the head. The left excavations in 2008) edge is cylindrical and resembling a column. The top Length 7.5 cm, width 3.5-4.8 cm is shaped as the stylized bird’s (?) head. On the front The patera handle is made of refined reddish side the column-like edge is vertically divided in two fired clay and coated with olive-brown glaze. Along zones. The right one is marked by the slanting lines, partially damaged edge of a handle is a border of hori- while on the left is a staff (?), stylized human figure zontally incised lines and a series of spherical bosses and below the figure is the series of short horizontal shaped as rosettes or beads. In the upper elliptically lines. On the back the handle body and its left edge expanded section of the handle is the relief bust of a are executed in such a way to give the impression that woman dressed in tunic, on top of which was a cloak woman holds a staff with four phalerae in the left arm, with arched edges meeting at the chest. Two segments which is bent at elbow. On the phalerae are fluttering of the cloak are of different length and densely pleat- tassels or ribbons. Lower phalerae are decorated with ed. The face is dominated by asymmetrically placed radiated ornament, while the square standard could be large eyes with clearly denoted irises. The hair parted recognized on the upper phalera. The representation in the middle surrounds the forehead. On the top of the

123 I. Popović, Relief Decorated Handles of Ceramic Paterae from Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium Starinar LVIII/2008, 119-134

Fig. 7. Handle of ceramic patera, Singidunum, (Cincar Janko Street, within the castrum) Сл. 7. Дршка керамичке патере, Сингидунум, Цинцар Јанкова улица, простор унутар каструма

Fig. 8. Handle of ceramic patera, Viminacium, amphitheatre Сл. 8. Дршка керамичке патере, Виминацијум, амфитеатар head are two protuberances or knots, which probably they could be the tips of the moon crescent. Below the represent the tips of moon crescent. bust ending in a triangle with rounded apex there are Unpublished.3 two vertical grooves branching out at the top. Unpublished.4 Viminacium The concept of relief decoration on the described 8. Handle and rim section of patera, fig. 8 paterae handles reveals that there are two different or- Viminacium, amphitheatre, 2nd century layer (sq. namental schemes, although some ornamental motifs, C/9, excavations in 2008) like the beaded molding on the edge, appear on every Complete length 11.8 cm, handle length 10 cm, specimen. However, on the handles no. 1 and no. 2 in handle width 4.15-5.8 cm the top zone is the head of Maenad with other figures Two fragments of broken handle with the rim sec- below it, while in the top zone of the handles nos. 3, tion of the patera are made of refined grey fired clay. 4, 6-8 is the bust of a goddess, possibly Luna, and the The handle is coated with olive green glaze. Along the lower section is undecorated. However, the paterae handle edge is a border of horizontally incised lines handles presented here do not have analogies among executed by serrated wheel and the series of spherical the ceramic5 and bronze6 paterae handles decorated bosses shaped as rosettes or beads. In the upper ellipti- cally expanded section of the handle is the relief repre- 3 I wish to thank Nela Mićović from the Office for Protection of the sentation of a woman dressed in the pleated tunic. The Cultural Monuments of the City of Belgrade for making it possible for me to publish the find and also Dr. Stefan Pop-Lazić from the neck is long and slender and the face features are sum- Institute of Archaeology in Belgrade, who informed me about it. mary executed and worn out. The wavy hair, parted in 4 I wish to thank Snežana Nikolić from the Institute of Archeology in Belgrade for making it possible for me to publish the finds. the middle surrounds the forehead. On top of the head 5 Vertet 1972, 5-40. are two protrusions or knots, possibly connected, so 6 Tassinari 1970, 127-163.

124 I. Popović, Relief Decorated Handles of Ceramic Paterae from Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium Starinar LVIII/2008, 119-134 in relief that have been found at many tens of sites zone, the representation of the Maenad’s head. This in Gaul. This corroborates already suggested opinion motif has also been encountered on the silver patera that handles of the ceramic paterae did not result from found at. D. Bechovitza near Vraca in , that impressing the bronze specimens into damp clay but was made in the 2nd -3rd centuries in some local work- the ornament of the metal specimens was just a model shop, but under the influences of the iconographic for production of molds, so the identically decorated concepts on the Gaulish toreutics.14 Female figure in handles of bronze and ceramic paterae have not been the military gear, Minerva or Roma, is represented in encountered so far.7 Nevertheless, the ornamental de- the second zone of the handle no. 1. This is not com- signs present on the handles of ceramic paterae are to mon representation on the handles of silver paterae, be found on the paterae handles from Aquincum,8 but although similar figure of the goddess with spear and also from other Pannonian towns,9 although certain shield was encountered in the second zone of gilt sil- motifs are encountered also on some silver specimens ver patera found in Capheaton in England15 (fig. 9). from Gaul.10 We think that the handles with the head On the other hand, despite the fact that representa- of Maenad in the top section are according to their or- tions on one rather worn out ceramic patera handle namental design closest to the handles of silver paterae from Aquincum have been identified as the head of after which they have been modeled, while those with goddess Isis Pharia and figure resembling the statue the bust of female deity could be the local, Pannonian of Nike from Samothrace,16 we are of the opinion that, – Upper Moesian interpretation of that design. on the basis of disposition of motifs and position of Namely, because the ceramic and bronze paterae the body of central figure, the ornament on that han- as cheaper merchandize were made after more luxuri- dle is analogous to the specimen no. 1 from Sirmium, ous silver specimens, the finds of silver paterae provide i.e. that below the head of Maenad was depicted the the most data about the evolution of ornamental motifs goddess in a military gear. We would like to mention on the handles of these receptacles. As the long handle that on few bronze paterae handles from many sites made a problem in designing the ornament, because in Gaul the attributes of the goddess Minerva/Athena the available space was shaped as vertical strap it was were depicted together with the attributes of Mercury solved, on the 1st century paterae, in such a way that on or Apollo, while on the specimen from Camp d’Avor the top was modeled the Bacchic head type, Maenad or is represented a female deity with helmet and spear, Silenus, and below were arranged the floral ornaments. most probably Minerva.17 On the other hand, the god- This ornamental scheme evolved in such a way that in dess dressed as Amazon could be explained also as the the 2nd – 3rd centuries the handle was mostly divided in representation of Roma, i.e. the guardian of the city, in many zones and their decoration repeated in a simpli- this case of Sirmium, but depicted as the city goddess fied manner the extended Bacchic type elements. On of . The city goddesses, Tychai, or the personi- the top of the handle were depicted the busts or figures fications of cities, provinces and rivers are frequent of the deities and in the lower zones were the Bacchic motifs in Roman art, taken from the repertoire of the motifs and elements of the idyllic landscape. These Hellenistic artistic achievements. In the course of time details, detached from the more complex landscape these representations experienced iconographic and compositions originating from the idyllic representa- symbolic transformations. Only the iconography of tions on the Alexandrian toreutics, were represented Roma as goddess sitting on the throne like Amazon, as isolated decoration and out of their logical con- with helmet and holding spear and shield, is clearly text.11 This evolution is best illustrated on the paterae modeled thanks, first of all, to the many representa- handles from the hoards deposited in Gaul around AD tions on coins,18 while image and attributes of other 270, or from the isolated finds from this territory, and on the vessels imported to the other regions of the Em- 7 Vertet 1972, 35. pire. The shape and decoration of silver paterae were 8 Topál, 1995, 101-113. very quickly taken over by the ceramic workshops in 9 Bugán 2002, 93-116. 10 Trésors d´orfevrèrie 1989, cat. 25, 160-163, 186, 193. 12 13 south and central Gaul, where the production of the 11 Trésors d´orfevrèrie 1989, 208-210, cat. 25, 160-163, 186, 193. shapes inspired by the silver vessels had started. 12 Radnóti 1941, 102-124, Pl.. I, 1-2. 13 Vertet 1972, nr. 7, 36. The paterae handles no. 1 and no. 2 from Sirmium 14 Jouglev 1971, 79-80, fig. 19-21. are also the proof of the evolution of that ornamental 15 Oddy 1988, 17, Pl.. III, 6. 16 Bugán 2002, 95-96, Abb. 1, 1; 2, 1. scheme as the composition on them was executed in 17 Tassinari 1970, 149-152, nr. 14. horizontal zones, maintaining at the top, in the upper 18 Spätantike 1983, Kat. 86, 89, 92.

125 I. Popović, Relief Decorated Handles of Ceramic Paterae from Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium Starinar LVIII/2008, 119-134

city goddesses changed, although they were initially based on the appearance of Dea Roma. The iconographic representation of the city goddesses, who were depicted without individual characteristics, was established not until the Late Roman period. Tyche of Sirmium on the stamps on gold ingots, found in Feldiora in Ro- mania, is depicted as woman in long chiton with mu- ral crown on the head and palm branch in her hand,19 while the attributes of the goddess whose marble head is crowned with corona muralis and who was found in the course of archaeological investigations of the imperial palace in Sirmium in 200520 are not known. But, as the patera with handle on which was depict- ed the goddess in the costume of Amazon had been made around two centuries before these monuments, it is possible that it was the city goddess portrayed as Roma. The scene in the third handle zone in unclear, although two embraced figures probably in an erotic scene could be recognized. This composition could Fig. 9. Handle of silver patera, Capheaton, England be related to the cult of Priapus, because the scenes showing offering the sacrifices to Priapus21 or Priapus’ (after Oddy 1988, Plate III, 6) herms22 had been depicted on the silverware separately Сл. 9. Дршка сребрне патере, Capheaton, Енглеска from the more complex scenes of idyllic landscapes. (према: Oddy 1988, Plate III, 6) The handle with this complex iconographic scheme was coated with high quality olive glaze and has been discovered by chance on the Sava quay, where the Fig. 10. Handle of silver patera, Aigueblanche, Savoy Sirmium earliest habitation structures made of wood (after Trésors d´orfevrèrie 1989, cat. 161) have been encountered.23 Judging by the parallels on Сл. 10. Дршка сребрне патере, Aigueblanche, silver vessels, it was made in the middle or second half Савоја (према: Trésors d´orfevrèrie 1989, cat. 161) of the 2nd century, when, besides the imported glazed ware from the central Gaulish workshops, also appear the local products of that kind, many of which were made under strong central Gaulish influences.24 We are of the opinion that the patera of which the handle is preserved was one such product manufactured prob- ably in Sirmium. The patera handle no. 2 confirms certain conclu- sions we reached in the analysis of the handle no. 1, but providing even more concrete evidence for the transfer of the ornamental motifs from the silverware to the pottery vessels. On the handle we are discuss- ing is represented below the head of Maenad the na- ked child from the Bacchic repertoire, holding the staff (pedum) on which is most probably suspended a basket. Although this handle is not glazed, but coated with the whitish engobe, the analogous ornamental

19 LIMC VII, 779, nr. 1-2. 20 Popović 2008, 159-162. 21 Trésors d´orfevrèrie 1989, cat. 160 (silver patera, Reignier); Античко сребро / Antique Silver, 1994, cat. 195 (silver patera, Nova Božurna). 22 Trésors d´orfevrèrie 1989, cat. 88 (silver plate, Lillebonne). 23 Jeremić 1985, 69-90. 24 Cvjetićanin 2001, 75-78.

126 I. Popović, Relief Decorated Handles of Ceramic Paterae from Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium Starinar LVIII/2008, 119-134 design was encountered on one glazed handle from Aquincum25 and possibly on a specimen from Karataš ().26 The female head on top of these handles has been identified as the head of Medusa, according to the explanation suggested for the representations on some handles of the Gaulish bronze paterae.27 It is, however, important to mention that identical iconographic con- cept, i.e. putto below the head of Maenad, was also encountered on the pair of silver paterae discovered in Aigueblanche in Savoy28 (fig. 10). On these silver vessels there are three Bacchic masks below Amor and that could be the representation on the mentioned pot- tery handles, as this zone on them is not clear enough. In any case, the handles of ceramic paterae clearly indi- Fig. 11. Head of the goddess, silver, Vaise near , cate that on them had been reproduced the ornamental scheme used on the silver paterae and lower quality of hoard (after Aubin et al. 1999, fig. 85) relief and certain indistinctness in representation result Сл. 11. Глава богиње, сребро, Vaise код Лиона, from the difference in material used for modeling the остава (према: Aubin et al. 1999, fig. 85) scenes. On the other hand, head of Maenad, putto and the foliage clearly suggest the Bacchic character of the entire image. The ceramic paterae of which these han- in Aquincum,32and one or more specimens have been dles were parts although imitating by their decoration also recorded in other large urban centers in Pan- the silver vessels from the Gaulish workshops are lo- nonia including Poetovio, Carnuntum, Brigetio (two cal Pannonian products, while the specimen from Di- handles), Solva and Mursa (eight handles).33 One ana on the Djerdap (Iron Gates) could be private handle of the same type was discovered also at the possession.29 As even 14 glazed paterae handles with site Podkraj near Hrastnik, which was in the ager of relief decoration have been discovered in Aquincum Celeia,34 i.e. just on the border between Noricum and and on one was identified the stamp of master Valerius Pannonia. There is the assumption that these handles Maximus, it is assumed that the center for production had been produced in the workshop in Mursa, whence of these vessels existed in this city during the second they were distributed to the Pannonian cities.35 The at- half of the 2nd century.30 However, as the handle no. 2 tribute on the goddess’s head is indistinctive on most from Sirmium as well as the preceding specimen has of the handles, so it seems that it was rather the hair been discovered on the location of the early settlement tied on top of the head in some type of a knot (noedus, at the river quay and that they were not glazed, we krobylos), than the crescent as the symbol of Luna. If could not reject the possibility that vessels of this type it is not an attribute on the top of goddess’s head, but were produced in Sirmium, in the workshop closely it is just a hair style, the only parallel for this atypi- related in its activity to the artisan center in nearby cal coiffure consisting of two ‘horns’ achieved by spi- Aquincum. The workshop producing glazed and un- ral winding of the hair locks on top of the head could glazed paterae handles decorated in relief existed also be found on the silver head of the goddess from the in Viminacium, as numerous fragments, but also one hoard of silver vessels, statuettes and gold jewelry well-preserved flat rectangular handle with represen- from Vaise near Lion (fig. 11). This small head, 7.5 tation of Satyr carrying pedum have been recorded in cm high, dates from the end of 2nd or the beginning the sacrificial layer, above the graves at the necropolis of the 3rd century, but it was not possible to identify ‘Više grobalja’.31 The ornamental design used on the paterae han- dles nos. 3, 4, 6-8 differs from the decoration on the 25 Topál 1995, nr. 8; Bugán 2002, nr. 2. 26 Cvjetićanin 2001, 33, RCGP 23. previously analyzed handles. Although not identical 27 Tassinari 1970, Pl.. II, 13; VI, 25. in details, these handles repeat the identical icono- 28 Trésors d´orfevrèrie 1989, cat. 161, 162. graphic contents on the arch-shaped expanded upper 29 Cvjetićanin 2001, 64, 77. 30 Topál 1995, 103; Bugán, 2002, 115. section: within a border of beaded molding there is a 31 Зотовић, Јордовић 1990, 30-31, сл. 5. bust of female deity, while the lower section of the 32 Topál, 1995, nr. 1-6; Bugán, 2002, Abb. 1, 6-11; 2, 6-11 33 Bugán 2002, 114, Abb. 3. 2; Gassner, 1992, 10-24. handle is undecorated. Even six handles with orna- 34 Krajšek, Stergar 2008, 248-249, Sl. 5, T. I, 15. ment conceived in a similar manner were encountered 35 Bugán 2002, 114.

127 I. Popović, Relief Decorated Handles of Ceramic Paterae from Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium Starinar LVIII/2008, 119-134

Fig. 12. Ceramic handles with the busts of female deity Сл. 12. Налази керамичких дршки са представом бисте женског божанства

the deity to which it belonged.36 The opinion has been clearly indicates the existence of one or more mutu- recently expressed that the goddess depicted on the ally connected workshops. The uniform iconographic handles from Aquincum and Singidunum is Venus to scheme with insignificant differences in the details of whom also the rosettes creating the wreath around the representation bears witness to the limited number of image allude.37 Nevertheless, this wreath is identified molds for production of these paterae, that are judging in the existing literature as the symbol of Isis and the by the weariness of some cast specimens had been in depicted goddess as the universal female deity, vener- use for a rather long time. After analyzing the handles ated under various names, but whose characteristics discovered so far, we identified three types of repre- are united in the Egyptian goddess Isis.38 However, it sentations of the goddess’s busts: woman with long is still an open question whether the border on the pa- and slender neck, dressed in a cloak with the edges terae handles with beads or rosettes has the symbolic creating the slit shaped as Latin letter V (nos. 3 and meaning of the wreath, or is it just an ornamental ele- 6); woman with large eyes, dressed in pleated cloak ment as it also appears on the ceramics handles, which with arched edges meeting on the chest (no. 7); figure iconographic contents could not be related to the cult clad in a dress with vertical pleats (no. 4). It seems that of Venus.39 Still, the representations of women with two described handles of the first type, from Sirmium hair gathered in two knots on top of the head could be and Singidunum (nos. 3 and 6), were cast in the same related to some statues of Venus, but also to the repre- mold as one specimen from Aquincum41, and to the sentations of some other female deities.40 On the other same type could also be ascribed the handles from the hand, it seems that on some handles (no. 4) is actually sites Solva, Mursa42 and Hrastnik near Celeia.43 The represented the crescent on the head of the goddess, handle of the second type from Singidunum (no. 7) that indicates the representation of Selene/Luna who, of course, could unite also the characteristics of other 36 Aubin et al. 1999, 109-111. female deities, first of all of Artemis/Diana. 37 Јовановић 2007, 59. The concentration of the finds of paterae handles 38 ugán 2002, 108. 39 Handles 1 and 2 from Sirmium, handle from Karataš –Diana with representation of the goddess’s bust at the sites in (Cvjetićanin 2001, 33). Pannonia, in the bordering region between Noricum 40 Gassner 1992, 26. 41 Bugán 2002, 114, Abb. 1-2.11; Gassner 1992, 18, Abb. 5 A 3. and Pannonia and in the region of Moesia 42 Gassner 1992, 18, Abb. 4 S 1; 20, Abb. 6 M 1. Superior, closely connected with Pannonia (fig. 12), 43 Krajšek, Stergar 2008, Sl. 5, T. I, 15.

128 I. Popović, Relief Decorated Handles of Ceramic Paterae from Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium Starinar LVIII/2008, 119-134

Fig. 13. Finds from Sirmium: ■ 1-5 handles of ceramic paterae; ● altars dedicated to Silvanus; ○ statuette of Silvanus; □ altars dedicated to Mithras; ▲ altar dedicated to the Mother of Gods; A – imperial palace; B- ; C – shrine of in the beneficiary station Сл. 13. Налази из Сирмијума: ■ 1-5 дршке керамичких патера; ● жртвеници посвећени Силвану; ○ статуета Силвана; □ жртвеници посвећени Митри; ▲ жртвеник посвећен Мајци Богова; А – царска палата; B- форум; C – Јупитерово светилиште у бенефицијарној станици

comes by all appearances from the same mold as the territory where the highest concentration of the icons specimen from Brigetio,44 while we did not find direct related to the cult of the Danubian horsemen have been analogy for the Sirmium specimen no. 4 among the so recorded in the 2nd -3rd centuries.47 Also these icons were far known finds. According to the existing classifica- frequent finds in Viminacium.48 This cult was, accord- tion of the Pannonian glazed pottery, the handles with ing to some opinions, dedicated to the lunar goddess, relief decoration featuring bust of the goddess are at- emissary on earth of the goddess Luna and female pen- tributed to the group 2, which is distinguished from dant to the solar god Mithras.49 In favor of this defini- other relief decorated pottery shapes. The activity of tion of that mystical cult, but also of the thesis about the workshops where they had been produced could be local origin of the ornamental scheme on the handles dated to the second half of the 2nd century.45 with the bust of the goddess on top, speaks also the However, the problem of occurrence of the bust information that one patera handle from Sirmium (no. of female deity on handles of the series of Pannonian 3) has been found only 2 meters to the south from the and Moesian-Danubian paterae is more complex. If place where the reliefs with dedication to Mithras have the goddess Luna is depicted on them, it could be ex- been found50 and which bear witness to the restoration plained as the result of an intrusion of eastern mysti- cal cults, first of all the one dedicated to the solar god Mithras and its expansion over the territory inhabited 44 Gassner 1992, 18, Abb. 4 BR 3. 45 Gassner 1992, 26-30, 32. in pre-Roman times by the Celtic tribes as in their reli- 46 Topál 1995, 104. gion the astral symbolism played the important role.46 47 Поповић 1988, 105- 116. When the Sirmium specimens are concerned, it is im- 48 Зотовић 2001, 167-179. 49 Zotović 1978, 1351-1378; Zotović 1999, 74-75; Зотовић 2001, portant, in our opinion, to mention that paterae handles 176-177. with relief representation of Luna appear just in the 50 Information from the documentation of the Museum of Srem.

129 I. Popović, Relief Decorated Handles of Ceramic Paterae from Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium Starinar LVIII/2008, 119-134 of the temple of this deity.51 One fragmented altar ded- of female deity is the votive offering to this goddess, icated to Silvanus has been accidentally discovered in i.e. in a sense to the supreme female deity. It is also the immediate vicinity of these finds 52 and this could important to mention that this handle had been made indicate that the cult place of Silvanus also existed in in the second half of the 2nd century, i.e. in the period the close vicinity of the sanctuary of Mithras in Sir- when the cult of Silvanus flourished in Pannonia and mium. It is important to mention in that context that as this cult became here some kind of official religion in far as we know not a single receptacle of ceramic pa- the period of the Severi.57 Therefore, the concurrent tera from which the handles with relief representation occurrence of the dedications to his companion Di- of goddess originated has been found, so we think that ana/Luna is utterly logical. The cult of Silvanus had they had the cult purpose as the votive offerings. many adherents also in the centers of Moesia Superior, The finds of patera handle with relief representa- Singidunum and Viminacium, as it is confirmed by the tion of the goddess, the altars dedicated to Mithras and dedications to this deity.58 Silvanus, as well as one monument indicating recon- In a similar way, considering close relationship struction of the temple of the Mother of Gods,53 are between the cults of Silvanus and Liber and frequent concentrated in Sirmium in the northern periphery of equalizing of these deities, could be explained also the forum and not far from the crossing of two main the iconographic concepts on handles nos. 1 and 2 city communications, cardo maximus and decumanus from Sirmium, on which are noticed the motifs from maximus (fig. 13). If we assume that the sanctuaries the cult of Liber/Bacchus – Maenad, Amor (putto), of these deities had been located in that city zone, it is foliage, scene from the cult of Priapus. Against this necessary to turn our attention to their interrelations. backdrop, the female figure in the costume of the Am- This, on the other hand, could provide certain informa- azon on handle no. 1 could be explained as city god- tion concerning the purpose of ceramic paterae with dess of Sirmium, i.e. the supreme local female deity relief decorated handle and reason for their relatively – still another epiphany of the goddess Luna/Diana. mass use in the urban centers of Pannonia, the Danube We would like to mention that bronze statue of Sil- area of Moesia Superior and the border region between vanus is of very good quality of manufacture, mod- Noricum and Pannonia. Namely, one of the epiphanies eled in the artistic spirit of the first tetrarchy,59 possibly of the goddess Selene/Luna is Artemis/Diana who ap- as exemplum Silvani of the emperor Galerius, found pears on the reliefs from western and central Bosnia in the vicinity of the Late Roman imperial palace, (Opačići, Založje, Glamočko polje, Jajce) in the cult where also one altar dedicated to this deity has been communion with Silvanus and the nymphs.54 Artemis/ found.60 If the statuette represents, as we assume, the Diana is also one of the epiphanies of the Mother of symbol of Lower Pannonia,61 it is logical that its fe- Gods who could be understood as emissary on earth male coadjutor is the city goddess. Two handles with of the goddess Luna, i.e. as the female pendant of the Bacchic motifs from Sirmium have been found on the god Mithras. As the epigraphic monuments confirm, Sava quay, so it could be assumed that the cult place not far from the Mithras’ temple in Sirmium was the dedicated to Liber/Silvanus and his companion Diana/ temple of the Mother of Gods, the goddess whose Luna/city goddess existed on this location in the city. companion was Attis and, according to his iconogra- When the handles with representation of the bust of phy as well as under the influence of the cult picture the goddess from Singidunum are concerned, one of of Mithras’ dadophori,55 originated in later syncretism them (no. 6) has been found within a dwelling struc- the representations of youths with some attributes of ture, thus indicating the existence of the house shrine, Liber/Silvanus, that are frequent on the tombstones from eastern Dalmatia.56 Therefore, the cults of Luna, Diana, Mother of Gods, Mithras and Silvanus as uni- 51 Mirković 1999, 94, note. 5. versal female and male deities, who in the Pannonian- 52 Поповић 2009, сл. 2. 53 Mirković 1994, 93-97. Balkan provinces assimilated the autochthonous cult 54 Rendić-Miočević 1955, 5-40. contents of the local deities of similar character, have 55 Cumont 1894-1899, I, 212; II, 437-438; Зотовић 1973, 134. 56 Васић 1975, 367. many mutual connections and that has its reflection in 57 Mócsy 1974, 250-252. Sirmium in the proximity of the cult places dedicated 58 Mirković 1976, 56, nr. 22 (Singidunum); Mirković 1986, 80, 196- to these gods. Although there is no direct evidence 198, nr. 41, 297, 300 (Viminacium). 59 Јовановић 2000, 19-25. for the existence of the sanctuary of Luna/Diana, we 60 Mirković 1971, nr. 26. think that handle with relief representation of the bust 61 Јовановић 2000, 21.

130 I. Popović, Relief Decorated Handles of Ceramic Paterae from Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium Starinar LVIII/2008, 119-134 while, although archaeological context of the second who in the peacetime holds the scepter as the sign of specimen (no. 7) is not quite clear, it does not rule out authority, while in the wartime she was the guard- the possibility that it was some cult structure used by ian not just of the city, but also of the military units the soldiers of the garrison stationed in the vicinity. stationed in this Pannonian center at the given time. The patera handle of this type from Viminacium has We know from the analysis of the epigraphic monu- been discovered during excavations of the Roman am- ments and relevant written sources that Sirmium was phitheater, which was certainly surrounded by many not the permanent station of military garrisons but shrines. We think, therefore, that paterae with relief they assembled there only in the moments of crisis, decorated handles did not have utilitarian, but cult as it was the war against the Quadi and Marcomanni. character, that is so far not explicitly confirmed only These tumultuous events on the frontier of the Empire by the find from Podkraj near Hrastnik in the ager of even brought the emperor Marcus Aurelius himself Celeia, where has been recorded the shrine of the dei- to Sirmium, where was also his palace at that time, ties Savus and Adsaluta.62 The goddess depicted on the according to some sources (Philostr. vita Marci, 168- tops of these handles symbolize by all appearances the 169; Zonaras, XII, 2; Dio Cass., LXXI). In any case, female deity of complex character, whose iconograph- Sirmium was the starting point in the wars of Roman ic scheme could represent the local adaptation of the army against the barbarians in Pannonia during the fi- iconographic concepts, applied to the representations nal decades of the 2nd century.67 These historical data of some goddesses of similar character, like the one corroborate our thesis that object no. 5 was a patera whose head was found in the Gaulish treasure Vaise. handle with the representation of the city Tyche in a The attempted explanation of the iconographic dual, peaceful and belligerent role. As it has been dis- concepts on the relief handles of ceramic paterae nos. covered in a zone outside the north town rampart (fig. 1-4, 6-8 could be also used in the analysis of the ob- 12), it could have been an offering to some cult place ject no. 5, identified as handle because of its shape and of the military character. The production of the pot- iconographic content but also because of the fact that tery vessels made of well-refined clay either painted or it is solid cast and not hollow like the terracottas. The engobe-coated is the characteristic of the 2nd century. female with mural crown on the head, indicating the This is the time when the handle no. 5 could have also representation of the city goddess, was depicted on been produced, besides typologically standard and this object. However, it is important to mention that iconographically interesting handles nos. 1-4, 6-8. If on the handles of silver paterae found in Gaul or made this insufficiently preserved object has been correctly under Gaulish influence have been encountered the identified concerning the aspects of typology and ico- female deities with mural crowns identified as Tutela nography, it would be the confirmation of the thesis (Reignier)63 or Epona/Terra Mater (Branetići).64 Wom- that pottery material from Sirmium makes possible an with mural crown on the head was depicted also on better understanding of certain historical events. the top of glazed handle from Mursa,65 that was part In the course of analyzing the relief decorated of the patera made either in the Gaulish workshops or paterae handles from Sirmium, we came to the conclu- in some local center, which was working under strong sion that some specimens, mostly those featuring the Gaulish influence. These influences are confirmed by busts of the goddess, but also Amor below the head of the representation in the lower zone – representation Maenad, have close analogies in the finds from Aquin- of the goddess with the horn of plenty (cornucopia) cum. This confirms the assumption that army played in her right hand and probably the caduceus in the left an important part in the distribution of luxurious, first hand and this in our opinion identifies her as Mercury’s of all glazed pottery.68 In other words, as Sirmium mother Maia/Rosmerta known from the decorations was a civilian center of Pannonia and Aquincum the on the Gaulish silverware.66 Nevertheless, the woman with mural crown on the ceramic handle (?) from Sir- mium is dressed in a tunic probably with the armor on 62 Krajšek, Stergar 2008, 245. top of it. On the other hand, the left vertical edge of the 63 résors d´orfevrèrie 1989, cat. 160. 64 Поповић 1995, 153-154, сл. 20. handle (?) is designed on the front side as the scepter 65 Vikić-Belančić 1970, 36, Taf. VII, 2; Gassner 1992, Abb. 14. ending on top as swan’s head (?) while on the backside 66 Trésors d´orfevrèrie 1989, cat. 23 (bowl, Berthouville), 160 (patera, are depicted military insignia, vexillum and signum. Reignier), 193 (patera, Chatuzange); Античко сребро / Antique Silver 1994, cat. 195 (patera, Nova Božurna). This complex composition could be explained as the 67 Mirković 1971, 30-34. portrait of Tyche of Sirmium, as a universal goddess 68 Cvjetićanin 2001,75-78.

131 I. Popović, Relief Decorated Handles of Ceramic Paterae from Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium Starinar LVIII/2008, 119-134 military one, it could be assumed that owners of the production and use and that finds from Singidunum vessels originating from the Gaulish workshops were and Viminacium could be explained as the reflection the members of higher classes of the society in these of the close connection between the Danube section of cities. The local production of such vessels, judging Moesia Superior and Pannonia. This is confirmed by by the paterae handles from Aquincum, Mursa and abundant archaeological material, but also by the in- Sirmium, started already in the second half of the 2nd formation that the IV legio Flavia, stationed in Singi- century and continued simultaneously with analo- dunum, stayed for some time in Aquincum during the gously decorated silver paterae, which were the model wars of Marcus Aurelius against the Parthians in the for production of the ceramic as well as the bronze end of the 2nd century, while this legion or some of its specimens. The metallic luster of finely glazed pottery units were stationed in Viminacium during the reign of left the impression of luxury, while the vessels also Alexander Severus in the beginning of the second de- by their decoration imitated the appearance of much cade of the 3rd century.70 Diverse commercial, adminis- more expensive silver specimens. The paterae handles trative and, very important, military contacts between with representation of the bust of female deity on the Pannonia and the geographically close Danube zone upper expanded section are local adaptations of the ex- of Moesia Superior resulted in the fact that archaeo- isting iconographic scheme, originating perhaps from logical finds from the Roman times, including also the Gaul, but which in the time of flourish of the Silvanus’ relief decorated handles of the ceramic paterae, could cult developed also in the Pannonian workshops. They be considered in this area as the material of uniform could have been located in Mursa, but also in Aquin- stylistic group. The future physicochemical and met- cum or Sirmium, i.e. in all these centers connected by ric analyses of all known handles of ceramic paterae the roads, which were well maintained and repaired69 with relief representation of the goddess would show and used by military units, but also by merchants and whether the paterae as finished products had been tradesmen. The finds of such decorated paterae handles distributed from one center, or the molds circulated are not known outside the territory of Pannonia and between the workshops and some of them could also the parts of Moesia Superior and Noricum, gravitating have the matrices of their own manufacture. towards Pannonia. The large quantity of these handles found in the urban centers of Pannonia speaks in favor 69 Mirković 1971, 34. of the thesis that these were also the centers of their 70 Mirković 1976, 30.

132 I. Popović, Relief Decorated Handles of Ceramic Paterae from Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium Starinar LVIII/2008, 119-134

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Резиме ИВАНА ПОПОВИЋ, Археолошки институт, Београд

РЕЉЕФНО ДЕКОРИСАНЕ ДРШКЕ КЕРАМИЧКИХ ПАТЕРА ИЗ СИРМИЈУМА, СИНГИДУНУМА И ВИМИНАЦИЈУМА

Кључне речи: Римска керамика, патера, култне сцене, Панонија, Горња Мезија, Норик.

Посуде цилиндричне форме са дугом хоризонталном Дијане (сл. 13). Локална производња ових патера, судећи по дршком, патере или, ако је реципијент дубљи, касероле, дршкама из Аквинкума, Мурсе и Сирмијума, почела је већ у израђивале су се током целог римског периода од сребра, другој половини II века, а одвијала се истовремено са анало- бронзе, стакла или печене земље. У Сирмијуму су нађене гно декорисаним сребрним патерама, које су представљале четири рељефно украшене дршке керамичких патера (сл. узор за израду како керамичких, тако и бронзаних примера- 1-4) и један предмет за кога се на основу облика, начина ка. Метални сјај фино глеђосане керамике пружао је утисак израде и иконографског решења претпоставља да је дршка луксуза, а посуде су и својим декором опоношале изглед патере (сл. 5). Декорација дршки бр. 1 и 2 израђена је под далеко скупљих, сребрних примерака. Дршке патера са утицајем орнаменталне схеме сребрних патера из Галије приказом бисте богиње на врху представљају локалну адп- (сл. 9, 10), док мотив попрсја богиње на две дршке (сл. 3 и тацију постојеће иконографске схеме, која се, у доба проц- 4) представља локалну адаптацију постојећих декоративних вата Силвановог култа, развила у панонским радионицама. решења, можда, такође, галског порекла (сл. 11). Дршке са Оне су могле бити лоциране у Мурси, али и у Аквинкуму мотивом бисте женског божанства на врху откривене су и или Сирмијуму, односно у свим овим центрима, повезаним у Сингидунуму (сл. 6, 7) и Виминацијуму (сл. 8). Бројност путем који је добро одржаван и поправљан, а којим су се овако орнаментисаних дршки керамичких патера на лока- кретале војне јединице, али и трговци и занатлије. Разновр- литетима у Панонији и у деловима Горње Мезије и Норика сни трговачки, административни и војни контакти између који јој инклинирају (сл. 12), може се довести у везу са ши- Паноније и подунавског дела Горње Мезије утицали су да рењем Силвановог култа, на шта указују места налаза спо- на овом простору археолошки налази из римског периода, меника из Сирмијума, посвећених Силвану, Митри, Мајци међу које спадају и рељефно декорисане дршке керамичких Богова, као и дршки патера са представом попрсја Луне/ патера, представљају материјал јединствене стилске групе.

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