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Global Health Watch 3 an Alternative World Health Report

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Global Health Watch 3 an Alternative World Health Report GLOBAL HEALTH WATCH 3 AN ALTERNATIVE WORLD HEALTH REPORT Global Health Watch Zed Books London | new York Global Health Watch 3: An Alternative World Health Report was first published in 2011 by Zed Books Ltd, 7 Cynthia Street, London n1 9jf, uk and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, nY 10010, usa www.zedbooks.co.uk Copyright © People’s Health Movement, Medact, Health Action International, Medicos International and Third World Network, 2011 The right of People’s Health Movement, Medact, Health Action International, Medicos International and Third World Network to be identified as authors of this Work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Set Monotype Plantin and FontFont Kievit by Ewan Smith, London Index: … Cover designed by Jason Anscombe, Rawshock Design Printed and bound in Great Britain by … Distributed in the usa exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of St Martin’s Press, llc, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, nY 10010, usa All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of Zed Books Ltd. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data available IsBn 978 1 78032 034 2 hb IsBn 978 1 78032 033 5 pb CONTENTS Boxes, tables, charts | vii Photographs | ix Acronyms | ii Acknowledgements | ii Introduction . .1 Section A The global political and economic architecture A1 Economic crisis and systemic failure: why we need to rethink the global economy . .9 Section B Health systems: current issues and debates B1 Primary health care: a review and critical appraisal of its ‘ revitalisation’ . 45 B2 Financing health care: aiming for long-term solutions. 61 B3 Health financing models that make health systems work: case studies from Costa Rica, Sri Lanka and Thailand . 83 B4 Dysfunctional health systems: case studies from China, India and the US . 97 B5 Achieving a shared goal: free universal health care in Ghana . 119 B6 Maternal mortality: need for a broad framework of intervention. .124 B7 Research for health . .133 B8 Pandemic influenza preparedness: in search of a global health ethos . 146 B9 Mental health and inequality . 154 Section c Beyond health care C1 The global food crisis . .165 C2 Health information, conflict, and the right to health . 178 C3 Trade and health. 187 C4 The future is now: genetic promises and speculative finance . .199 C5 Climate crisis . .211 C6 Challenging the population: climate connection . .220 Section D Watching D1 World health organisation: captive to conflicting interests . .229 D2 UNICEF and the ‘medicalisation’ of malnutrition in children . .249 D3 Conflicts of interest within philanthrocapitalism . .267 D4 The pharmaceutical industry and pharmaceutical endeavour . .275 D5 Health and global security: reasons for concern . .289 D6 The international health partnership+: glass half full or half empty?. .296 D7 New reproductive technologies . .304 Section e Resistance, actions, and change E1 The movement for change . 315 E2 The right to health: from concept to action. 335 E3 Cuba’s international cooperation in health . .351 Contributors | 360 Index | 0 BOXES, TABLES, CHARTS Boxes B1 PHC and the Aboriginal community in australia . .0 B2 The politics of aid . .0 B5 Overview of the health system in ghana. .0 B6.1 Human rights and maternal mortality . .0 B6.2 Institutional deliveries – not a panacea . .0 B7.1 Alternative indicators of social progress. .0 B7.2 Cooperative research centre for Aboriginal health . .0 c1 What is a futures market? . .0 c2 Death and injury in conflict: who, when, and where . .0 c3.1 ‘TRIPS plus’ measures in FTAs . .0 c3 FTAs – the devil lies in the details. .0 d2.1 Plumpy’nut and patents . .0 d2.2 From Ann Veneman to Anthony Lake . .0 d2.3 The great vitamin A fiasco. .0 d4 Medicines in search of a disease . .0 d6 Signatories of IHP+ . .0 e1.1 The international people’s health university . .0 e1.2 Changing from within . .0 e2.1 Campaign on patients’ rights. .0 e2.2 RTH campaign in Guatemala . .0 e2.3 Fighting for the human right to health care in the United States . .0 Tables B3.1 Costa Rica: expenditure on health: comparison with some Latin American countries . .0 B3.2 Comparison of development indicators (by the late 1970s): Sri Lanka with other regions . .0 B3.3 Sri Lanka – key health indicators B3.4 Sri Lanka – share of health expenditure by function and source in 2006 . .0 B3.5 Thailand: progress in health insurance coverage . .0 B3.6 Catastrophic expenditure by households, 2000–06 . .0 B4.1 Share of households’ OOP and drug spending in India, 2004/05 . .0 B4.2 India: out-of-pocket expenditure on health care: 1993/94 and 2004/05 . .0 viii | BOXES, TABLES, CHARTS Charts a1.1 World real GDP and trade growth, 1992–2011 . .0 a1.2 World fuel prices, 1980–2010. .0 a1.3 World cereal prices, 1980–2010 . .0 a1.4 Linkages between crises and root causes . .0 a1.5 Growth of global fossil fuel CO2 emissions . .0 a1.6 Net private financial flows (excluding direct investment), developing countries, 1980–2009. .0 a1.7 Tertiary enrolment ratios and tertiary migration (rates by income level, 2000) . .0 B2.1 Sources of health care financing, selected low and middle income countries, 2000 . .0 B2.2 The rapid removal of health user fees in Africa since 2000 . .0 B2.3 Average tax revenues by country income levels, 2000 . .0 B3.1 Costa Rica: total expenditure and general government expenditure on health as a percentage of GDP . .0 B3.2 Sri Lanka: public expenditure on health as a percentage of GDP, 1977–2009. .0 B3.3 Share of government and private health expenditure in Thailand, 1995–2009. .0 B4.1 Health expenditure in India, 2008/09 . .0 B4.2 Public expenditure on health in India (as percentage of GDP) . .0 B4.3 Health insurance coverage in India, 2010 . .0 B6.1 Regional distribution of maternal deaths . .0 c1.1 Number of undernourished people worldwide . .0 c1.2 Price volatility of food grains . .0 c1.3 Changes in wheat price . .0 c1.4 Primary commodity prices and OTC futures contracts . .0 c5.1 Fair and actual share of carbon budget available . .0 c5.2 Control over the carbon budget by delaying deep cuts in emissions . .0 d1.1 Sources of voluntary contributions to WHO’s budget . .0 d1.2 Breakdown of contributions by member states to WHO’s budget – 2008–2009. .0 e1.1 Six domains of global governance . .0 e2.1 ‘Good’ ratings for village-level health services across 220 villages in Maharashtra over three phases of CBM . .0 e2.2 Improvement in immunisation services over three phases of CBM . .0 PHOTOGRAPHS 1 Construction boom in China (Chongging) . 0 2 Sign on a building in the US, November 2008 . 0 3 Anti-WTO protests in Hong Kong . 0 4 Police stop ant-G8 protestors in Rome, May 2009 . 0 5 Rag-pickers in Nairobi, Kenya: social and economic development are key components of PHC . 0 6 Woman in a shanty in Cape Town, South Africa: persisting social and economic inequity in LMICs . 0 7 Demise of primary health care. 0 8 Rally for equity in health at Peoples Health Assembly, Cuenca, Ecuador, 2005 . 0 9 Medical college in Tianjin . 0 10 Demonstration for free health care in India. 0 11 Separation of health financing and provisioning can mean public financing of the private sector . 0 12 Memorial to Rudolph Virchow in Berlin . 0 13 Demonstration for health care reform in the US, October 2009 . 0 14 Women’s health problems are often seen only in relation to child- bearing . 0 15 Women patients at a hospital in Madhya Pradesh, India where several deaths took place over a short period . 0 16 Research on broader determinants of health is neglected . 0 17 Health research is not prioritised. 0 18 Flaws in the peer review system . 0 19 Man with a mask to protect against influenza in a subway in Buenos Aires, June, 2009 . 0 20 Contrary to claims the food crisis was not brought about by increased demand in India and China. 0 21 Biofuels have taken over agricultural land . 0 22 Ethanol bio fuel refinery . 0 23 Paddy field in Hechuan, China. 0 24 Activists demanding equitable access to food: US Social Forum, Atlanta, 2007 . 0 25 Tamil protestors in Geneva demonstrating against military operations in Sri Lanka, February 2009 . 0 26 Demonstration by HIV+ve groups against Indo-EU FTA, New Delhi 0 x | PHOTOGRAPHS 27 Free trade or unfair trade? . 0 28 The counterfeit confusion . 0 29 Protest in New Delhi against introduction of genetically modified brinjal . 0 30 Much of biotech research does not address real needs. 0 31 Dry and barren landscape . 0 32 Electric lines criss-cross over a remote village in India; access to energy is still a huge problem in developing countries . 0 33 Climate change demonstration in Copenhagen, December, 2009 . 0 34 Demonstration in Geneva at the World Health Assembly, May, 2008 . 0 35 WHO is unfairly chracterised as just a technical agency . 0 36 WHO’s role as an independent organisation is at risk . 0 37 Two malnourished Nigerian children during the Nigerian-Biafran civil war, 1968: not enough has changed in many parts of the world in the last 3 decades. 0 38 Homeless woman with child in New Delhi, 2007 . 0 39 Child in Senossa, Mali. 0 40 Generic medicines shop in Chittorgarh, India: outcome of an innovative programme by the administration to promote generic medicines .
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