GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR PERMANENT STABILITY OF COASTAL INLET AT THAMRAPARNI RIVER AT PUNNAKAYAL, THOOTHUKUDI DISTRICT
WAPCOS LIMITED
(A GOVERNMENT OF INDIA UNDERTAKING) Flat No.2C,IInd Floor, Jai Durga Apartment,38/2 First Avenue, Ashok Nagar, Chennai-600 083 Tel: 044-24710477 Fax: 044-24174424 Email: [email protected]
APRIL 2014 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamil Nadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamraparni River
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
The coast along the state of Tamil Nadu is very dynamic in nature due to occurrence of various development activities along the coast, which leads to sea erosion along the coast. In Punnakayal, there is a fish landing facility with land based facilities available inside the mouth of River Thamiraparani. Due to the littoral drift, the river mouth is dynamic and hence hinders the free movement of fishing boats. To facilitate the smooth movement of fishing vessels, Department of Fisheries, Government of Tamil Nadu is proposing a permanent stability structure at the inlet of the River Thamiraparani at Punnakayal.
2. NEED OF THE PROJECT
As a part of obtaining the CRZ clearance from TNCZMA/MoEF for the proposed permanent stability structure in the inlet of River Thamiraparani at Punnakayal, Department of Fisheries has appointed WAPCOS Limited, A Government of India undertaking, under Ministry of Water Resources to carry out the EIA study. The main objective of the proposed EIA study is to assess the positive as well as negative environmental impacts likely to accrue as a result of the proposed training wall.
3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
The marine ecological survey carried out in the project area reveals that the water is well oxygenated and nutrients are adequately supporting fairly good plankton population, the base in the food chain. Thus, the water is biologically productive at primary and secondary levels and the benthic fauna is moderately rich in diversity.
4. SHORELINE MONITORING PROGRAM
A shoreline monitoring program has been suggested to assess the behavior of the shoreline due to the proposed construction of permanent stability structure at the inlet, since there is a paucity of information on the behavior of
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1 - 1 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamil Nadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamraparni River
coastline to the construction of the structure in this area. The monitoring program shall encompass a combination of bathymetry surveys and shoreline surveys prior to construction of the project and during and after the construction are recommended.
5. CONCLUSION
The EIA study conducted has revealed that due to the construction of the permanent stability structure at the inlet, there will be an overall positive impact on the ecosystem of the inlet and the mangroves. Besides, the proposed training wall will not only help to keep the inlet open but also will help in providing a tidal flushing of the area. This will lead to increase in the productivity of the associated mangrove areas. Also the local fishermen will get the benefit of using the fish landing centre throughout the year which will in turn have a positive impact on their livelihood.
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1 - 2 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
The Tsunami disaster of December 26, 2004 had devastated many areas along the Indian Coastline. The state of Tamilnadu was badly hit leaving a trail of disaster. It is estimated that about 8000 persons lost their life in the disaster and damaging the properties of many more. The infrastructure was badly hit as a result of the Tsunami. The damage to fisheries infrastructure including closure of bar mouths in the wake of disaster has restricted access of the fishermen to sea, thus affecting fishing activity. Rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts offer opportunities for realizing the integrated coastal zone management and sustainable coastal livelihoods in the affected areas.
1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The proposal for the improvement as recommended for Permanent Stability of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River contemplates opening of southern mouth of Thamiraparani River by dredging a 75m wide lead channel with a depth of - 2.0 m CD. This channel will extend opposite and away from the edge of Punnakayal jetty up to -2.0 m depth CD contour in sea. In addition, a 1.5 Km long interconnecting channel between southern inlet and northern branch is proposed to be dredged to divert flow towards south inlet from dominant branch of Thamiraparani River situated on the north. The width of this interconnecting channel is proposed as 50 m and it will be dredged up to -1.5 m CD. In order to arrest the littoral drift from south, a 200 m long groin is proposed at a distance of 200 m south from the bank of inlet channel and it will be extended up to -3.0 m depth CD contour, a 200 m long Berthing Structure is proposed at western side of existing wharf. A 650 m long approach road is proposed with forming of bund with boulders, divided in two portion Channel portion (330 m) and Island portion (320 m) for transportation of quarry stones for Groin and for navigation of boats in channel portion, 21 m long Linking structure is proposed. For connecting existing wharf and proposed berthing structure, 49 m long stone pitching is proposed. 1-1 WAPCOS Centre for Environment
Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
Accordingly, Mathematical Model Studies were conducted by considering the above parameters and the conclusions & recommendations of model studies are as follows: i) The Tamirabarani River is a seasonal river which receives upland discharge only during NE monsoon. The river has very flat slope in coastal area hence it bifurcates into several branches to discharge the rainwater rendering all inlets very weak. Two inlets are prominent
• South inlet near existing jetty • North inlet in front of main existing river
Northern inlet is stronger than Southern inlet for Tamirabarani River. ii) Literature survey indicates the gross littoral drift is only 0.0875 million cum/annum. The 1-D mathematical model shows that tidal prism is 0.55 Mm 3, thus Ω/M is less than 10. This indicates that the inlet is very unstable. iii) The 2-Dimensional model study indicates that sediment movement activity in this region is very less. This is also corroborated by general information about dredging activity near V.O.C (Tuticorin) Port. iv) Even against meager littoral drift the river could not maintain inlet throughout the year. Hence it is proposed to protect the inlet by putting a groin on one side. Comparative advantage/disadvantage studies suggest maintaining southern inlet. v) The proposal of improvement contemplates:
‹ A 75 m wide lead channel dredged to -2.0 m depth below CD. The channel will extend from jetty end up to -2.0 m depth contour. This channel has been provided to facilitate navigation of boats.
‹ The connecting channel of 1.5 Km long between Northern branch and southern inlet to divert flow towards south inlet from dominant branch of the river situated on the North. The channel width will be 50 m and dredged up to -1.5 m below CD.
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Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
‹ A 200 m long groin extended up to -3.0 m depth contour at 200 m south of inlet channel edge.
vi) The 2-D model studies indicate that with this arrangement the inlet will fall in erosion zone as such the same will be maintained. vii) As the channel inlet is dredged to -2.0 m depth there will be little siltation at the inlet which is likely to be flushed out in rainy season. viii) Because of presence of low littoral drift maintenance dredging is not anticipated at this stage. In absence of monsoon rain in some year removal of deposited materials at the inlet may be required if it restricts boat movement. ix) Furthermore, the founding level of Punnakayal Fishing Jetty is -1.0m below CD, hence it is not recommended to dredge in the area opposite to the existing jetty. A new jetty needs to be constructed to handle larger boats by the side of existing jetty. It is recommended that this new jetty must be constructed with the higher depth of penetration of piles. x) For connecting existing wharf and proposed berthing structure, 49 m long stone pitching is proposed. xi) A 650 m long approach road is proposed with forming of bund with boulders, divided in two portion Channel portion (330 m) and Island portion (320 m) for transportation of quarry stones for Groin and for navigation of boats in channel portion, 21 m long Linking structure is proposed. xii) The total cost of the project is estimated as Rs.1800 Lakhs.
1.3 STAKEHOLDERS’ MEETING
The Stakeholders’ meeting was conducted on February 29, 2008 at Punnakayal site, in which the local fishermen representatives and the Department of Fisheries Officials participated. The suggestions given by the local fishermen representatives and the Department of Fisheries Officials during the Stakeholders’ meeting were considered in the final recommended proposal of improvement, which are as follows:
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Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
‹ To open and stabilize permanently the southern mouth of Thamirabarani
River, which is close to Punnaikayal Fishing Jetty
‹ To construct the groin at a distance of 200 m to the south side
‹ To deepen the interconnecting channel by dredging the portion between the southern mouth and northern branch
‹ To construct a retaining structure on the southern bank of the dredged cut opening.
‹ To construct a new 200 m wharf portion on the front of existing Punnaikayal Jetty to maintain -2.0 m (CD) depth
1.4 DETAILED DESIGN OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS
Keeping in view the results of model studies as described in Section 4.0 and suggestions during Stakeholders’ meeting, the final recommended proposal of improvement was evolved and is shown in Figure 1.1. The suggestion for providing a retaining structure on the southern bank of the inlet was reviewed. However, any such structure will fall within the erosion zone in the lee of the groin, and will hence interfere with natural mechanism of coastal inlet maintenance. Hence, this proposal has not been considered.
The founding level of Punnakayal Fishing Jetty is -1.0m below CD. Necessity of remedial measures against exposure of piles at founding levels due to proposed dredging was also emphasized.
However, the proposed measures are for maintaining the inlet, and the important location is only at the mouth. The upstream dredging is to be undertaken along an alignment away from the jetty. In case further developments, including deepening near the jetty, are envisaged, the remedial measures shall practically imply construction of a new jetty with adequate depths of penetration of piles. However, since these aspects are not part of inlet maintenance, the same are not considered.
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Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
Figure -1.1 Suggested for improvement 1-5 WAPCOS Centre for Environment
Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
Proposed Groin
In order to arrest the littoral drift from the south side, a groin structure is proposed at a distance of 200 m south from the bank of southern mouth of Thamirabarani River. The groin is proposed to be extended up to -3.0 m depth CD contour. Hence, it is required to be designed to withstand the environmental parameters existing at this particular depth viz. wave height, current. The parameters adopted for the design of proposed groin have been arrived from the archival data, field investigations and mathematical model studies.
Dredging As shown in Figure 1.2, the recommended proposal of improvement contemplates a lead channel opposite and away from the edge of Punnakayal Fishing jetty up to the southern mouth. The designed dredged depth and bottom width of dredged channel is -2.0m CD depth and 75m respectively. The channel extends though southern mouth up to offshore point, where natural depth of -2.0 m depth CD is available. In addition, it is proposed to dredge the interconnecting channel up to the northern branch of Thamiraparani River, dredged to -1.5 m CD depth having a bottom width of 50 m. Disposal of Dredged Materials
It is proposed to dump the dredged material on the sand bar portion to the east of interconnecting channel and near the landfall point of proposed groin. The recommended locations of dumping for the disposal of dredged materials are shown in Figure 1.2.
Proposed Fishing Jetty at Punnakayal
Based on the joint meeting held at Chennai on 19.05.2008, WAPCOS agreed to provide the preliminary structural design of the new proposed jetty, which would be used to make a preliminary estimate of the jetty. This preliminary design would be used for the costing purpose, for design purpose
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Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
Geotechnical Investigation has been carried out. The preliminary design details and General layout of existing FLC are given in Figure. 1.2
Figure. 1.2 Design and General layout of existing FLC 1-7 WAPCOS Centre for Environment
Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
Proposed Approach Road
The location of proposed Berthing Structure (Jetty) is tentatively fixed on western side of existing jetty and proposed groin is about 850 m away from the existing jetty. In order to take up the construction of groin, availability of road access has been studied and it is understood that there is no road access to transport stone to the site of construction. It has been decided to form an approach road of 4m width (on top) with dumping of rubble stone and spreading of metal and murrum / gravel over it, a 650 m long an approach road proposed in two portions
• A 330 m long Channel portion approach road with a 21 m long and 5 m width RCC linking structure and pipe arrangement for flow of backwater and suitable navigation of boats.
• A 320 m long Island portion approach road with top width 4 m on island side.
Top level of approach road and linking structure are fixed in such a way that flow of backwater in the river is not affected and also the movement of boats are also not affected. In absence of Geotechnical data at location of Proposed RCC Linking Structure, with available Geotechnical data at location of proposed berthing structure which is use as reference for design of RCC Linking Structure. That borehole data shows fine sand so this structure with suggested embedded length and suggested diameter will be safe if foundation material is sand with angle of internal friction minimum 30 degree.
Proposed Stone Pitching The connecting arrangement in between existing wharf and proposed berthing structure, a 48 m long stone pitching is proposed in between existing wharf and proposed berthing structure, which is forming by quarry stone and boulders.
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Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE EIA STUDY
The main objective of the EIA study is to assess the positive as well as negative environmental impacts likely to accrue as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. After identifying the negative impacts, a suitable management plan is to be suggested to ameliorate the adverse impacts. An Environmental Monitoring Programme is also suggested for the parameters which needs frequent observations during project operation phase. Thus, the key objectives of the EIA study are to: ‹ ensure sustainable development with minimum environmental degradation; ‹ to prevent long-term environmental negative impacts by incorporating a suitable Environmental Management Plan (EMP); ‹ suggest an Environmental Monitoring Programme, and ‹ estimate budgetary requirements for implementation of the EMP and Environmental Monitoring Programme.
1.6 METHODOLOGY FOR THE EIA STUDY
The Study Area considered for the EIA study is the area within 10 km radius of the proposed project site at the centre. The purpose of this section is to enumerate the steps involved in an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study, which are described in the following paragraphs. Scoping: An exhaustive list of all likely impacts drawing information from as many sources as possible is prepared. The next step is to select a manageable number of attributes which are likely to be affected as a result of the proposed project. The various criteria applied for selection of the important impacts are as follows: • magnitude; • extent; • significance, and
Baseline study: Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain the baseline levels of appropriate environmental parameters which could be
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Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
significantly affected by the implementation of the project. The baseline study involved both field work and review of existing documents, which have already been collected for other purposes.
Impact prediction: is essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions of the project area that might be expected to occur as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. An attempt has been made to forecast future environmental conditions quantitatively to the extent possible. But for certain parameters which cannot be quantified, general approach is to discuss such intangible impacts in qualitative terms so that planners and decision-makers are aware of their existence as well as their possible implications.
Environmental Management Plan: The approach for formulation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to maximize the positive environmental impacts and minimize the negative ones. The steps taken generally consist of modifications of plans, engineering designs, construction schedules and techniques, as well as operational and management practices. After selection of suitable environmental mitigation measures, cost required for implementation of various management measures is also estimated, to have an idea of their cost-effectiveness.
Environmental Monitoring Programme: An Environmental Monitoring Programme is suggested for implementation during project construction and operation phases to oversee the environmental safeguards, to ascertain the agreement between prediction and reality and to suggest remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage but arising during operation and to generate data for further use.
1.7 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT The contents of the EIA report are arranged as follows:
Chapter 1: The chapter gives an overview of the need for the project, objectives and need for EIA study etc.
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Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
Chapter 2: Baseline environmental conditions including physical, biological and socio-economic parameters, resource base and infrastructure have been described in this chapter. Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain the baseline conditions of appropriate environmental parameters which could be significantly affected by the implementation of the project. The baseline study involves both field work and review of existing documents, which is necessary for identification of data which may already have been collected for other purposes.
Chapter 3: Anticipated positive and negative impacts as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project were assessed in the Chapter. Prediction is essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions of the project area that might be expected to occur as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. An attempt has been made to predict future environmental conditions quantitatively to the extent possible. But for certain parameters which cannot be quantified, the general approach is to discuss such intangible impacts in qualitative terms so that planners and decision-makers are aware of their existence as well as their possible implications.
Chapter 4: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for amelioration of anticipated adverse impacts likely to accrue as a result of the proposed project. The approach for formulation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to maximize the positive environmental impacts and minimize the negative ones. After selection of suitable environmental mitigation measures, cost required for implementation of various management measures is also estimated.
Chapter 5: Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project construction and operation phases has been delineated in this Chapter. The objective is to assess the adequacy of various environmental safeguards and to compare the predicted and actual scenario during construction and operation phases to suggest remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage but arising during these phases and to generate data for further use. 1-11 WAPCOS Centre for Environment
Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
Chapter 6: Conclusions of the impacts and the mitigation and management measures due to the proposed project is described in this chapter.
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Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
CHAPTER 2
ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS
2.1 GENERAL
The assessment of baseline environmental setting is an essential component of any EIA study. Assessment of environmental impacts due to the proposed construction of Training wall at Punnakayal requires a comprehensive and scientific consideration of various environmental aspects.
As a part of the EIA study, a large quantum of related secondary data as available with various departments was collected. Field surveys were conducted for primary data generation on various aspects including ambient air quality, noise, marine ecology, etc. The study area for the EIA study lies in a 10 km radius with the proposed project site as the centre ( Refer Figure 2.1 ). The major portion of the study area is under water. In such setting, impacts likely to accrue as a result of proposed activity are expected to occur more on water front i.e. on marine environment. Thus, as a part of the EIA study, specific emphasis has been accorded to marine environment. As a part of the EIA study, the baseline status has been ascertained for the following aspects: • Meteorology • Oceanography • Ambient air quality • Noise levels • Landuse pattern • Marine Water quality • Marine Sediment quality • Marine Ecology • Demography and Socio economics
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 1 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
Figure 2.1 Map of the study Area
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 2 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
2.1 METEOROLOGY
2.1.1 Temperature
The monthly mean maximum temperature ranged between 30 35 oC. Likewise, the monthly mean minimum temperature varied from 21 to 25 oC. Thus, no significant variation in temperature was observed in different seasons of the year. The monthly mean maximum temperature was observed to be highest in the month of June and July. The coolest month of the year with monthly mean temperature of 21 oC was observed in December.
2.1.2 Humidity
The relative humidity ranges from 70 to 80% throughout the year. However, during the months of November and December the relative humidity is observed to be more than 80%.
2.1.3 Rainfall
The average rainfall in the project area district is 644 mm. About two thirds of the rainfall occurs during the months of October to December under the influence of North East monsoons.
The average meteorological conditions in the project area District is given in Table 2.1. TABLE 2.1
Average meteorological condition
S. No Month Mean Temp (oC) Rainfall Relative Humidity (%) (mm) Max. Min. 08:30 hrs 17:30 hrs 1. January 29.9 21.7 14.4 85 78
2. February 30.8 22.5 59.3 85 78
3. March 32.2 23.8 22.3 82 77
4. April 33.5 25.2 36.5 80 79
5. May 35.0 25.8 21.9 73 73
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 3 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
S. No Month Mean Temp (oC) Rainfall Relative Humidity (%) (mm) Max. Min. 08:30 hrs 17:30 hrs 6. June 35.6 25.5 4.2 72 66
7. July 35.8 25.1 8.8 69 64
8. August 35.1 25.0 1.0 72 67
9. September 34.1 24.8 10.6 75 74
10. October 32.7 23.7 108.9 80 79
11. November 31.3 23.2 160.0 87 82
12. December 30.3 22.0 196.0 86 80
Annual 643.8
2.2 BASIN AND SUB BASIN
The project area District is part of the composite East flowing river basin between Gundar and Nambiyar as per the Irrigation Atlas of India. Nambiyar, Thamiraparani, Kallar, Vaippar and Gundar are the important sub basins.
2.2.1 Drainage
The river originating from the Western Ghats and Tamil Nadu uplands control the drainage network of the district. A few streams originate in the hillocks within the District and confluences directly with the sea after flowing 10 to 20 km. Vaipar, Thamiraparani and Karamanaiyar are the major rivers draining the district. All the rivers are ephemeral in nature and run off is generated in heavy rainfall period only.
2.3 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOIL TYPES
2.3.1 Geomorphology
The prominent geomorphic units identified in the project area district are Fluvial, Marine, Fluvio marine, Aeolian and Erosional landforms depending on the environment of formation. Taruvaikulam Tuticorin surface, Kulattur surface, Vaippar surface, Nagalapuram Vedanattham surface and
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Volinokkam Vembar surface are some of the erosional geomorphic units in the northern part of the district.
Karamaniyar surface, Tambraparni surface, Tiruchendur Kayalpattinam surface and Vallanadu surface are the geomorphic units in the southern part of the District. The number of red sandy tracts formed of the sand dunes locally known as Teri sand complex are the important feature in the coast. These Teri sands extend in width from 6 to 8 km from the coast. Adaippanvilai Teri, Kudiraimozhi Teri and Vaippar Vembar Teri are some of the important Teri areas, which are having elevation in the range of 15 to 62m above MSL.
2.3.2 Soils
The project area district is covered by Black Cotton soil in the west with isolated red soil patches in high ground and sandy soil in the coastal tract. Alluvial soil is restricted to river flood plain and coastal area. Alkaline and saline soils are also observed in certain places.
2.4 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
2.4.1 Tides The tides in project area are semi diurnal in nature i.e. occurrence of two high and two low waters every day. The mean tidal range at Project area District (nearest to the project site) is of the order of 0.3 m to 1.0 m at spring and between 0.5 m to 0.70 m at neap tides. The tidal level information from the hydrographic chart of Geodetic and Research branch, Survey of India is as below, (w.r.t. Chart Datum)
Mean High Water Spring (MHWS) + 1.00 m Mean High Water Neap (MHWN) + 0.70 m Mean Sea Level (MSL) + 0.60 m Mean Low Water Neap (MLWN) +0.50 m Mean Low Water Spring (MLWS) +0.30 m
2.4.2 Waves
The wave climate observed at the nearest observation point revealed that the most frequently occurring wave height was about 1.5m during the months of
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January and November. It was also observed that the most frequently occurring wave height was 1.0m during the months of February to May and October to December. The most frequently occurring wave height was 2m during the months of June to September.
2.4.5 Current
The variation of current speed and direction at surface, mid depth and bottom at the nearest observed area reached upto 0.33 m/s, 0.33 m/s and 0.30 m/s respectively. The current direction at surface showed inconsistent direction with the tidal phase indicating that the currents are dominated by seasonal wind than the tide.
2.5 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
The ambient air quality was monitored as a part of the EIA study. The ambient air quality monitoring has been carried out with a frequency of two samples per week at four locations in the month of December, 2013 – January, 2014. The parameters monitored as a part of the study are listed as below:
• Particulate Matter less than 2.5 microns (PM 2.5 )
• Particulate Matter less than 10 microns (PM 10 )
• Sulphur dioxide (SO 2)
• Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2). The ambient air quality monitoring stations covered as a part of EIA study are given in Table 2.2 TABLE 2.2 Details of ambient air quality monitoring stations Stations Location AAQ 1 St. Joseph High School AAQ 2 Kallarai Yesu Church AAQ 3 Sagaya Matha Church AAQ 4 Anthoniyar Church
The results of ambient air quality survey conducted during the period of December, 2013 – January, 2014 is given in Table 2.3. The ambient air quality standards are enclosed as Annexure I.
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TABLE 2.3
Ambient air quality monitoring results at St. Joseph High School
S. Date of PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NO 2 3 3 3 No. Monitoring ( g/m ) ( g/m ) ( g/m ) 1 27/12/2013 to 21 50 9.5 18 28/12/2013 2 02/01/2014 to 22 53 10 19 03/01/2014 3 06/01/2014 to 23 56 10.5 19 07/01/2014 4 08/01/2014 to 20 48 9 17 09/01/2014 5 13/01/2014 to 21 52 9.8 18 14/01/2014 6 16/01/2014 to 24 58 11 20 17/01/2014 7 20/01/2014 to 23 56 10.6 20 21/01/2014 8 23/01/2014 to 24 59 11.2 21 24/01/2014
TABLE 2.4
Ambient air quality monitoring results at Kallarai Yesu Church
S.No. Date of PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NO 2 3 3 3 Monitoring ( g/m ) ( g/m ) ( g/m ) 1 27/12/2013 to 15 37 8.3 15 28/12/2013 2 02/01/2014 to 16 40 9 17 03/01/2014 3 06/01/2014 to 15 38 8.7 16 07/01/2014 4 08/01/2014 to 14 34 7.8 14 09/01/2014 5 13/01/2014 to 16 41 9.2 17 14/01/2014 6 16/01/2014 to 14 35 8 15 17/01/2014 7 20/01/2014 to 16 39 8.9 16 21/01/2014
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8 23/01/2014 to 17 42 9.5 18 24/01/2014
TABLE 2.5
Ambient air quality monitoring results at Sagaya Matha Church
S.No. Date of PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NO 2 3 3 3 Monitoring ( g/m ) ( g/m ) ( g/m ) 1 27/12/2013 to 22 49 9.2 16 28/12/2013 2 02/01/2014 to 22 51 9.5 17 03/01/2014 3 06/01/2014 to 23 53 10 18 07/01/2014 4 08/01/2014 to 23 52 9.7 17 09/01/2014 5 13/01/2014 to 24 54 10.2 18 14/01/2014 6 16/01/2014 to 25 56 10.6 19 17/01/2014 7 20/01/2014 to 26 58 11 19 21/01/2014 8 23/01/2014 to 21 48 9 16 24/01/2014
TABLE 2.6
Ambient air quality monitoring results Anthoniyar Church
S.No. Date of PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NO 2 3 3 3 Monitoring ( g/m ) ( g/m ) ( g/m ) 1 27/12/2013 to 12 31 7.5 13 28/12/2013 2 02/01/2014 to 13 33 7.9 14 03/01/2014 3 06/01/2014 to 12 29 7 12 07/01/2014 4 08/01/2014 to 12 13 7.2 13 09/01/2014 5 13/01/2014 to 14 35 8.3 15 14/01/2014 6 16/01/2014 to 13 32 7.7 14 17/01/2014
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7 20/01/2014 to 12 31 7.4 13 21/01/2014 8 23/01/2014 to 12 30 7.1 12 24/01/2014
Observations on PM 2.5 levels
The summary of ambient PM 2.5 levels observed is given in Table 2.7.
TABLE 2.7
3 Ambient air quality status PM 2.5 (Unit: g/m )
Station Maximum Minimum Average
St. Joseph High School 24.0 20.0 22.3 Kallarai Yesu Church 16.0 14.0 15.4 Sagaya Matha Church 26.0 21.0 23.3 Anthoniyar Church 14.0 12.0 12.5
It is observed from Table 2.7 that the average concentration of PM 2.5 at various stations ranged from 23.3 to 12.5 µg/m 3 which is well below the prescribed limit of 60 µg/m 3.
Observations on ambient PM 10 level
The summary of ambient PM 10 levels observed is given in Table 2.8. TABLE 2.8
3 Ambient air quality status – PM 10 (Unit: g/m )
Station Maximum Minimum Average
St. Joseph High School 59.0 48.0 54.0 Kallarai Yesu Church 42.0 37.0 38.3 Sagaya Matha Church 58.0 48.0 52.6 Anthoniyar Church 35.0 13.0 29.3
It is observed from Table 2.8 that the average concentration of PM 10 at various stations ranged from 54.0 to 29.3 µg/m 3 which is below the prescribed limit of 100 µg/m 3.
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 9 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
Observations on ambient SO 2 levels
The summary of ambient SO 2 level as monitored during field studies is given in Table 2.9. TABLE 2.9
3 Ambient air quality status – SO 2 (Unit: g/m )
Station Maximum Minimum Average
St. Joseph High School 11.2 9.0 10.2 Kallarai Yesu Church 9.5 8.0 8.7 Sagaya Matha Church 10.6 9.0 9.9 Anthoniyar Church 8.3 7.0 7.5
It is observed from Table 2.9 that, the average concentration of SO 2 at various
stations in the study area is well below the prescribed limits. The highest SO 2 concentration of 10.2 g/m 3 is observed at station in St. Joseph High School.
Observations on ambient NO 2 levels
The summary of ambient NO 2 levels is given in Table 2.10.
TABLE 2.10
3 Ambient air quality status – NO 2 (Unit : g/m )
Station Maximum Minimum Average
St. Joseph High School 21.0 18.0 19.0 Kallarai Yesu Church 17.0 14.0 16.0 Sagaya Matha Church 19.0 16.0 17.5 Anthoniyar Church 15.0 12.0 13.3
It can be seen from Table 2.10 that during the study period, the average NO 2 concentration at all the four sampling stations is well below the prescribed 3 limit. The highest NO 2 concentration of 19.0 g/m was observed at station at St. Joseph High School.
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 10 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
2.6 NOISE ENVIRONMENT
Baseline noise data has been measured using ‘A’ weighted sound pressure level meter. The survey was carried out in calm surroundings. Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurement in the outside environment was made using sound pressure level meter. Hourly noise meter readings were taken at each site, and equivalent day time and night time noise levels were estimated. The day time and night time noise levels are presented in Table 2.11. The ambient noise standards are enclosed as Annexure 2. TABLE 2.11
Equivalent noise levels in the study area (Unit: dB(A))
Location Leq (day ) Leq (night )
St. Joseph High School 48.0 44.0 Kallarai Yesu Church 47.0 40.0 Sagaya Matha Church 46.0 39.0 Anthoniyar Church 46.0 40.0
It may be seen from the Table 2.11 that the day time equivalent noise level ranged from a minimum of 46.0 dB(A) to a maximum of 48.0 dB(A). The night time equivalent noise level ranged from a minimum of 39.0 dB(A) to a maximum of 44.0 dB(A). The day and night time equivalent noise level at various sites located close to residential areas was compared with Ambient Noise Standards (Refer Annexure 2).
2.7 LANDUSE PATTERN
The landuse pattern of the study area, i.e. the area within 10 km radius of the project site has been studied using satellite data for the study area. The IRS, 1C LISS III digital satellite data has been procured from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad for assessing the landuse pattern of the study area. The raw satellite imagery has been processed in house using ERDAS IMAGINE software. The signals of satellite imagery were verified by performing ground truthing and then final classification of satellite imagery was done. Based on this classification the landuse pattern of the study area
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 11 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River was obtained. The raw and classified imagery of the study area is shown in Figure 2.2. and 2.3 respectively. The landuse pattern of the study area based on the satellite data is given in Table 2.12.
TABLE 2.12 Land use/Land Cover of the Study area
Categor y Area (10km) Area (%) Water bodies 14111 44.92 Marshy Land 537 1.71 Salt Pans 2320 7.39 Scrubs 2856 9.09 Vegetation 1163 3.70 Built up area/Settlements 4406 14.03 Agricultural Land 5865 18.67 Grass Land 158 0.50 Total 31416 100.00
It is observed from Table 2.12, that the water bodies account for the major portion of the study area, i.e. 44.92%. The other dominant landuse category is the area under agriculture, which accounts for about 18.67% of the total study area. The area under Built up area accounts for about 14.03%, Scrubs and salt pan account to 9.09% and 7.39% of the total study area respectively.
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 12 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
Figure 2.2 Satellite imagery of the study Area
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 13 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
Figure 2.3 Classified image of the study Area
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 14 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
2.8 MARINE WATER QUALITY
As a part of the EIA study, detailed marine ecological survey was conducted by the Centre for Advance study in Marine Biology (CASMB), Annamalai University to establish the existing status of the marine water in and around the proposed project site. The Marine ecological survey was conducted in the month of January 2014, over an area of 3 km in and around the proposed area. The samples were collected from different stations to assess the pre project environmental conditions vis à vis marine water quality and ecology. The various environmental parameters such as temperature, salinity, turbidity, TSS, EC, DO, BOD, Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonia, Total nitrogen, Inorganic phosphate and Total phosphorous were mentioned. The parameters were analysed using standard methods. Biological variables have also been studied and this includes microbes, phyto planktons and zooplanktons, macro and meio benthos. Sediment samples were also collected and analyzed for various parameters including microbes.
The details of sampling location and its geographical locations are depicted in Table 2.13. The sampling location is shown in Figure 2.4.
Figure 2.4 Sampling locations for marine water quality
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 15 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
TABLE 2.13
Details of sampling location covered as a part of marine ecological survey
S. No. St. Code Date Time Depth (m) Latitude Longitude
1. PBW-1 09.01.2014 10:00 2.0 08°63'69.01"N 78°13'15.04"E. 2. PBW-2 09.01.2014 10:10 2.0 08°63'69.04"N 78°13'15.06"E. 3. PBW-3 09.01.2014 10:25 3.0 08°63’96” N 78°13’15” E 4. PBW-4 09.01.2014 10:40 4.0 08°64’03” N 78°13’27” E 5. PBW-5 09.01.2014 10:50 4.0 08°64’18” N 78°13’38” E 6. PBW-6 09.01.2014 11:00 4.0 08°64’43” N 78°13’40” E 7. PBW-7 09.01.2014 11:15 4.5 08°64’59” N 78°13’36” E 8. PBW-8 09.01.2014 11:30 3.5 08°64’62” N 78°13’05” E 9. PBW-9 09.01.2014 11:45 3.0 08°64’77” N 78°13’00” E
10. PBW-10 09.01.2014 12:00 2.5 08°64’27” N 78°13’04” E
2.8.1 Physico – Chemical Properties
The physical properties of marine water monitored at various sampling locations are given in Table 2.14. In the present study water temperature ranged from 25.0°C 26.0°C at various sampling locations. The pH was alkaline (7.6 to 8.2) at all the sampling stations. The salinity was found to be 22 33 ppt in marine zone. The chemical properties monitored at various marine water sampling locations are given in Table 2.14. Table 2.14 Physico – Chemical properties of marine water in the project area and its surroundings
Sl. Temp. Salinity TSS Turbidity DO BOD St. Code pH No. (°C) (‰) (mg/l) (NTU) (mg/l) (mg/l)
1. PBW-1 25.5 22.0 7.6 92.0 34.6 5.396 0.89 2. PBW-2 25.5 25.0 7.8 34.8 23.2 6.203 0.81 3. PBW-3 25.0 32.0 8.1 47.6 34.1 6.123 0.56 4. PBW-4 25.5 33.0 8.2 82.8 31.5 5.383 0.48
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 16 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
Sl. Temp. Salinity TSS Turbidity DO BOD No. St. Code pH (°C) (‰) (mg/l) (NTU) (mg/l) (mg/l) 5. PBW-5 25.5 33.0 8.2 97.2 25.3 5.358 0.29 6. PBW-6 25.5 33.0 8.2 67.6 32.4 5.802 0.48 7. PBW-7 26.0 33.0 8.2 66.4 21.8 5.856 0.73 8. PBW-8 26.0 32.0 8.1 86.4 12.7 5.432 0.84 9. PBW-9 26.0 32.0 8.1 82.0 22.8 5.771 0.77 10. PBW-10 26.0 32.0 8.1 92.8 15.9 5.480 0.81
The dissolved oxygen (DO) is an index to study the productivity of an environment. It mainly depends on the nature and abundance of the planktonic organisms, monsoonal downpour, salinity etc. The DO value ranged from 5.358 to 6.123 mg/l at various sampling stations. The BOD values recorded in the study area depicted in Table 2.14. The BOD value ranged from 0.29 to 0.89 mg/l.
2.8.2 Nutrients
The nutrient levels as observed at various sampling locations are given in Table 2.15.
TABLE 2.15
Nutrient level in various marine water samples
Parameter (µmol/l) S. No. Station Code
NO 2 NO 3 NH 4 TN IP TP SiO 4
1. PBW-1 0.192 6.462 0.091 12.526 0.041 1.112 13.701
2. PBW-2 0.019 11.458 0.017 15.676 1.029 1.823 10.123
3. PBW-3 0.594 8.710 0.158 14.495 0.782 1.004 25.158
4. PBW-4 0.153 8.568 0.125 11.274 1.235 1.865 8.554
5. PBW-5 0.134 9.440 0.108 13.834 0.453 1.138 7.017
6. PBW-6 0.038 10.510 0.118 12.932 0.864 1.083 6.632
7. PBW-7 0.096 10.765 0.129 12.079 0.823 1.771 15.354
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 17 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
8. PBW-8 0.306 11.821 0.158 15.837 0.988 1.156 8.016
9. PBW-9 0.364 9.079 0.091 13.689 0.247 1.420 11.588
10. PBW-10 0.172 12.604 0.138 14.971 0.700 1.330 3.737
At various stations monitored as a part of the study, nutrient level at various stations ranged from 0.019 to 0.594 mol/l of nitrite, 6.462 to 12.604 mol/l of nitrate, 0.017 to 0.158 mol/ of ammonia, 11.274 to 15.676 mol/l of total nitrogen, 0.041 to 1.235 mol/l of inorganic phosphate, 1.004 to 1.865 mol/l of total phosphorus and 3.737 to 15.354 mol/l of silicate .Nutrients determine the potential fertility of an ecosystem and hence it is important to know their distribution and behavior in different geographical locations and seasons. The productivity of an area is in turn, dependent on the availability of primary nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus.
2.8.3 Heavy metals
Various heavy metals namely zinc, nickel, lead, cadmium and mercury were analysed in various marine water samples covered as a part of the EIA study. The heavy metals at various stations ranged from 14.03 to 26.55 g/l of Ferrous, from 2.60 to 13.73 g/l of Zinc, 3.65 to 7.25 g/l of Manganese, 0.45 to 2.43 g/l of lead, 0.27 to 2.01 g/l of Cadmium and 0.04 to 0.18 g/l of Chromium. TABLE – 2.16
Heavy metal level in marine water samples
Sl. (µg/l) Parameters No. Fe Zn Mn Pb Cd Cr
1. PBW-1 14.48 4.99 7.25 2.30 1.17 0.10
2. PBW-2 24.58 10.30 6.50 2.43 1.75 0.06
3. PBW-3 24.68 2.60 4.30 1.79 0.27 0.06
4. PBW-4 26.55 8.11 5.05 1.54 0.42 0.10
5. PBW-5 17.08 9.05 4.38 0.51 1.27 0.18
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 18 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
6. PBW-6 22.13 10.92 4.05 0.45 0.58 0.12
7. PBW-7 16.68 11.54 3.65 0.61 0.80 0.04
8. PBW-8 14.03 5.10 3.75 0.58 0.98 0.06
9. PBW-9 24.50 13.73 5.10 1.57 2.01 0.12
10. PBW-10 18.58 3.54 4.40 1.66 0.80 0.06
2.9 SEDIMENTS
As a part of the EIA Study, sediment samples were collected from the locations, where marine sampling was done. In the present study, nutrient in sediments fluctuated from 53.88 to 67.72 % of sand, 28.41 to 41.08 % of silt, 3.87 to 7.37 % of clay and 3.64 to 7.91 mgC/g of total organic carbon(Refer Table 2.17).
Table – 2.17
Nutrients in various sediment samples
Total Station S. No. Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Organic Carbon pH Code (mgC/g)
1. PBW-1 67.72 28.41 3.87 5.02 8.21
2. PBW-2 54.48 38.15 7.37 5.78 8.15
3. PBW-3 56.03 37.10 6.86 3.64 8.10
4. PBW-4 56.47 36.95 6.58 3.98 8.26
5. PBW-5 62.02 31.81 6.18 6.05 8.25
6. PBW-6 57.55 38.24 4.21 5.09 8.14
7. PBW-7 59.20 36.11 4.69 4.26 8.16
8. PBW-8 53.88 38.94 7.18 3.64 8.21
9. PBW-9 54.86 41.08 4.06 7.91 8.28
10. PBW-10 55.46 38.62 5.92 4.19 8.19
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 19 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
2.9.1 Heavy metals
The heavy metals were analysed in all the 10 sediment sampling locations. It was observed that iron fluctuated from 1291 to 2318 g/g, Zinc from 8.35 to 19.65 g/g, Manganese from 18.60 to 75.95 g/g, lead from 0.45 to 2.43 g/g, cadmium from 0.25 to 9.95 g/g, nickel from 1.40 to 5.75 g/g and chromium from 5.05 to 11.38 g/g in the sediment (Refer Table 2.18)
TABLE 2.18
Heavy metals in various sediment samples
µg/g S. No. Station Code Fe Zn Mn Cd Ni Cr Pb
1. PBW-1 2318 18.55 42.85 0.40 5.75 11.38 9.95
2. PBW-2 2029 8.35 18.60 0.25 1.40 5.05 6.25
3. PBW-3 1407 8.90 34.15 0.36 2.10 7.35 6.70 4. PBW-4 2026 19.65 39.30 0.56 3.85 10.80 8.96
5. PBW-5 2079 15.90 30.15 0.48 2.80 9.05 7.76
6. PBW-6 1860 10.35 40.40 0.45 2.25 8.30 6.55
7. PBW-7 1748 15.85 50.55 1.15 1.80 5.75 7.00
8. PBW-8 1291 17.20 26.10 1.65 1.75 6.50 7.75
9. PBW-9 2115 17.95 75.95 3.20 4.30 8.65 9.70
10. PBW-10 1610 13.90 73.65 2.01 2.50 6.90 7.15
2.10 MARINE ECOLOGY
The primary productivity, chlorophyll ’a’ and total biomass observed at various sampling stations given in Table 2.19.
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 20 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
2. 10.1 Primary productivity
The maximum primary productivity of 42.68 mgC/m 3/h was recorded at PBW 5 and minimum value of 18.5 mg C/m 3/h was recorded at station in fresh water zone.
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll’a content of various stations was analysed and it varied between 0.451 to 0.904 mg/m 3.
Phaeopigment
The minimum total biomass 0.250 to 0.457 mg/m 3 at various stations covered as a part of the survey. TABLE 2.19
Primary Productivity details at various sampling stations
PP Chl ‘a’ Phaeopigment S. No. Station Code (mg C/m 3/hr) (mg/m 3) (mg/m 3)
1. PBW-1 0.621 0.345
2. PBW-2 0.904 0.502
3. PBW-3 0.451 0.250
4. PBW-4 0.510 0.283
5. PBW-5 Unable to 0.607 0.337 measure due to 6. PBW-6 rain 0.503 0.279
7. PBW-7 0.782 0.434
8. PBW-8 0.824 0.457
9. PBW-9 0.490 0.272
10. PBW-10 0.612 0.340
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 21 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
2.10.2 Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water & Sediment
The Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water ranged from 0.240 to 0.805 g/l and in sediment from 0.266 to 0.770 g/g (Refer Table 2.20)
TABLE 2.20
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON IN WATER & SEDIMENT
S. No. Station Code Water (µg/l) Sediment (µg/g) 0.520 0.770 1. PBW-1 0.275 0.462 2. PBW-2 0.390 0.620 3. PBW-3 0.465 0.548 4. PBW-4 0.610 0.625 5. PBW-5 0.805 0.266 6. PBW-6 0.355 0.403 7. PBW-7 PBW-8 0.240 0.385 8. PBW -9 0.260 0.412 9. PBW-10 0.350 0.763 10.
2.10.3 Microbial Populations in Water
The total microbial population in water ranged from 0.24 to 0.81 g/l and sediment ranged from 0.266 to 0.770 g/g. The total viable count microbial population in water ranged from 05x10 4 to 17x10 4. The total count of microbes ranged between 04x10 4 to 16x10 4. The total fecal coliforms ranged between from 11x10 2 to 23x10 3
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 22 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
TABLE 2.21
MICROBIAL POPULATIONS IN WATER
S. No. Station Code Water (µg/l) Sediment (µg/g) 1. PBW-1 0.520 0.770 2. PBW-2 0.275 0.462 3. PBW-3 0.390 0.620 4. PBW-4 0.465 0.548 5. PBW-5 0.610 0.625 6. PBW-6 0.805 0.266 7. PBW-7 0.355 0.403 8. PBW-8 0.240 0.385 9. PBW-9 0.260 0.412 10. PBW-10 0.350 0.763
TABLE 2.21
MICROBIAL POPULATIONS IN WATER
Station S. No. Code TVC TC EC FC SF
1. PBW-1 13x10 5 20x10 4 24x10 3 18x10 3 17x10 2
2. PBW-2 11x10 5 16x10 4 20x10 3 14x10 3 13x10 2
3. PBW-3 08x10 5 13x10 4 18x10 3 23x10 3 10x10 2
4. PBW-4 05x10 5 08x10 4 22x10 3 17x10 3 07x10 2
5. PBW-5 17x10 4 15x10 3 15x10 2 21x10 2 18x10 1
6. PBW-6 09x10 4 12x10 3 13x10 2 14x10 2 10x10 1
7. PBW-7 05x10 4 10x10 3 20x10 2 18x10 2 14x10 1
8. PBW-8 12x10 4 14x10 3 14x10 2 11x10 2 07x10 1
9. PBW-9 10x10 5 08x10 4 22x10 3 16x10 3 13x10 2
10. PBW-10 15x10 5 04x10 4 27x10 3 20x10 3 18x10 2
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 23 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
2.10.4 Microbial Populations in Sediment
The total viable count microbial population in water ranged from 06x10 5 to 18x10 6. The total count of microbes ranged between 08x10 4 to 16x10 5. The total fecal coliforms ranged between from 10x10 3 to 17x10 4. TABLE 2.22
MICROBIAL POPULATIONS IN SEDIMENT
S. No. Station Code TVC TC EC FC SF
1. PBW-1 18x10 6 16x10 5 20x10 4 15x10 4 13x10 3
2. PBW-2 14x10 6 11x10 5 24x10 4 12x10 4 10x10 3
3. PBW-3 12x10 6 08x10 5 15x10 4 08x10 4 16x10 3
4. PBW-4 10x10 6 05x10 5 12x10 4 06x10 4 10x10 3
5. PBW-5 23x10 5 12x10 4 21x10 3 16x10 3 18x10 2
6. PBW-6 15x10 5 09x10 4 18x10 3 13x10 3 13x10 2
7. PBW-7 12x10 5 14x10 4 15x10 3 10x10 3 11x10 2
8. PBW-8 06x10 5 08x10 4 10x10 3 07x10 3 05x10 2
9. PBW-9 16x10 6 13x10 5 18x10 4 13x10 4 10x10 3
10. PBW-10 11x10 6 07x10 5 22x10 4 17x10 4 14x10 3
2. 11 PHYTOPLANKTON
The total Phytoplankton populations at various stations were identified. The density ranged from 623 and 1246 Nos./l. A total of 19 species of phytoplankton were identified (Refer Table 2.23).Among the phytoplanktons Chaetoceros currvisetus and Ceratium macroceros were the dominant species.
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 24 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
TABLE 2.23
Phytoplankton density observed at various sampling locations
No/l
Sl. No. Name of the Species PBW 1 PBW 2 PBW 3 PBW 4 PBW 5 1. Coscinodiscus granii 15 24 * 20 * 2. Skeletonema costatum * 12 * 15 * 3. Planktonella sol. 28 39 32 * * 4. Melosira borreri * * * 3 * 5. Triceratium reticulatum 22 25 24 20 * 6. Chaetoceros currvisetus 248 281 222 132 111 7. Chaetoceros coarctatus 86 64 62 52 41 8. Bellerochea malleus * 6 * 3 4 9. Odontella sinensis 24 28 20 10 15 10. Rhizosolenia imbricata * * 4 * * 11. Rhizosolenia alata 9 6 8 5 10 12. Pleurosigma elongatum 114 119 108 108 61 13. Nitzschia seriata 21 17 18 14 18 Thalassiothrix 14. 189 146 108 183 178 frauenfeldii Thalassionema 15. 86 76 65 49 106 nitzschioides 16. Astrionella glacialis 68 74 102 131 80 17. Ceratium macroceros 285 265 225 202 242 18. Ceratium trichoceros 43 16 31 54 34 Protoperidinium 19. 8 * 3 * 6 oceanicum Total 1246 1198 1032 1001 906
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 25 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
No/l Sl. No. Name of the Species PBW 6 PBW 7 PBW 8 PBW 9 PBW 10 1. Coscinodiscus granii * * * 2 * 2. Coscinodiscus centralis * * 6 * 3 3. Skeletonema costatum 12 10 * * 6 4. Planktonella sol. * * 6 * * 5. Triceratium reticulatum 28 8 * 8 * 6. Chaetoceros currvisetus 129 97 88 69 141 7. Chaetoceros coarctatus 19 28 * 53 * 8. Bellerochea malleus * * * 2 * 9. Odontella sinensis 20 7 11 12 6 10. Rhizosolenia imbricata * 2 * 7 * 11. Rhizosolenia alata 3 16 15 10 11 12. Pleurosigma elongatum 91 92 88 67 49 13. Nitzschia seriata 29 13 * 12 * Thalassiothrix 14. 158 126 103 172 93 frauenfeldii Thalassionema 15. 129 36 52 82 63 nitzschioides 16. Astrionella glacialis 82 45 83 60 46 17. Licmophora abbreviata * * 7 * 5 18. Ceratium macroceros 161 203 162 172 174 19. Ceratium trichoceros 23 21 29 51 26 Total 884 704 650 779 623 * Organisms not present
2.12 Zooplankton
The zooplankton population at various stations was analysed. The zooplankton population density ranged from 6324 to 13584 No/m 3. The details are given in Table 2.24.
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 26 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
TABLE 2.24
Zooplankton density observed at various sampling stations
No/m3
Sl. No. Name of the Species PBW 1 PBW 2 PBW 3 PBW 4 PBW 5 1. Aurelia aurita 412 161 * * * 2. Obelia sp. 206 * * * * 3. Evadne sp . * * 174 * * 4. Rhincalanus sp. 1029 322 347 558 202 5. Eucalanus sp. 206 644 * 930 * 6. Paracalanus sp. 823 322 695 186 607 7. Pontella danae * 161 * * * 8. Acrocalanus gracilis 1235 644 347 558 1011 9. Centropages tenuremis 823 805 521 372 202 10. Temora turbinata * 161 * 372 * 11. Labidocera acuta * * 174 * * 12. Acartia danae * 322 * 186 809 13. Acartia southwelli 1647 483 869 744 1213 14. Acartia erythreae * * * * * 15. Oithona rigida 617 161 347 * 404 16. Corycaeus danae 206 * * * * 17. Microsetella sp. 1852 1289 869 558 1213 18. Macrosetella sp. 206 322 * 186 * 19. Euterpina acutiforns 2264 1450 1216 930 202 20. Tintinnopsis cylindrica * * * 186 * 21. Eutintinnus tennuis * 161 * * * 22. Crustacean nauplii 617 322 347 186 1011 23. Copepod nauplii 1029 483 521 372 202 24. Polychaete larvae 206 * * * * 25. Cypris larvae of barnacle 206 * * * 202 Total 13584 8213 6427 6324 7278
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 27 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
No/m3
Sl. No. Name of the Species PBW 6 PBW 7 PBW 8 PBW 9 PBW 10 1. Obelia sp. * 225 * * * 2. Evadne sp . 514 225 * * * 3. Rhincalanus sp. * 450 * 187 628 4. Eucalanus sp. 514 * * * * 5. Paracalanus sp. 343 450 * 187 * 6. Acrocalanus gracilis 343 450 163 373 * 7. Centropages tenuremis 171 * * * * 8. Acartia danae * 225 * * * 9. Acartia southwelli 514 * * * * 10. Acartia erythreae * 675 327 * 209 11. Oithona rigida 171 450 * 187 * 12. Microsetella sp. 686 1350 490 933 419 13. Euterpina acutiforns 514 900 1143 933 628 14. Tintinnopsis cylindrica * * 327 * * 15. Favella brevis * 225 * * * 16. Crustacean nauplii 171 * 327 * 209 17. Copepod nauplii 343 1125 490 373 419 Total 4284 6750 3267 3173 2512 * Organisms not present
A total of 25 species of zooplankton were identified. Of these, Euterpina acutiforns, Microsetella sp.were predominantly observed at all the stations, The dominant species of zooplankton were Paracalanus sp., and Centropages tenuremis, where as the species Aurelia aurita found in Station PBW 1 and 2 it is located inside the Mangroves.
2.13 Macrobenthos
Macrofauna density and distribution varied between stations to station. Macrobenthos was predominantly composed of polychaetes, bivalves, gastropods and crustaceans. Four major faunal groups were identified and
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 28 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
their distribution and species composition are given in Table 2.25. The total faunal density at all the stations ranged between 500 and 975 Nos/m 2.
Polychaetes formed the most dominant group of macrobenthos, followed by bivalves and gastropods veligers..The polychaetes present in the area are Euchone sp. ,Eunice sp.,Neries sp.
TABLE 2.25
Macro benthos observed at various sampling locations
2 Sl. No/m No. Name of the Species PBW 1 PBW 2 PBW 3 PBW 4 PBW 5 Polychaetes
1. Autolytus sp. * 25 * 75 * 2. Armandia intermedia 50 * 75 * 25 3. Capitella capitata * 25 * 50 175 4. Chone sp. * * 125 * 75 5. Cirratulus chrysoderma 100 * 50 50 * 6. Cossura coasta * 150 * 100 * 7. Euchone sp. * 75 * 50 100 8. Eunice sp. 50 * 125 75 * 9. Goniada emerita 25 100 * * 50 10. Maldanse sarsi * * 75 * 25 11. Nereis sp. 25 * 100 * 50 12. Onuphis sp. * * 25 75 * 13. Pygospio elegans * 50 * * 100 14. Tharyx sp. * * 50 * * 15. Pista sp. * 50 * * * 16. Prionospio pinnata * 75 * 50 25 17. Prionospio cirrifera 50 * 25 * * 18. Sabellides sp. 25 * 100 * 50 19. Syllis gracilis * 50 * 25 * Bivalves 1. Anadara granosa * 100 * 75 * 2. Anadara veligers 50 * 50 * * 3. Meretrix meretrix 50 50 * * 75 Gastropods 1. Turris indica 25 * 75 * *
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 29 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
2. Cerithedia cingulata 50 * * 75 25 3. Turritella attenuata * 75 * * * Amphipods 1. Gammarus sp. * * 75 * 50 2. Urothoe sp. * * * 50 * Isopods 1. Angeliera phreaticola * * 25 * 50 2. Mirocerberus sp. * 50 * * * Total 500 875 975 750 875
2 Sl. No/m No. Name of the Species PBW 6 PBW 7 PBW 8 PBW 9 PBW 10 Polychaetes
1. Autolytus sp. 50 * * 25 * 2. Armandia intermedia * * 75 * 50 3. Capitella capitata 50 150 * * 125 4. Chone sp. * 75 * 100 50 5. Cirratulus chrysoderma * * 100 25 * 6. Cossura coasta 75 * 25 125 * 7. Euchone sp. * 50 25 50 * 8. Eunice sp. 100 50 * * 150 9. Goniada emerita 25 * 100 * 75 10. Maldanse sarsi 25 * * 75 75 11. Nereis sp. * 50 * 25 75 12. Onuphis sp. 50 * 25 * * 13. Pygospio elegans * * 75 * 25 14. Tharyx sp. * * * 25 * 15. Pista sp. 25 * * * * 16. Prionospio pinnata 25 * 125 75 * 17. Prionospio cirrifera * 25 * * 50 18. Sabellides sp. 100 * * 50 25 19. Syllis gracilis * 75 25 * * Bivalves 1. Anadara granosa 25 * * 50 25 2. Anadara veligers 50 * 75 * * 3. Meretrix meretrix * 50 * * 25 Gastropods 1. Turris indica * * 50 * 50
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 30 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
2. Cerithedia cingulata 75 * * 50 * 3. Turritella attenuata * * 50 * * Amphipods 1. Gammarus sp. * 50 * * 50 2. Urothoe sp. * 25 * * Isopods 1. Angeliera phreaticola * * 25 * * Total 675 575 800 675 850 * Organisms not present
2.14 Meio benthos
The meio faunal community in the project area and its surroundings was dominated by foraminiferans,nematodes,Harpacticoids and ostracodes.The meiofauna distribution and species composition are given in Table 2.26.The maximum population density ranged from 33 to 52 No.cm2
TABLE 2.26
Meio benthos observed at various sampling locations
2 Sl. No/10 cm No. Name of the Species PBW 1 PBW 2 PBW 3 PBW 4 PBW 5 Nematodes
1. Enoploides sp. * 1 * * * 2. Thoracostomopsis sp. 1 * * 1 * Foraminiferans 1. Cornoboides advena * 2 * * 1 2. Discorbis sp. 5 * 2 2 3 3. Eliphidium sp. 2 * 1 1 * 4. Eponides sp. 1 1 2 1 3 5. Globigerina ruber 2 4 3 5 2 6. Hauerina sp. 1 * 1 2 * 7. Quinqueloculina sp. * 5 * 1 2 8. Rosalina bradyi 7 4 5 2 3 9. Rosalina globularis 8 6 7 5 4 10. Trochammina sp. 2 * 1 1 * 11. Bolivina limbata * 3 * 2 1 12. Loxostomum limbatum 2 1 * 1 3
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 31 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
13. Bolivina kuriani 5 3 1 2 3 14. Spirillina limbata * * 1 3 * 15. Spiroloculina sp. 5 3 5 3 2 16. Triloculina sp. 2 5 4 3 3 Harpacticoids 1. Euterpina acutifrons * 1 * 1 * Ostrocodes 1. Conchoecia sp. 3 2 1 3 3 2. Cyprideis sp. * * * * 1 3. Tanella indica * 1 * 1 * 4. Tanella estuarii 1 * 1 2 1 5. Keijcyoidea sp. 5 6 3 * * Total 52 48 38 42 35
2 Sl. No/10 cm No. Name of the Species PBW 6 PBW 7 PBW 8 PBW 9 PBW 10 Nematodes
1. Thoracostomopsis sp. * * * 1 * Foraminiferans 1. Cornoboides advena 1 2 1 * 1 2. Discorbis sp. * 6 * 3 5 3. Eliphidium sp. 2 * 1 3 * 4. Eponides sp. 5 2 1 3 4 5. Globigerina ruber 4 * 2 3 3 6. Globigerina glutinata * 1 * 1 * 7. Quinqueloculina sp. * 3 * * 2 8. Rosalina bradyi 3 1 4 6 4 9. Rosalina globularis 2 4 5 3 7 10. Trochammina sp. * * 2 1 * 11. Bolivina limbata 3 2 * 1 1 12. Loxostomum limbatum 1 2 * * 3 13. Bolivina kuriani 5 * 3 2 * 14. Spirolina sp. * 2 2 * * 15. Spiroloculina sp. 7 5 3 8 2 16. Triloculina sp. 5 3 3 6 5 Harpacticoids 1. Euterpina acutifrons * * 1 * 1 Ostrocodes
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 32 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
1. Cyprideis sp. 6 5 3 2 3 2. Cypridina sp. 1 * 1 * * 3. Tanella indica 1 * * * * 4. Tanella estuarii 2 1 1 * 2 5. Keijcyoidea sp. * 1 * * * Total 48 40 33 43 43 • Organisms not present
2.15 SOCIO ECONOMIC ASPECTS
The proposed project is located in the Thoothukudi District. The study area of the Project comprises of about 18 village in Taluk Tiruchendur and Taluk Srivaikuntam. The total population in the study area or the project influence area is of the order of 14259 persons as per Census of India 2011. The distribution of population and demographic profile in the study area villages is outlined in Table 2.27 and Figure 2.5. Table 2.27
Demographic profile in the study area villages
Sr.No Name of the Villages Size Size Total Total Total Family Female Average Sex Ratio Sex Total Male Household Population Srivaikuntam Sub District (A) 1 Iruvappapuram 453 1753 863 890 1031 4 2 Palayakkayal 1214 5024 2519 2505 994 4 3 Manjanirkayal 299 1143 575 568 988 4 4 Agaram 462 1924 983 941 957 4 5 Maramangalam 980 3819 1914 1905 995 4 6 Arumugamangalam 307 1189 592 597 1008 4 7 Kottarakkurichi 946 3858 1926 1932 1003 4 8 Valavallan 919 3553 1755 1798 1025 4 9 Tiruppani Chettiyarpatti 62 229 111 118 1063 4 10 Korkai 1074 3986 1969 2017 1024 4 11 Kodungani 8 27 14 13 929 3 12 Mukkani 1768 6851 3507 3344 954 4 Sub Total (A) 8492 33356 16728 16628 994 4 Tiruchendur Sub District (B) 1 Mela Authoor 1547 6210 3126 3084 987 4 2 Senthamangalam 610 2423 1187 1236 1041 4 3 Punnakayal 1744 7684 3975 3709 933 4
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 33 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
Sr.No Name of the Villages Size Total Total Total Family Female Average Sex Ratio Sex TotalMale Household Population 4 Suganthalai 898 3437 1722 1715 996 4 5 Nallur 673 2812 1422 1390 977 4 6 Moolakkarai 295 1155 564 591 1048 4 Sub Total (B) 5767 23721 11996 11725 977 4 Total(A+B) 14259 57077 28724 28353 987 4 Source: Primary Census Abstract, 2011
Figure 2.5 Demographic profile in the study area villages
The distribution of male and female population in study area villages comprises of about 50.3% and 49.7% respectively. The population comprising of infants and children below the age of 6 years constitute about 10.8% of the total population in the study area villages. The sex ratio and average family size in the study area villages is 987 and 4 persons per family respectively.
2.15.1 Literacy Levels
The details of literate and illiterate population amongst the total population of study area villages are shown in Table 2.28. As per this table, it is observed that about 77.0% of the total population in the study area villages is literate, while about 23.0% are illiterate. Among the literate population, males and females comprise about 52.6% and 47.4% of the total literate population.
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 34 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
Further, among the illiterate population, males and females comprise about 42.6% and 57.4% of the total illiterate population.
Table 2.28
Distribution of literate and illiterate population in the study area villages
Sr.No Name of the Villages Total Female Female Literate Literate Illiterate Illiterate Population Population Population Male Literate Male Male Illiterate Male Srivaikuntam Sub District (A) 1 Iruvappapuram 1753 1345 691 654 408 172 236 2 Palayakkayal 5024 3910 2061 1849 1114 458 656 3 Manjanirkayal 1143 908 479 429 235 96 139 4 Agaram 1924 1579 829 750 345 154 191 5 Maramangalam 3819 2890 1550 1340 929 364 565 6 Arumugamangalam 1189 915 499 416 274 93 181 7 Kottarakkurichi 3858 2753 1475 1278 1105 451 654 8 Valavallan 3553 2618 1374 1244 935 381 554 9 Tiruppani Chettiyarpatti 229 178 92 86 51 19 32 10 Korkai 3986 3282 1680 1602 704 289 415 11 Kodungani 27 23 13 10 4 1 3 12 Mukkani 6851 5257 2845 2412 1594 662 932 Sub Total (A) 33356 25658 13588 12070 7698 3140 4558 Tiruchendur Sub District (B) 1 Mela Authoor 6210 4881 2570 2311 1329 556 773 2 Senthamangalam 2423 1827 969 858 596 218 378 3 Punnakayal 7684 5717 2926 2791 1967 1049 918 4 Suganthalai 3437 2818 1468 1350 619 254 365 5 Nallur 2812 2114 1136 978 698 286 412 6 Moolakkarai 1155 910 465 445 245 99 146 Sub Total (B) 23721 18267 9534 8733 5454 2462 2992 Total(A+B) 57077 43925 23122 20803 13152 5602 7550 Source: Census of India 2001
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 35 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
Figure 2.6 Literacy profile in the study area villages
2.15.2 Occupational profile
The details on occupational profile in the study area villages are given in Table 2.29. As per this table it is observed that 41.1% of the total population is engaged in some form of economically productive activity or vocational activity, and have been designated as Total Working population. On the other hand, the Non workers or persons who are dependent on the population, which is engaged in economically productive work accounts for about 58.9% of the total population. Among the population that is working about 90.0% has been designated as Main workers while the remaining 10.0% has been designated as Marginal workers. Table 2.29
Occupational profile in the study area villages
Sr.No Name of the Villages al al Tot Population TotalWorking Population Main Workers Marginal Workers Non Working Population Srivaikuntam Sub District (A) 1 Iruvappapuram 1753 766 745 21 987 2 Palayakkayal 5024 2075 1963 112 2949 3 Manjanirkayal 1143 447 444 3 696
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4 Agaram 1924 832 826 6 1092 5 Maramangalam 3819 1822 1689 133 1997 6 Arumugamangalam 1189 687 665 22 502 7 Kottarakkurichi 3858 1837 1723 114 2021 8 Valavallan 3553 1572 1345 227 1981 9 Tiruppani Chettiyarpatti 229 108 105 3 121 10 Korkai 3986 1531 1375 156 2455 11 Kodungani 27 9 9 0 18 12 Mukkani 6851 2820 2676 144 4031 Sub Total (A) 33356 14506 13565 941 18850 Tiruchendur Sub District (B) 1 Mela Authoor 6210 2316 1908 408 3894 2 Senthamangalam 2423 1047 839 208 1376 3 Punnakayal 7684 2444 2354 90 5240 4 Suganthalai 3437 1533 1153 380 1904 5 Nallur 2812 1200 900 300 1612 6 Moolakkarai 1155 408 394 14 747 Sub Total (B) 23721 8948 7548 1400 14773 Total(A+B) 57077 23454 21113 2341 33623 Source: Census of India 2001
Figure 2.7 Occupational profile in the study area villages
2.16 FISH LANDING CENTRES In the study area there are four fish landing centre and three fishing villages in the study area, as listed below: Fish Landing Centre
Punnakayal Fishing villages
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 37 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamilnadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
Iratchanyapuram Pazhayakayal Komuthurai Chingithurai The details of fishermen population and the type of craft owned by fishermen in the fishing villages in the study area is given in Tables 2.30 and 2.31 respectively. Table 2.30
Details of Fisherfolk population
Total population Total Name of the Family No Familie Village size Male Female Total s 1 Iratchanyapuram 299 275 574 139 4 2 Pazhayakayal 625 658 1283 275 4 3 Punnakayal 3882 3641 7523 1781 4 4 Komuthurai 371 338 709 162 4 5 Chingithurai 853 798 1651 365 4 Source: Tamil Nadu Marine Fisherfolk Census 2010
TABLE 2.31
Details of craft owned by Fisherfolk
Name of the Non Sl.No Mechanical Outboard village Motorized 1 Iratchanyapuram 10 2 0 2 Pazhayakayal 0 0 8 3 Punnakayal 42 74 0 4 Kombuthurai 1 102 0 5 Chingithurai 1 55 5
WAPCOS Centre for Environment 2 38 Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamil Nadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River CHAPTER-3
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Based on the project details and the baseline environmental status, potential impacts that are expected to accrue as a result of the proposed project have been identified. The Environmental Impact Assessments for quite a few disciplines are subjective in nature and cannot be quantified. Wherever possible, the impacts have been quantified. However, for intangible impacts, a qualitative assessment has been done. This Chapter deals with anticipated positive as well as negative impacts due to the construction and operation phases of the proposed project.
3.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT a) Construction phase
Impacts due to effluents from labour camps
The peak labour strength likely to be deployed during construction phase for commissioning of jetty, Diaphragm wall and dredging shall be about 100. Most of the labour force will come from nearby villages. The labour force engaged by the contractor could come from outside areas. A part of the labour population would stay in area. The balances are likely to stay in labour camps close to the project site during construction phase. It is assumed that about 50% i.e. 50 labour will stay at the site. Based on this the total water requirement for the labour congregating in the area for during construction phase who will stay during the construction phase are estimated as below: Peak labour strength : 100 Labours likely to stay at construction site (50%) : 50 Married families (80% of 50) : 40 Single : 10 Husband and wife both working (80% of 40) : 32 Families (32/2) : 16 Families where only husband is working (50% of 16) : 8
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Family size (assumed) : 5 Total number : 16x5+8x5+10=130 =154 --- (A)
Add 5% for the persons who will be service provider : 7 like shops, repairing facilities, etc. 50% of service providers will have families : 4 Total number : 4x5+3=23 --- (B)
Total population (A+B) = (A + B) = 130+30=153 Say 160 Water requirement : 70 lpcd Total water requirement : 11.2 m 3/day
About 50 labour would stay at the construction site, only during working hours. The water requirement for such labour shall be 2.225 m 3/day @ 45 lpcd. Thus, total water requirement works out to (11.2 +2.25) about 13.5 m 3/day.
The sewage generated is normally taken as 80% of the total water requirement i.e. (0.8 x 13.5) about 11 m 3/day. The domestic water normally contains high BOD, which needs proper treatment and disposal, otherwise, it can have an adverse impact on the DO levels of the receiving body.
The disposal of sewage without treatment can cause problems of odour and water pollution. The typical composition of untreated sewage is given in Table-3.1.
TABLE-3.1
Typical composition of untreated sewage Parameter Value Total Solids, mg/l 720 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 500 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 220 BOD mg/l 220 Oil and grease, mg/l 100 Alkalinity (as CaCO 3), mg/l 100 Total Phosphorus, mg/l 80 Total Nitrates, mg/l 40 Bicarbonates, mg/l 100 Carbonates, mg/l 10
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Parameter Value Nitrates, mg/l 40 Phosphates, mg/l 40 Chlorides, mg/l 50 Sulphates, mg/l 30 Calcium, mg/l 40 Magnesium, mg/l 40 Potassium, mg/l 15 Sodium, mg/l 70
It is clear from Table-3.1 that BOD is the major pollutant, as far as sewage is concerned. Normally untreated sewage would find its way to natural drainage system which ultimately confluences into the sea. However, these natural drains are seasonal in nature and are likely to remain dry in the non-monsoon months. During this period, the flow of untreated sewage from the labour colonies in these drains can lead to development of anaerobic conditions, with associated water quality problems. However, in the present case it must be mentioned that the total quantity of sewage (11 m3/day) generated by the labour during construction phase is quite small and is not expected to cause any adverse impact on the marine water quality. However, it is proposed to treat the sewage from labour camps before disposal. The details are outlined as a part of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in Chapter-4 of this Report.
Impacts due to dredging
The proposed project contemplates a lead channel opposite and away from the edge of Punnakayal fishing jetty upto the southern mouth. The designed dredged depth and bottom width of dredged channel is – 2.5 m CD depth and 75 m respectively. The channel extends through southern mouth upto offshore point where natural depth of -3.0 m is available. The major part of dredging would be carried inside the tranquil conditions existing in river Thamiraparani. Since the dredged material near this coastal inlet is sandy, hence, dredging is recommended through a crust cat dredger an amphibian dredger. The potential environmental effects of dredging can be categorized as impacts due to dredging process itself and those due to disposal of the
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Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamil Nadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River dredged material. During the dredging process effects may arise due to the excavation of sediments at the bed, loss material during transport to the surface, overflow from the dredger whilst loading and loss of material from the dredger and/or pipelines during transport.
Impacts on fisheries
The most important impact on fishes may be suspended solid load or changes in the food chain. The high turbidity due to heavy suspended solid load during hauling activity results in clogging of gills of fishes thereby causing asphyxiation. But since fishes are free swimming they very well avoid such areas and move to safer areas. Once the turbidity is over due to currents, they come back to the area. Due to this capability of the fishes there is no significant adverse impact on fishes and fisheries is expected as a result of hauling activity
Impacts on benthic organisms
During all dredging operations, the removal of material from the sea bed also removes the animals living on and in the sediments (benthic animals). With the exception of some deep burrowing animals or mobile surface animals that may survive a dredging event through avoidance, dredging may initially result in the complete removal of animals from the excavation site.
The density of meio-fauna varies from ranged from 25 to 109 No./10cm 2. A total of 39 species of meio-fauna were present in the sediment samples collected from various sites. The abundance of macro-fauna ranged from 220 to 1875 no./m 2. A total of 11 species of macro-fauna were observed at various sampling stations. None of macro-and meio-fuanal species observed at the site were coming under rare, endangered or threatened category. All were common benthic species.
The recovery of disturbed habitats following dredging ultimately depends upon the nature of the new sediment at the dredge site, sources and types of re- colonising animals, and the extent of the disturbance. In soft sediment
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Impacts on Suspended sediments and turbidity levels
When dredging and disposing of non-contaminated sediments, the key impacts are the increase in suspended sediments and turbidity levels. Any dredging method releases suspended sediments into the water column, during the excavation itself. In many cases, the locally increased suspended sediments and turbidity associated with dredging and disposal is obvious from the turbidity ‘plumes’ which may be seen trailing behind dredgers or disposal sites.
Increase in suspended sediments and turbidity levels from dredging operations may under certain conditions have adverse effects on marine animals and plants by reducing light penetration into the water column and by physical disturbance. The increase is likely to last for a period of 10-15 days after the cessation of dredging activities. This trend is noticeable under flood as well as ebb conditions.
Increased suspended sediments can effect filter feeding organisms, such as shellfish, through clogging and damaging feeding and breathing process. Similarly, young fish can be damaged if suspended sediments become trapped in their gills and increased fatalities of young fish have been observed in heavily turbid water. Adult fish are likely to move away from or avoid areas of high suspended solids, such as dredging sites. The increase in turbidity results in a decrease in the depth that light is able to penetrate the water column which may affect submerged seaweeds and plants, by temporarily reducing productivity and growth rates. Since, the
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Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamil Nadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River benthic fauna is moderately developed in the areas, hence impacts on this account are not expected to be significant. The degree of resuspension of sediments and turbidity during dredging and disposal depends on:
Sediments being dredged (size, density and quality of the material),
Method of dredging (and disposal),
Hydrodynamic regime in the dredging and disposal area (current direction and speed, mixing rate, tidal state), and
Existing water quality and characteristics (background suspended sediment and turbidity levels).
In most cases, sediment resuspension is only likely to present a potential problem if it is moved out of the immediate dredging location by tidal processes. In general, the effects of suspended sediments and turbidity are generally short term (<1 week after activity) and near-field (<1km from activity). These are of concern only, if sensitive species are located in the vicinity of the maintained channel. Since, no sensitive species are observed in the areas to be dredged, hence, no adverse impacts are anticipated.
Impacts on marine water quality
Redox potential (eH ) and pH are two variables that control the characteristics of chemicals and heavy metals in water and sediment. As long as the pH remains around 8 and eH < 150 mV, most of the chemicals and metals will remain bound to the solid phase without being released into the surrounding water. Only anoxic conditions reduce the eH below this level and hence if dissolved oxygen level is normal no leaching of chemicals and heavy metals will occur.
In the present survey sites pH was 8.0 to 8.1 and dissolved oxygen was 4.09 to 4.37 mg/l which is normal for a marine ecosystem. Dissolved oxygen levels are not reduced to anoxic conditions. Under these circumstances, there is no possibility of any of the chemicals or metals being leached into the water. Moreover, sediment samples collected from all the sites were
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Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamil Nadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River uncontaminated. As such no adverse impact due to dredging on the chemical characteristics of water or sediment is expected.
Impacts due to dredging and disposal of organic matter and nutrients
The release of organic rich sediments during dredging or disposal can result in the localised removal of oxygen from the surrounding water. Depending on the location and timing of the dredge this may lead to the suffocation of marine animals and plants within the localised area or may deter migratory fish or mammals from passing through. However, removal of oxygen from the water is only temporary, as tidal exchange would quickly replenish the oxygen supply. Therefore, in most cases where dredging is taking place in open coastal waters, this localised removal of oxygen has little, if any, effect on marine life.
Impacts due to contaminated sediments
Another possible impact is the release of toxicants from the sediment if the sediment is contaminated. In the case of contaminated sediment acute toxicity, chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation are the possible effects. But all these are short term and insignificant and no serious effects have been reported from any earlier instances or experimental studies.
In all the sites surveyed, the sediment samples analyzed did not show the presence of any appreciable levels of contamination and hence may not pose any such problems.
Impact on phytoplankton and primary productivity
Biomass of phytoplankton depends mainly on the availability of light in nutrient rich waters. Dredging and disposal may lead to increased turbidity and consequent reduction of light penetration for short periods. This may affect primary productivity and plankton biomass. However, turbidity due to dredging and dumping will be observed only in a localised area and only for a very short duration. Hence these impacts are not expected to be significant in nature.
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Impacts on benthos
The dredging and dumping generally affect the benthos. These are related to removal of the benthic organisms from the dredging site and burial of benthic organisms at the dumping site. The dredged material takes away most of the benthos along with it and while dumping it most of the organisms present are buried under the deposited material. This will result in reduced number and diversity of benthic organisms at the dumping site. However, earlier studies show that the dredged site will be colonized by benthic organisms within a very short time. Moreover biomass and diversity of benthos will also be restored to the earlier level within a very short time.
Benthic fauna did not contain any rare or endangered species and consisted of common species only. It can be expected that these species will colonize within a short time from dislodging.
Impacts on fisheries
The most important impact on fishes may be suspended solid load or changes in the food chain. The high turbidity due to heavy suspended solid load during dredging or disposal of dredged materials results in clogging of gills of fishes thereby causing asphyxiation. But since fishes are free swimming they very well avoid such areas and move to safer areas. Once the turbidity is over due to currents, they come back to the area. Due to this capability of the fishes there is no significant adverse impact on fishes and fisheries is expected on fisheries as a result of dredging.
b) Operation phase
No major impacts on water quality are anticipated during operation phase.
3.3 IMPACTS ON NOISE ENVIRONMENT
(a) Construction phase
The major sources of noise during construction phase are due to operation of various construction equipment. The noise levels generated by various construction equipments are given in Table-3.2.
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Under the worst case scenario, considered for prediction of noise levels during construction phase, it has been assumed that all the equipments are operating at a common point. Likewise, to predict the worst case scenario, attenuation due to various factors too have not been considered for noise modeling.
TABLE-3.2
Average noise levels generated by the operation of various construction equipment Equipment Noise level [dB(A)] Floating pontoon with mixer 70 machine and crane Winch machine 80 Transit mixer 75 Dumpers 75 Generators 85 Batching plant 90 Air compressors 90 Pile drivers 115
Modeling studies were conducted to assess the increase in noise level due to operation of various construction equipment, and the results are given in Table-3.3.
TABLE-3.3
Predicted noise levels due to the operation of various construction equipment Distance Ambient Increase in Noise level Increase in (m) noise level noise level due to ambient noise (dB(A)) due to construction level due to construction activities construction activities (dB(A)) activities (dB(A)) (dB(A)) 30 45 70 70 25 50 45 66 66 21 100 45 60 60 15 200 45 54 55 10 500 45 46 49 4 1000 45 36 46 1 1500 45 36 45.5 0.5 2000 45 34 45 -
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It is clear from Table 4.3 that at a distance of 100 m and 200 m from the construction site, the increase in noise levels will be about 10 dB(A) and 15 dB(A) respectively. The nearest residential areas are at a distance of about 1 km from the proposed project site. Hence, no adverse impacts are anticipated on noise levels due to the proposed project. b) Operation phase
No major impacts on noise environment are anticipated during project operation phase.
3.4 IMPACTS ON AIR ENVIRONMENT
(a) Construction phase
Impacts due to fugitive emissions
The major pollutant likely to be emitted due to construction of diesel in various
construction equipment shall be SO 2. The short-term increase in SO 2 concentration has been predicted using Gaussian plume dispersion model.
The maximum short-term increase in SO 2 shall be less 1 µg/m3. The incremental concentration is quite low and does not require any specific control measure. Thus, the operation of construction equipment is not expected to have any major impact on the ambient air quality as a result of the project. The soils in the project area are sandy in texture, and are likely to generate dust as a result of vehicular movement. However, the fugitive emissions generated due to vehicular movement are not expected to travel beyond a distance of 200 to 300 m. The impact on air environment during construction phase is not expected to be significant, since, there are habitation in the vicinity of the site.
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Department of Fisheries EIA Studies for Permanent Stability Government of Tamil Nadu of Coastal Inlet at Thamiraparani River
Impacts due to operation of construction equipment
The combustion of diesel in various construction equipment could be one of the possible sources of incremental air pollution during the construction phase. The fuel utilization rates of various equipments expected to be in operation during construction phase is given in Table-3.4. Under the worst case scenario, it has been considered that equipment used for construction of berth and earthwork at each site, are operating at a common point.
TABLE-3.4
Fuel combustion during construction phase ------Equipment Fuel consumption No. of Total fuel rate (lph) units consumption (l) ------Dumpers 30 4 120 Generators 30 2 60 Batching plant 40 1 40 Dumpers 20 4 80 Loaders and unloaders 25 3 75 Excavators 25 2 50 Water tanker 8 5 40 ------Total 465 ------
The short-term increase in SO 2 concentration has been predicted using Gaussian plume dispersion model. The results are summarized in Table-3.5.
TABLE-3.5
3 Short-term (24 hr) increase in concentration of SO 2 (µµµg/m ) ------Wind Distance (km) Speed ------(m/s) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ------0.2 2.60x10 -34 1.27x10 -10 6.36x10 -6 5.19x10 -4 0.85 1.56x10 -7 2.91x10 -4 2.43x10 -4 2.3x10 -4 1.53 4.08x10 -4 9.66x10 -4 2.33x10 -4 1.19x10 -3 2.78 6.03x10 -4 6.82x10 -4 1.44x10 -4 4.47x10 -5 4.30 5.22x10 -4 6.82x10 -4 1.44x10 -4 4.47x10 -5 5.98 3.91x10 -4 3.56x10 -4 7.05x10 -5 3.22x10 -4 7.00 3.78x10 -4 3.04x10 -4 6.04x10 -5 2.76x10 -5 ------
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It is evident from Table-3.5 that the maximum short-term increase in SO 2 is observed as 0.00119 µg/m 3, which is at a distance of 200 m from the emission source. The incremental concentration is quite low and does not require any specific control measure. Thus, the operation of construction equipment is not expected to have any major impact on the ambient air quality as a result of the project.
(b) Operation phase
No major impacts are anticipated on ambient air quality during project operation phase.
3.5 IMPACTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
During the construction stage, the peak labour force, skilled and unskilled labour, is estimated at about 100. Most of the labour will be from the local communities hence there shall be scope of employment for the local population.
The proposed construction of Jetty/Diaphragm wall, Dredging of the channel will help in free movement of fishing vessels in all the seasons of the year. This shall lead to an increase in the earning of the local fishermen and which will also lead to bloom in the local economy.
Thus, the proposed construction of Jetty / Diaphragm wall, dredging of the channel would have a significant positive impact on the overall economy of the area.
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CHAPTER-4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
4.1 GENERAL
The Environmental Management Plan proposes to integrate the baseline conditions, impacts likely to occur, and the supportive and assimilative capacity of the system. The most reliable way to achieve the above objective is to incorporate the management plan into the overall planning and implementation of the project. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed project is classified into the following categories:
Land Environment Water Environment Air Environment Control of Noise Greenbelt Development Shoreline monitoring
4.2 LAND ENVIRONMENT
The construction of groin would require large quantities of construction materials which shall be procured from nearby quarries. The impacts of the construction phase on the environment would be transient in nature lasting only till the construction activities continue. The surface roads, which are proposed to be utilized during construction, shall be black topped to avoid fugitive dust. These measures will reduce the entrainment of fugitive emissions to a large extent. Adequate provisions shall be made for timely repair of roads. On completion of construction the roads should be black topped.
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4.3 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
During construction phase, solid wastes so generated will contain mainly vegetable matter followed by paper, cardboard, packaging materials, wood boards, polythene, etc. The total solid waste to be generated would be of the order of 34 kg/day. Adequate facilities for collection and conveyance of municipal wastes generated at the disposal site shall be developed. A provision of Rs.1.42 million has been earmarked for the solid waste disposal. The details are given in Table-4.1.
TABLE-4.1 Cost estimates for solid waste management
S. Item Cost No. (Rs. million) 1. One covered tempo for conveyance of solid waste to the 1.00 landfill 2. Manpower cost for 2 persons @ Rs.5000/month for 1 year 0.12 3. Preparation of landfill site including surveying, levelling, 0.30 excavation, lining, etc. To tal 1.42
4.4 WATER ENVIRONMENT
The chemical and biological characteristics of marine water quality shall be monitored once in three months during project construction period. Both surface and bottom waters should be sampled and analysed. The parameters to be monitored are as follows: Marine Water
Physico-chemical parameters
- pH - Salinity - Conductivity - TDS - Turbidity - D.O - BOD - Phosphates - Nitrates - Sulphates
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- Chlorides Biological parameters
- Light penetration - Chlorophyll - Primary Productivity - Phytoplanktons (No. of species and their density) - Zooplanktons (No. of species and their density) Sediments
Physio-chemical parameters
- Texture - pH - Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen - COD - Sodium - Potassium - Phosphates - Chlorides - Sulphates Biological Parameters
- Benthic Meio-fauna - Benthic Macro-fauna The major source of water pollution in the construction and operation phases is the sewage generated by the workers and employees. During construction phase about 11 m 3/day of sewage is expected to be generated. It is proposed to construct 10 community toilets within the labour camps. An amount of Rs.30,000 is likely to be spent for construction of one community toilet. Thus, a total expenditure of Rs.0.3 million is likely to be incurred for this purpose.
The sewage can be treated in septic tank and disposed off over land through absorption trenches. It is proposed to construct one septic tank for treatment of sewage generated during construction phase. A provision of Rs.0.2 million has been earmarked for construction of septic tanks and absorption trenches. These facilities can be used in the project operation phase as well.
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As a part of control of water pollution 10 `Community toilets’ and 1 septic tank need to be constructed. The total cost required will be Rs.0.50 million. The details are given in Table 4.2. TABLE-4.2
Cost estimates for sanitary facilities for labour camps S. No. Unit Rate (Rs./u nit) Number Total cost (Rs.million) 1. Community toilets 30,000 10 0.30 2. Septic tanks 200,000 1 0.20 Total 0.50
4.5 AIR ENVIRONMENT
Control of Pollution due to increased vehicles The major source of air pollution in the proposed Maritime Museum is the increased vehicular movement due to the establishment of the proposed project. The movement of vehicles is likely to increase, due to increase in the number of tourist visiting in this area would lead to significant development in the area. Thus, as a control measure, vehicles emitting pollutants above the standards should not be allowed to ply either in the project construction or in the operation phases. Vehicles and construction equipment should be fitted with internal devices i.e. catalytic converters to reduce CO and HC emissions.
All the roads in the vicinity of the project site should be paved or black topped to minimize the entrainment of fugitive emissions. If any of the roads stretches cannot be black topped or paved due to some reason or the other, then adequate arrangements must be made to spray water on such stretches of the road.
4.6 CONTROL OF NOISE During construction phase, the use of various construction equipment is the major source of noise. However, based on the modeling studies, the noise due to operation of various construction equipment is not likely to have any adverse impact on the habitations in nearby habitats. However, efforts need
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to be made to reduce the noise generated by the various construction equipments.
4.7 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT
It is proposed to develop greenbelt around the proposed Maritime museum to mitigate pollution levels and aesthetics of the area. Depending upon the topo-climatological conditions and regional ecological status, selection of the appropriate plant species shall be made. The greenbelt development plan proposed would have the plantation at appropriate spacing. The width of the greenbelt will be 50m. About 1,600 trees per hectare are proposed to be planted. The maintenance of the plantation area will be done by the project proponents.
4.8 SHORELINE MONITORING
The monitoring program shall encompass the following surveys
Shoreline and bathymetry Surveys during construction as a part of monitoring surveys Shoreline Monitoring Surveys after completion of the project for a minimum of 10 years with close intervals of once in 4 months for the first 2 years and once in 6 months in the next 3 years and one time a year for the next 5 years. Bathymetric survey with single or multi-beam echo sounders once in a year for 5 years Morphology of emerged and submerged beaches;
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CHAPTER-5
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME
5.1 THE NEED
Monitoring is an essential component for sustainability of any developmental project. It is an integral part of any environmental assessment process. Any development project introduces complex inter-relationships in the project area between people, various natural resources, biota and the many developing forces. Thus, a new environment is created. It is very difficult to predict with complete certainty the exact post-project environmental scenario. Hence, monitoring of critical parameters is essential in the post-project phase.
Monitoring of environmental indicators signal potential problems and facilitate timely prompt implementation of effective remedial measures. It will also allow for validation of the assumptions and assessments made in the present study.
Monitoring becomes essential to ensure that the mitigation measures planned for environmental protection function effectively during the entire period of project operation. The data so generated also serves as a data bank for prediction of post-project scenarios in similar projects.
5.2 AREAS OF CONCERN
From the monitoring point of view, the important parameters are marine water quality, ambient air quality, noise, etc during project construction phase. An attempt is made to establish early warning system which indicate the stress on the environment. Suggested monitoring parameters and programmes are described in the subsequent sections.
5.3 MARINE WATER & SEDIMENT QUALITY
Construction phase
The chemical and biological characteristics of marine water quality shall be monitored once in three months during project construction phase. Both
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surface and bottom waters should be sampled and analysed. The parameters to be monitored are as follows:
Marine Water
Physico-chemical parameters
- pH - Salinity - Conductivity - TDS - Turbidity - D.O. - BOD - Phosphates - Nitrates - Sulphates - Chlorides Biological parameters
- Light penetration - Chlorophyll - Primary Productivity - Phytoplanktons (No. of species and their density) - Zooplanktons (No. of species and their density) Sediments
Physio-chemical parameters
- Texture - pH - Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen - COD - Sodium - Potassium - Phosphates - Chlorides - Sulphates Biological Parameters
- Benthic Meio-fauna - Benthic Macro-fauna
The marine water and sediment sampling and analysis are conducted by an external agency. A provision of Rs.0.8 million has been earmarked for this purpose.
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Operation Phase
The chemical characteristics of marine water quality should be monitored once in three months and biological parameters once a year during project operation phase. Both surface and bottom waters should be sampled and analysed. The parameters to be monitored are as follows:
Marine Water
Physico-chemical parameters
- pH - Salinity - Conductivity - TDS - Turbidity - D.O. - BOD - Phosphates - Nitrates - Sulphates - Chlorides Biological parameters
- Light penetration - Chlorophyll - Primary Productivity - Phytoplanktons (No. of species and their density) - Zooplanktons (No. of species and their density) Sediments
Physio-chemical parameters
- Texture - pH - Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen - COD - Sodium - Potassium - Phosphates - Chlorides - Sulphates Biological Parameters
- Benthic Meio-fauna - Benthic Macro-fauna
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The marine water and sediment sampling and analysis are conducted by an external agency. A provision of Rs.0.6 million/year has been earmarked for this purpose.
5.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
Construction Phase
Ambient air quality monitoring is recommended to be monitored at three stations close to the groyne construction site. The monitoring can be conducted for three seasons. For each season monitoring can be conducted twice a week for 4 consecutive weeks. The parameters to be monitored are
PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 and NO 2. An amount of Rs. 0.144 million has been earmarked for this purpose. This is based on the fact that the construction phase is to last for one year. The ambient air quality monitoring during project construction operation phase can be conducted by an agency approved by Tamilnadu Pollution control Board.
Operation phase
No monitoring measures have been recommended for ambient air quality monitoring during project operation phase.
5.5 NOISE
The noise level monitoring during construction phase will be carried out by the project staff and a noise meter can be purchased. An amount of Rs.0.05 million has been earmarked for this purpose.
5.6 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME
The summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project construction and operation phases is given in Tables-5.1 and 5.2 respectively.
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TABLE-5.1 Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project construction phase S. Aspects Parameters to be Frequency of Location No. monitored monitoring 1. Marine water Physico-chemical pH, Salinity, EC, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters TDS, Turbidity, months Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides. Biological Light penetration, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters Chlorophyll, Primary months Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons 2. Sediments Physico-chemical Texture, pH, Sodium, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters Potassium, months Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates Biological Benthic Meio-fauna, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters Benthic Macro-fauna months
3. Ambient air quality PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 and - Summer, Close to NO 2 Post- construction monsoon site(s) and Winter seasons.
- Twice a week for four consecutive weeks per season.
4. Noise Equivalent Noise During peak Construction Level construction Site(s) activities
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TABLE-5.2
Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project operation phase S. Aspects Parameters to be Fre quency of Location No. monitored monitoring 1. Marine water Physico-chemical pH, Salinity, EC, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters TDS, Turbidity, months Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides. Biological Light penetration, Once a year 3 to 4 sites parameters Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons 2. Sediments Physico-chemical Texture, pH, Once in three 3 to 4 sites parameters Sodium, months Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates Biological Benthic Meio- Once in a year 3 to 4 sites parameters fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna
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CHAPTER – 6 COST ESTIMATES
6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
The cost estimates for implementing EMP shall be Rs.2.92 million. The details are given in Table-6.1).
TABLE-6.1 Summary of cost estimate for implementing Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
S. No. Parameter Cost
(Rs. million)
1. Solid Waste Management 1.42
2. Sanitary facilities at labour camps 0.50
3. Purchase of noise meter 0.05
4. Implementation of Environmental Monitoring 0.95 Programme during construction phase (Refer Table- 6.2)
Total 2.92
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME
The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during construction phase is Rs.0.95 million. The details are given in Table-6.2.
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TABLE-6.2
Summary of cost estimates for implementation during
Project construction phase
S. No. Parameter Cost (Rs. million)
1. Marine Ecology 0.8
2. Ambient air quality 0.144
Total 0.944 say Rs. 0.95 million
The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during operation phase is Rs.0.60 million/year, which is required for marine water quality monitoring.
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CHAPTER – 7
CONCLUSIONS
The EIA Study was carried out to identify the impacts of the proposed permanent stabiity measure at the inlet of Thamiraparani at Punnakayal in Tiruchendur Taluk of Thoothukudi District. The conclusions of the study are as follows:
1. The proposal of improvement contemplates:
a. A 75 m wide lead channel dredged to -2.5 m depth below CD. The channel will extend from jetty end up to -3.0 m depth contour. This channel has been provided to facilitate navigation of boats.
2. The 2-D model studies indicate that with this arrangement the inlet will fall in erosion zone as such the same will be maintained.
3. Due to the presence of low littoral drift maintenance dredging is not anticipated at this stage. In absence of monsoon rain in some year removal of deposited materials at the inlet may be required if it restricts boat movement.
4. The marine water quality and ecology in and around the proposed project area is that of any normal coastal environment during the study period.
5. The project area has biological features charecteristics of any coastal area in the occurence, abuandance and biodiversity of biological community of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos and fishes. No rare, endangered, threatend marine speices were recorded during marine survey.
6. It is recommended that shoreline and habitat monitoring has to be carried out periodically.
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ANNEXURE-1
National Ambient Air quality Standards (NAAQS) Concentration of Ambient Air Ecologically Time Industrial, Sensitive S. POLLUTANTS Weighted Residential area Method of No. Average Rural and (notified by Measurement other area Central Government) 1 50 20 -Improved west and Annual* Sulphur Dioxide Gacke 3 (SO2) , µg/m 80 80 -Ultraviolet 24 hours ** fluorescence 2 40 30 - Modified Jacab & Nitrogen Annual* Hochheister (Na- Dioxide (NO2) , 3 80 80 Arsentire) µg/m 24 hours ** -Chemiluminescene 3 Particulate 60 60 -Gravimetric Matter (Size Annual* -TOEM less than 10, 100 100 -Beta attenuation µm) or PM10 , 24 hours ** µg/m3 4 Particulate 40 40 -Gravimetric Matter (Size Annual* -TOEM less than 2.5 , 60 60 -Beta attenuation µm) or PM2.5, 24 hours ** µg/m3 Note: * Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurement in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at a uniform intervals. ** 24 hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceeded the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
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ANNEXURE- 2
Ambient noise standards ------Area Category Limits in dB(A) Leq Code of Area ------Day time Night time ------A. Industrial Area 75 70 B. Commercial Area 65 55 C. Residential Area 55 45 D. Silence Zone 50 40 ------Notes: 1. Day time 6 AM and 9 PM 2. Night time is 9 PM and 6 AM 3. Silence zone is defined as areas upto 100 metres around such premises as hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be declared by competent authority. Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zones. 4. Environment (Protection) Third Amendment Rules, 2000 Gazettee notification, Government of India, date 14.2.2000.
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Annexure-3
Maximum permissible level or condition of water pollutants discharged into the environment
WAPCOS Limited Page 1 of 1 Annexure-I (A Govt. of India Undertaking)
GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES
Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Planning for permanent stability of Coastal inlet at Thamiraparani River (Punnakayal)
WAPCOS LIMITED
(A GOVERNMENT OF INDIA UNDERTAKING) Flat No.2C,IInd Floor, Jai Durga Apartment,38/2 First Avenue, Ashok Nagar, Chennai-600 083 Tel: 044-24710477 Fax: 044-24174424 Email: [email protected]
APRIL 2014 Department of Fisheries Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Planning for permanent Government of Tamilnadu stability of Coastal inlet at Thamiraparani River (Punnakayal)
Contents
Description Page No
1. Introduction 1
2. Profile of past Experience 2
3. Hazard Analysis 4
4. Risk Assessment 7
5. Disaster Management 8
WAPCOS Centre for Environment
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Tsunami disaster of December 26, 2004 had devastated many areas along the Indian coast. The state of Tamilnadu was the worst hit area, which left a trail of disaster. It is estimated that about 8000 persons were killed in the disaster and damages were caused to the assets of fishermen. The damages to the fisheries infrastructure includes damages to the fishing harbour, fish landing centre and closure or shifting of bar mouths which led to restricted access to the movement of fishing crafts into the sea.
The World Bank has come forward to provide financial assistance under Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project (ETRP) and Coastal Disaster Risk Reduction Project (CDRRP) for reconstruction and modernisation of Fishing Harbour, Construction of Fish Landing Centre and stability of bar mouth in the coastal inlets. The permanent stability of coastal inlet at Tamirabarani River (Punnakayal) is one such project taken up under ETRP/CDRRP.
Geographical Locations of the District and Project site
Thoothukudi District lies between latitude 8o 45’ Northern and longitude 78o 11’ Eastern with an area of about 4635 Sq.km. The district is bounded on west by Tirunelveli District, on the north by Virudhunagar and Ramanathapuram district, on south by Bay of Bengal and on the east by Bay of Bengal. It is situated 640 kms southeast of the state Head Quarters, Chennai. The project site of Punnakayal, the confluence point of river Thamiraparani with the sea is situated in Tiruchendur Taluk of Thoothukudi District.
District Administrations
The District is divided into 3 revenue divisions, 8 administrative taluk and 480 Revenue villages.
Rivers, Rainfall and Climate
There is only one main river Thamirabarani flowing in the district from west to eastern directions. This district depends upon both monsoons for its rain. In the coastal region , during the North East monsoon is heavy and in the interior region, it is lighter. This district has the typical climate with high humidity and relatively to moderate temperature through the year.
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The rainfall occurs mostly in the months of October, November and December. During the period from October to January, the climate remains relatively cooler. From February, the early summer sets in and in the month of April, May, June, July and are August are hot months.
Industries, Ports and Transport
Industries
The major private industries in the district are as follows:
SPIC at Thoothukudi TAC at Thoothukudi Sterlite at Thoothukudi Dharangadhare chemical works in Authoor Bharat Power Plant, Ottapidaram Coastal emergent limited, Ottapidaram
Ports
The district has only one major port namely Thoothukudi VOC Port , which was started on 1st April 1980. Export of cement and fertilizer and imports of fuel, chemicals and oils etc are being carried out.
Transport
The district is adequately served by all well laid networks of roads and railways. All the taluks are connected with state high ways. There is one Airport in this district at Vagaikulam of Thoothukudi taluk (15 km away from Thoothukudi)
2.0 PROFILE OF PAST EXPERIENCE
Tsunami
Thoothukudi district is one among the 13 coastal districts, which was struck by the Tsunami on 26.12.2004. As many as 23 coastal villages were affected in this district due to unprecedented devastation. The Tsunami affected villages comprised in six taluks are located along the 120 km stretch of the south east coast of Tamilnadu.
The particulars of villages affected are as follows:
Vilathikulam Taluk –Vembar,Periyasamypuram,Keelavaippar.Sippikulam
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Ottapidaram Taluk- Pattanemandur,Thiruvaikulam,Vellapatti Thoothukudi Taluk- Siluvaipatti, Loorthamalpuram, Thoothukudi North, Thoothukudi South Srivaikudam Taluk- Paleyakayal, Ratchayapuram ThiruchendurTaluk- Punnakayal, Kombuthurai, Singithurai, Veerapandiyapattinam, Jeevanagar, Amalinagar, Alanthalai, Kulasekarapattinam, Manapad. Sattankulam Taluk- Periathalai
Majority of the people are fishermen living in this villages and depend upon fishing only for their livelihood.The unprecedented devastation caused by the Tsunami claimed three human lives:
Vilathikulam Taluk – 1 No Tiruchendur Taluk – 1 No Sathankulam Taluk– 1 No
Rescue operations
Emergency Rescue teams comprising staff of Revenue, Development, Public health, Fire service and Police Department were formed and pressed into rescue operations. The Rescue teams evacuated 3029 families from low lying areas where the sea water engulfed the habitations.
Medical camps
Medical assistance to the inmates of 23 relief camps was provided by the Public Health Department.13 medical teams consisting of doctors, Paramedical workers, Block Health Inspectors were formed and medical care rendered to the affected people staying in the relief camps. All the people were immunised against contagious diseases and treated for all ailments.
Recent Rain and Monsoon damages
During March 2008, unprecedented rains lasted in the district. During this rain 367 villages were affected and 15 villages got marooned.3489 people were evacuated and were accommodated in relief centres.
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During North East monsoon 2008, there was widespread rain. There was heavy flood/ cyclone damage. Due to heavy rains 481 houses were partly damaged and 190 houses fully damaged.
During North East monsoon 2009, there was widespread rain followed by heavy flood. 407 houses were damaged due to this.
During North East monsoon 2010, roads, irrigation sources were damaged. During 2011 also North east monsoon rains, roads, irrigation sources and crops were damaged.
3.0 HAZARD ANALYSIS
The following are five major classification of disaster:
Water and Climate related disaster Geologically related disaster Chemical, industrial and nuclear disaster Accident related disaster Biological related disaster
Water and Climate related disaster:
Cyclone
This district has a coast line of about 110km and hence is highly prone to cyclone, which are the part of North East Monsoon Season.The Classification of Tropical disturbance over the Indian seas are given below:
System classification Maximum sustained winds in knots in kmph Low Pressure area Less than 17 Less than 31 Depression 17-27 31-49 Deep Depression 28-33 50-61 Cyclonic Storm 34-47 62-88 Severe Cyclonic storm 48-63 89-118 Very severe cyclonic 64-119 119-221 storm Super cyclone 120 and above 222 and alone
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Storm Surge
It is the term used to denote the rapid rise in the sea level associated with a cyclone. It occurs along the sea coast to the right of the tract of the cyclone, a few hours before the cyclone strikes the coast. A sea level rise of 2 to 3 meters is common, but with very severe cyclones, the rise can be 5 metre or more. The rise in sea inundates the low lying land areas of the coast drowning humans and livestock, eroding beaches and embankments, destroying vegetation. Increasing salinity, reducing soil fertility and causing contamination of drinking water.
Storm Surge depends on the following factors:
Intensity of the system Bathymetry (Bottom topography) of the sea coast Coastal configuration The angle at which the cyclone hits the coast
Vulnerability to storm surge is not uniform along the Indian coast. The following segments of the east coast are most vulnerable to high surge.
North Orissa and West Bengal coast. Andhra Pradesh coast between Ongole and Machilipattinam TamilNadu coast south of Nagapattinam
Gales
Very strong winds may cause damage to installations and structures, dwelling communication system and trees resulting in loss of life and property.In the case of fully developed tropical cyclone wind system in the Horizontal plane near the sea surface consists of 4 zones.
A calm central area, often circular varying between 10 to 30 km in diameter, where the winds are very light, skies, mostly clear or lightly clouded, no rain and the temperature significantly warmer than in the clouded zone outside this area. This area is called the eye of the storm. An inner ring of hurricane force winds (speed 90kmph or more and 50 – 150 km on width) and torrential rain.
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Department of Fisheries Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Planning for permanent Government of Tamilnadu stability of Coastal inlet at Thamiraparani River (Punnakayal)
An outer storm area in which winds are less strong (20-30kmph). There is an asymmetry of rainfall pattern, clouds, winds etc. about the centre of the cyclone over this zone. Rainfall is also not continuous. The outer most area weak circulation characterised by partially cloudy weather and light rain.
Chemical, industrial and Nuclear disaster
There are three major chemical industries viz
Southern petro chemical industries in Thoothukudi Taluk Dharangahare chemical limited in Tiruchendur taluk and Sterlite copper industry in Thoothukudi Taluk.
Since this area is liable for this disaster, action has been taken by the district authorities and disaster management plan has been evolved.
Accident related disaster
Highways
National Highways NH 45B crosses this district through kovilpatti and Vilathikulam taluks from Madurai to Thoothukudi, another National Highway NH 7 or East coast Road from Madurai to Kanyakumari, crossing through Vilathikulam, Ettayapuram,ottapidaram, Thoothukudi, Tiruchendur and Sattankulam Taluk.
The length of national highways, state Highways and other roads are furnished as below:
National Highways – 112Km State highways – 336km Major District Roads-269km Other District Roads- 1388 km East Coast Road- Work in progress.
Biological Related Disaster
In this category, two hazards namely cattle epidemics, food poisoning has been identified as the major hazard. The district authority has planned adequate disaster management plans to deal with the above two Biological related Management plans.
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Department of Fisheries Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Planning for permanent Government of Tamilnadu stability of Coastal inlet at Thamiraparani River (Punnakayal)
4.0 RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk is the probability of occurrence of an event,which causes emergency and results in hazard, which adversely affects the mankind and the nature. Risk analysis deals with the systematic use of available information to determine
Frequency of hazard Quantum of its probable consequence
The Risk of disaster is related to
The Hazard How vulnerability of a locality to it and How will, the hazard and the vulnerability are managed
Risk analysis involves the following steps:
Assessment of hazard Vulnerability and capacity assessment Prioritisation of actions.
Hazard assessment
Cyclone
Thoothukudi is situated in the east west of India in Bay of Bengal and the occurance of cyclone is quite common in Bay of Bengal as is evident from the fact that in the Bay of Bengal totally 295 cyclonic storm have been observed, of which 99 were severe cyclonic storm compare to only 38 total cyclonic storms observed in Arabian sea of which 21 were severe cyclonic storms during the last century.
Flood
The Coastal district is having a few number of rivers and many major water tanks for irrigation purpose with very gradually sloping land. This district is prone to floods in low lying areas, in coastal areas and areas near to rivers and major water tanks. Added to it is the cyclonic rain which takes place mainly during the North – East monsoon months of October, November, and December.
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Department of Fisheries Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Planning for permanent Government of Tamilnadu stability of Coastal inlet at Thamiraparani River (Punnakayal)
List of places which are considered to be vulnerable to floods and cyclone due to the situation in sea-coast or river banks or in low lying areas.
Tiruchendur Taluk:
1) Athinattapuram 2) Alwar Thirunagar 3) Alagiamane valapuram 4) Thirukalur 5) Then therperai 6) Madaviparnai 7) Rajapathi 8) Sethukuvaithan 9) Melaathoor 1o) Authoor curba 11) Senthamagalam 12) Punnakayal (Coastal area mostly lowerly area) 13) Kayalpattinam 14) Veerapandiyapattinam 15) Tiruchendur 16) Alanthalai 17) Kulasekaranpattinam 18) Manapad
5.0. DISASTER MANAGEMENT India is a disaster prone country due to its geographic locations on the globe, geological formation and due to long coast line.Due to natural factors and also due to activities of Human beings, disaster becomes in inevitable for the mankind. Disaster cannot be stopped completely or fully eliminated, but its adverse effects can be minimised by taking appropriate steps. Disaster Management is nothing but sum total of the effects taken before, during and immediately after a disaster to minimise the damages.
Objectives and goals of the plan
When disaster threatens or strike a jurisdiction, people expect direct administration to take immediate action to solve their problems. A systematic approach is to treat each section as on phase of a comprehensive process, with each phase building on the accomplishments of the preceding one. The overall goal is to minimise the impact caused by an emergency in the jurisdiction.
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Department of Fisheries Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Planning for permanent Government of Tamilnadu stability of Coastal inlet at Thamiraparani River (Punnakayal)
The plan cover the broad sections of i) Mitigation ii) Preparedness iii) Response and iv) Recovery
Mitigation
The action involves lasting, often permanent, reduction of exposure to, probability of or potential loss from hazard events. They tend to focus on where and how to build.
Examples include: Zoning and building code requirements for rebuilding in high hazard area, flood plain buyouts and analyses of flood plain and other hazard related data to determine where it is safe to build in normal times, to open shelter in emergencies, or to locate temporary housing in the aftermath of a disaster.
Cost effective mitigation measures are the key to reducing disaster losses in the long term. In hazard prone areas, mitigation can break the cycle of having to rebuild and rebuild again with every recurrence of floods, cyclones, earthquakes etc.
Preparedness
When mitigation can make communities safer, it does not eliminate risk and vulnerability for all hazards. Administration should be ready to face emergency threats that have not been mitigated away. Since emergencies often evolved rapidly and became too complex for effective improvisation , a Government can successfully discharge its emergency managements responsibilities only by taking certain action before an, preparedness involves establishing authorities and responsibilities for emergency actions and covering the resources to support them, a jurisdiction must assign or draft staff for emergency management duties and designate or procure facilities, equipment and other resources for carrying out assigned duties.
Response
The onset of an emergency creates a need for time-sensitive actions to save lives and property, as well as for action to begin stabilizing the situation so that the district can regroup. Such response actions include notifying emergency
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Department of Fisheries Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Planning for permanent Government of Tamilnadu stability of Coastal inlet at Thamiraparani River (Punnakayal)
management personnel of the crisis, warning and evacuating or sheltering the population if possible, keeping the population informed, rescuing individuals and providing medical treatment, maintaining the rule of law, assessing damage, addressing mitigation issues that arise from response activities, and even requesting help from outside the district.
Recovery
Recovery is the effort to restore infrastructure and the social and economic life of a community to normal, but it should incorporate mitigation as a goal. For the short term, recover may mean bringing necessary life line system upto an acceptable standard while providing for basic human needs. Once some stability is achieved, the administration can begin recovery efforts for the long term, restoring economic activity and rebuilding community facilities and family housing with attention to long term mitigation needs.
Criticality of Multi-Disaster Planning:
The centre piece of comprehensive emergency management is the Disaster Management Planning (DMP).
Stages of DMP:
The DMP defines the scope of preparedness activity necessary to make the DMP, more than a more paper place. Training and exercise, in particular depend on an DMP. The DMP facilities response and short term recovery (which set the stage for successful long term-recovery). Response actions are time sensitive, with little allowance for delay are “mind-course corrections”. And some port disaster mitigation issues such as rebuilding and placement of temporary housing facilities also must be addressed quickly. DMP is flexible enough for use in all emergencies including unforeseen events – provides a community with an emergency management “ bottom-line”.
All hazard DMP helps the community start from a position of relative security.
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Department of Fisheries Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Planning for permanent Government of Tamilnadu stability of Coastal inlet at Thamiraparani River (Punnakayal)
Plans of DMP
Mitigation Plans
The District Administration may Outline its strategy for mitigation of the hazards it faces. Existing plans of various departments for mitigating hazards are relevant to a DMP, particularly to a short-term recovery decision-making, which can affect prospects for effective implementation of a mitigation strategy aimed at reducing the long term risk to human life and property in the district.
Preparedness Plans
Preparedness planning covers three objectives:
Maintaining existing emergency management capability in readiness. Emergency management capabilities from themselves falling victim to emergencies and, Augmenting the districts emergency management capability. Such plans would include, the process and schedule for identifying and meeting training needs; the process and schedule for developing, conducting and evaluating exercises and correcting identified deficiencies, and plans to procure or build facilities and equipment that can with hand the effect of hazards facing the jurisdiction. Recovery Plans A DMP does not spell out recovery actions beyond damage assessment and the actions necessary to satisfy the immediate life support needs of disaster victims; the DMP would provide for a transition to a recovery plan, if any exists and for a stand-down of response forces. Need for District Disaster Plan It is necessary for the following reasons:
To serve as the basis for effective response to any hazard that threatens the district. Facilitate integration of mitigation into response and recovery activities. Facilitate coordination between various departments of Government, between the Government agencies and Voluntary organizations and, Make public aware and sensitived and therefore prepared to face any hazard that threatens the district.
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Department of Fisheries Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Planning for permanent Government of Tamilnadu stability of Coastal inlet at Thamiraparani River (Punnakayal)
With the overall support and guidance from State Level Disaster Management Authorities and if need be, with the National Level Agencies assistance, a Disaster Management Plan to handle the disaster is likely to take place in a district becomes a necessity for District Administration. Disaster Day Every year 29th October is observed as National Day for Disaster Reduction by carrying out Disaster awareness campaigns, conducting mock drills, processions, painting and essay competition for the school children as per special commissioner and commissioner of Revenue Administrations order dated 16.10.2003. India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN) A data base with reference to the resource / inventory Network called India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN) has been created by the Government on the website www.irdn.gov.in. All types of resources needed at the time of disaster response have been collected from various line departments and the Data Entry has been completed. The data base is being updated on quarterly basis. Four Digit Dial Phone 1077: A toll free four digit public utility service telephone No. 1077 with incoming facility has been installed at the Flood Control Room in this district. This four digit Telephone is liable to receive calls through ‘95’ O (STD). The officials are appointed to receive the message on round the clock. Emergency operation centre: The Government of India have proposed to set up Emergency operation centre / round the clock rooms in every State / District Head quarters with a view to strengthening the disaster response. The EOC are being set up with reference to the disaster preparedness and post disaster scenario. In Tuticorin, EOC has been constructed at the entrance of the collectors office complex. Details of Emergency Rescue Kit in EOC Hardware Items: 1. Concrete / Metal cutters - 1 2. Crow bar - 2 3. Electric saw - 1 4. Folding stretches 3 fold - 5 5. Hammer - 2 6. Rope ladder 30 feet - 2 7. Hand Axe - 2
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Department of Fisheries Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Planning for permanent Government of Tamilnadu stability of Coastal inlet at Thamiraparani River (Punnakayal)
8. Spade - 4 9. Solid ladder - 4 10. Battery operated Head light – 4 11. Gas / Petromax lights - 5 12. Gum Boots - 6 13. Combo minimax thermometer, Barometer -1 14. Safety googles - 5 Medical Item: 1. Standard First Aid Kits - 5 2. Gloves with lining - 2 Communication Equipments: 1. Inverter for Power back-up - 1 2. Laser Printer - 1 3. Computer - 1 4. Combo Printer, Scanner, Fax - 1 5. Photo Copier - 1 6. Laptop - 1 7. Digital Camera - 1 8. Land line Telephone - 1 9. Mobile phone GSM /CDMA - 1 10. Wireless / VHF set - 1 11. Megaphone with siren - 1 12. Generator Set - 1 13. Overhead Projector / LCD Panel - 1 14. Co2 Fire Extinguisher - 1 15. Computer - 1 16. Laptop - 2 17. IPad - 1 18. Ricoh Printer - 1 19. Fax Machine - 1 Police Department: The Police department will assist the Departmental officials in the evacuation and rescue operations. They will communicate important messages and warnings through wireless. They will be patrolling all river beds, transport insulations including railways at time of crisis. Besides police, the Home Guards personnel will also be utilized. During monsoon all relief centers in district and the police stations will be connected through wireless and will function all the 24 hours. The police Department officials will be informed to ensure the safety of riverbed areas
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WAPCOS Centre for Environment
Department of Fisheries Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Planning for permanent Government of Tamilnadu stability of Coastal inlet at Thamiraparani River (Punnakayal)
in co-operation with the line departments and also to maintain law and order situation in the vulnerable areas. Phone Numbers of Important Police Stations nearby the Project Area:
SL.NO Officers and Station STD Code Phone Nos
1. Tiruchendur Camp office 04639 245100 2. Tiruchendur 04639 242241 3. Tiruchendur Temple 04639 246100 4. Arumuganeri 04639 280350 5. Athoor 04639 238411 6. Kulasekare Pattinaru 04639 250286 7. AWPS (Tiruchendur) 04639 246111
Police Department:
Officer Office Mobile
Deputy Superintending of 0461-2321150 9442603399 Police (Urban)
Deputy Superintending of 0461-2323093 9443301356 Police (Rural)
Deputy Superintending of 0461-2341001 9994579561 Police (Coast Guard)
Deputy Superintending of 04639-245100 9443130520 Police,Tiruchendur
Fire & Rescue Services Department: The fire & rescue service has an important role in the rescue operations. They are having fire fighting materials. They will also help in controlling floods by taking out the stagnated water. The officials are supposed to coordinate along with the local revenue, Fisheries and Police officials in managing situations during the monsoon period.
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Department of Fisheries Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Planning for permanent Government of Tamilnadu stability of Coastal inlet at Thamiraparani River (Punnakayal)
Details of Equipments available in Fire & Rescue Department 1. Divisional office - Jeep No. TN 09 G 0580 & Bike No. TN 01 G 4457 2. Thoothukudi office - Jeep No. TN 66 G 0240 & Bike No. TN 01 G 5647 3. Tiruchendur office - Jeep No. TN 66 G 0241
Relief and Rescue Equipments available:
1. Life Buoy - 26 Nos. 2. Life Jacket - 27 Nos. 3. Lifting Bag- 2 4. Pneumatic Jack-1 5. Door breaker – 1 6. Power cutter – 1 7. Power Saw – 1 8. Generator – 1 9. Ropes -103 10. Aluminum Suit – 2 11. Asbestos Suit – 3 12. Acid Suit – 1 13. Fire Entry Suit – 1 14. Smoke Exhauster – 1 15. Compressor – 1 16. Bubber boat – 2 17. Inflattable Emergency Lighting System – 1 Health Department: This is headed by a Joint Director of Health. Necessary Doctors are available in the District Headquarters Hospital, Medical College Hospital and primary Health Centres. Necessary drugs and medicines are available in sufficient quantity in all the units of Govt. Hospital. The medical team and 108 Ambulance in all Government Hospital are kept ready to meet any emergency caused due to disastable including the North-East monsoon cyclone, Low pressure, Floods etc. Control Room and Contact Numbers Emergency operation resources Installation and operation of VHF / HF Equipment In pursuance of the orders of the Govt., Equipments have been installed and functioning with effect from 20.03.2013. The VHF ( Wireless Two way
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Department of Fisheries Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Planning for permanent Government of Tamilnadu stability of Coastal inlet at Thamiraparani River (Punnakayal)
communication System) will be used effectively during the North – East Monsoon Period. 1. Collectors office, Thoothukudi – 1 set 2. District Revenue Officers Vehicle- 1 set 3. Revenue Divisional officers office, Tiruchendur – 1 set 4. Taluk office – 1 set The mobile VHF equipments have also been installed with vehicles of the above officers. Name and Designation of officers to be contacted in the case of emergency
Office Residence Mobile No Collector, Thoothukudi 0461-2340600 0461-2320050 9444186000 Superintendent of Police, 0461-2340200 0461-2324300 9442154900 Thoothukudi District revenue Officer 0461-2340400 0461-2340999 9445000929 Revenue Divisional Officer 04639-245165 0461-245458 9445000480 Joint Director of 0461-2320673/ - 9443571160 Fisheries(Marine) 0461-2320458
Meteorological Department, Chennai The information on weather and early warning can be obtained from Meteorological department, Chennai.
Deputy Director General 044 – 28276752 Director, Area cyclone warning centre 044 - 28229860 Deputy Officer( Round the clock) 044 – 28271951 044 – 28271004 044 - 28271014
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