SITKA NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK THE ARCHEOLOGY OF THE FORT UNIT
VOLUME 2: SURVEY, TESTING AND ANALYTICAL DATA
by William J. Hunt, Jr.
Midwest Archeological Center Occasional Studies No. 35 Volume 2
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Midwest Archeological Center
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Midwest Archeological Center Lincoln, Nebraska 2010 This report has been reviewed against the criteria contained in 43CFR Part 7, Subpart A, Section 7.18 (a) (1) and, upon recommendation of the Midwest Regional Office and the Midwest Archeological Center, has been classified as
Not Available
Making the report available meets the criteria of 43CFR Part 7, Subpart A, Section 7.18 (a) (1). TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1: Artifact Data...... 1
Prehistoric Artifacts Identified and/or Collected Within the Fort Unit of Sitka National Historical Park, 1940-2008...... 2
Historic Artifacts Collected During the 2005 Field Season...... 6
Historic Artifacts Collected During the 2006 Field Season...... 10
Uncollected modern objects identified in the field, 2006...... 15
Historic Objects Identified and Recovered in 2007...... 16
Uncollected Modern Objects Identified in the Field, 2007...... 24
2007 Cataloged Miscellaneous Material Samples and Objects...... 24
Historic Artifacts Collected During the 2008 Field Season...... 26
Section 2: Charcoal Location Data, Radiocarbon Dates, Tephra, and Protein Residue Analyses...... 41
Shovel Tested Locations Where Charcoal Was Encountered...... 42
Radiocarbon Dates Associated With Fort Unit Archeological Sites...... 44
Tephra Deposits Noted in the Park, 2005-2007...... 49
Protein Residue Analysis of an Anvil Stone from Sitka National Historical Park, Alaska...... 52
Section 3: Gps Data...... 61
GPS Data for Artifacts Collected and Features Identified During the 2005 Metal Detection Inventory (1927 datum)...... 62
GPS Location References for 2005 Geophysical Inventory Area Boundaries (1927 datum)...... 64
2005 GPS Positions for Shovel Tests (ST), Survey Area B (1927 Datum)...... 65
2005 GPS Positions for Shovel Tests (ST), Survey Unit A (1927 Datum)...... 66
2005 GPS Positions for Shovel Tests (ST), Fort Clearing (1927 Datum)...... 67
GPS positions for 2006 Shovel Tests (ST), Survey Area A and Gun Emplacements (GE) (1927 Datum)...... 70
GPS positions for 2006 Shovel Tests (ST,) Survey Area B (1927 Datum)...... 77
i SITKA
GPS positions for 2006 Shovel Tests (ST), Survey Area C (1927 Datum)...... 81
GPS positions for 2006 Shovel Tests (ST), Survey Area D (1927 Datum)...... 83
GPS positions for 2006 Shovel Tests (ST), Survey Area E (1927 Datum)...... 88
GPS Positions for 2007 Shovel Tests (ST), Survey Area E (1927 Datum)...... 89
GPS Positions for 2007 Shovel Tests (ST), Survey Area F (1927 Datum)...... 92
GPS Positions for 2007 Shovel Tests (ST) and Test Excavations (1927 datum)...... 96
GPS Positions for 2007 Features (1927 Datum)...... 98
Section 4: Site Forms...... 99
49SIT12 Sitka National Historical Park...... 100
49SIT751 Shis’ki-Noow Fortified Village and Battlefield...... 115
49SIT752 Aas Gutú Hit (Forest or In the Forest House)...... 128
49SIT753 Salmon Hook...... 137
49SIT754 T’ooch’ Aan (Charcoal Village)...... 146
49SIT755 Cháas’ Ísh (Deep Salmon Hole)...... 153
49SIT756 Sháchk A Wánka (On top or Above the Edge of the Swamp)...... 159
49SIT757 Riverside...... 163
49SIT758 Big Hole...... 167
49SIT759 Tree Fall...... 172
49SIT760 Indian River Bridge Abutment...... 176
49SIT761 North Group...... 180
49SIT762 Cable-girdled Trees - Central Group...... 184
49SIT763 Cable-girdled Trees - South Group...... 188
49SIT764 Log Walkway...... 191
49SIT765 Sawmill Road Dump...... 195
49SIT766 WWII Army Beach Defenses...... 198
49SIT767 Cottage Dump site...... 203
ii SECTION 1: ARTIFACT DATA
1 Prehistoric Artifacts Identified and/or Collected Within the Fort Unit of Sitka National Historical Park, 1940-2008.
Year Cat. # Provenience Identification # Comments 1940 83 Indian River ground stone tool - 1 basalt (in display case) bridge nipple top maul 1958 656 Fort Clearing, ground stone tool - 1 limestone (Hadleigh-West Unit 1 nipple top maul 1959:75, 99) 1994 Not Collected Survey Unit B, ground stone tool - 1 basalt (Cheney et al. 1994:136) next to Indian abrader? River Trail, 50 ft east of sampling location I-1 1994 Not Collected Survey Unit B, pebble tool - 1 basalt; field no. 94-Sitka-2 next to Indian chopper (Cheney et al. 1994:136) River Trail, 50 ft east of sampling location I-1 1994 24252 Survey Unit B, in pebble tool - 1 basalt; 14.2 cm long x 14.0 tree fall between chopper cm wide x 4.6 cm thick. CMT #7 and Recovered in 1994 during SITK CMT #8 geomorphological inventory; field no. 94-Sitka-1 (Cheney et al. 1994:136-137) 1999 23867 Fort Clearing, ground stone tool - 1 basalt (Mobley 1999:9) K'alyáan pole 3/4 grooved maul excavation 2005 Not Collected Fort Clearing, ST- flake 1 chert 16 (20-40 cm bs) 2005 Not Collected Fort Clearing, ST- flake 1 chert 18 (20-40 cm bs) 2005 Not Collected Fort Clearing, ST- flake 1 chert 25 (20-40 cm bs) 2005 Not Collected Fort Clearing, ST- flake 1 chert 60 (0-20 cm bs) 2005 Not Collected Fort Clearing, ST- flake - retouched or 1 chert 39 (55 cm bs) small side scraper 2006 23560 ST-A204, 40-60 pebble tool - pick/ 1 basalt; 15.3 cm long x 7.03 cm cm bs chopper/core wide x 4.07 cm thick. Roughly shaped with 5-7 large percussion flakes removed from around the margin 2006 23561 ST-A204b, 0-37 cortex spall tool - 1 basalt; primary flake; 5.76 cm long cm bs utilized x 3.62 cm wide x 1.02 cm thick. Produced from water-worn pebble. 2006 23564 ST-A218, 0-20 pebble tool 1 basalt; split, water-worn pebble cm bs 4.53 cm long x 3.38 cm wide x 1.03 cm thick. 2006 23565 ST-A230, 20-40 pebble tool - side 1 greywacke; four-sided, rectangular cm bs scraper/chopping chunk with cortex on four faces. tool 5.53 cm long x 4.26 cm wide x 1.68 cm thick. Beveled edge created when this piece was split from a larger weathered pebble. Possible use of beveled edge.
2 Year Cat. # Provenience Identification # Comments 2006 23566 ST-A268, 20-40 pebble tool 1 basalt; split, water-worn pebble cm bs 10.78 cm long x 6.38 cm wide x 2.94 cm thick. Rounded edge where flake has been removed which exhibits some crushing and small flake scars. 2006 23567 ST-A289, 0-20 flake - utilized 1 chert; tan blade; 2 mended cm bs fragments; 4.70 cm long x 2.06 cm max width x 0.59 cm thick 2006 23568 ST-A308, 40-60 cortex spall tool - 1 basalt; secondary flake from water- cm bs flake worn pebble; 2.90 cm long x 1.63 cm wide x 0.60 cm thick. 2006 23571 ST-A365, 40-60 pebble tool 1 jasper; water-worn fragment cm bs utilized near the tip on one edge. 6.27 cm long x 3.14 cm wide x 1.36 cm thick. 2006 23575 ST-A392, 20-40 pebble tool - 1 granite; elongated water-worn cm bs utilized core pebble with several flakes removed from one end. 14.71 cm long x 5.98 cm wide x 3.63 cm thick. 2006 23586 ST-A437, 0-20 pebble tool - 1 graywacke; split water-worn cm bs perforator pebble possibly used as a perforator; 6.64 cm long x 2.14 cm wide x 0.84 cm thick. 2006 23603 ST-A213, 1 m pebble tool - adze 1 basalt; 4 mended fragments; south on surface water-worn pebble with beveled bit. Lower face is polished and exhibits deep wear marks at 45 degree angle to 3.70 cm wide bit. 4.06 cm long x 4.38 cm wide x 1.28 cm thick 2006 23631 ST-GE7-B, 20-40 cortex spall tool - 1 unidentified material; lt. green cm bs spokeshave/scraper primary flake with a spokeshave along one long edge marked by battered, rounded edge along an otherwise sharp edge. The opposite edge appears to have been utilized as a scraper. 8.91 cm long x 5.04 cm wide x 2.00 cm thick 2006 23636 ST-B100, 0-20 flake - utilized 1 chert; water-worn tan flake with cm bs one utilized edge. 3.21 cm long x 2.78 cm wide x 0.78 cm thick 2006 23639 ST-B122, 20-40 pebble tool - 1 graywacke; water-worn split cm bs chopper pebble with crushing on one edge at impact site. 6.82 cm long x 5.72 cm wide x 1.72 cm thick. 2006 23640 ST-B126, 40-60 cortex spall tool - 1 shale; secondary flake; 3.41 cm cm bs flake long x 2.17 cm wide x 0.03 cm thick 2006 23645 ST-B136, 0-20 cortex spall tool - 1 graywacke; end scraper cm bs scraper manufactured on primary flake; 6.78 cm long x 4.40 cm wide x 1.63 cm thick.
3 Year Cat. # Provenience Identification # Comments 2006 23647 ST-B155, 20-40 pebble tool - pick 1 basalt; water-worn pebble with at cm bs or core least three large flakes removed to create a pointed end. 23.8 cm long x 10.7 cm wide x 6.5 cm thick. 2006 23649 ST-B178b, root flake 1 chert; secondary; 4.84 cm long x fall 2.59 cm wide x 1.03 cm thick 2006 23650 ST-C491, root fall pebble tool - core/ 1 jasper; 5.38 cm long x 3.40 cm shatter wide x 2.38 cm thick. 2006 23651 ST-C461, surface pebble tool - 1 graywacke; water-worn pebble chopper with retouched edge; 6.98 cm long x 6.66 cm wide x 2.66 cm thick. 2006 23669 ST-D582, 40-60 pebble tool 1 basalt; thin, water-worn pebble cm with two long flakes removed from one face to make it rectangular. Working end is relatively straight and exhibits considerable crushing. There is no polish evident on this tool. 7.67 cm long x 3.86 cm wide x 1.38 cm thick. Working end is 2.57 cm wide. 2006 23671 ST-D Area D, pebble tool - core 1 basalt; angular chunk 13.49 cm treefall between long x 7.76 cm wide x 5.14 cm STs D-594 and thick. Has a few vague flake scars 595 on several edges 2006 23672 ST-D Area D, IF pebble tool - core 1 basalt and granite; angular chunk 06-D6, surface 13.79 cm long x 11.87 cm wide x 5.70 cm thick. 2007 24245 Fort Clearing, cortex spall tool? 1 basalt; split, water-worn pebble Trench 5, Lev. 1 5.46 cm long x 4.68 cm wide x (0-20 cm) 2.70 cm thick 2007 24246 D727, 63-64N spall tool 1 graywacke flake; 9.66 cm long x 801-802E, Lev. 2 5.52 cm wide x 1.26 cm thick; no cortex 2007 24247 D727, 63-64N pebble tool - tested 1 graywacke; 8.05 cm long x 6.04 801-802E, Lev. 1 core cm wide x 2.70 cm thick 2007 24248 A338, T.U. 1, cortex spall tool? 1 basalt; split, water-worn pebble Lev. 3 (40-60 cm) 12.10 cm long x 6.06 cm wide x 2.83 cm thick 2007 24250 B72, T.U. 2, Lev. spall tool? 1 graywacke flake; 3.72 cm long x 1 (0-20 cm) 1.63 cm wide x 1.05 cm thick 2007 24251 Area F, spall tool? 1 slate flake; 2.89 cm long x 1.56 Depression F1, cm wide x 0.32 cm thick Trench Segment B 2007 24253 Fort Clearing, ground stone tool - 1 graywacke; 24.5 cm long x 23.3 T.U. E7, 38-42 anvil stone cm wide x 7.5 cm thick cm 2008 25045 Fort Clearing, cortex spall tool - 1 graywacke Test Trench 3, perforator N28 E39 - N32 E40, 0-20 cm bs
4 Year Cat. # Provenience Identification # Comments 2008 25104 Fort Clearing, cortex spall tool 1 basalt Test Trench 3, N31 E40, sod cap 2008 25128 Fort Clearing, ground stone tool - 1 quartzite; water-worn river cobble Test Trench 5, mortar with one face very smooth and N28-29 E36-37, exhibiting a small area of polish 40-50 cm bs near the broken edge 2008 25153 Fort Clearing, cortex spall tool 1 graywacke 2007 Pit Test Area, N53 E18, 0-10 cm bs 2008 25156 Fort Clearing, pebble tool - 1 slate 2007 Pit Test chopper Area, N53 E19, 0-10 cm bs
5 post mid-19th century 1804 1804 Temporal 1804? Heavily corroded copper ornament Heavily corroded or knife fragment? hand forged, 70d spike Ferrous, hand forged, 40d spike; disc- Ferrous, shaped head hand forged, 10d nail; flat, Ferrous, wood head; nail in ironized rectangular Ferrous hand forged, 30d nail; flat, Ferrous, oval head Ferrous, large spike head Ferrous, cut 40d spike; clenched Ferrous, Ferrous; 0.45 wide x 0.20 in thick; Ferrous; ends and corroded broken spike head Ferrous metal Ferrous Ferrous metal; 1.13 inches, 0.94 inch Ferrous Ferrous metal; 1.1 in diameter; 2.785 Ferrous ounces Description .35-caliber; oxidized surface 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 # 2 1 Sheet metal Nail Nail Nail Strap metal Nail Nail Nail Metal bar Nail Salmon hook/ gaff Canister shot Canister shot Object Wood Lead ball FS 10, Activity Area FS 10, Activity Area #2 FS 11, Activity Area #2 FS 12, Activity Area #2 FS 12, Activity Area #2 FS 13, Activity Area #2 FS 14 FS 14 FS 05, Activity Area FS 05, Activity Area #2 FS 06, Activity Area #2 FS 07, Activity Area FS 07, Activity Area #2 FS 08, Activity Area #2 FS 09, Activity Area #2 FS 03 FS 01 Provenience FS 16 23507 23508 23509 23509 23510 23511 23512 23502 23503 23504 23505 23506 23501 23500 Cat.# 23513 Hardware Hardware Hardware Hardware Materials Hardware Hardware Hardware Ammunition Ammunition Category Ammunition Historic Artifacts Collected During the 2005 Field Season the 2005 Field During Collected Artifacts Historic Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Fishing Firearms Firearms Subclass Firearms Unknown Architecture Architecture Architecture Unknown Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Unknown Architecture & Commerce Industry Warfare Warfare Functional Class Warfare FS FS numbers indicate objects recovered by metal detection (FS 15 was not collected) and testing. ST shovel Functional numbersclasses andsubclassesare classification a arebased Spragueupon Roderickthose (1980-1981). by systemdeveloped recovered during
6 7 1804 1804? Modern? 1835-early 20th c. 1804? 1804 1804? Temporal Modern Dk. green body fragment Dk. green Ferrous metal; 0.94 inch and 1.185 Ferrous ounces .63 inch in diameter; 247.2 grains or 16 grams; oxidized Unidentifiable ferrous lump Unidentifiable ferrous 0.33 0.9 in outsider diameter, Ferrous, in inside diameter Cuprous .46 in (12 mm) diameter Cuprous cartridge base with Lefaucheux pinfire wadding .44- or .45-caliber ball (measured .44- or .45-caliber ball (measured diameter .43 inch, weighing 83.1 grains or 5.4 grams; slightly damaged by impact; oxidized surface Ferrous, cut, broken shaft cut, broken Ferrous, nut 3/8 inch square metal; 1.1 inches, 2.99 ounces Ferrous Cuprous hollow stamped two-piece Cuprous wire button back; ½ inch in diameter, omega shank deformed by impact; 172.8 grains or 11.2 grams; .69- to .75-caliber musket ball; oxidized surface .44/.45 caliber conical, 220.1 grain Copper fragment Copper; 8 gauge Blue "Willow" transfer printed marli Description Ferrous hammer fragment Ferrous body fragment Lt. green 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 # 1 1 Bottle glass Shingling hatchet Canister shot Lead ball Metal Washer Cartridge Lead ball Nail Nut and bolt shaft Canister shot Button Lead ball Bullet Sheet metal Wire Whiteware ceramic - plate Object Bottle glass FS 33 FS 33 FS 31 FS 27 FS 26 FS 28 FS 25 FS 24 FS 19 FS 21 FS 23 FS 17 FS 18 FS 36 FS 37 FS 39 FS 40 Provenience FS 33 23525 23526 23524 23523 23521 23522 23520 23519 23516 23517 23518 23514 23515 23528 23529 23530 23531 Cat.# 23527 Alcoholic beverage Architecture Ammunition Ammunition Hardware Ammunition Ammunition Hardware Hardware Ammunition Closure Ammunition Ammunition Gustatory Category Soft drink Indulgences Construction Firearms Firearms Construction Firearms Firearms Construction Construction Firearms Clothing Firearms Firearms Housewares & Housewares Appliances Subclass Indulgences Personal Item & Commerce Industry Warfare Warfare? Unknown Architecture Hunting Warfare? Architecture Architecture Warfare Personal Item Firearms Hunting Unknown Unknown Domestic Item Functional Class Personal Item
6 7 1804 1804 1804? Post-1847 (Williams- Wood 1972:45) 1831-1838 1804 mid-1830s circa through 1860 1804 1804 Temporal 1804 4.29 inches in diameter and weigh 10.8 pounds 4.29 inches in diameter and weigh 10.8 pounds Cuprous; 1.25 in diameter Cuprous; 297.5 Lead ball; .63 inch in diameter, grains or 19.2 grams Chromatic transfer printed exterior: Chromatic cat in coat and bow tie over light blue rabbit ears visible in front background; door or window; legend = "... of green THE or ACLES [cat image] SCHOLAR/... TO B E L THE [cat image] NAME" Gold line on interior lip Hand forged ferrous chisel with Hand forged ferrous fragment of wood handle Copper 1 Kopeck coin Ferrous, hand forged, 18d nail; flat, Ferrous, oval head metal; .38 inch in diameter Ferrous metal; 1.13 inches, 2.97 Ferrous ounces 7.5 inches with broad Hand painted bodysherd leaves & unidentifiable blue are green squiggly line and dark turquoise Embedded in dead tree Embedded in dead tree 2.13 inches, 1.45 pounds; and 1.96 inches, 1.25 pounds Description 2.09 inches in diameter, 1.3 pounds 2.09 inches in diameter, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 # Cannon ball Cannon ball Cannon ball Token Bullet Porcelain Porcelain cup children's Wood chisel Wood Coin Nail Slingshot ball? Canister shot Wedge Whiteware ceramic - cup(?) Lead ball Cannon ball Object FS 32 FS 30 FS 29 FS 20 FS 22 Fort Clearing, ST 18b, 0-20 cm Fort Clearing, ST 12, 0-20 cm Fort Clearing, ST 16 FS 42 FS 02 FS 04 FS 35 ST B32, 0-20 cm FS 41 FS 34 Provenience 23543 23542 23541 23539 23540 23538 23536 23537 23533 23534 23535 23545 23546 23532 23544 Cat.# Ammunition Ammunition Ammunition Money Ammunition Gustatory Architecture Money Hardware Ammunition Ammunition Tool Gustatory Ammunition Ammunition Category Firearms Firearms Firearms Commerce Firearms Housewares & Housewares Appliances Construction Commerce Construction Slingshot Firearms Woodworking & Housewares Appliances Firearms Firearms Subclass Warfare Warfare Warfare Commerce & Commerce Industry Warfare? Domestic Item Commerce & Commerce Industry & Commerce Industry Architecture Hunting Warfare Commerce & Commerce Industry Domestic Item Warfare Warfare Functional Class
8 1840s-1880s 1840 and 1885 (applied); pre- 1890 (form) Temporal 1840s-1880s Lead glass; flat base; pressed panels Lead glass; flat base; pressed Mineral finish; black glass; applied lip; Mineral finish; black glass; applied lip; ale Somewhat mangled cupric ring with margin and reeded japanned areas Amber body fragments body fragments,1 Black to olive green exhibiting push-up margin Blue transfer print Body fragment w/clear glaze and label "...er Street" impressed exterior Body fragment w/ brown glaze; interior is partially glazed with dark brown Hand forged; 8d Champagne-flat finish; black glass; applied lip; champagne Ferrous, 50d hand forged Ferrous, Description ale 1 1 1 1 3 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 # Glass tumbler Bottle glass Bottle glass Cupric frame? Bottle glass Bottle glass Whiteware ceramic - plate bottle Stoneware jug(?) Stoneware Nail Bottle glass Nail Object Fort Clearing, ST 70, 20-30 cm Fort Clearing, ST 83, 20-40 cm Fort Clearing, ST 64, 20-40 cm FS 38 Fort Clearing, ST 46, 0-20 cm Fort Clearing, ST 46, 0-20 cm Fort Clearing, ST 46, 0-20 cm Fort Clearing, ST 46, 0-20 cm Fort Clearing, ST 46, 0-20 cm Fort Clearing, ST 54, 40-60 cm Fort Clearing, ST 64, 20-40 cm Fort Clearing, ST 89, 0-20 cm Provenience 23555 23556 23554 23547 23548 23549 23550 23551 23552 23553 23554 23557 Cat.# Gustatory Alcoholic beverage Alcoholic beverage Home decoration Alcoholic beverage Alcoholic beverage Gustatory Alcoholic beverage Food/ beverage storage Hardware Alcoholic beverage Hardware Category Housewares & Housewares Appliances Indulgences Indulgences Housewares & Housewares Appliances Indulgences Indulgences & Housewares Appliances Indulgences & Housewares Appliances Construction Indulgences Construction Subclass Domestic Item Personal Item Personal Item Domestic Item Personal Item Personal Item Domestic Item Personal Item Domestic Item Architecture Personal Item Architecture Functional Class
9 Temporal Temporal Association Probably modern Probably modern Modern? 1840 to circa 1880 1840 to circa 1880 1840-1870 1840-1885 1804 to circa 1880 1914-1950 WW II 1911-present Description green amber metal; .30-06; no headstamp cuprous clear very small fragment porcelain; black glass; 1 3½" (8.9 cm) diameter basal fragment with portion of kick-up the same black glass neck fragment; probably vessel as Cat. 23573 1 bottle; 3 from aqua fragments probably fragments of folded-out bead finish (applied); 1 basal fragment; 3 body fragments bearing broad corner same vessel as 23577 aqua; probably black amber straw; "straw" tint sun-altered 1 aqua, clear 1 amber, cuprous metal; .22 long; headstamp = U; Union cuprous Metallic Cartridge Co. (1911-1921) & Remington Bridgeport, Conn. Arms Co. (1921 to present), (White and Munhall 1977:31). undecorated water worn fragments clear cuprous metal centerfire; fragments of a single metal centerfire; cuprous .30-40 cartridge; headstamp = W.R.[A?]/ARMY # 1 1 1 6 1 1 9 1 30 7 4 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 Object curved glass curved glass cartridge curved glass coal cup handle curved glass curved glass curved glass curved glass curved glass curved glass curved glass curved glass cartridge cartridge porcelain curved glass (ST = "shovel test") = "shovel (ST Provenience 40-60 cm bs ST-A201, 20-40 cm bs ST-A205, 0-20 cm bs ST-A206, 0-20 cm bs ST-A353b, 0-20 cm bs ST-A365, 0-20 cm bs ST-A375, 0-20 cm bs ST-A392, 20-40 cm bs ST-A392, 0-20 cm bs ST-A420, 20-40 cm bs ST-A420, 0-20 cm bs ST-A421, 0-20 cm bs ST-A430, 0-20 cm bs ST-A435, 20-40 cm bs ST-A436, 0-20 cm bs ST-A437, ST-A440, 0-20 cm bs ST-A440, 0-20 cm bs ST-A445, 0-20 cm bs ST-A445, Cat.# 23559 23562 23563 23569 23570 23572 23573 23574 23577 23578 23579 23582 23583 23584 23585 23587 23588 23589 Category Hunting gustatory alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage Ammunition Hunting gustatory Historic Artifacts Collected During the 2006 Field Season the 2006 Field During Collected Artifacts Historic Subclass Pastimes and recreation Fixed Heating & Housewares appliances Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Military Pastimes and recreation & Housewares appliances Functional Class Unknown Unknown Personal Items Unknown Architecture Domestic Item Personal Item Personal Item Personal Item Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Services Group Personal Items Domestic Items Unknown
10 11 Temporal Temporal Association post-1910 1935-1974 1905 to circa 1950 1905 to circa 1905 to circa 1950 Description blue water worn lt. green; tube or nail remnant cap fragment; Utah State Historic ferrous Office 2001 Preservation clear amber; elements exhibit marked "[FEDER]AL FO[RBIDS] SAL[E/OR RE-]USE OF [THIS BO] LAW cartouche. Several TTLE" above a rope-bordered mendable. fragments are machine-made 6 clear fragments; 1 bright green, cap finish; 4 amber fragments, 1 with crown part of 23596 and anchor probably molded rope bottle clear amber amber amber clear; whiskey bottle fragment? (2½"/6.36 cm diameter) bottle base amber round scar with cut-off 1 clear; 29 amber machine-made continuous 10 amber; 1 clear, finish thread aqua 4 clear; 2 amber olive green 1 clear; lt. aqua 3 amber, 1 bright green, 4-hole bone button with bit mark in center. polished 1.70 cm/0.67" diameter. 2 clear; 3 amber amber scar clear basal fragment with cut-off # 1 1 1 1 5 28 11 4 1 1 2 1 1 30 11 1 6 1 6 1 5 2 1 Object curved glass curved glass metal ferrous tobacco tin curved glass curved glass curved glass curved glass curved glass curved glass curved glass glass pressed curved glass curved glass curved glass glass stopper curved glass curved glass curved glass curved glass button curved glass curved glass Provenience 2-4 cm bs ST-A445, 20-40 cm bs ST-A446, 20-40 cm bs ST-A448, 0-20 cm bs ST-A450, 0-20 cm bs ST-A450, 0-20 cm bs ST-A450, 20-40 cm bs ST-A450, 0-20 cm bs ST-A451, 20-40 cm bs ST-A451, 40-60 cm bs ST-A451, 40-60 cm bs ST-A452, 20-40 cm bs ST-A454, 0-20 cm bs ST-GE1-A, 0-20 cm bs ST-GE1-D, 20-40 cm bs ST-GE1-D, 40-60 cm bs ST-GE1-D, 40-60 cm bs ST-GE1-D, ST-GE1-F, 20-40 cm bs ST-GE1-F, 40-60 cm bs ST-GE1-F, 20-40 cm bs ST-GE2-F, 40-60 cm bs ST-GE2-B, ST-GE1-E, 0-20 cm bs ST-GE1-E, 0-20 cm bs ST-GE1-F, Cat.# 23590 23591 23592 23595 23596 23596 23597 23598 23599 23600 23601 23602 23604 23605 23606 23607 23608 23611 23612 23613 23614 23609 23610 Category tobacco alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage food storage Subclass Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences & Housewares appliances Clothing Functional Class Unknown Unknown Unknown Personal Items Unknown Personal Item Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Personal Items Unknown Unknown Unknown Domestic Items Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Personal Item Unknown Unknown
10 11 Temporal Temporal Association post-1935 1932-present 1942 Modern? 1860-1934 post-1883 Description clear clear cobalt blue clear undecorated hotelware 1 clear; amber 1 clear; amber amber clear a stippled surface several fragments from amber, base with raised letters "[NO DEPOS]IT NO [RETURN]" and "NOT [FOR RE-]USE" olive green white and orange semi-opaque glass; 0.64"/1.64 cm diameter clear glass continuous finish with aluminum cap. The cap is marked "U.S./1,771034/ above football-shaped cartouche bearing "NATIONAL/ on each side of a sheaf wheat. DISTILLERY" Below the cartouche is 1,875,431/PATS." with head stamp "42/TW" centerfire cuprous On .30-06 military ammunition made by the Plant, a government Cities Ordnance facility Twin II at Minneapolis. War operating during World in 1942 (White and Munhall 1977:147). Produced stippled base fragment 1 clear, 1 bright green; Base marked "DI/[indeterminate scar. with cut-off lettering]". A "6" appears just above the base on the body. Henry cartridge with pin .44 rimfire cuprous on opposite sides of the base. "H" impressions clear 12 gauge (0.87"/22.12 mm diameter) cuprous Co./STAR". shell base. Headstamp = "W.R.A. # 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 18 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 Object curved glass curved glass curved glass curved glass whiteware cup coffee curved glass curved glass curved glass curved glass curved glass curved glass marble curved glass: whiskey bottle finish and cap cartridge curved glass cartridge curved glass shotgun shell Provenience 10-40 cm bs ST-GE2-B, 44 cm bs ST-GE2-B, 30 cm bs ST-GE2-B, 26 cm bs ST-GE2-B, 53 cm bs ST-GE2-B, 0-20 cm bs ST-GE2-D, 20-40 cm bs ST-GE2-D, 30-40 cm bs ST-GE2-J, 0-15cm bs ST-GE3-A, 0-15cm bs ST-GE3-A, 30-40cm bs ST-GE5-A, 0-20 cm bs ST-GE5-B, 0-20 cm bs ST-GE6-B, 0-20 cm bs ST-GE7-A, 0-20 cm bs ST-GE7-B, 20-40 cm bs ST-GE7-B, 20-40 cm bs ST-GE7-B, 0-20 cm bs ST-GE7-D, Cat.# 23615 23616 23617 23618 23619 23620 23621 23622 23623 23623 23624 23625 23626 23627 23628 23629 23630 23633 Category gustatory alcoholic beverage games alcoholic beverage Ammunition Hunting Hunting Subclass & Housewares appliances Indulgences Pastimes and recreation Indulgences Military Pastimes and recreation Pastimes and recreation Functional Class Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Domestic Items Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Personal Items Unknown Personal Items Personal Items Services Group Unknown Personal Items Unknown Personal Items
12 Temporal Temporal Association 19th century? 19th century? pre-1870 pre-1890 1929-1954 1804 to circa 1880 Modern 1900-1930 circa post-1890 Description Mended rim decorated with transfer printed acorn-adorned oak branches over a dark blue pattern of alternating dotted lines and of 5 dots and equal sized blank spaces. metal woodworking tool manufactured ferrous a steel pipe or possible mast-spar socket. from bottle base; 1.75" (4.45 cm) diameter. light green Blowpipe pontil mark on base 40d; 4.8" (12.20 cm) long shaft embedded in wood amber whiskey flask base and body fragments. of wooden handle in metal with remnant Ferrous the socket. 1 olive green 2 clear, glass includes 1 black to very dark olive green fragment and basal edge. All from shoulder-neck one vessel, possibly a bitters bottle metal ferrous clear glass; base mark = "L/DESIGN/PATD/1; continuous thread amber amber 4 mended fragments; 9½-10"; very shallow decoration at rim. 1 fragment is repoussé mendable with plate 23659 chunks of oxidized metal 10d mended fragments; undecorated 10" diameter plate; mendable with 1 fragment 23655. 8 clear (2 with partial molded letter 1 bright green, elements), 5 amber # 2 1 1 1 18 1 3 22 1 1 1 1 5 7 1 3 14 7 1 Object whiteware saucer adze curved glass cut nail curved glass sledgehammer curved glass curved glass fire extinguisher handle jar mustard curved glass curved glass whiteware plate metal ferrous nail wire whiteware plate curved glass flat glass yellowware Provenience 0-20 cm bs ST-B100, 0-20 cm bs ST-B109, fall tree ST-B112b, 0-20 cm bs ST-B128, 0-20 ST-B129, surface ST-D741, 0-20 cm bs ST-B134, 0-20 cm bs ST-B151, 0-20 cm bs ST-B172, C, surface Area 0-20 cm bs ST-C486, 0-20 cm bs ST-C487, 0-20 cm bs ST-C487, 0-20 cm bs ST-C487, 0-20 cm bs ST-C487, 0-20 cm bs ST-C487, 0-20 cm bs ST-C487, 0-20 cm bs ST-C487, 0-20 cm bs ST-C487, Cat.# 23634 23637 23638 23641 23642 23643 23644 23646 23648 23652 23653 23654 23655 23656 23657 23659 23660 23661 23662 Category gustatory hardware alcoholic beverage domestic safety food storage gustatory hardware gustatory materials culinary Subclass & Housewares appliances Woodworking Construction Indulgences Construction Cleaning & maintenance & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Construction & Housewares appliances Construction & Housewares appliances Functional Class Domestic Items & Commerce Industry Unknown Architecture Personal Items & Commerce Industry Unknown Unknown Domestic Items Domestic Items Unknown Unknown Domestic Items Unknown Architecture Domestic Items Unknown Architecture Domestic Items
13 Temporal Temporal Association post-1890 1898-early 1920s 1914 to circa 1950 circa post-1898 1870-1950 circa post-1906 1914 to circa 1950 circa 1914 to circa 1950 circa Description 60d partially embedded in chunks of oxidized iron metal; about 1" diameter ferrous an chunks of oxidized tin can; 1 fragment retains label with "Red c..." printed in element of a red black. metal fragments cuprous fragments fragments clear Olympia flask, tooled finish; 7.38" high with 1.0" exterior 2.9"x 1.5" base, 3.3" wide shoulder, diameter champagne finish. Base marked "DESIGN PATENTED/PAT.AUG.9.1898" floral design with repoussé bodysherd metal; 6" leaf ferrous 3" diameter jar base straw-colored, sun-altered with valve mark on each end; aluminum tube with male threads switch; sliding bar on interior for on-off milk glass printed mark on base green 6½" hotelware; "SHANANGO/NEWCASTLE, PA./CHINA" 1 lt. green a octagonal from straw-colored 4 sun-altered paneled bottle 1¼" diameter x 0.3" deep. May have been deeper Lip balm cap? but the edges have crumbled away. clear paneled specimens similar to 23678 clear fragment clear # 1 1 1 12 2 3 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 2 Object nail wire rivet? cap screw paint can? watch case bottom plate pencil wood curved glass- bottle whiteware holloware strap hinge food jar flashlight body? jar cold cream whiteware saucer curved glass food bottle zinc cap curved glass lamp chimney curved glass Provenience 0-20 cm bs ST-C487, 0-20 cm bs ST-C487, 0-20 cm bs ST-C487, 0-20 cm bs ST-C487, 0-20 cm bs ST-C487, 0-20 cm bs ST-C487, 0-20 cm bs ST-C505, surface ST-D594, D, IF 06-D7, Area surface surface ST-E767, surface ST-E767, surface ST-E767, surface ST-E767, surface ST-E767, surface ST-E767, surface ST-E767, 0-20 cm bs ST-E767, 0-20 cm bs ST-E767, 0-20 cm bs ST-E767, 20-40 cm bs ST-E767, Cat.# 23663 23664 23664 23664 23665 23666 23667 23668 23670 23673 23674 23675 23676 23677 23678 23678 23679 23680 23680 23681 Category hardware materials materials gustatory hardware food storage portable illumination gustatory food storage food storage portable illumination Subclass Construction Construction Pocket tools & accessories Pocket tools & accessories Construction & Housewares appliances Construction & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Body ritual & grooming & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Medical & health & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Functional Class Architecture Unknown Unknown Architecture Personal Items Personal Items Architecture Unknown Domestic Items Architecture Domestic Item Domestic Items Personal Items Domestic Items Unknown Domestic Item Personal Item Domestic Item Domestic Items Unknown
14 Uncollected modern objects identified in the field, 2006
Provenience Identification Number Comment ST-A205, 20-40 cm bs curved glass 1 color not listed ST-A204, surface curved glass 1 clear ST-A201, 40 cm bs curved glass 1 green ST-A223, 0-20 cm bs curved glass 1 amber beer bottle finish ST-A302, 0-20 cm bs tie rod 1 ferrous ST-A389, 20-40 cm bs curved glass 1 clear ST-A400, 40-60 cm bs curved glass 1 lt. green ST-A399, 0-20 cm bs curved glass 1 amber ST-A452, 0-20 cm bs curved glass 2 clear ST-A438, 40-60 cm bs ferrous metal 1 fragment ST-B61, 40-60 cm bs curved glass 1 clear ST-B91, 0-20 cm bs curved glass 1 amber ST-B91, 20-40 cm bs curved glass 2 amber ST-B93, 15-20 cm bs curved glass 1 amber ST-B100, 0-20 cm bs curved glass 1 clear bottle base ST-B128, 0-20 cm bs cut nail 1 ST-B130, 0-7 cm bs curved glass 1 amber ST-B134, 0-20 cm bs ferrous wire 1 ST-B170, 30-40 cm bs curved glass 1 ST-B172, 20-40 cm bs curved glass 1 clear ST-C484, root ball curved glass 1 clear ST-C488, 0-20 cm bs modern trash 0 not counted ST-C507, 0-20 cm bs ferrous metal 1 ¼" long corroded metal ST-E776b, root ball curved glass 3 amber
15 1908-1969 20th century 20th century 1908-1969 20th century 1930s-1960s 20th century 20th century 20th century Temporal Temporal Association 20th century 20th century 20th century amber (beer) crown cap finish and amber (beer) crown clear, 1 oval [whiskey?] base margin clear, scar) w/cutoff 1 amber 1 amber amber (1 round [medicine?] base amber (1 round ..." marked "5.../A in circle/.3 1908-1935 by; the manufactured Richmond American Glass Works, or more WV, and Paden City, VA likely 1938-1969 by the Armstrong Cork Co., Glass Division, Lancaster, 1971:22-24] [Toulouse PA 1 clear machine-made catsup- finish 29 mm diameter; 1 threaded jar rim clear threaded clear (2 w/molded 1/4 inch grid pattern, 1 w/raised 5/8 in molded grid similar to J.G. Ginger flask rows (Putnam 1965:167), 1 w/three letters "???/OR .../?" - probably element of 1930s-1960s "FEDERAL PROHIBITS THE RE-USE OR LAW RESALE OF THIS BOTTLE" (Munsey 1970:136) 18 clear 17 amber, 2 green, amber green Description 27 clear 9 amber, 3 green, 6 clear 4 amber, 2 green, neck. 1 7 1 1 21 2 12 37 12 1 # 39 12 Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Object Curved glass Curved glass D727, 62-63N 801-802E, Lev. 1 D727, 62-63N 801-802E, Lev. (0-10 cm) Fish Trap Test 2, Lev. 1 (0-20 cm) 2, Lev. Test Fish Trap 2 (20-40 cm) 2, Lev. Test Fish Trap 2 (20-40 cm) 2, Lev. Test Fish Trap Fish Trap Test 2, Lev. 1 (0-20 cm) 2, Lev. Test Fish Trap Fish Trap Test 2, Lev. 1 (0-20 cm) 2, Lev. Test Fish Trap Fish Trap Test 1, Lev. 3 (40-60 cm) 1, Lev. Test Fish Trap 1 - 50 cm north Test Fish Trap 1 (0-20 cm) extension, Lev. Fish Trap Test 1, Lev. 3 (40-60 cm) 1, Lev. Test Fish Trap Fish Trap Test 1, Lev. 3 (40-60 cm) 1, Lev. Test Fish Trap Provenience 1 (0-20 cm) 1, Lev. Test Fish Trap 2 (20-40 cm) 1, Lev. Test Fish Trap 24149 24146 24147 24148 24146 24146 24144 24145 24144 24144 Cat. # 24142 24143 Historic Objects Identified and Recovered in 2007 and Recovered Identified Objects Historic alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage food storage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage Category Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Housewares Housewares appliances Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Subclass Unknown Unknown Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Unknown Domestic Items Personal Items Personal Items Unknown Unknown Personal Items Functional Class
16 17 mid-19th century 20th century 20th century, 20th century, WW II era 20th century mid-19th century Temporal Temporal Association mid-19th century mid-19th century clear tumbler body (Photo) amber black (dark olive green) 1 clear machine-made ketchup finish threaded 3 clear 6 amber, 3 olive green, olive green clear amber (1 oval [whiskey] base marked "[H]ALF PINT" on body at basal rim and "[M]AD[E] IN D 126/U.S.A. 56-41" to left of Owens Illinois Glass Co. mark and scar) overlapping cut-off complete amber (beer) 7 inch high bottle w/ 2 3/4 inch diameter base marked "6 [superimposed diamond and O] 8/4.". Made 1929-1954 by OH, Owens Illinois Glass Co., Toledo, 1936 or 1946. (Toulouse probably 1971:403) 5 amber (" ... E..."), 6 olive green, 3 clear 4 black 3 clear, 2 amber, amber Description black black (dark olive green) black (dark olive green) 1 4 4 1 12 1 1 4 1 14 9 1 # 2 5 Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Object Curved glass Curved glass Fort Clearing Depression 1(C), Fort Clearing Depression 2 (20-40 cm) Lev. Fort Clearing Depression 1(C), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. Fort Clearing Depression 1(C), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. Fort Clearing Depression 1(B), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. 1(B), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. Fort Clearing Depression 1(B), Fort Clearing Depression 2 (20-40 cm) Lev. Fort Clearing Depression 1(B), Fort Clearing Depression 2 (20-40 cm) Lev. Fort Clearing Depression 1(B), Fort Clearing Depression 2 (20-40 cm) Lev. D727, 63-64N 801-802E, Lev. 2 D727, 63-64N 801-802E, Lev. (0-10 cm) 1(A), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. 1(B), Fort Clearing Depression 2 (20-40 cm) Lev. 1(D), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. Provenience 1(D), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. Fort Clearing Depression 1(C), Fort Clearing Depression 2 (20-40 cm) Lev. 24156 24155 24155 24154 24154 24153 24153 24153 24150 24151 24152 24157 Cat. # 24157 24156 gustatory alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage food storage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage Category alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage Indulgences Housewares & Housewares appliances Indulgences Indulgences Housewares & Housewares appliances Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Subclass Indulgences Personal Items Domestic Items Personal Items Unknown Personal Items Domestic Items Personal Items Personal Items Unknown Unknown Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Functional Class Personal Items
16 17 mid-19th century? mid-19th century? 1930s-1960s mid-19th century mid-19th century mid-19th century Temporal Temporal Association olive green black amber 2 amber 1 clear, 1 amber 1 olive green, 1 clear 1 clear black amber (marked "HA..") which mends with amber basal fragment 24153 dark olive green olive green black glass basal edge with partial push-up clear amber black black Description lt. green clear 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 8 1 # 1 1 Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Object Curved glass Fort Clearing, T.U. E8, Lev. 1 E8, Lev. Fort Clearing, T.U. (0-10 cm) Fort Clearing, T.U. 5, Lev. 2 (10- 5, Lev. Fort Clearing, T.U. 20 cm) Fort Clearing, T.U. 5, Lev. 2 (10- 5, Lev. Fort Clearing, T.U. 20 cm) Fort Clearing, T.U. F7, Lev. 1 F7, Lev. Fort Clearing, T.U. (0-10 cm) 2 (10- F7, Lev. Fort Clearing, T.U. 20 cm) 3 (20- F7, Lev. Fort Clearing, T.U. 30 cm) 5 (40- F7, Lev. Fort Clearing, T.U. 50 cm) 1 (0-10 5, Lev. Fort Clearing, T.U. cm) Fort Clearing, T.U. F7, Lev. 1 F7, Lev. Fort Clearing, T.U. (0-10 cm) Fort Clearing Depression, Feature Feature Fort Clearing Depression, fill 1 (0-20 cm) GE1, Lev. Fort Clearing Depression, Feature Feature Fort Clearing Depression, fill 2, S ½, Fort site, palisade trench 0-10 cm Fort Clearing Depression 1(D), Fort Clearing Depression 2 (20-40 cm) Lev. 1 E8, Lev. Fort Clearing, T.U. (0-10 cm) Fort Clearing Depression 1(D), Fort Clearing Depression 2 (20-40 cm) Lev. 1 E8, Lev. Fort Clearing, T.U. (0-10 cm) Provenience 1 E8, Lev. Fort Clearing, T.U. (0-10 cm) 24166 24165 24165 24160 24161 24162 24163 24164 24160 24159 24169 24159 24167 24158 24166 24158 24166 Cat. # 24166 alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage Category alcoholic beverage Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Subclass Indulgences Personal Items Personal Items Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Functional Class Personal Items
18 1930s-1960s mid-19th century? 20th century 1947? 1930s-1960s Temporal Temporal Association 1930s-1960s green (1 horizontally ribbed) green lt. green amber including the basal margin of bottle decorated with rectangular molded vine motif and "MAD[E black olive green 1 sun-altered yellow multi-sided 1 sun-altered [catsup?] bottle embossed "ONE QUA[RT]", and one 1" diameter finish) threaded amber including two 2¼ inch diameter bases, 1 thin glass base marked 20 [Owens Illinois Glass mark] 47/ ∙ /H" Works cobalt clear including 1 w/raised 5/8 inch molded grid similar to Cat. 24144; 3 fragments with elements of 1930s-1960s "FEDERAL LAW PROHIBITS THE RE-USE OR RESALE OF THIS BOTTLE" and 1 threaded finish on 1 inch diameter stippled surface neck green lt. green Description clear (including 1 with "... LAW F" clear (including 1 with "... LAW 3 amber 4 clear, 4 amber 5 clear, 4 1 44 1 3 2 79 1 30 2 2 # 29 7 9 Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Object Curved glass Curved glass GE1, Lev. 2 (20-40 cm) GE1, Lev. GE1, Lev. 2 (20-40 cm) GE1, Lev. GE1, Lev. 2 (20-40 cm) GE1, Lev. GE1, Lev. 2 (20-40 cm) GE1, Lev. GE1, Lev. 2 (20-40 cm) GE1, Lev. GE1, Lev. 2 (20-40 cm) GE1, Lev. GE1, Lev. 2 (20-40 cm) GE1, Lev. GE1, Lev. 1 (0-20 cm) GE1, Lev. 1 (0-20 cm) GE1, Lev. GE1, Lev. 1 (0-20 cm) GE1, Lev. GE1, Lev. 1 (0-20 cm) GE1, Lev. GE1, Lev. 1 (0-20 cm) GE1, Lev. Provenience GE1, Lev. 3 (40-60 cm) GE1, Lev. 4 (60-70 cm) GE1, Lev. 24170 24170 24170 24170 24170 24170 24170 24169 24169 24169 24169 24169 Cat. # 24171 24172 alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage food storage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage Category Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Housewares Housewares appliances Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Subclass Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Unknown Domestic Items Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Functional Class Unknown Unknown
19 modern Temporal Temporal Association undecorated, 1 thin (cup?) rim amber fragments of modern beer bottle base undecorated tiny fragment 1 clear lamp chimney rim 1 clear 1 amber tiny fragment annular decorated (lt. band) green Description undecorated fragments. 1 4 1 1 2 2 3 1 5 5 1 11 2 28 1 1 1 1 1 # 2 Flat glass Flat glass Flat glass Flat glass Flat glass Flat glass Flat glass Flat glass Flat glass Flat glass Flat glass Flat glass Whiteware Curved glass Whiteware Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Whiteware Object Porcelain ST F982, Lev. 2 (20-40 cm) ST F982, Lev. GE1, Lev. 2 (20-40 cm) GE1, Lev. Fort Site, T.U. 5, Lev. 2 (10-20 cm) 5, Lev. Fort Site, T.U. Fort Site, T.U. 5, Lev. 1 (0-10 cm) 5, Lev. Fort Site, T.U. Fort Site, T.U. F7, Lev. 3 (20-30 F7, Lev. Fort Site, T.U. cm) Fort Site, T.U. F7, Lev. 2 (10-20 F7, Lev. Fort Site, T.U. cm) Fort Site, T.U. F7, Lev. 1 (0-10 cm) F7, Lev. Fort Site, T.U. Fort Clearing Depression 1(D), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. Fort Clearing Depression 1(C), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. Fort Clearing Depression 1(B), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. Fort Clearing Depression 1(A), Fort Clearing Depression 2 (20-40 cm) Lev. Fort Clearing Depression 1(A), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. 1(D), Fort Clearing Depression 2 (20-40 cm) Lev. ST F1011 1(C), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. ST E806, Lev. 1 (0-20 cm) ST E806, Lev. 3 (40-60 cm) ST E806, Lev. fall) ST E867 (tree 1(B), Fort Clearing Depression 2 (20-40 cm) Lev. Provenience 1(A), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. 24188 24187 24186 24185 24184 24183 24182 24181 24180 24179 24178 24177 24192 24176 24191 24173 24174 24175 24190 Cat. # 24189 materials materials materials materials materials materials materials materials materials materials materials materials gustatory alcoholic beverage gustatory portable illumination gustatory Category gustatory Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction & Housewares appliances Indulgences & Housewares appliances Housewares & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Subclass & Housewares appliances Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Domestic Items Unknown Unknown Personal Items Domestic Items Domestic Items Domestic Items Functional Class Domestic Items
20 late 20th century 19th century 20th century Temporal Temporal Association 19th century 20th century 5 inch common wire nail 5 inch common wire cut(?) nail fragment wire nail fragments wire blunt-ended, knife-shaped sheet metal unidentifiable blob unidentifiable unidentifiable nail(?) fragments pull tab Cut nail (?) fragments cup or bottle fragment; unidentifiable blue design on with central exterior; base impressed floral pattern and "... MADE ..." margin around glazed robin-egg blue both surfaces glazed robin-egg 1 sherd) (probably dk. blue transfer printed salt glazed (bottle?) fragment 15.2 g sample sheet metal fragments (tin can?) sheet metal fragments with two rivets sheet metal fragments Description 4 inch bottle base; poorly salt glazed (milk?) bottle cap about 3 inches diameter 1 1 2 1 1 7 3 1 10 1 5 2 1 1 15 5 # 1 1 Ferrous metal Ferrous Ferrous metal Ferrous Ferrous metal Ferrous metal Cuprous metal Ferrous metal Ferrous Ferrous metal Ferrous Aluminum Ferrous metal Ferrous Whiteware Whiteware Whiteware Stoneware metal Ferrous metal Ferrous metal Ferrous Object Stoneware metal Ferrous Fort site, T.U. F7, Lev. 1 (0-10 cm) F7, Lev. Fort site, T.U. Fort Clearing Depression fill Fort Clearing Depression Fort Clearing Depression 1(C), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. 1(D), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. 1(D), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. 1(D), Fort Clearing Depression 2 (20-40 cm) Lev. Fort Clearing Depression 1(A), Fort Clearing Depression 2 (20-40 cm) Lev. Fort Clearing Depression 1(A), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. Fort Clearing Depression 1(A), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. GE1, Lev. 2 (20-40 cm) GE1, Lev. Fort site, T.U. 5, Lev. 2 (10-20 cm) 5, Lev. Fort site, T.U. Fort site, T.U. 5, Lev. 2 (10-20 cm) 5, Lev. Fort site, T.U. 1 (0-10 cm) F7, Lev. Fort site, T.U. 2 (20-40 cm) GE1, Lev. 3 (40-60 cm) GE1, Lev. 4 (60-70 cm) GE1, Lev. Provenience 1(D), Fort Clearing Depression 2 (20-40 cm) Lev. 1 (0-20 cm) GE1, Lev. 24204 24203 24200 24201 24201 24202 24199 24198 24197 24196 24195 24194 24194 24206 24207 24208 Cat. # 24193 24205 hardware hardware hardware hardware alcoholic beverage hardware gustatory gustatory gustatory food storage Category food storage Construction Construction Construction Construction Indulgences Construction Housewares & Housewares appliances Housewares & Housewares appliances Housewares & Housewares appliances Housewares appliances Subclass Housewares appliances Architecture Unknown Unknown Unknown Architecture Architecture Architecture Personal Items Architecture Domestic Items Unknown Domestic Items Unknown Unknown Unknown Domestic Items Domestic items Functional Class Domestic items
21 Temporal Temporal Association fragments fragments fragments fragments fragments fragment 30-40 centerfire cartridge w/rim 30-40 centerfire stamped "F A 47" identifying the cartridge as having been made Arsenal in 1941 at the Frankford (White and Munhall 1977:74) can rim 2 inch diameter cardboard fragment wire nail fragments, one embedded wire in wood staple or chain link fragments; 2 stock stock, 1 square round 2½ inch common wire nail 2½ inch common wire unidentifiable can rim 2 inch diameter cardboard fragments fragments 3½ inch common wire nail 3½ inch common wire fragments Description fragment fragments 2 7 5 3 11 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 6 1 1 4 # 1 3 Brick Brick Brick Brick Brick Brick Cuprous metal Cuprous metal Ferrous Ferrous metal Ferrous metal Ferrous Ferrous metal Ferrous metal Ferrous metal Ferrous Concrete Ferrous metal Ferrous Brick Object Brick Brick Fort site, T.U. F7, Lev. 3 (20-30 F7, Lev. Fort site, T.U. Fort site, T.U. F7, Lev. 2 (10-20 F7, Lev. Fort site, T.U. cm) Fort site, T.U. F7, Lev. 1 (0-10 cm) F7, Lev. Fort site, T.U. Fort Clearing Depression 1(C), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. Fort Clearing Depression 1(B), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. Fort Clearing Depression 1(A), Fort Clearing Depression 1 (0-20 cm) Lev. ST F887, Lev. 1 (0-20 cm) ST F887, Lev. D727, 64-65N 801-802 E, Lev. 1 D727, 64-65N 801-802 E, Lev. 1 (0-20 cm) ST F1013, Lev. T.U. A227 T.U. stump located in E, tree Area 2006 by A. Pollnow Fish Trap Test 1, 50 cm N. Test Fish Trap 1 (0-20 cm) extension, Lev. 3 (40-60 cm) 1, Lev. Test Fish Trap 1, 50 cm N. Test Fish Trap 1 (0-20 cm) extension, Lev. 1 (0-10 cm) F7, Lev. Fort site, T.U. Fish Trap Test 1, Lev. 1 (0-20 cm) 1, Lev. Test Fish Trap 2 (10-20 cm) 5, Lev. Fort site, T.U. Provenience 1 (0-10 cm) E8, Lev. Fort site, T.U. cm) 24222 24221 24220 24219 24218 24217 24216 24214 24215 24212 24213 24210 24210 24211 24225 24209 24224 Cat. # 24223 material material material material material material material ammunition hardware hardware material hardware material Category material Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Military Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Subclass Construction Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Unknown Architecture Unknown Services Group Unknown Unknown Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Functional Class Architecture
22 20th century 20th century 20th century ca. 1846-1870 Temporal Temporal Association 19th century undecorated undecorated gray fragments removed from soil from gray fragments removed sample plastic; gray 2-hole inside well; 2.2 cm (0.9 in) diameter fragment red shredded clear glass with small bubbles and white swirls; 1.6 containing red 20th century cm (0.63 in); probably clear glass "catseye" with pairs of vanes; dark blue, light and red 20th 1.6 cm (0.63 in); probably century lined china; 2.4 cm (0.95 in) diameter; decorated with two rows of faint blue painted dashes around the equator. "Lined Chinas" in Non-glass Handmade Marbles. Identification Guide. Alan's Marble Connection website at
23 Uncollected Modern Objects Identified in the Field, 2007
Provenience Identification Number Comment ST-F983, 40-60 cm clear glass 1 ST-F1009, 5-20 cm modern glass ? probably associated with nearby picnic area ST-F1018, 20-40 cm 12 v battery 1 large plastic-bodied battery in numerous pieces ST-F1020. 0-20 amber glass 1 ST-F1020. 0-20 wire 1 B100 T.U. 3, 20-30 cm bs fire cracked rock 1
2007 Cataloged Miscellaneous Material Samples and Objects
Cat. # Provenience ID Comment 24226 Fort site, T.U. E7, Lev. 3 (30-50 cm), Bone and shell 6.4g tiny fragments from soil feature fill sample 24234 Area C520, T.U. 1, Lev. 2 (10-20 cm) Slag/clinker 5 objects 24235 Area C520, T.U. 1, Lev. 3 (20-30 cm) Slag/clinker 3 objects 24236 B100, T.U. 4, Lev. 2 (20-24 cm) Slag/clinker 2 objects 24237 B100, T.U. 3, Lev. 2 (20-40 cm) from floor Slag/clinker 2 objects 24240 Depression A1, T.U. 2, Lev. 2 (35-40 cm) Shell 184.7 g 24241 Depression A1, T.U. 2, Lev. 3 (40-60 cm) Shell 2 objects 24254 Area C520, Trench N. wall, 10-20 cm Light float fraction 26 g 24255 Area C520, Trench N. wall, 20-30 cm Light float fraction 7.3 g 24256 Area C520, Trench N. wall, 30-40 cm Light float fraction 6.4 g 24257 Area C520, Trench N. wall, 40-50 cm Light float fraction 3.2 g 24258 Area C520, Trench N. wall, 50-60 cm Light float fraction 8.5 g 24259 Area C520, Trench N. wall, 10-20 cm Charcoal 425.5 g 24260 Area C520, Trench N. wall, 20-30 cm Charcoal 412.1 g 24261 Area C520, Trench N. wall, 30-40 cm Charcoal 234.0 g 24262 Area C520, Trench N. wall, 40-50 cm Charcoal 171.3 g 24263 Area C520, Trench N. wall, 50-60 cm Charcoal 269.6 g 24264 A338 Trench, T.U. 4, 0-40 cm Soil sample 1 24265 A338 Trench, T.U. 4, NE corner, 40 cm Soil sample 1 24266 A338 Trench, S. corner of feature Soil sample 1 24267 Area F, Depression F1 - W. side of Soil sample 1 depression 24268 Area F, Depression F1 - Trench B, -37 cm Soil sample 1 24269 Area C520, Trench N. wall, 10-20 cm Soil sample 1 24270 Area C520, Trench N. wall, 20-30 cm Soil sample 1
24 Cat. # Provenience ID Comment 24271 Area C520, Trench N. wall, 30-40 cm Soil sample 1 24272 Area C520, Trench N. wall, 40-50 cm Soil sample 1 24273 Area C520, Trench N. wall, 45-57 cm Soil sample 1 24274 Area B100, T.U. 5, Lev. 1 (10-20 cm) Soil sample 1 24275 Area B100, T.U. 5, Lev. 1(10-20 cm) Soil sample 1; bag 2 of 2 24276 Area B100, T.U. 5, Lev. 2 (20-30 cm) Soil sample 1 24277 Area B100, T.U. 5, Lev. 2 (20-30 cm) Charcoal sample 1 24278 Area B72, T.U. 2, Lev. 1 (0-20 cm) Charcoal sample 1 24279 T.U. 319, 20 cm Charcoal sample 1 24280 T.U. 319, 20-25 cm Soil sample 1 24281 T.U. 319-2, Lev. 1 (0-20 cm) Soil sample 1 24282 T.U. 319-2, Lev. 1 (20-40 cm) Soil sample 1 24283 Fort site, T.U. E7, Lev. 3 (30-40 cm), Soil sample 1 feature fill 24284 ST F970, 24-40 cm Soil sample 1 24285 ST F972, -50 cm Soil sample 1 24286 Area C520, Trench N. wall, Lev. 2 (10-20 Charcoal sample 1 cm) 24287 Area C520, T.U. 1, Lev. 3 (20-30 cm) Charcoal sample 1 24288 Area C520, T.U. 2, 20-40 cm Charcoal sample 1 24289 Area C520, T.U. 2, 20-40 cm Charcoal/wood 1 sample 24290 2005 Small Depression A1, 4N 10E, Soil sample 1 secondary loam layer sample, 20-38 cm
25 Temporal 20th c. 20th c. 1890s-20th c. 20th c. 20th c. 20th c. early to mid- 19th c. mid-19th c. late 19th -20th c. early to mid- 19th c. amber clear amber with gold band on rim repoussé fragments clear clear clear amber clear blue transfer print fragments clear aqua decalcomania s fragments blue transfer print Description black 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 7 4 1 1 4 2 1 1 4 3 1 # 1 Curved glass Flat glass Curved glass Whiteware Brick Flat glass Curved glass Flat glass Curved glass Curved glass Whiteware Brick Flat glass Curved glass Porcelain Porcelain Brick Whiteware Object Curved glass TT2 N24 E32, Sod Cap TT2 N24 E32, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N24 E32, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N24 E32, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N24 E32, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N24 E33, Sod Cap TT2 N24 E3. Sod Cap 3 TT2 N24 E33, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N24 E33, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N24 E33, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N24 E33, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N24 E33, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N25 E32, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N25 E32, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N25 E32, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N25 E32, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N25 E32, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N25 E32, Level 1 0-20 cmbd Provenience TT2 N25 E32, Level 1 0-20 cmbd 25000 25001 25002 25003 25004 25005 25006 25007 25008 25008 25009 25010 25011 25012 25013 25014 25015 25016 Cat.# 25012 alcoholic beverage materials alcoholic beverage gustatory materials materials materials alcoholic beverage gustatory materials materials gustatory gustatory materials gustatory Category alcoholic beverage Historic Artifacts Collected During the 2008 Field Season the 2008 Field During Collected Artifacts Historic Indulgences Construction Indulgences & Housewares appliances Construction Construction Construction Indulgences & Housewares appliances Construction Construction Indulgences & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Construction & Housewares appliances Subclass Personal Items Architecture Personal Items Domestic Items Architecture Architecture Unknown Architecture Personal Items Unknown Domestic Items Architecture Architecture Personal Items Unknown Domestic Items Domestic Items Architecture Domestic Items Functional Class
26 Temporal 20th c. 20th c. early to mid- 19th c. pre-1890 early to mid- 19th c. mid-19th c. 20th c. mid-19th c. 20th c. early to mid- 19th c. clear fragment amber Undecorated blue transfer print fragment fragment fragment fragment black Chinese Canton , gray ceramic painted with blue design cuprous fragment amber with horizontal ribbing fragments black fragments clear clear Chinese Canton , gray ceramic painted with blue design amber green Description black bottle base fragment 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 # 1 Curved glass Brick Curved glass Whiteware Whiteware Cut nail Brick Shell Brick Curved glass Porcelain Metal ring Brick Curved glass Brick Curved glass Brick Flat glass Curved glass Porcelain Curved glass Curved glass Object Curved glass TT2 N25 E33, Sod cap TT2 N25 E33, Sod cap TT2 N25 E33, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N25 E33, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N25 E33, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N25 E33, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N25 E33, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N25 E33 TT2 N26 E32, Sod cap TT2 N26 E32, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N26 E32, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N26 E32, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N26 E33, sod cap TT2 N26 E33, Level 1 TT2 N26 E33, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N26 E33, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N27 E32, sod cap TT2 N27 E32, sod cap TT2 N27 E33, sod cap TT2 N27 E33, sod cap TT2 N27 E33, sod cap TT2 N27 E33, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N27 E33, Level 1 0-20 cmbd Provenience 0-20 cmbd 25017 25018 25019 25020 25021 25022 25023 25024 25025 25026 25027 25028 25029 25030 25030 25031 25032 25033 25034 25035 25036 25037 25037 Cat.# materials alcoholic beverage gustatory gustatory Hardware materials materials alcoholic beverage gustatory materials alcoholic beverage materials alcoholic beverage materials materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage Category Construction Indulgences & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Construction Construction Construction Indulgences & Housewares appliances Construction Indulgences Construction Indulgences Construction Construction & Housewares appliances Indulgences Indulgences Subclass Unknown Architecture Personal Items Domestic Items Domestic Items Architecture Architecture Non-cultural Architecture Personal Items Domestic Items Unknown Architecture Personal Items Unknown Architecture Personal Items Architecture Architecture Unknown Domestic Items Personal Items Personal Items Functional Class
27 Temporal early to mid- 19th c. mid-19th c. mid-19th c. early to mid- 19th c. 20th c. mid-19th c. 20th c. early to mid- 19th c. post-1890 Chinese Canton , gray ceramic painted with blue design fragments clear black black green painted or transfer print? with blue design clear hatch pattern amber including 1 with cross green black including 1 base fragment with heel brandy and push-up portions 2 refitting finish fragments aqua Chinese Canton , gray ceramic painted with blue design fragments Description clear including 1 base fragment 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 1 17 8 4 4 3 1 1 1 1 4 # 4 Porcelain Porcelain Brick Flat glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Porcelain Flat glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Whiteware Porcelain Porcelain Porcelain Wire nail Object Curved glass TT2 N27 E33, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N27 E33, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT2 N27 E33, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E39, sod cap TT3 N28 E39, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT3 N28 E39, Level 3 30-40 cmbd TT3 N28 E39, Level 3 30-40 cmbd TT3 N28 E39, Level 3 30-40 cmbd TT3 N28 E39, N31 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E39, N31 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E39, N31 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E39, N31 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E39, N31 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E39, N31 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E39, N31 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E39, N31 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E39, N31 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E39, N31 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd Provenience TT3 N28 E39, N31 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd 25038 25039 25040 25041 25042 25043 25043 25044 25046 25047 25047 25047 25047 25048 25049 25050 25050 25051 Cat.# 25047 gustatory materials materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage gustatory materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage gustatory gustatory gustatory Hardware Category Housewares & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Construction Construction Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences & Housewares appliances Construction Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Construction Subclass Domestic Items Domestic Items Architecture Architecture Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Domestic Items Architecture Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Unknown Domestic Items Domestic Items Domestic Items Domestic Items Architecture Functional Class Unknown
28 Temporal early to mid- 19th c. 20th c. mid-19th c. early to mid- 19th c. post-1890 20th c. mid-19th c. mid-19th c. fragments white plastic four-hole fragment clear blue transfer print fragments clear amber black aqua transfer 2 blue transfer print and 1 brown print green amber black including 1 base fragment) black cartridge case with “L C 6 brass center fire 7” headstamp Description fragments 22 1 1 1 1 1 2 8 5 2 1 3 1 3 2 2 1 4 2 1 # Brick Button Shell Flat glass Whiteware Whiteware Brick Flat glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Whiteware Unidentified object ferrous Wire nail Curved glass Curved glass Whiteware Curved glass Curved glass Cartridge case Object TT3 N28 E39, N31 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E39, N31 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E39, N31 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E40, Sod Cap TT3 N28 E40, Sod Cap TT3 N28 E40, Sod Cap TT3 N28 E40, Sod Cap TT3 N28 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N28 E40, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT3 N28 E40, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT3 N28 E40, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT3 N28 E40, Level 3 30-40 cmbd TT3 N29 E39, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT3 N29 E39, Level 2 20-30 cmbd Provenience 25052 25053 25054 25055 25056 25057 25058 25059 25060 25060 25060 25061 25062 25063 25064 25064 25065 25066 25067 25068 Cat.# materials materials gustatory gustatory materials materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage gustatory Hardware alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage gustatory alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage Ammunition Category Construction Clothing Construction & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Construction Construction Indulgences Indulgences & Housewares appliances Construction Indulgences Indulgences & Housewares appliances Indulgences Indulgences Firearms Subclass Architecture Personal Items Non-cultural Architecture Domestic Items Domestic Items Architecture Architecture Personal Items Personal Items Unknown Domestic Items Unknown Architecture Personal Items Personal Items Domestic Items Personal Items Personal Items Hunting Functional Class
29 Temporal mid-19th c. 20th c. 20th c. 20th c. post-1890 20th c. 20th c. mid-19th c. early to mid- 19th c. post-1890 mid-19th c. 20th c. black clear base fragment 8 clear and 1 frosted amber clear handle fragment fragments clear clear hatch pattern 2 with embossed cross amber, blue fragment black fragments fragments black including 1 mineral finish fragment green aqua clear Description transfer print handle fragment with red pattern 1 9 2 1 1 1 2 14 6 3 1 1 4 7 4 2 2 1 # 4 1 Curved glass Curved glass Flat glass Curved glass Curved glass Whiteware ware Yellow Wire nail Flat glass Curved glass Curved glass Marble Curved glass Wire nail Brick Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Object Whiteware Whiteware TT3 N29 E39, Level 3 30-40 cmbd TT3 N29 E39, Level 3 30-40 cmbd TT3 N29 E40, Sod Cap TT3 N29 E40, Sod Cap TT3 N29 E40, Sod Cap TT3 N29 E40, Sod Cap TT3 N29 E40, Sod Cap TT3 N29 E40, Sod Cap TT3 N29 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N29 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N29 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N29 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N29 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N29 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N29 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N29 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N29 E40 TT3 N29 E40 TT3 N29 E40 TT3 N29 E40 Provenience TT3 N29 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd 25069 25069 25070 25071 25071 25072 25073 25074 25075 25076 25076 25076 25076 25077 25079 25080 25081 25081 25081 25081 Cat.# 25078 alcoholic beverage materials alcoholic beverage gustatory culinary Hardware materials alcoholic beverage game alcoholic beverage gustatory Hardware materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage Category gustatory Indulgences Construction Indulgences & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Construction Construction Indulgences Pastimes & recreation Indulgences & Housewares appliances Construction Construction Indulgences Indulgences Subclass & Housewares appliances Personal Items Unknown Architecture Personal Items Unknown Domestic Items Domestic Items Architecture Architecture Unknown Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Domestic Items Architecture Architecture Personal Items Personal Items Unknown Unknown Functional Class Domestic Items
30 Temporal early to mid- 19th c. 20th c. mid-19th c. 20th c. 20th c. 20th c. 20th c. post-1890 mid-19th c. 20th c. blue transfer print clear black clear amber clear(including 1 base fragment with embossed "7" clear amber aqua including 1 Coca Cola bottle fragment clear green undecorated black green amber undecorated Description fragments 2 1 2 1 6 3 3 6 4 2 2 1 5 4 1 3 1 1 3 # 3 Whiteware Curved glass Curved glass Whiteware Flat glass Curved glass Curved glass Flat glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Whiteware Brick fragment Bone Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Whiteware Object Wire nail TT3 N29 E40, Level 3 30-40 cmbd TT3 N30 E39, sod cap TT3 N30 E39, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT3 N30 E39, Level 3 30-40 cmbd TT3 N30 E40, sod cap TT3 N30 E40, sod cap TT3 N30 E40, sod cap TT3 N30 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N30 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N30 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N30 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N30 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N30 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N30 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N30 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT3 N30 E40, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT3 N30 E40, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT3 N30 E40, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT3 N30 E40, Level 3 30-40 cmbd Provenience TT3 N30 E40, Level 1 0-20 cmbd 25082 25083 25084 25085 25086 25087 25087 25088 25089 25089 25089 25089 25090 25092 25093 25094 25094 25094 25095 Cat.# 25091 gustatory alcoholic beverage gustatory materials alcoholic beverage materials alcoholic beverage gustatory alcoholic beverage gustatory materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage gustatory Category Hardware Housewares & Housewares appliances Indulgences & Housewares appliances Construction Indulgences Construction Indulgences & Housewares appliances Indulgences & Housewares appliances Construction Construction Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences & Housewares appliances Subclass Domestic Items Unknown Personal Items Domestic Items Architecture Personal Items Unknown Architecture Personal Items Domestic Items Unknown Personal Items Domestic Items Architecture Architecture Non-cultural Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Domestic Items Functional Class
31 Temporal mid-19th c. pre-1890 early to mid- 19th c. 20th c. mid-19th c. mid-19th c. 20th c. clear fused metal disc 1 with corroded, fragments black including 1 unidentifiable finish fragment fragments green clear base fragment with blue transfer print painted aqua blue amber aqua green aqua clear undecorated blue painted design clear aqua black including 1 unidentifiable finish fragment amber Description black glass push-up fragment 4 2 3 2 5 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 5 3 # 1 Flat glass Roofing nail Brick Curved glass Cut nail Curved glass Flat glass Whiteware Whiteware Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Flat glass Whiteware Whiteware Flat glass Flat glass Curved glass Curved glass Object TT3 N31 E39, sod cap TT3 N31 E39, sod cap TT3 N31 E39, sod cap TT3 N31 E39, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT3 N31 E39, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT3 N31 E39, Level 3 30-40 cmbd TT3 N31 E40, sod cap TT3 N31 E40, sod cap TT3 N31 E40, sod cap TT3 N31 E40, sod cap TT3 N31 E40, sod cap TT3 N31 E40, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT3 N31 E40, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT3 N31 E40, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT3 N31 E40, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT3 N31 E40, North cleanup, 0-30 Wall cmbd 1, North TT3 Feature 50 cmbd Wall TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 1 0-20 cmbd Provenience 25096 25097 25098 25099 25100 25101 25102 25103 25103 25105 25105 25106 25106 25106 25107 25108 25109 25110 25110 25111 25111 Cat.# materials Hardware materials alcoholic beverage Hardware alcoholic beverage materials gustatory gustatory alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage materials gustatory gustatory materials materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage Category Construction Construction Construction Indulgences Construction Indulgences Construction & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Construction & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Construction Construction Indulgences Indulgences Subclass Architecture Architecture Architecture Personal Items Architecture Personal Items Architecture Domestic Items Domestic Items Personal Items Unknown Personal Items Unknown Personal Items Architecture Domestic Items Domestic Items Architecture Architecture Personal Items Personal Items Functional Class
32 Temporal early to mid- 19th c. early to mid- 19th c. 19th c. pre-1890 post-1890 mid-19th c. 20th c. mid-19th c. blue transfer print Chinese Canton , gray ceramic painted with blue stripes slip and 1 with salt glaze 1 with brown marble with white glaze stoneware fragments black including 1 unidentifiable finish fragment amber undecorated green Description fragment including 1 base fragment green basal fragment green black including 1 post bottom mold base fragment 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 26 4 1 2 1 1 # 1 2 1 1 1 11 Whiteware Porcelain Porcelain Stoneware Marble Cut nail Wire nail Brick Curved glass Curved glass Whiteware Stoneware Curved glass Object Brick Curved glass Whiteware Brick Curved glass Curved glass TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT5 N28-39 E36-37, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 1 0-20 cmbd TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT6 N28-29 E38, 0-50 cmbd Provenience TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 2 20-30 cmbd TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 3 30-40 cmbd TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 3 30-40 cmbd TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 3 30-40 cmbd TT5 N28-29 E36-37, Level 4 40-50 cmbd TT6 N28-29 E38, 0-50 cmbd 25112 25113 25114 25115 25116 25117 25118 25119 25120 25120 25121 25122 25129 Cat.# 25123 25124 25125 25126 25127 25129 gustatory gustatory Culinary game Hardware Hardware materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage gustatory Culinary alcoholic beverage Category materials alcoholic beverage gustatory materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage Housewares & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Pastimes & recreation Construction Construction Construction Indulgences Indulgences & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Construction Indulgences Subclass Indulgences & Housewares appliances Construction Indulgences Indulgences Domestic Items Domestic Items Domestic Items Domestic Items Personal Items Architecture Architecture Architecture Personal Items Personal Items Domestic Items Domestic Items Architecture Personal Items Functional Class Personal Items Domestic Items Architecture Personal Items Personal Items
33 Temporal early to mid- 19th c. pre-1890 20th c. mid-19th c. mid-19th c. 20th c. mid-19th c. 20th c. 20th c. mid-19th c. mid-19th c. 20th c. green floral transfer print pattern green fragments fragment amber fragments black w/unidentifiable embossed lettering black amber black and 1 brown w/black, 3 yellow, annularware stripes amber clear fragments black fragments bottle base green fragments amber (includes 2 finish ) aqua (includes 1 panel ) Description black 1 4 1 2 9 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 4 2 1 6 3 9 2 # 1 Porcelain Cut nail Brick Curved glass Brick Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Whiteware Curved glass Curved glass Brick Flat glass Curved glass Brick Curved glass Brick Flat glass Curved glass Curved glass Object Curved glass TT6 N28-29 E38, 0-50 cmbd TT6 N28-29 E38, 0-50 cmbd N52 E17, Sod cap N52 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N52 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N52 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N52 E19, Sod cap N52 E19, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N52 E20, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N52 E20, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N52 E21, Sod cap N52 E21, Sod cap N52 E21, Sod cap N52 E21, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N52 E21, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N52 E21, Level 2 10-20 N52 E22, Sod cap N52 E22, Sod cap N52 E22, Level 2 10-20 N52 E22, Level 2 10-20 N52 E22, Level 2 10-20 Provenience N52 E21, Sod cap 25130 25131 25132 25133 25134 25135 25136 25137 25138 25139 25140 25140 25141 25142 25143 25144 25145 25146 25147 25148 25148 Cat.# 25140 gustatory Hardware materials alcoholic beverage materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage gustatory alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage materials materials alcoholic beverage materials alcoholic beverage materials materials alcoholic beverage Category Housewares & Housewares appliances Construction Construction Indulgences Construction Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences & Housewares appliances Indulgences Indulgences Construction Construction Indulgences Construction Indulgences Construction Construction Indulgences Subclass Domestic Items Architecture Architecture Personal Items Architecture Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Domestic Items Personal Items Unknown Personal Items Architecture Architecture Personal Items Architecture Personal Items Architecture Architecture Personal Items Unknown Functional Class
34 Temporal mid-19th c. early to mid- 19th c. mid-19th c. mid-19th c. post-1890 mid-19th c. mid-19th c. mid-19th c. 20th c. early to mid- 19th c. 20th c. post-1890 20th c. black green transfer print - green fragments black w/unidentifiable embossed lettering black (includes 1 base w/heel & push-up) fragment black black wood charred black clear fragments clear fragment fragments amber Description transfer print - blue 1 1 1 6 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 # 1 Curved glass Curved glass Whiteware Brick Curved glass Curved glass Wire nail Curved glass Curved glass wood Charred Curved glass Flat glass Curved glass Brick Flat glass Curved glass Wire nail Brick Curved glass Flat glass Object Whiteware N52 E22, Level 2 10-20 N52 E22, Level 2 10-20 N52 E22, Level 2 10-20 N52 E22, Level 2 10-20 N53 E17, Sod cap N53 E18, Sod cap N53 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N53 E19, Sod cap N53 E20, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N53 E20, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N53 E21, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N53 E22, Sod cap N53 E22, Sod cap N53 E22, Sod cap N53 E22, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N53 E22, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N53 E22, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N53 E22, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N53 E22, Level 3 20-30 cmbd N53 E23, Sod cap Provenience N53 E22, Sod cap 25148 25148 25149 25150 25151 25152 25154 25155 25157 25158 25159 25160 25161 25163 25164 25165 25166 25167 25168 25169 Cat.# 25162 alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage gustatory materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage Hardware alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage materials gustatory materials materials Hardware materials alcoholic beverage materials Category Indulgences Indulgences & Housewares appliances Construction Indulgences Indulgences Construction Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Construction & Housewares appliances Construction Construction Construction Construction Indulgences Construction Subclass Personal Items Personal Items Domestic Items Architecture Personal Items Personal Items Architecture Personal Items Personal Items Unknown Personal Items Architecture Unknown Domestic Items Architecture Architecture Unknown Architecture Architecture Personal Items Architecture Functional Class
35 19th c. Temporal 20th c. 20th c. post-1890 20th c. mid-19th c. early to mid- ferrous fragment ferrous aqua fragments fragment fragment amber fragments amber clear base green unknown fragment salt glaze fragment brown 18 black (includes 3 basal fragments) clear base embossed "4/5" black transfer print - blue Description 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 1 19 2 # Whiteware Flat glass Forged spike Flat glass Curved glass Brick Brick Brick Curved glass Brick Flat glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Wire nail metal Ferrous Brick Brick Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Whiteware Object N54 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N54 E19, Sod cap N54 E19, Sod cap N54 E19, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N54 E21, Sod cap N54 E21, Sod cap N54 E21, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N54 E22, Sod cap N53 E23, Sod cap N53 E23, Sod cap N53 E23, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N53 E23, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N53 E23 N53 E23, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N53 E23, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N53 E23, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N53 E23, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N53 E23, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N54 E18, Sod cap N54 E18, Sod cap N54 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N54 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd Provenience 25180 25181 25182 25183 25184 25185 25186 25187 25170 25171 25172 25173 25173 25173 25174 25175 25176 25176 25177 25177 25178 25179 Cat.# gustatory materials hardware materials materials materials materials alcoholic beverage materials materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage Hardware materials materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage gustatory Category Housewares & Housewares appliances Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Indulgences Construction Construction Indulgences Indulgences Construction Construction Construction Indulgences Indulgences & Housewares appliances Subclass Domestic Items Architecture Architecture Architecture Unknown Architecture Architecture Architecture Personal Items Architecture Architecture Personal Items Unknown Personal Items Architecture Unknown Architecture Architecture Personal Items Unknown Personal Items Domestic Items Functional Class
36 Temporal mid-19th c. 20th c. mid-19th c. mid-19th c. 20th c. 20th c. green black (1 with incised painted brown annularware bands, 1 with incised painted black bands and squares) band above interior lip painted aqua-green clear black green aqua panel fragments amber clear fragments fragment Description black (includes 1 base) 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 15 16 2 1 1 2 1 1 # 4 Curved glass Curved glass Whiteware Whiteware Whiteware Flat glass Flat glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Brick Flat glass Curved glass Curved glass porcelain Brick Flat glass Brick Object Curved glass N54 E23, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N54 E23, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N54 E29, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N54 E29, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N54 E29, Level 3 20-47 cmbd N55 E18, Sod cap N55 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N55 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N55 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N55 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N55 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N55 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N55 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N55 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N55 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N55 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N55 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N55.5 E19, Sod cap N55.5 E19, Sod cap Provenience N55 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd 25188 25188 25189 25190 25191 25192 25193 25194 25194 25194 25194 25195 25196 25197 25197 25197 25198 25199 25200 25201 Cat.# alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage gustatory gustatory gustatory materials materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage materials materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage gustatory materials materials materials Category Indulgences Indulgences & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Construction Construction Indulgences Indulgences Construction Construction Indulgences Indulgences & Housewares appliances Construction Construction Construction Subclass Personal Items Personal Items Domestic Items Domestic Items Domestic Items Architecture Architecture Unknown Personal Items Personal Items Unknown Architecture Architecture Personal Items Personal Items Unknown Domestic Items Architecture Architecture Architecture Functional Class
37 Temporal 20th c. mid-19th c. 20th c. 20th c. 20th c. mid-19th c. early to mid- 19th c. post-1890 fragments clear aqua black base w/push-up amber prong ferrous fragments bottle finish) clear (includes 1 threaded amber (includes 1 tooled brandy finish ) black green fragment round w/locking unidentified hardware nut and attached swivel interior threaded washer Description transfer print - black 4 5 1 1 1 1 1 2 11 6 4 1 1 1 1 1 # 1 1 Flat glass Brick Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Leister spear Brick Flat glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass porcelain Wire nail metal Cuprous Object Whiteware Whiteware N55.5 E19, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N55.5 E19, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N55.5 E19, Level 2 10- 20 cmbd N55.5 E19, Level 3 20- 30 cmbd N55.5 E20, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N55.5 E20, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N55.5 E20, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N55.5 E20, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N56 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N56 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N56 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N56 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N56 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N56 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N56 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N56 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd Provenience N56 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N56 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd 25202 25203 25204 25205 25206 25206 25207 25208 25209 25210 25210 25210 25210 25211 25213 25214 25215 Cat.# 25212 materials materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage materials materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage gustatory gustatory Hardware Category gustatory Construction Construction Indulgences Indulgences Fishing Construction Construction Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Construction Subclass & Housewares appliances Architecture Architecture Unknown Unknown Personal Items Personal Items & Commerce Industry Architecture Architecture Unknown Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Domestic Items Domestic Items Architecture Unknown Functional Class Domestic Items
38 Temporal 20th c. 20th c. mid-19th c. early to mid- 19th c. post-1890 post-1890 20th c. 20th c. mid-19th c. fragments 1 unidentified blue plastic fragment and plastic fragment unidentified green amber clear (includes 1 panel and finish) black (includes 1 applied champagne finish) aqua green handle with broken transfer print - brown fragment clear black Description unknown fragments amber 30 2 19 10 9 5 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 # 4 11 1 2 Brick Plastic Flat glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Whiteware Whiteware porcelain Wire nail Wire nail Curved glass Curved glass Object metal Ferrous Brick Flat glass Curved glass N56 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N56 E18, Level 1 0-10 cmbd N56 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N56 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N56 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N56 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N56 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N56 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N56 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N56 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N56 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N56 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N56 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N56 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N56 E18, Level 3 20-30 cmbd N56 E18, Level 3 20-30 cmbd Provenience N56 E18, Level 2 10-20 cmbd N56 E18, Level 3 20-30 cmbd N56 E18, Level 3 20-30 cmbd 25216 25217 25218 25219 25219 25219 25219 25219 25220 25221 25222 25223 25224 25225 25228 25228 Cat.# 25226 25227 25228 materials materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage gustatory gustatory gustatory Hardware Hardware alcoholic beverage Category materials materials alcoholic beverage Construction Construction Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances & Housewares appliances Construction Construction Indulgences Subclass Construction Construction Indulgences Architecture Unknown Architecture Personal Items Unknown Personal Items Unknown Personal Items Domestic Items Domestic Items Domestic Items Architecture Architecture Unknown Unknown Personal Items Functional Class Architecture Architecture Personal Items
39 Temporal post-1890 20th c. mid-19th c. pre-1890 fragments fragment fragments fragment amber black green fragment fragments 5820g 3200g 1318.6g Description 575.5g 2520g 289.46g 10 1 2 5 1 8 3 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 # 1 1 Brick Wire nail Brick Flat glass Brick Flat glass Curved glass Curved glass Curved glass Cut nail Brick Soil sample Soil sample Soil sample Object Soil sample Soil sample sample Charcoal N56 E18, Level 3 20-30 cmbd N56 E18, Level 4 30-40 cmbd N56 E18, Level 4 30-40 cmbd N57 E20, unknown level N57 E20, unknown level Level Area, 2007 Pit Test 1 0-10 cmbd Level Area, 2007 Pit Test 1 0-10 cmbd Level Area, 2007 Pit Test 1 0-10 cmbd Level Area, 2007 Pit Test 1 0-10 cmbd Level Area, 2007 Pit Test 1 0-10 cmbd Level Area, 2007 Pit Test 1 0-10 cmbd 2, TT6 Center Feature 43 cmbd 2, TT6 Center Feature 43 cmbd 2, 43 TT6 S ½ Feature cmbd Provenience 2, 43 TT6 N ½ Feature cmbd N54 E20 NW Corner, 3, 10-25 cmbd Feature Area, 2007 Pit Test 5, 16 cmbd Feature 25229 25230 25231 25232 25233 25234 25235 25235 25235 25236 25237 25238 25239 25240 25241 Cat.# 25242 25243 materials Hardware materials materials materials materials alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage Hardware materials Category Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Indulgences Indulgences Indulgences Construction Construction Subclass Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Personal Items Personal Items Personal Items Architecture Architecture Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Functional Class Not applicable Not applicable
40 SECTION 2: CHARCOAL LOCATION DATA, RADIOCARBON DATES, TEPHRA, AND PROTEIN RESIDUE ANALYSES
41 Shovel Tested Locations Where Charcoal Was Encountered
ST # Depth (bs) Thickness (cm) Comment A DB-11 20-40 cm unknown A197b 40-43 3 Charcoal lens A204 0-20 ---- Small pieces of charcoal A238 0-20 ---- Some ash intermixed with charcoal to -20 cm A238 20-25 5 Charcoal lens with some ash just below charcoal A316 19-29 10 Charcoal mixed with dark loam A319 0-21 ---- Charcoal mixed with dark loam. C14 sample of charcoal chunks with soil from 10-21 cm A338 20-40 ---- Dark brown loam with charcoal. C14 sample A338 40-48 8 Charcoal layer with cobbles. C14 sample. Probable feature A347 17-23 6 Charcoal and sand A348 50 ---- Some charcoal mixed with soil A349 40-60 ---- Gravelly sand with a small amount of charcoal A380 20-40 ---- Loamy sand with gravel and some charcoal B025 17-20 3 B026 46+ unknown B030 0-20 unknown Some charcoal chunks B033 0-20 unknown Immediately under 2 cm of duff across entire unit B033 25-33 8 B040 0-20 unknown Immediately under 2 cm of duff across entire unit B044 0-20 Flecks B051 0-20 ---- Charcoal present B054 10 unknown Charcoal collected at boundary of duff and light brown sand B055b 20 unknown A little charcoal at the base of the level B057 0-20 unknown A little charcoal B058 20-40 unknown Ash at 30 cm with gravels and some charcoal B063 15-20 5 Gravels and charcoal B065 20-60 ---- Charcoal flecks B068 30-35 5 Charcoal lens on west side of test. C14 sample B069 40-60 ---- Small amount of charcoal mixed with light brown sandy loam B070 3-9 6 Charcoal layer with very little soil mixed in B071 0-20 20 Dark brown loam with charcoal B072 20-27 7 Charcoal layer #1 above thin yellow clay layer B072 34-42 8 Large cobbles at 30-35 cm on charcoal layer #2. Probable feature B073 30-33 3 Thin charcoal lens. Sample taken. Large rocks at 40 cm Feature? B086 21-27 6 Charcoal on volcanic ash layer B087 20-40 unknown Fire-cracked rock and charcoal in west wall of test B090 24-40 --- Charcoal flecks B093b 15-35 unknown Medium brown loam with charcoal 15-25 cm with large charcoal concentration 25-35 cm B094 10-20 --- yellow brown silty sand with charcoal flecks B098 9-20 3 Thick lens of charcoal B100 16-19 ---- Ash with some charcoal B100 32-47 15 Charcoal and gravel B103 12-30 ---- Dark brown loam with ash and charcoal B112 0-26 ---- Dark brown loam and humus with small pieces of charcoal to -20 with ash and small pieces of charcoal to -26 B124 20-30 ---- Ash cobbles with charcoal B126 20-40 ---- Dark brown sandy loam with small amount of charcoal B136 29-32 3 Charcoal layer. C14 sample B148 5-20 ---- Dark brown loam with charcoal
42 ST # Depth (bs) Thickness (cm) Comment B172 37-40 ---- Charcoal with ash cobbles B177 20-23 ---- Sandy loam with ash cobble and charcoal B179 20-55 ---- Decomposing tree with charcoal (probably natural) B184 5-30 ---- Loam with gravels, ash cobbles, and charcoal 5-23 cm. Ash layer with charcoal 23-30 cm C520 20-30 20 Charcoal band at 20-30 cm. Charcoal band mixed with burned earth 35-40 cm. C14 sample. Feature C528 32-33 1 Charcoal deposit. C14 sample D612, D2007 16-26 10 Charcoal lens/layer. C14 sample D620 0-13 ---- Duff and dark brown loam. Charcoal noted D662 11-17 6 Large charcoal chunks. C14 sample D683 3-10 7 Charcoal. C14 sample E781 0-20 unknown Much charcoal although not in a stratum (E782 had burned slate and burned earth; E783 had many small slate fragments) E785 40-55 unknown Charcoal w/volcanic ash E787 0-20 unknown Charcoal w/volcanic ash E799 0-20 unknown Charcoal mixed with soil E820 0-20 unknown Charcoal and rock E828 0-20 unknown 1 piece of charcoal E837 20-60 unknown Charcoal flecks E838 40-60 ---- Some charcoal flecks F891 15-20 ---- Chunk of charcoal F917 20-40 ---- A few pieces of charcoal F919 20-40 ---- A few small pieces of charcoal F926 40-60 ---- A few pieces of charcoal and volcanic ash F961 40 ---- Charcoal found around 40 cm F963 20-40 ---- Sandy brown loam with roots and charcoal F970 24-35 ---- Black loamy sand with large chunks of charcoal F972 50-53 3 Charcoal pocket. C14 sample F983 0-60 ---- Found some charcoal in the upper half of the test hole F1009 20-40 ---- Small amounts of charcoal F-1 South Trench 50-53 3 Charcoal stratum FC011 (Fort 28 Flecks Clearing) FC025 40-60 Flecks At the base of historical materials FC026 24-40 Chunk At the base of historical materials FC034 17-32 15 C14 sample FC038 26 unknown Charcoal & gravel; small piece of plastic in this level FC043 20-40 ---- Black gravel and sand with charcoal FC043 40-60 unknown Yellow sandy clay mixed with charcoal FC074 0-20 unknown Charcoal at -14 cm FC075 28 unknown Charcoal fill on gravel FC080 3 unknown Charcoal under sod
43 Terminal Terminal Late to Historic Terminal Terminal Late to Historic Historic Terminal Terminal Late to Historic Terminal Terminal Late to Historic Historic Terminal Terminal Late to Historic Historic Period Indicated Terminal Terminal Late 1 AD 1710 AD 1720 AD 1880 AD 1910 AD 1950 AD 1826 AD 1680 AD 1740 AD 1800 AD 1930 AD 1950 AD 1950 AD 1825 Intercepts w/ Intercepts Calibration Curve AD 1475 0.334695 0.013337 0.639108 0.012860 0.374414 0.263950 0.026577 0.203432 0.131627 1.0 0.309216 0.001374 0.671339 0.018071 0.373589 0.265718 0.031091 0.203982 0.125619 Relative Under Area Distribution 0.585751 0.414249 AD 1676-1768 AD 1771-1777 AD 1799-1941 *AD 1951-1954* AD 1697-1725 AD 1814-1836 AD 1845-1851 AD 1877-1893 AD 1906-1917 AD 1650-1953* AD 1680-1764 AD 1774-1775 AD 1800-1939 *AD 1951-1956* AD 1697-1725 AD 1814-1836 AD 1845-1851 AD 1877-1892 AD 1906-1917 95.4% (2 σ ) calibrated age ranges start- end AD 1435-1531 AD 1537-1635 0.261324 0.602709 0.125626 0.010341 0.269955 0.0936 0.246755 0.236326 0.153364 0.170619 0.328496 0.103461 0.20893 0.188494 0.258236 0.204629 0.084691 0.019911 0.423207 0.009328 0.268406 0.112775 0.210162 0.033842 0.239064 0.135751 Relative Under Area Distribution 0.745447 0.012666 0.241888 AD 1692-1728 AD 1811-1898 AD 1901-1920 *AD 1952-1953* AD 1699-1710 AD 1717-1721 AD 1818-1828 AD 1831-1833 AD 1880-1890 AD 1909-1915 AD 1699-1712 AD 1716-1721 AD 1818-1833 AD 1880-1891 AD 1909-1915 AD 1666-1698 AD 1723-1784 AD 1795-1816 AD 1834-1878 AD 1916-1952* AD 1694-1727 AD 1813-1839 AD 1841-1854 AD 1858-1862 AD 1867-1918 *AD 1952-1954* 68.3% (1 σ ) calibrated age ranges start-end AD 1443-1521 AD 1578-1581 AD 1591-1620 100±50 101±1 100±1 160±70 80±50 390 + 50 Conventional Radiocarbon Age (BP) ST B40 ST C520 Trench, 20-30 cm ST C520 Trench, ST C520 Trench, 10-20 cm ST B72b, Lev. 2 ST B72b, Lev. ST B33a Provenience east Firehearth, bank Indian River Radiocarbon Dates Associated With Fort Unit Archeological Sites Archeological Unit With Fort Associated Dates Radiocarbon 49SIT754, T'ooch' Aan Village) (Charcoal 49SIT755, Cháas' Ísh (Deep Salmon Hole) 49SIT755 , Cháas' Ísh (Deep Salmon Hole) 49SIT754, T'ooch' Aan Village) (Charcoal 49SIT754, T'ooch' Aan Village) (Charcoal Site Number and Name at Probably the margin of 49SIT757 (Riverside site) GX = GeochronGX Laboratories, Billerica, Massachusetts; Beta = Beta Analytic, Miami, Florida Beta #208391 GX-32922 GX-32923 Beta- 218682 Beta #208389 Sample Name Beta #107723 Reimer et al. 2004. Ranges marked with * are suspect due to impingement on the end of the calibration data set). Dates were calibrated using on-line Calib Radiocarbon Calibration Program (Stuiver et al. 2006 used in conjunction with Stuiver and Reimer 1993. Calibration data is from 2005 2007 2007 2006 2005 Year Year Submitted 1997 1
44 45 Terminal Terminal Late Terminal Terminal Late Terminal Late Terminal Terminal Late Terminal Late Period Indicated Terminal Terminal Late Terminal Late AD 1650 AD 1682 AD 1590 AD 1704 AD 1640 Intercepts w/ Intercepts Calibration Curve AD 1660 AD 1640 0.979642 0.020358 0.502139 0.401411 0.00083 0.08097 0.014649 0.547197 0.357367 0.095436 0.804948 0.126256 0.025788 0.043008 0.89409 0.10591 0.952149 0.038450 0.009401 Relative Under Area Distribution 0.005382 0.145846 0.723383 0.125388 AD 1462-1666 AD 1784-1795 AD 1486-1604 AD 1607-1675 AD 1769-1770 AD 1777-1799 AD 1950 AD 1467-1712 AD 1716-1891 AD 1908-1953* AD 1422-1697 AD 1725-1814 AD 1835-1877 AD 1917-1952* AD 1476-1893 AD 1906-1953* AD 1448-1675 AD 1778-1799 AD 1941-1951* 95.4% (2 σ ) calibrated age ranges start- end AD 1498-1504 AD 1512-1601 AD 1616-1892 AD 1907-1953 0.724969 0.275031 0.45749 0.462486 0.080024 0.005209 0.294427 0.291658 0.304659 0.104047 1 0.232313 0.287243 0.330667 0.00522 0.013082 0.013091 0.118384 0.068991 0.668549 0.262460 Relative Under Area Distribution 0.089148 0.313047 0.438609 0.005215 0.002613 0.151368 AD 1513-1600 AD 1617-1650 AD 1523-1572 AD 1629-1666 AD 1784-1795 AD 1499-1501 AD 1512-1601 AD 1616-1691 AD 1729-1810 AD 1921-1952* AD 1456 -1663 AD 1518-1593 AD 1619-1694 AD 1727-1813 AD 1839-1841 AD 1854-1858 AD 1862-1866 AD 1918-1952* AD 1496-1507 AD 1511-1601 AD 1616-1651 68.3% (1 σ ) calibrated age ranges start-end AD 1526-1556 AD 1632-1694 AD 1727-1812 AD 1855-1856 AD 1864-1865 AD 1919-1952* 300±50 270±40 240±100 310±100 230±100 300±60 220 + 70 Conventional Radiocarbon Age (BP) ST-C520, Lev. 2 Lev. ST-C520, ST-D612 ST B100, Test ST B100, Test Unit 2, 0-20 cm F Depression Area - assoc. w/ stone assemblage at west margin of depression ST A319, Test ST A319, Test Unit, 20 cm Fort Clearing ST 34 Provenience 1 ST A319, Lev. 49SIT755, Cháas' Ísh (Deep Salmon Hole) 49SIT756, Sháchk A Wánka (Swamp Edge) 49SIT754, T'ooch' Aan Village) (Charcoal 49SIT758, Big Hole 49SIT751 , Shis'ki-Noow Fortified Village and Battlefield, Component 3 49SIT751 , Shis'ki-Noow Fortified Village and Battlefield, Component C Site Number and Name 49SIT751, Shis'ki-Noow Fortified Village and Battlefield, Component 3 Beta- 218681 Beta- 242564 GX-32921 GX-32937 GX-32930 Beta #208392 Sample Name Beta- 218685 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2005 Year Year Submitted 2006
44 45 Terminal Terminal Late Terminal Terminal Late Terminal Terminal Late Terminal Terminal Late Terminal Terminal Late Terminal Terminal Late Terminal Terminal Late Terminal Terminal Late Terminal Terminal Late Period Indicated Terminal Terminal Late Terminal Terminal Late AD 1320 AD 1350 AD 1390 AD 1350 AD 1392 AD 1408 AD 1440 AD 1523 AD 1541 AD 1540 AD 1542 Intercepts w/ Intercepts Calibration Curve AD 1475 AD 1470 1 0.99264 0.001136 0.006225 0.942796 0.002056 0.055148 0.904344 0.095656 0.932827 0.067173 0.037545 0.942066 0.01589 0.004498 0.016069 0.937559 0.006949 0.030893 0.00853 1 1 Relative Under Area Distribution 0.585751 0.414249 0.641097 0.001509 0.357393 AD 128-1420 AD 1176-1496 AD 1508-1511 AD 1601-1615 AD 1270-1523 AD 1559-1562 AD 1571-1630 AD 1278-1526 AD 1556-1632 AD 1410-1519 AD 1593-1619 AD 1321-1349 AD 1391-1681 AD 1738-1755 AD 1762-1802 AD 1937-1951* AD 1429-16521 AD 1430-1654 AD 1309-1361 AD 1386-1674 AD 1778-1799 AD 1942-1951* AD 1437-1528 AD 1545-1545 AD 1551-1634 95.4% (2 σ ) calibrated age ranges start- end AD 1435-1531 AD 1537-1635 0.794619 0.205381 1 0.494584 0.505416 0.433798 0.566202 1 0.50729 0.49271 0.542562 0.032317 0.42512 0.521167 0.039343 0.439489 0.573458 0.426542 0.797961 0.202039 Relative Under Area Distribution 0.745447 0.012666 0.241888 AD 1299-1369 AD 1380-1398 AD 1285-1415 AD 1299-1369 AD 1381-1445 AD 1299-1370 AD 1380-1459 AD 1424-1473 AD 1442-1529 AD 1544-1634 AD 1450-1524 AD 1559-1564 AD 1570-1631 AD 1452-1524 AD 1558-1564 AD 1568-1631 AD 1432-1527 AD 1554-1633 AD 1445-1515 AD 1597-1617 68.3% (1 σ ) calibrated age ranges start-end AD 1443-1521 AD 1578-1581 AD 1591-1620 610±60 610±110 540±100 520±100 440±40 400±100 380±100 370±70 366±70 390±50 390±40 Conventional Radiocarbon Age (BP) ST B33b ST C520, 30-40 cm ST B72, Test Unit ST B72, Test 2, 0-20 cm ST F970, 24-40 cm ST-E781 ST B100, Test ST B100, Test Unit 5, 0-20 cm ST-A338, Lev. 2 Lev. ST-A338, ST A319, Test ST A319, Test Unit, 0-20 cm ST C520, 40-50 cm Provenience ST A319, Test Unit, 20-25 cm Riverside firehearth 49SIT754, T'ooch' Aan Village) (Charcoal 49SIT755, Cháas' Ísh (Deep Salmon Hole) 49SIT754, T'ooch' Aan Village) (Charcoal 49SIT757, Riverside 49SIT759, Tree 49SIT759, Tree Fall 49SIT754, T'ooch' Aan Village) (Charcoal 49SIT752 Aas Gutú Hit (In the House) Forest 49SIT751 , Shis'ki-Noow Fortified Village and Battlefield, Component 3 49SIT755, Cháas' Ísh (Deep Salmon Hole) Site Number and Name 49SIT751, Shis'ki-Noow Fortified Village and Battlefield, Component 3 49SIT757, Riverside Beta #208390 GX-32929 GX-32941 GX-32931 Beta- 234712 GX-32918 Beta- 218684 GX-32924 GX-32919 Sample Name GX-32925 Beta- 107723 2005 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2006 2007 2007 Year Year Submitted 2007 1992
46 Early Late Early Late Early Late Early Late Late Middle Middle Late Terminal Terminal Late Terminal Terminal Late Terminal Terminal Late Terminal Terminal Late Terminal Terminal Late Period Indicated AD 854 AD 787 AD 690 AD 637 AD 203 AD 1040 AD 1130 AD 1181 AD 1285 AD 1294 AD 1294 Intercepts w/ Intercepts Calibration Curve 1 0.996098 0.003902 0.981716 0.018284 1 0.002894 0.970646 0.005022 0.021438 0.003947 0.023926 0.963564 0.00551 0.003052 0.005652 0.978248 0.021752 0.994348 0.025963 0.007705 0.966332 0.01837 0.00119 0.98044 0.01837 0.00119 0.98044 Relative Under Area Distribution AD 661-1024 AD 606-996 AD 1005-1012 AD 649-781 AD 791-807 AD 423-879 86-79 BC 54 BC-AD 443 AD 449-463 AD 483-533 AD 782-789 AD 811-846 AD 856-1228 AD 1232-1241 AD 1247-1251 AD 1015-1310 AD 1360-1386 AD 894-1299 AD 1050-1083 AD 1125-1136 AD 1151-1428 AD 1052-1080 AD 1129-1131 AD 1153-1434 AD 1052-1080 AD 1129-1131 AD 1153-1434 AD 1369-1380 95.4% (2 σ ) calibrated age ranges start- end 0.041275 0.958725 1 0.669889 0.330111 0.889786 0.110214 1 0.064402 0.935598 0.162769 0.058456 0.778775 0.712312 0.287688 0.682453 0.317547 0.682453 0.317547 0.983924 0.012058 0.004018 Relative Under Area Distribution AD 726-737 AD 771-976 AD 670-881 AD 666-716 AD 743-768 AD 539-724 AD 739-771 68-344 AD 900-917 AD 965-1161 AD 1027-1226 AD 1234-1237 AD 1049-1084 AD 1124-1137 AD 1151-1276 AD 1218-1323 AD 1346-1393 AD 1223-1324 AD 1345-1393 AD 1223-1324 AD 1345-1393 AD 1249-1250 68.3% (1 σ ) calibrated age ranges start-end 1170±100 1250±110 1300±40 1400±110 1820±120 1000±100 890±120 830±100 710±100 700±100 700±100 Conventional Radiocarbon Age (BP) ST F963, 20-40 cm Fort Clearing, E7, 30-50 cm T.U. (assoc. w/stone anvil) 2 Lev. ST-B72b, ST E820, 0-20 cm ST F972, 50 cm ST A338 Trench, ST A338 Trench, 0-40, charcoal stratum above hearth ST E785, 20-40 cm ST A338 Trench, ST A338 Trench, 40 cm, just above W corner of hearth ST B100, Test ST B100, Test Unit 5, 20-40 cm ST A338 Trench, ST A338 Trench, south corner hearth Provenience ST C520, 45-57 cm 49SIT757, Riverside 49SIT751, Shis'ki-Noow Fortified Village and Battlefield, Component C 49SIT754, T'ooch' Aan Village) (Charcoal Fall 49SIT759,Tree 49SIT757, Riverside 49SIT752 Aas Gutú Hit (In the House) Forest 49SIT759,Tree Fall 49SIT759,Tree 49SIT752 Aas Gutú Hit (In the House) Forest 49SIT754, T'ooch' Aan Village) (Charcoal 49SIT752 Aas Gutú Hit (In the House) Forest Site Number and Name 49SIT755, Cháas' Ísh (Deep Salmon Hole) GX-32932 GX-32939 Beta- 218683 GX-32933 GX-32934 GX-32926 GX-32935 GX-32927 GX-32920 GX-32928 Sample Name GX-32940 2007 2007 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 Year Year Submitted 2007
47 Late Middle Late Middle Period Indicated 790 BC AD 158 Intercepts w/ Intercepts Calibration Curve 0.56806 0.43194 0.012452 0.987548 Relative Under Area Distribution 834-716 BC 695-539 BC 161-132 BC 117 BC-AD 424 95.4% (2 σ ) calibrated age ranges start- end 0.678505 0.149895 0.068324 0.103277 0.884632 0.115368 Relative Under Area Distribution 812-751 BC 686-667 BC 637-621 BC 614-594 BC AD 21-261 AD 281-325 68.3% (1 σ ) calibrated age ranges start-end 2580±50 1860±120 Conventional Radiocarbon Age (BP) ST-B100,. 40 ST-B100,. cm bs Provenience F, Area F1, S. Depression (B), 37 cm trench 49SIT754, T'ooch' Aan Village) (Charcoal Site Number and Name 49SIT758 Big Hole Beta- 218686 Sample Name GX-32938 2006 Year Year Submitted 2007
48 Tephra Deposits Noted in the Park, 2005-2007
Tephra is solid matter that is ejected into the air by an erupting volcano. At Sitka National Historical Park, the likely source is Mount Edgecombe. Tephra was identified in the park by the University of Alaska - Fairbanks (Reihle et al. 1992; Yehle 1974).
Survey Unit A
In Survey Unit A, excavators encountered tephra deposits in 27 shovel tests primarily in the western half of Survey Unit A (see figure) although one ash deposit was identified about 25 m west of the Fort Clearing at ST-A381. The tephra occurred as a contiguous 2 to 5 cm thick layer in twelve of the shovel test locations, including the one near the Fort Clearing. The remaining tests identified non-contiguous volcanic ash lumps or cobbles mixed with the soil. Chaney et al. (1995:15) has noted that thin Holocene-aged deposits of ash documented in the Sitka area have been bracketed by uncalibrated radiocarbon dates of 4,030 + 90 and 4,310 + 140 B.P. All samples collected in the park indicate a single ash fall event. The upper contact of the in-park tephra layer is associated with a radiocarbon date of 4,000 + 70 B.P. (calibrated to 2,485 B.C.). A radiocarbon date from charcoal recovered below a tephra deposit in the park dates to 4,290 + 70 (calibrated to 2,900 B.C.). The 1994-1995 landform study by Chaney et al. identified no tephra deposits in Survey Unit A. Thicknesses of ash layers conform to those identified by Chaney et al. (1995:72) in Survey Units B and C. In virtually all cases, the deposits identified in 2006 occurred on slightly elevated landforms.
Survey Unit B
Buried volcanic ash layers were encountered in 64 shovel tests in Survey Area B, predominantly on the upper surface of the circa 4500 year old remnant beach terrace (Chaney et al. 1995:Maps 1) and south of that terrace remnant past the southern end of the survey unit. Tephra was not encountered in the sandy soils on east or west sides of that terrace. In twenty-three of the tested locations, the tephra occurred as a contiguous layer varying in thickness from 2 to 17 cm. The remaining tests identified non-contiguous volcanic ash lumps or cobbles mixed with the soil. The 2006 survey extends the documented presence of ash and ash layers well beyond the area identified by Chaney et al. (1995).
Survey Unit C
Deposits of volcanic ash were noted in 23 shovel tests, all but one of these in the portion of the inventory unit south of the maintenance shed. Nine of these lay on the south and east margins of the aforementioned bog with eight of these occurring as a layer up to 11 cm thick. Ash was encountered in thirteen tests on a high terrace estimated to have been uplifted over the level of wave action between 2600-3500 BC. Deposits up to 14 cm thick occur on south, east, and north margins of this terrace. Only one shovel test north of this (ST-C515) was found to contain a 4 cm thick layer ash. This was located on a low terrace east of the flume at an elevation of about 30 ft AMSL.
49 Location of Shovel Test Units Bearing Tephra
50 Survey Unit D
Volcanic ash was identified in only three shovel tests (STs D532, D533, D544) at the center of the extreme south edge of the survey unit. Ash beds ranged in thickness from less than a centimeter (ST-D533) to 5 cm (ST-D532) with one unit (ST-D532) bearing ash mixed with sand and cobbles to 60 cm bs.
Survey Unit E
In Survey Unit E, excavators encountered tephra deposits in 13 shovel tests (Figure 24). The tephra occurred as a contiguous layer in eight shovel test locations. All but two of these were very thin (+1 cm thick), the exceptions occurring at ST-F818 (10 cm thick) near the center of the survey unit and at ST-F868 (2 cm thick) at the south end. The remaining tests identified non-contiguous volcanic ash lumps or cobbles mixed with the soil. In addition, Anne Pollnow located tephra deposits in nine of her tests at the south end of Survey Unit E (Pollnow 2006:9).
Survey Unit F
In Survey Unit F, tephra deposits were encountered in 13 shovel tests. The tephra occurred as a contiguous layer in eight of the tested locations. Three of these were very thin (+1 cm thick) with the remainder varying from 6-13 cm in thickness. The remaining five shovel tests contained non-contiguous volcanic ash lumps or cobbles mixed with the soil. The 1994-1995 landform study by Chaney et al. identified tephra deposits in the south end of Survey Unit E above the 21 ft elevation. The geomorphological team, however, did not have time to test other areas at the northerly end of the survey unit.
51 Protein Residue Analysis of an Anvil Stone from Sitka National Historical Park, Alaska
Prepared For:
USDI, National Park Service Midwest Archaeological Center Federal Building, Room 474 100 Centennial Mall North Lincoln, NE 68503-3873
Prepared By:
Laboratory of Archaeological Sciences California State University 9001 Stockdale Highway Bakersfield, CA 93311-1022 Director: Robert M. Yohe II, Ph.D, RPA
(LAS-166)
September 2007
52 Introduction
The use of chemical and molecular biological techniques in the analysis of archaeological materials can provide significant new information for the interpretation of their past use. The identification of organic residues from lithic and ceramics artifacts, coprolites and soils have provided archaeologists with specific data regarding prehistoric exploitation of animals and plants. Although ancient protein residues may not be preserved in their original form, linear epitopes are generally conserved which can be identified by immunological methods (Abbas et al. 1994).
Immunological methods have been used to identify plant and animal residues on flaked and groundstone lithic artifacts (Allen et al. 1995; Gerlach et al. 1996; Henrikson et al. 1998; Hyland et al. 1990; Kooyman et al. 1992; Newman 1990, 1995; Petraglia et al. 1996; Shanks et al.1999; Yohe et al. 1991) and in Chumash paint pigment (Scott et al. 1996). Plant remains on artifacts also been identified through chemical (opal phytoliths), and morphological (use-wear), studies (Hardy and Garufi 1998; Jahren et al. 1997, Sobolik 1996). Plant and animal residues on ceramic artifacts have been identified through the use of gas-liquid chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (Bonfield and Heron 1995; Evershed et al. 1992; Evershed and Tuross, 1996; Heron et al. 1991, Patrick et al. 1985). Serological methods have been used to determine blood groups in skeletal and soft tissue remains (Heglar 1972; Lee et al. 1989) and in the detection of hemoglobin from 4500-year-old bones (Ascenzi et al. 1985). Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) determinations made on human and animal skeletal and soft tissue remains have demonstrated genetic relationships and molecular evolutionary distances (Hänni et al. 1995; Hansen and Gurtler 1983; Lowenstein 1985, 1986; Pääbo 1985, 1986, 1989; Pääbo et al. 1989). Successful identification of residues on stone tools dated between 35-60,000 B.P. has been made by DNA analysis (Hardy et al. 1997, while residues on surgical implements from the American Civil War were recently identified by immunological and DNA analysis (Newman et al. 1998). A recent study demonstrated the viability of identifiable immunoglobulin G in 1.6 million- year-old fossil bones from Venta Micena, Spain, (Torres et al. 2002). Horse exploitation was identified by immunological analysis of residues retained on Clovis points dated to ca. 11, 200 B. P. (Kooyman et al. 2001).
The use of forensic techniques in the investigation of archaeological materials is appropriate as both disciplines deal with residues that have undergone changes, either deliberate or natural. Criminals habitually endeavor to remove bloodstains by such means as laundering, scrubbing with bleach, etc. yet; such degraded samples are still identified by immunological methods (Lee and De Forest 1976; Milgrom and Campbell 1970; Shinomiya et al. 1978, among others). Similarly it has been shown that immunological methods can be successfully applied to ancient human cremations (Cattaneo et al. 1994). Forensic wildlife laboratories use immunological techniques in their investigation of hunting violations and illegal trade, often from contaminated evidence (Bartlett and Davidson 1992; Guglich et al. 1994; Mardini 1984; McClymont et al. 1982; among others). Immunological methods are also used to test the purity of food products such as canned luncheon meat and sausage, products which have undergone considerable degradation (Ashoor et al. 1988; Berger et al. 1988; King 1984). Thus the age and degradation of protein does not preclude detection (Gaensslen 1983:225).
53 Materials and Methods
The method of analysis used in this study of archaeological residues is cross- over electrophoresis (CIEP). Prior to the introduction of DNA fingerprinting this test was used by forensic laboratories to identify trace residues from crime scenes. Minor adaptations to the original method were made following procedures used by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Serology Laboratory, Ottawa (1983) and the Centre of Forensic Sciences (Toronto). The solution used to remove possible residues is 5% ammonium hydroxide which is the most effective extractant for old and denatured bloodstains without interfering with subsequent testing (Dorrill and Whitehead 1979; Kind and Cleevely 1969). Artifacts are placed in shallow plastic dishes and 0.5 ml of 5% ammonia solution applied directly to each. Initial disaggregation is carried out by floating the dish and contents in an ultrasonic cleaning bath for five minutes. Extraction is continued by placing the dish and contents on a rotating mixer for thirty minutes. In the case of large, heavy milling tools, 1.0 ml or more of the ammonium solution is applied directly to a working surface, agitated with a sterile spatula and allowed to sit for 30 minutes. The resulting ammonia solutions are removed and placed in numbered, sterile, plastic vials and stored at -20c prior to testing.
A series of paired wells is punched into an agarose gel. About 3 µl of antiserum is placed into one well and the same amount of the sample extract is placed in the other. An electric current is then passed through the gel. The antiserum and unknown sample migrate through the gel and come into contact. If there is protein in the unknown which corresponds with the antiserum, an antigen-antibody reaction occurs and the protein precipitates out in a specific pattern. The precipitant is detected when the gel is pressed, dried and stained. Control positives are run simultaneously with all the unknown samples. Sterile equipment and techniques are use throughout the analysis.
The Sample
One ground stone artifact (anvil stone) from Sitka National Historical Park, Alaska, was submitted for immunological analysis by the National Park Service, Midwest Archaeological Center, in Lincoln, Nebraska. Residues were removed from the artifact as discussed above. Testing of the sample was performed against the animal and plant antisera shown in Table 1. Animal antisera produced by Cappel Research, and plant antisera produced at the University of Calgary, and Cedarlane Laboratory, provide family level identification only. The relationship of antisera to possible species identified is shown in Table 2.
Results
Four positive reactions were registered (Table 3). The sample from the anvil stone tested positive for bear, deer, Amaranthaceae, and kelp. Bear antiserum reacts positively with black and grizzly bear. Deer antiserum reacts positively with deer, elk, moose, caribou, etc. Amaranthaceae reacts positively with amaranth, pigweed, quelite, etc. Kelp reacts positively with seaweed/kelp, and possibly salt and freshwater algae.
54 The absence of identifiable proteins on the artifacts may be due to poor preservation of protein, insufficient protein, or that they were not used on any of the organisms included in the available antisera. Table 1. Antisera used in analysis. Antiserum Source Bear Cappel Research Bovine “ Cat “ Chicken “ Deer “ Dog “ Guinea-pig “ Rabbit “ Rat “ Sheep “ Amaranthaceae University of Calgary Asteraceae “ Camas “ Capparidaceae “ Cedar “ Chenopodiaceae “ Kelp Cedarlane Laboratory Malvaceae University of Calgary Pine “ Poaceae “
Table 2. Possible species identified. Antiserum Possible Species Identified Bear black, grizzly Bovine bison, cow Cat bobcat, lynx, mountain lion Chicken turkey, quail, grouse, & other gallinaceous fowl Deer deer, elk, caribou, moose Dog coyote, wolf, dog Guinea-pig beaver, porcupine, squirrel Rabbit rabbit, hare, pika Rat all mouse and rat species Sheep bighorn and other sheep Amaranthaceae amaranth, pigweed, quelite, etc. Asteraceae rabbitbrush, sunflower, sagebrush, thistle, etc. Camas camas, wild hyacinth Capparidaceae beeplant, bladderpod, stinkweed, etc. Cedar cedar, cypress, juniper, Chenopodiaceae goosefoot, greasewood, pickleweed, saltbush, etc. Kelp seaweed/kelp, possibly salt/freshwater algae Malvaceae mallows Pine pine, hemlock spruce, fir Poaceae grasses
Table 3. Results Sample No. Artifact Results 1 anvil stone BEAR, DEER, AMARANTH., KELP
55 References Cited
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Allen, J., M. E. Newman, M. Riford, and G. H. Archer 1995 Blood and Plant Residues on Hawaiian Stone Tools from Two Archaeological Sites in Upland Kane`one, Ko`ola Pogo District, O`ahu Island. Asian Perspectives 34(2):283-302.
Ascenzi, A., M. Brunori, G. Citro, and R. Zito 1985 Immunological Detection of Hemoglobin in Bones of Ancient Roman Times and of Iron and Eneolithic Ages. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences USA 82:7170-7172.
Ashoor, S. H., W. C. Monte, and P.G. Stiles 1988 Liquid Chromatographic Identification of Meats.J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 71:397- 403.
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60 SECTION 3: GPS DATA
61 GPS Data for Artifacts Collected and Features Identified During the 2005 Metal Detection Inventory (1927 datum)
�Object Vertical Horzontal # Object Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment Canister FS 1 shot 7/28 0.4 1.1 6322385.409 481053.592 Slingshot Located 5m NW of FS 1 FS 2 ball? Canister No data FS 3 shot Canister 8m SE of GPS point FS 4 shot 7/29 0.4 1.0 6322419.073 480967.402 FS 5 Forged nail 7/28 0.4 1.3 6322369.973 480938.428 FS 6 Forged nail 7/28 0.5 1.2 6322373.274 480933.928 FS 7 Iron bar 7/28 0.7 1.2 6322375.631 480943.291 FS 8 Forged nail 7/28 0.4 1.3 6322380.837 480947.916 Salmon FS 9 hook 7/28 0.4 1.3 6322363.313 480941.459 copper sheet FS 10 metal 7/28 0.4 1.3 6322361.981 480941.176 FS 11 Forged nail 7/28 0.4 1.4 6322366.966 480941.976 1 m east of GPS point 2 forged FS 12 nails 7/28 0.4 1.5 6322384.187 480908.502 FS 13 Iron strap 7/28 0.5 1.2 6322370.634 480905.535 Forged nail FS 14 and wood 7/28 0.4 1.3 6322385.027 480911.382 FS 15 Not collected .35 musket FS 16 ball 7/29 0.5 1.0 6322466.980 480924.708 Cuprous FS 17 button 7/29 0.4 1.2 6322486.846 480940.578 69 to .75 FS 18 musket ball 7/29 0.4 0.9 6322485.624 480936.689 FS 19 Cut nail 7/29 0.4 1.0 6322480.889 480943.669 FS 20 Token 7/29 Same position as FS 21 Nut and bolt FS 21 shaft 7/29 0.5 1.0 6322456.812 480911.765 .63 musket Same position as FS 21 FS 22 ball 7/29 Canister 4m s of GPS point FS 23 shot 7/29 0.4 1.4 6322422.481 481070.404 .44 or .45 GPS point was 10 m FS 24 musket ball 7/29 0.4 1.1 6322387.579 481070.873 WSW of artifact 6m w of gps; (12 mm) diameter Lefaucheux cartridge pinfire cartridge base FS 25 case 7/29 0.5 1.1 6322385.976 481068.529 with wadding FS 26 iron 7/29 0.4 0.8 6322422.424 480966.819 .63 musket FS 27 ball 7/29 0.4 0.9 6322426.866 480957.042 Ferrous FS 28 washer 7/29 0.4 0.8 6322437.602 481002.790
62 Object Vertical Horzontal # Object Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment FS 29 Cannonball 7/30 0.4 1.3 6322414.124 481061.099 FS 30 Cannonball 7/30 0.4 1.2 6322396.919 481061.437 Canister 7 m SE of GPS point FS 31 shot 7/30 0.4 1.3 6322418.768 481033.622 FS 32 Cannonball 7/31 0.4 1.4 6322407.887 481086.706 1 m east of GPS point Shingling FS 33 hatchet 7/31 0.4 0.8 6322400.440 481091.158 FS 34 Cannonball 7/31 0.4 0.7 6322403.597 481098.784 FS 35 Iron wedge 7/31 1.1 0.8 6322398.441 481101.991 44/.45 1.5m north of GPS carbine point FS 36 bullet 8/2 0.8 1.3 6322638.898 481090.726 Copper FS 37 sheet metal 8/3 0.4 1.0 6322686.436 481005.835 Cupric 50 cm east of FS 39 FS 38 frame? 8 gauge FS 39 copper wire 8/3 0.6 0.9 6322688.651 481010.428 Blue "Willow" transfer printed FS 40 ceramic 8/3 0.4 1.0 6322786.511 480939.468 musket ball FS 41 in wood 8/4 0.8 1.0 6322402.475 481028.573 FS 42 Forged nail 8/4 0.6 1.0 6322409.204 481019.884 NA Feature 1 8/2 0.5 1.0 6322620.189 481083.931 Possible hearth - NA Feature 2 8/4 0.6 1.1 6322406.562 481035.798 charcoal concentration NA GPS point is 2.5m wsw Privy pit 8/4 0.4 0.9 6322655.668 480808.122 of privy
63 GPS Location References for 2005 Geophysical Inventory Area Boundaries (1927 datum)
Inventory Vertical Horzontal Area Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comments Geo Grid Stake A1 27-Apr-06 3.2 1.6 6322372 480916.7 Deep Depression Geo Grid Stake A1 27-Apr-06 2.2 1.7 6322379 480898.8 Deep Depression Geo Grid Stake A1 27-Apr-06 2.3 2 6322389 480889.7 Deep Depression Geo Grid Stake A1 27-Apr-06 1.7 1.4 6322393 480893.9 Deep Depression Geo Grid Stake A1 27-Apr-06 2 1.2 6322388 480903.7 Deep Depression Geo Grid Stake A1 27-Apr-06 2.2 1.2 6322378 480920.9 Deep Depression Geo Grid Stake A2 27-Apr-06 2.7 1.5 6322369 480931.1 Depression A-1 Geo Grid Stake A2 28-Apr-06 2.2 1 6322378 480935.1 Depression A-1 Geo Grid Stake A2 28-Apr-06 3.6 2.5 6322381 480937.8 Depression A-1 Geo Grid Stake A2 28-Apr-06 3.2 1.9 6322368 480940.8 Depression A-1 Geo Grid Stake A2 28-Apr-06 4.5 2.1 6322381 480944.2 Depression A-1 Geo Grid Northwest Fort Clearing Stake A3 01-May-06 4.9 2.3 6322424 481065.6 Extension Geo Grid Northwest Fort Clearing Stake A3 01-May-06 2.7 2 6322417 481064.9 Extension Geo Grid Northwest Fort Clearing Stake A3 01-May-06 2.3 1.5 6322409 481073.6 Extension Geo Grid Northwest Fort Clearing Stake A3 01-May-06 2.7 2.1 6322413 481062.8 Extension
64 2005 GPS Positions for Shovel Tests (ST), Survey Area B (1927 Datum)
Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment B01 7/28 0.5 1.0 6322721.886 480755.970 ST is 5 m SE of GPS point B02 7/28 0.4 1.4 6322709.267 480765.844 B03 7/28 0.4 1.3 6322718.854 480775.813 B04 7/28 0.4 1.4 6322706.038 480785.080 B05 7/28 0.4 1.6 6322696.331 480799.015 B06 7/28 0.4 0.9 6322720.856 480807.164 B07 7/29 0.4 1.1 6322720.013 480813.256 ST is 5 m south of GPS point B08 7/29 0.4 1.3 6322718.328 480828.459 B09 7/29 0.9 0.9 6322716.597 480832.686 B09 7/29 0.4 1.0 6322714.251 480834.341 B10 7/28 1.1 0.9 6322710.417 480840.786 B11 7/29 0.4 1.2 6322703.628 480853.343 ST is 3 m N of GPS point B12 7/29 0.4 1.5 6322700.644 480860.176 GPS point is 3m NNW of ST ST is 1 m N of GPS point; both B13 7/29 0.4 1.5 6322723.956 480867.279 points are between path and river B14 7/29 0.4 1.1 6322720.110 480855.816 GPS point ca 2.5 m N of ST B15 7/29 0.4 1.0 6322718.864 480857.753 B16 7/29 0.5 0.9 6322727.920 480838.032 B17 7/29 0.5 1.0 6322697.053 480867.647 Between path and river B18 7/29 0.4 1.6 6322713.464 480860.816 B19 7/29 0.8 0.9 6322698.476 480849.544 B20 7/29 0.4 1.1 6322701.399 480840.625 B21 7/29 0.5 1.3 6322702.765 480831.837 B22 7/29 0.5 1.3 6322703.078 480822.706 B23 7/29 0.5 1.1 6322703.261 480812.609 B24 7/29 0.4 1.3 6322695.798 480797.929 B25 7/30 0.4 1.3 6322707.837 480794.177 B26 7/30 0.4 1.3 6322706.763 480785.814 B27 7/29 0.4 0.9 6322707.535 480775.000 B31 7/30 0.4 1.1 6322693.982 480803.976 B32 7/30 0.4 1.3 6322695.427 480817.073 B32 8/2 0.4 0.7 6322694.362 480815.817 ST is 1 m west of GPS point B33 7/30 0.5 1.0 6322692.217 480829.227 B34 7/30 0.5 0.9 6322691.106 480835.613 B35 7/31 0.5 1.0 6322696.830 480846.181 B36 7/31 0.4 1.1 6322685.452 480857.171 B37 7/31 0.4 1.5 6322684.946 480863.909 Between river and path; GPS point B38 7/31 0.4 1.2 6322684.552 480871.151 is 1 m south of ST B39 7/31 0.4 1.4 6322668.582 480878.822 Between path and river B40 7/31 0.4 1.3 6322686.229 480870.046 GPS point is on path 4 m NNE of ST B41 7/31 0.5 0.8 6322678.662 480857.353 B42 7/31 0.4 1.0 6322676.455 480849.560 B43 7/31 0.7 1.0 6322681.414 480837.917
65 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment B44 7/31 0.4 1.7 6322688.427 480829.807 B45 7/31 0.4 1.6 6322688.390 480817.662 B46 7/31 0.4 1.3 6322686.214 480812.903
2005 GPS Positions for Shovel Tests (ST), Survey Unit A (1927 Datum)
Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment DB01 8/2 0.4 1.2 6322486.941 480939.237 DB02 8/2 0.4 1.2 6322480.728 480938.153 DB03 8/2 0.4 1.1 6322480.517 480942.927 DB04 8/2 0.5 1.1 6322486.755 480945.567 DB05 8/2 0.4 1.1 6322469.838 480924.045 DB05 8/3 0.4 1.1 6322465.854 480924.367 DB06 8/3 0.5 1.1 6322468.983 480930.123 DB07 8/3 0.4 1.3 6322474.249 480926.622 DB08 8/2 0.5 1.2 6322461.275 480916.351 DB09 8/2 0.5 1.2 6322459.157 480913.225 DB10 8/2 0.4 1.1 6322468.680 480913.612 DB10 8/3 0.4 1.5 6322461.644 480912.311 DB11 8/3 0.4 1.2 6322466.524 480910.880 GPS point is about 1.5 m NNW of ST Deep 8/2 0.5 1.1 6322359.536 480935.777 GPS point is 1.5 m east of Depression ST Deep 8/2 0.5 0.8 6322370.238 480944.758 Depression Deep 8/2 0.4 1.5 6322399.481 480919.629 Depression Deep 8/2 0.4 0.9 6322367.387 480917.551 Depression Deep 8/2 0.4 1.2 6322368.178 480912.839 Depression Deep 8/2 0.4 1.2 6322382.036 480924.508 ST is 2 m SSW of GPS point Depression Deep 8/2 0.7 1.0 6322377.403 480907.886 ST is 2 m SW of GPS point Depression
66 2005 GPS Positions for Shovel Tests (ST), Fort Clearing (1927 Datum) Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment FC 001 8/3 0.5 1.5 6322378.999 481068.760 FC 002 8/3 0.4 1.6 6322389.104 481067.502 FC 003 8/3 0.4 1.4 6322390.910 481070.816 FC 004 8/3 0.4 0.9 6322405.912 481066.343 FC 005 8/3 0.4 1.6 6322398.842 481073.089 FC 006 8/3 0.4 1.4 6322413.597 481069.173 FC 007 8/3 0.5 1.2 6322423.040 481070.116 FC 008 8/3 1.2 1.1 6322379.433 481073.144 FC 009 8/3 1.6 1.1 6322384.602 481074.177 FC 010 8/3 0.6 1.1 6322391.071 481073.813 FC 011 8/3 1.1 1.3 6322396.635 481074.660 FC 012 8/3 0.4 1.5 6322374.445 481077.538 Wedge FC 013 8/3 0.5 0.9 6322380.187 481074.871 FC 014 8/3 1.4 1.2 6322383.447 481077.578 FC 015 8/3 1.7 1.0 6322388.993 481078.351 FC 016 8/3 1.7 1.0 6322390.265 481078.743 Russian coin FC 017 8/3 1.7 1.0 6322396.453 481078.002 FC 018 8/3 1.3 1.0 6322400.933 481082.523 FC 019 8/3 0.5 1.0 6322373.517 481080.948 GPS point 1 m north of ST FC 020 8/3 0.4 1.0 6322380.524 481082.940 FC 021 8/3 0.5 0.9 6322384.018 481083.372 FC 022 8/4 0.5 0.9 6322390.054 481082.606 FC 023 8/4 0.5 1.5 6322386.150 481082.437 FC 024 8/4 1.2 0.9 6322400.984 481084.932 FC 025 8/4 0.4 1.0 6322401.136 481086.029 FC 026 8/4 1.7 1.0 6322409.171 481089.058 FC 027 8/4 0.4 0.9 6322376.074 481084.755 FC 028 8/4 1.5 1.3 6322376.076 481086.968 FC 029 8/4 1.5 1.1 6322387.614 481088.028 FC 030 8/4 1.4 1.2 6322389.625 481087.873 FC 031 8/4 0.6 1.0 6322389.417 481088.503 FC 032 8/4 0.5 0.9 6322397.967 481089.235 FC 033 8/4 0.8 0.9 6322401.395 481091.252 FC 034 8/4 0.6 0.9 6322407.939 481091.305 FC 048 8/8 0.6 0.7 6322404.372 481102.381 FC 049 8/8 0.7 0.7 6322406.656 481102.595 In margin of bushes FC 050 8/8 1.7 1.0 6322373.709 481100.864 FC 051 8/8 0.4 0.9 6322375.477 481100.676 FC 052 8/8 1.2 0.8 6322382.176 481101.784 FC 053 8/8 0.5 0.9 6322386.773 481101.915 FC 054 8/8 1.2 0.8 6322391.748 481106.045 FC 055 8/8 0.4 1.2 6322399.555 481106.561 FC 056 8/8 0.4 1.5 6322403.411 481107.410 FC 057 8/8 1.1 1.5 6322404.316 481107.915
67 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment FC 058 8/8 1.6 1.0 6322410.731 481109.685 FC 059 8/8 1.3 0.9 6322374.113 481106.371 In edge of trees FC 060 8/8 1.6 0.9 6322378.035 481105.071 FC 061 8/8 1.3 0.8 6322382.634 481107.026 FC 062 8/8 1.6 0.9 6322387.313 481108.822 FC 063 8/8 1.6 1.0 6322391.394 481109.799 FC 064 8/8 0.7 0.7 6322398.670 481110.395 FC 065 8/8 0.4 1.5 6322397.928 481110.884 FC 066 8/8 1.3 0.9 6322404.904 481113.122 FC 067 8/8 1.6 1.0 6322410.536 481114.126 FC 068 8/8 0.4 1.7 6322415.109 481115.549 FC 068b 8/10 0.5 0.9 6322425.409 481116.970 In trees FC 069 8/9 1.0 0.7 6322372.747 481111.283 1 m inside tree line FC 070 8/9 1.0 0.7 6322377.583 481111.441 FC 071 8/9 0.4 0.9 6322381.670 481112.902 FC 072 8/9 1.3 0.8 6322387.479 481113.090 FC 073 8/9 1.2 0.7 6322390.927 481114.598 FC 074 8/9 1.2 0.7 6322396.380 481115.599 FC 075 8/9 0.9 1.0 6322401.961 481116.480 FC 076 8/9 1.1 1.1 6322406.974 481118.578 FC 077 8/9 0.4 0.9 6322410.767 481119.563 FC 078 8/10 0.4 0.9 6322413.641 481120.497 FC 079 8/10 0.4 0.8 6322421.760 481120.340 In trees on the south side of FC 080 8/10 0.4 1.4 6322373.830 481116.955 the Fort Clearing FC 081 8/10 0.4 1.4 6322376.659 481115.418 FC 082 8/10 0.4 1.2 6322383.343 481117.635 FC 083 8/10 0.4 0.8 6322388.665 481118.612 FC 084 8/10 0.4 1.5 6322390.681 481120.121 FC 085 8/10 0.4 1.5 6322395.754 481121.151 FC 086 8/10 0.4 1.5 6322402.308 481122.203 FC 087 8/10 0.4 1.5 6322410.001 481123.165 FC 088 8/10 0.7 0.8 6322411.980 481123.981 FC 089 8/10 0.4 1.4 6322411.791 481122.646 FC 090 8/10 1.1 0.9 6322424.523 481127.270 In trees on the east side of the Fort Clearing FC 091 8/10 0.4 1.0 6322383.773 481123.186 In trees on the south side of the Fort Clearing FC 092 8/10 1.1 0.8 6322381.092 481123.184 FC 093 8/10 1.1 0.8 6322397.133 481125.075 FC 094 8/10 0.4 1.0 6322396.233 481125.747 FC 095 8/10 0.4 1.0 6322397.303 481126.274 FC 096 8/10 0.4 0.7 6322400.077 481126.811 FC 097 8/10 0.4 0.8 6322407.019 481129.515 In tree margin east of the Fort Clearing FC 098 8/10 0.5 0.9 6322409.809 481129.239 FC 099 8/10 0.4 1.2 6322414.901 481129.036
68 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment FC 101 8/11 0.4 1.2 6322374.394 481126.821 FC 102 8/11 0.4 1.4 6322381.377 481128.888 FC 103 8/11 0.5 1.2 6322384.705 481127.967 FC 104 8/11 0.4 1.3 6322390.762 481127.701 Canvas at 18 cm FC 105 8/11 0.4 1.5 6322397.450 481127.482 FC 106 8/11 1.4 0.9 6322399.945 481133.608 FC 107 8/11 1.5 1.3 6322405.637 481134.923 At north edge of east trail from clearing FC 109 8/11 0.4 1.0 6322382.575 481133.829 FC 110 8/11 0.4 1.0 6322387.127 481133.769 FC 111 8/11 0.5 0.8 6322391.751 481136.560 FC 113 8/11 0.4 1.1 6322405.241 481138.029 FC 114 8/11 0.6 1.0 6322377.762 481137.561 FC 115 8/11 0.5 1.0 6322385.589 481139.847 FC 116 8/11 1.2 1.1 6322392.453 481138.541 FC 117 8/11 1.2 1.1 6322395.441 481139.625
69 GPS positions for 2006 Shovel Tests (ST), Survey Area A and Gun Emplacements (GE) (1927 Datum)
Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST A191 4/19 2.2 1.1 6322491.965 480836.867 ST A192 4/19 3.1 1.4 6322497.673 480847.545 ST A193 4/19 2.8 1.5 6322501.467 480852.174 ST A194 4/20 2.3 1.4 6322506.544 480867.448 ST A194b 4/19 2.5 1.3 6322510.180 480863.366 ST A195 4/19 2.8 1.4 6322509.133 480875.717 ST A195b 4/20 2.2 1.3 6322524.247 480871.830 ST A196 4/20 2.3 1.4 6322512.559 480882.861 GPS point is 80 cm eaST of ST ST A196b 4/19 2.8 1.9 6322526.716 480876.548 GPS point is 1.5 m north of ST ST A197 4/20 1.8 1.1 6322516.672 480893.556 ST A197b 4/20 1.9 1.1 6322526.036 480888.479 ST A197b 4/20 1.8 1.1 6322524.603 480890.176 ST A198 4/20 1.7 2.1 6322518.292 480905.303 ST A198b 4/20 2.2 1.1 6322529.979 480899.632 ST A199 4/20 1.9 1.0 6322524.775 480911.716 ST A200 4/20 1.7 1.1 6322513.922 480915.875 ST A201 4/20 1.5 1.0 6322513.322 480908.465 ST A202 4/20 3.4 2.5 6322510.066 480895.851 ST A203 4/20 2.6 1.8 6322489.492 480886.013 ST A204 4/21 2.5 1.4 6322497.037 480881.489 GPS point is 1 m west of ST ST A204b 4/21 2.0 1.7 6322502.506 480875.938 Tree fall test ST A205 4/21 2.5 1.5 6322496.635 480861.794 GPS point is 85 cm SW of ST ST A206 4/21 2.9 1.9 6322494.361 480857.398 ST A207 4/21 2.5 1.2 6322487.840 480848.441 ST A208 4/21 1.6 0.9 6322484.754 480841.152 ST A209 4/21 2.1 1.4 6322479.327 480835.636 ST A211 4/21 2.4 1.6 6322477.674 480844.730 ST A212 4/21 1.7 1.0 6322481.376 480855.549 ST A213 4/21 1.7 1.2 6322483.971 480862.795 ST A214 4/21 3.6 2.1 6322489.533 480870.475 ST A215 4/21 1.8 1.0 6322491.354 480881.402 ST A216 4/21 2.7 1.4 6322493.637 480887.178 ST A217 4/21 2.1 1.0 6322500.926 480898.515 ST A218 4/21 1.9 1.5 6322504.187 480908.387 ST A219 4/21 2.0 1.3 6322505.022 480916.263 ST A220 4/21 2.3 1.8 6322492.425 480915.974 ST A221 4/21 2.3 1.3 6322490.797 480911.145 ST A222 4/21 1.9 1.2 6322485.740 480902.128 ST A223 4/21 2.6 1.2 6322487.515 480893.388 ST A224 4/21 2.5 1.8 6322484.816 480882.719 ST A225 4/26 1.4 1.4 6322476.554 480874.631 ST A226 4/26 1.7 1.7 6322475.103 480863.689 ST A227 4/26 2.5 1.8 6322468.860 480857.056 GPS point is 50 cm south of ST ST A228 4/26 2.2 1.9 6322466.756 480847.939
70 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST A229 4/26 2.3 1.3 6322456.467 480851.119 ST A230 4/26 2.7 1.9 6322458.114 480862.273 GPS point is 45 cm SE of ST ST A231 4/26 1.3 1.2 6322467.539 480870.108 ST A232 4/26 1.7 1.3 6322467.581 480880.708 ST A233 4/26 2.0 1.3 6322469.994 480889.744 ST A234 4/26 1.7 1.9 6322477.040 480900.465 ST A235 4/26 1.5 1.3 6322482.152 480906.410 ST A236 4/26 1.5 2.0 6322479.460 480920.714 ST A237 4/26 1.9 1.3 6322491.785 480926.970 ST A237b 4/26 1.6 1.4 6322479.577 480928.515 Tree fall test ST A238 4/26 2.0 1.1 6322477.867 480926.702 ST A239 4/26 1.9 1.4 6322473.926 480917.951 ST A240 4/26 1.7 1.1 6322470.105 480911.002 ST A241 4/26 1.5 1.6 6322468.928 480897.867 ST A242 4/26 1.6 1.0 6322464.312 480891.063 ST A243 4/26 1.8 1.4 6322460.683 480877.697 ST A244 4/26 1.8 1.0 6322442.786 480876.865 ST A245 4/26 1.8 1.2 6322450.726 480862.916 ST A246 4/26 2.3 1.5 6322450.225 480851.919 ST A247 4/26 2.2 1.4 6322436.983 480858.874 Tree fall, GPS point 40 cm N ST A247d 4/27 1.8 1.6 6322446.960 480951.427 of ST ST A248 4/26 1.9 1.1 6322438.798 480868.554 ST A249 4/26 2.4 1.4 6322442.806 480874.485 ST A250 4/26 2.3 1.7 6322442.053 480889.859 ST A251 4/26 2.1 1.6 6322450.998 480896.347 ST A252 4/26 2.1 1.7 6322460.583 480904.010 ST A253 4/26 1.6 1.0 6322459.884 480913.681 ST A253b 5/1 1.8 1.1 6322409.266 481047.810 Bottom of depression ST A254 4/26 1.9 1.2 6322465.548 480923.846 ST A255 4/26 2.1 1.4 6322467.216 480932.029 ST A256 4/26 1.8 1.2 6322458.534 480934.034 ST A257 4/26 2.3 1.4 6322447.054 480925.866 ST A258 4/26 3.2 1.9 6322447.956 480916.772 ST A259 4/26 2.7 1.8 6322445.099 480906.311 ST A260 4/26 2.1 1.3 6322441.817 480896.870 ST A261 4/26 2.9 1.6 6322436.706 480887.510 ST A261b 4/26 2.6 1.7 6322435.093 480881.798 ST A262 4/26 2.2 1.3 6322434.582 480877.369 ST A263 4/27 3.3 2.8 6322428.026 480866.030 ST A264 4/27 2.7 1.6 6322423.385 480859.744 ST A265 4/27 3.0 1.1 6322418.901 480864.344 ST A266 4/27 2.2 1.4 6322423.036 480873.866 ST A267 4/27 2.3 1.6 6322430.794 480884.570 ST A268 4/27 1.6 1.2 6322426.979 480890.982 ST A269 4/27 1.7 1.3 6322433.288 480901.002
71 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST A270 4/27 1.9 1.4 6322437.547 480909.392 ST A271 4/27 1.6 1.3 6322445.638 480918.921 ST A272 4/27 1.8 1.6 6322444.754 480931.130 GPS point is 50cm NE of ST ST A273 4/27 2.1 1.6 6322448.434 480938.415 GPS point is 1m NE of ST ST A274 4/27 5.0 1.9 6322445.717 480941.185 ST A274b 4/27 2.7 1.6 6322441.101 480938.251 Tree fall; GPS point is 1.2 m north of ST ST A274c 4/27 1.6 1.5 6322447.584 480945.829 Tree fall, GPS point= 1.2 m NE of ST ST A274e 4/27 1.8 1.8 6322452.887 480951.239 Tree fall ST A275 4/27 2.6 1.7 6322448.852 480926.474 ST A276 4/27 2.2 1.3 6322432.618 480920.896 ST A277 4/27 2.5 1.4 6322430.760 480911.951 ST A278 4/27 2.3 1.4 6322419.147 480893.995 ST A278 4/27 2.2 1.6 6322422.037 480900.722 ST A280 4/27 2.3 1.4 6322415.740 480888.146 ST A281 4/27 2.2 1.3 6322411.999 480875.272 ST A282 4/27 1.7 1.2 6322411.374 480865.519 ST A283 4/27 1.7 1.4 6322400.332 480869.892 ST A284 4/27 1.4 1.7 6322403.135 480878.747 ST A285 4/27 2.1 1.5 6322420.173 480864.303 ST A286 4/28 3.2 1.5 6322411.433 480901.731 ST A287 4/28 1.8 1.1 6322415.529 480907.725 ST A288 4/28 2.8 2.6 6322418.192 480915.561 ST A289 4/28 2.1 1.6 6322422.851 480924.421 ST A290 4/28 3.0 1.9 6322424.783 480932.191 ST A290b 4/27 2.9 2.0 6322435.087 480943.408 ST A290c 4/27 2.9 1.4 6322431.965 480953.982 ST A291 4/28 2.2 1.5 6322431.259 480985.954 ST A292 4/28 2.1 2.1 6322429.255 480976.382 ST A293 4/27 3.1 2.2 6322420.219 480961.258 ST A294 4/27 3.7 1.8 6322428.618 480955.496 ST A295 4/27 3.5 1.5 6322421.622 480947.258 ST A296 4/28 3.1 2.3 6322421.651 480935.562 GPS point is 1m NE of ST ST A297 4/28 2.3 2.3 6322408.761 480925.239 ST A298 4/28 2.9 2.2 6322408.050 480918.041 GPS point is at flag ST A299 4/28 1.7 1.2 6322403.628 480908.232 ST A300 4/28 2.2 1.8 6322406.740 480900.814 GPS point is at flag ST A301 4/28 1.9 1.4 6322394.326 480889.702 ST A302 4/28 1.9 1.6 6322394.210 480883.351 ST A303 4/28 2.4 1.9 6322382.593 480883.523 ST A304 4/28 2.4 1.9 6322388.558 480894.915 ST A305 4/28 2.2 1.3 6322391.796 480904.416 ST A306 4/28 1.9 1.2 6322397.493 480912.738 ST A307 4/28 2.1 1.4 6322402.427 480922.427 ST A308 4/28 1.7 1.1 6322402.165 480931.170
72 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST A309 4/28 2.1 1.6 6322405.949 480940.647 GPS point is 50cm SE of ST ST A309b 4/28 2.1 1.2 6322403.759 480939.036 ST A310 4/28 2.7 1.8 6322411.131 480951.607 ST A311 4/28 3.3 2.2 6322397.192 480953.871 ST A312 4/28 2.4 1.6 6322414.882 480967.874 ST A313 4/28 2.7 1.6 6322420.600 480978.521 ST A314 4/28 2.4 1.7 6322421.090 480990.048 ST A314 4/28 2.1 1.3 6322421.705 480988.893 ST A315 4/28 1.3 0.9 6322423.371 481000.395 ST A315b 4/28 1.5 1.6 6322435.370 480994.097 ST A316 4/28 1.5 1.0 6322424.424 481006.050 ST A316b 4/28 1.4 1.6 6322440.048 481000.314 ST A317 4/28 2.7 1.6 6322428.263 481020.280 ST A318 4/28 2.7 1.4 6322422.843 481028.818 ST A319 4/28 2.6 1.6 6322417.952 481027.084 ST A320 4/28 2.2 1.6 6322420.015 481012.843 ST A321 4/28 2.2 1.5 6322410.560 481004.272 ST A322 4/28 2.2 1.3 6322411.809 480997.013 ST A323 4/28 2.9 1.4 6322407.372 480985.042 ST A324 4/28 2.0 1.5 6322407.863 480970.505 ST A325 4/28 2.6 1.5 6322401.446 480967.056 ST A326 4/28 1.8 1.3 6322403.037 480954.759 ST A327 4/28 2.2 2.0 6322398.118 480939.800 ST A328 4/28 2.0 1.1 6322391.853 480942.922 ST A328b 4/28 2.4 1.6 6322393.171 480930.692 Tree fall ST A329 4/28 1.8 1.0 6322393.802 480923.683 ST A330 4/28 2.1 1.4 6322387.244 480920.806 ST A331 4/28 2.8 2.0 6322382.903 480904.490 ST A332 4/28 2.2 1.2 6322381.585 480897.584 ST A333 4/28 1.9 1.5 6322365.498 480900.072 ST A334 4/28 1.9 1.7 6322375.721 480912.236 ST A335 4/28 2.8 1.7 6322374.951 480919.493 ST A336 4/28 2.6 1.6 6322380.267 480928.322 ST A337 4/28 2.2 1.2 6322383.648 480939.389 ST A338 4/28 2.7 1.5 6322381.445 480948.642 ST A339 4/28 4.3 2.2 6322388.638 480961.677 ST A340 4/28 2.2 1.7 6322393.320 480968.944 ST A341 4/28 2.6 1.3 6322398.481 480977.802 ST A342 4/28 1.9 1.5 6322403.862 480990.391 ST A343 4/28 2.9 1.2 6322405.025 480998.107 ST A344 4/28 2.9 1.7 6322410.887 481006.649 ST A345 4/28 2.2 1.7 6322414.089 481015.459 ST A346 4/28 1.4 1.2 6322415.798 481026.054 ST A347 4/28 1.4 1.2 6322416.446 481035.927 ST A348 4/28 1.9 1.4 6322431.265 481050.320 ST A349 4/28 2.3 1.4 6322421.324 481051.707
73 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST A350 4/28 1.9 1.1 6322422.579 481066.748 ST A351 5/1 1.8 1.1 6322413.838 481069.746 ST A352 5/1 2.3 1.4 6322414.956 481059.491 ST A353 5/1 1.8 1.3 6322413.547 481047.468 ST A3533c 5/1 2.1 1.4 6322406.889 481053.463 ST A353d 5/1 2.8 1.5 6322404.847 481052.211 ST A354 5/1 3.3 2.1 6322402.983 481038.036 ST A355 5/1 3.1 1.8 6322397.458 481027.977 ST A356 5/1 4.1 2.2 6322386.623 481037.401 ST A357 5/1 2.2 2.2 6322399.052 481013.480 ST A358 5/1 3.0 1.9 6322395.776 480998.689 ST A359 5/1 2.1 1.7 6322390.588 480989.533 ST A360 5/1 1.8 1.5 6322383.010 480980.644 ST A361 5/1 1.4 1.8 6322383.143 480971.065 ST A363 5/1 1.9 2.0 6322382.592 480961.000 ST A364 5/1 2.4 1.8 6322381.640 480956.176 ST A365 5/1 1.7 1.2 6322374.840 480944.029 ST A366 5/1 1.4 1.3 6322376.531 480936.146 ST A367 5/1 2.4 2.2 6322366.487 480922.990 ST A368 5/1 2.8 1.9 6322363.777 480914.394 ST A369 5/1 1.9 1.4 6322363.080 480930.810 ST A370 5/1 1.5 2.0 6322367.169 480936.541 ST A371 5/1 5.0 3.1 6322373.524 480948.763 ST A372 5/1 2.4 1.4 6322373.783 480957.029 ST A373 5/1 3.1 1.7 6322366.103 480964.503 ST A373b 5/1 1.8 1.0 6322376.338 480962.273 ST A374 5/1 3.2 1.6 6322367.143 480984.268 ST A375 5/1 2.1 1.6 6322381.950 480989.130 ST A376 5/1 2.8 2.3 6322413.960 480994.665 ST A377 5/1 2.5 1.7 6322386.230 481005.921 ST A378 5/1 2.1 1.3 6322390.936 481014.457 ST A379 5/1 1.7 1.4 6322393.686 481025.328 ST A380 5/1 1.6 1.3 6322394.034 481039.223 ST A381 5/1 2.1 1.4 6322399.546 481049.260 ST A382 5/1 2.2 2.0 6322393.256 481052.006 ST A383 5/1 1.7 1.1 6322387.009 481061.571 ST A384 5/1 2.1 1.1 6322382.646 481049.137 ST A385 5/1 1.9 1.1 6322383.587 481042.492 ST A386 5/1 2.0 1.1 6322389.216 481024.385 ST A387 5/1 1.9 1.3 6322376.400 481020.751 ST A388 5/1 2.1 1.8 6322373.800 481009.190 ST A389 5/1 1.7 1.2 6322373.098 481002.438 ST A39 5/1 2.3 1.7 6322369.280 480987.961 ST A391 5/1 3.4 2.4 6322374.236 480975.975 ST A392 5/1 3.1 2.4 6322361.909 480972.692 ST A393 5/1 3.7 1.8 6322368.416 480960.287
74 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST A394 5/1 2.7 1.6 6322359.865 480952.385 ST A395 5/1 2.8 1.7 6322354.771 480942.461 ST A396 5/1 2.1 1.3 6322347.896 480934.866 ST A398 5/1 2.8 2.0 6322341.545 480913.803 ST A399 5/1 2.4 1.7 6322340.324 480905.197 ST A400 5/1 2.4 1.7 6322335.462 480908.177 ST A401 5/1 3.2 1.8 6322334.941 480920.524 ST A402 5/1 2.2 1.2 6322337.324 480925.975 ST A403 5/1 2.3 1.2 6322340.028 480938.309 ST A404 5/1 3.2 2.1 6322336.292 480941.800 ST A405 5/1 2.7 1.2 6322349.828 480954.005 ST A406 5/1 2.9 2.4 6322353.006 480967.339 ST A411 5/1 3.0 1.6 6322362.386 481016.061 ST A412 5/1 2.8 1.5 6322370.215 481023.049 ST A413 5/1 3.5 1.5 6322370.575 481029.083 ST A414 5/1 5.1 3.2 6322376.636 481044.759 ST A415 5/1 3.7 1.9 6322373.789 481058.937 ST A416 5/1 2.8 1.3 6322380.470 481059.893 ST A418 5/1 3.3 1.3 6322366.118 481056.752 ST A420 5/1 2.7 2.2 6322361.843 481033.822 ST A421 5/1 2.2 1.4 6322356.592 481021.241 ST A422 5/1 2.5 1.4 6322364.669 481012.253 ST A423 5/1 2.2 1.3 6322356.200 481003.576 ST A424 5/1 3.2 3.4 6322343.088 480996.491 ST A425 5/1 4.7 3.7 6322358.399 480992.075 ST A426 5/1 3.2 1.8 6322350.478 480976.138 ST A427 5/1 3.6 2.3 6322342.938 480971.344 ST A430 5/1 3.1 1.9 6322331.352 480940.335 ST A431 5/1 3.8 1.9 6322322.999 480941.627 ST A432 5/1 4.1 2.0 6322322.124 480951.253 ST A433 5/1 2.2 1.2 6322329.551 480959.224 ST A434 5/1 3.8 1.8 6322332.429 480971.043 ST A435 5/1 2.7 1.4 6322337.792 480979.570 ST A436 5/1 4.4 2.6 6322337.898 480989.342 ST A437 5/1 2.2 1.6 6322342.214 480998.765 ST A438 5/1 3.3 1.5 6322346.746 481010.462 ST A439 5/1 2.9 1.8 6322349.331 481013.817 ST A440 5/1 5.1 2.5 6322349.218 481026.106 ST A441 5/2 2.7 1.2 6322355.569 481037.052 ST A442 5/2 2.1 1.1 6322357.596 481046.854 ST A443 5/2 2.0 1.6 6322360.977 481060.715 ST A444 5/2 1.9 1.2 6322361.388 481065.338 ST A445 5/2 1.5 1.1 6322363.581 481076.697 ST A446 5/2 1.5 1.1 6322354.943 481086.495 ST A447 5/2 1.7 1.3 6322354.538 481078.322 ST A448 5/2 1.8 1.0 6322353.861 481066.452
75 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST A449 5/2 2.6 1.9 6322350.003 481059.671 ST A450 5/2 3.1 2.7 6322354.911 481052.207 ST A451 5/2 1.9 1.3 6322339.808 481034.800 ST A452 5/2 1.6 1.4 6322345.718 481028.903 ST A453 5/2 2.3 1.2 6322347.255 480901.603 ST A454 5/2 3.4 2.0 6322365.584 480873.001 ST A455 5/2 1.6 1.3 6322366.600 481082.248 Tree fall by trail ST GE1a 5/2 1.9 1.8 6322362.034 480886.116 ST GE1b 5/2 1.3 0.9 6322360.926 480888.673 ST GE1c 5/2 2.3 1.8 6322366.424 480882.781 ST GE1d 5/2 2.1 1.5 6322362.031 480879.027 ST GE1e 5/2 1.7 1.2 6322356.135 480883.105 ST GE1f 5/2 2.3 1.5 6322353.465 480887.417 ST GE2a 5/2 2.4 1.5 6322326.456 480904.637 ST GE2b 5/2 3.0 2.2 6322327.001 480904.377 ST GE2c 5/2 2.4 1.3 6322327.805 480906.642 ST GE2d 5/2 2.1 1.1 6322331.763 480899.501 ST GE3a 5/2 1.8 1.1 6322328.729 480978.622 ST GE3b 5/2 1.9 2.0 6322325.894 480979.747 ST GE3c 5/2 1.8 2.6 6322326.973 480979.273 ST GE3d 5/2 2.0 2.5 6322331.210 480972.011 ST GE4a 5/2 2.3 1.3 6322337.458 480989.099 ST GE4b 5/2 2.1 1.4 6322334.099 480994.315 ST GE4c 5/2 2.0 1.4 6322337.787 480993.971 ST GE4d 5/2 2.8 1.2 6322335.599 480989.498 ST GE5a 5/2 4.4 2.9 6322350.015 481012.698 ST GE5b 5/2 2.0 1.2 6322343.722 481014.940 ST GE5c 5/2 1.9 1.3 6322348.880 481011.405 ST GE6a 5/2 2.8 1.7 6322345.510 481019.031 ST GE6b 5/2 1.6 1.3 6322346.304 481026.976 ST GE7a 5/2 1.5 1.0 6322350.188 481103.792 ST GE7b 5/2 2.1 1.0 6322362.394 481103.256 ST GE7c 5/2 2.0 1.1 6322349.871 481096.307 ST GE7d 5/2 3.5 1.4 6322352.331 481111.346 ST GE8a 5/2 2.0 1.1 6322346.190 481128.123 ST GE8b 5/2 2.2 1.5 6322345.464 481123.603
76 GPS positions for 2006 Shovel Tests (ST), Survey Area B (1927 Datum) Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST B039 4/17 1.9 1.3 6322567.890 480832.534 ST B048 3.2 1.6 6322684.202 480794.350 ST dug in 2005 ST B065 4/12 2.6 1.7 6322634.153 480801.938 ST B066 4/12 2.1 1.6 6322644.708 480812.366 ST B067 4/12 2.3 1.6 6322650.876 480819.592 ST B068b 4/12 2.8 1.7 6322656.694 480826.953 Charcoal sample collected ST B069 4/12 2.0 1.9 6322679.288 480832.788 ST B070 4/12 2.5 1.7 6322666.146 480845.608 ST B071 4/12 1.5 1.3 6322678.980 480835.644 Possible feature; charcoal ST B072 4/12 2.2 1.4 6322673.640 480826.636 collected ST B073 4/12 1.9 1.2 6322670.478 480821.837 ST B074 4/12 2.3 1.2 6322658.968 480810.852 ST B075 4/12 1.7 1.2 6322651.674 480806.433 ST B076 4/12 1.7 1.1 6322643.441 480802.718 ST B077 4/12 1.9 1.5 6322636.775 480792.676 ST B078 4/12 1.7 1.4 6322637.378 480782.864 ST B079 4/12 1.6 0.9 6322657.984 480799.252 ST B080 4/12 1.5 1.4 6322666.018 480807.026 ST B081 4/12 2.9 1.1 6322673.621 480815.023 ST B082 4/12 3.6 1.2 6322682.010 480821.164 ST B083 4/13 2.3 1.1 6322682.151 480808.041 ST B084 4/13 2.9 1.5 6322674.552 480795.998 ST B085 4/13 3.1 1.6 6322673.837 480790.032 ST B086 4/14 3.1 1.2 6322673.584 480786.368 ST B087 4/13 2.9 1.9 6322602.914 480800.282 ST B087 4/14 1.6 1.4 6322599.415 480799.433 ST B088 4/13 2.4 1.4 6322610.789 480809.908 ST B088 4/14 2.5 1.5 6322611.368 480806.255 ST B089 4/14 1.8 1.5 6322616.626 480808.628 ST is 50 cm east of GPS point ST B090 4/14 2.6 2.1 6322630.602 480819.409 ST B091 4/14 2.3 1.8 6322631.893 480828.186 ST B092 4/14 1.8 1.4 6322639.889 480835.473 ST B093a 4/15 2.7 1.4 6322643.087 480841.519 ST B093b 4/15 2.5 1.5 6322648.677 480839.116 ST B094 4/15 3.7 2.3 6322654.241 480848.202 ST B095 4/15 3.0 2.7 6322679.619 480870.327 ST B096 4/15 4.4 1.7 6322665.730 480862.831 ST B097 4/15 2.5 1.7 6322668.613 480871.537 ST B098 4/15 3.6 1.7 6322651.284 480860.669 ST B099 4/15 3.0 1.3 6322650.980 480854.354 ST B100 4/15 3.5 1.9 6322628.902 480854.508 ST B101 4/15 3.1 1.4 6322629.012 480843.426 ST B102 4/14 1.7 1.8 6322620.226 480832.149
77 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST B103 4/14 2.2 1.4 6322615.514 480831.694 ST B104 4/14 2.4 1.5 6322610.982 480821.403 ST is 1 m east of GPS point ST B105 4/15 2.2 1.4 6322613.276 480816.289 ST B106 4/15 2.8 1.7 6322592.497 480809.355 ST B107 4/14 2.6 1.7 6322587.747 480800.492 ST B107 4/15 2.2 1.8 6322588.968 480798.077 ST B108 4/15 2.3 1.8 6322575.401 480802.913 ST B109 4/15 2.6 1.6 6322591.519 480818.166 ST B110 4/15 2.3 2.1 6322606.254 480819.944 ST B111 4/15 2.0 1.7 6322609.839 480828.856 ST B112 4/15 3.7 2.2 6322611.272 480834.286 ST B113 4/15 2.9 1.3 6322626.704 480842.387 ST B114 4/15 2.1 1.2 6322625.051 480851.828 ST B115 4/14 1.7 1.6 6322615.706 480834.483 ST B115 4/15 2.6 1.3 6322630.415 480857.370 ST B115b 4/17 2.9 1.4 6322610.952 480834.328 Tree fall ST B116 4/15 2.0 1.4 6322637.924 480865.412 ST B117 4/15 2.4 1.6 6322651.461 480870.928 ST B118 4/15 2.3 1.0 6322653.562 480878.835 ST B119 4/15 2.6 1.8 6322628.937 480871.872 ST B120 4/15 2.1 1.5 6322624.451 480864.318 ST B120 4/15 2.9 1.8 6322617.742 480856.369 ST B122 4/15 2.3 1.6 6322603.469 480843.035 ST B123 4/17 2.1 1.5 6322600.215 480836.585 Tree fall ST B124 4/17 1.9 2.5 6322596.871 480835.580 ST B125 4/17 1.5 1.4 6322595.832 480829.839 ST B126 4/17 1.5 1.9 6322581.485 480821.213 ST B127 4/17 2.7 2.1 6322601.172 480840.314 ST B128 4/17 2.4 2.0 6322610.127 480847.729 ST B129 4/17 2.7 2.1 6322602.921 480857.830 ST B130 4/17 2.9 1.1 6322590.631 480864.358 ST B131 4/17 2.4 1.6 6322587.403 480857.826 ST B132 4/17 1.9 2.2 6322583.703 480842.724 ST B133 4/17 1.6 1.6 6322582.461 480835.158 ST B134 4/17 1.9 1.5 6322573.739 480830.629 ST B135 4/17 1.9 1.2 6322572.417 480817.382 ST B136 4/17 1.9 1.6 6322569.911 480809.378 ST B137 4/17 1.9 1.2 6322555.233 480803.885 ST B138 4/17 2.7 1.4 6322559.949 480814.037 ST B138b 4/17 2.9 1.8 6322564.705 480822.463 ST B140 4/17 2.8 2.2 6322575.870 480843.236 ST B141 4/18 2.5 1.1 6322573.917 480851.434 ST B142 4/18 2.0 2.2 6322580.377 480858.519 ST B143 4/18 1.6 2.2 6322582.047 480869.606 ST B144 4/18 2.9 1.8 6322585.811 480879.583 ST B145 4/18 1.8 2.2 6322576.412 480880.310
78 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST B146 4/18 2.0 1.2 6322571.161 480870.490 ST B147 4/18 2.6 1.9 6322567.754 480863.609 ST B148 4/18 3.0 1.8 6322569.474 480857.365 ST B149 4/18 3.2 2.3 6322557.541 480844.568 ST B150 4/18 2.7 2.2 6322559.226 480837.238 ST B151 4/18 3.4 4.0 6322554.192 480820.530 ST B151b 4/19 2.3 1.8 6322563.710 480830.120 ST B152 4/18 2.5 2.4 6322554.437 480816.898 ST B153 4/18 2.0 2.5 6322548.563 480808.688 ST B154 4/18 2.1 1.5 6322539.844 480814.630 ST B155 4/18 2.4 1.5 6322544.858 480818.911 ST B156 4/18 1.4 1.6 6322541.904 480829.326 ST B157 4/18 1.9 1.2 6322548.148 480836.433 ST B158 4/18 2.4 1.3 6322553.293 480846.719 ST B159 4/18 1.8 1.6 6322556.759 480859.069 ST B160 4/18 2.4 1.2 6322562.750 480867.078 ST B160 4/19 2.7 1.2 6322558.895 480866.495 ST B161 4/19 2.9 1.9 6322565.017 480878.926 ST B162 4/19 2.6 2.2 6322569.833 480886.133 ST B163 4/19 2.2 1.3 6322560.956 480898.608 ST B164 4/19 2.0 1.3 6322558.846 480894.086 ST B165 4/19 2.3 1.4 6322551.550 480877.889 ST B166 4/19 2.4 1.7 6322552.104 480868.954 ST B167 4/19 2.1 1.5 6322549.335 480860.287 ST B168 4/19 3.4 2.4 6322546.902 480853.896 ST B169 4/19 1.8 1.5 6322537.889 480844.113 ST B170 4/19 1.7 1.4 6322532.101 480834.607 ST B171 4/19 2.3 1.4 6322535.029 480823.883 ST B172 4/19 1.9 1.5 6322519.695 480824.363 ST B173 4/19 2.1 1.5 6322524.798 480838.216 ST B174 4/19 1.3 1.2 6322528.264 480845.784 ST B175 4/19 2.3 2.1 6322522.984 480852.529 ST B176 4/19 1.7 1.3 6322533.411 480860.268 ST B177b 4/19 2.2 1.5 6322536.952 480877.584 ST B177b 4/19 1.4 1.4 6322538.114 480871.851 ST B178 4/19 1.3 1.8 6322546.064 480881.171 ST B178b 4/19 1.4 1.6 6322539.273 480881.810 ST B179 4/19 1.6 1.3 6322549.882 480891.009 ST B180 4/19 1.5 1.7 6322551.210 480903.470 ST B181 4/19 1.9 1.2 6322546.390 480904.861 ST B182 4/19 1.7 1.0 6322540.725 480892.938 ST B183 4/19 1.6 1.5 6322535.832 480887.173 ST B184 4/19 1.9 1.4 6322529.648 480878.565 ST B185 4/19 1.8 1.0 6322528.217 480865.912 ST B186 4/19 2.3 1.7 6322523.100 480859.306 ST B187 4/19 2.4 1.6 6322530.995 480850.645
79 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST B188 4/19 3.2 1.6 6322510.096 480839.732 ST B189 4/19 2.5 1.0 6322515.171 480829.697 ST B190 4/19 4.4 1.4 6322510.546 480830.755
80 GPS positions for 2006 Shovel Tests (ST), Survey Area C (1927 Datum) Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST C456 5/3 4.2 3.6 6322738.880 480751.332 ST C457 5/3 2.1 1.9 6322733.162 480753.348 ST C458 5/3 1.6 1.7 6322735.966 480765.868 ST C459 5/3 2.0 2.1 6322741.386 480778.178 ST C461 5/3 2.5 2.4 6322731.686 480797.148 ST C462 5/3 2.1 2.3 6322730.878 480803.278 ST C463 5/3 3.1 2.2 6322732.879 480814.841 ST C464 5/3 3.4 1.8 6322735.267 480830.504 ST C465 5/3 2.1 1.7 6322728.314 480810.113 ST C466 5/3 1.5 1.0 6322742.595 480838.699 ST C467 5/3 2.3 1.6 6322761.957 480841.519 ST C468 5/3 1.9 2.0 6322765.788 480839.790 ST C469 5/3 1.7 1.2 6322747.380 480829.396 ST C470 5/3 1.7 1.1 6322752.552 480826.747 ST C471 5/3 2.3 2.9 6322760.395 480824.686 ST C472 5/3 2.4 1.9 6322769.827 480828.762 ST C473 5/3 2.0 2.5 6322763.019 480816.795 ST C474 5/3 1.7 2.1 6322758.788 480810.476 Tree fall ST C475 5/3 2.5 1.6 6322779.838 480811.107 Tree fall ST C476 5/3 2.5 1.4 6322778.653 480825.021 ST C477 5/3 2.2 1.5 6322784.639 480817.310 ST C478 5/3 2.3 1.6 6322805.810 480815.157 ST C479 5/3 2.0 1.2 6322809.369 480801.657 ST C480 5/3 2.6 2.0 6322796.478 480799.354 ST C481 5/3 2.0 1.2 6322802.905 480804.112 ST C482 5/3 2.3 1.4 6322795.826 480795.310 ST C483 5/3 2.4 2.1 6322789.078 480791.008 ST C484 5/3 3.3 2.7 6322783.267 480781.579 ST C485 5/3 3.1 2.0 6322787.456 480775.888 ST C486 5/3 3.2 1.8 6322773.213 480762.030 ST C487 5/3 2.8 1.5 6322781.799 480752.029 ST C488 5/3 2.6 1.7 6322786.913 480749.685 ST C489 5/3 2.0 1.7 6322787.424 480765.582 ST C489 5/5 3.2 2.4 6322796.204 480766.088 ST C490 5/5 2.1 1.4 6322792.742 480777.445 Tree fall - GPS point 1 m east ST C491 5/11 1.6 1.2 6322802.088 480786.825 of ST ST C492 5/11 2.7 2.0 6322797.931 480778.128 ST C496 5/5 1.6 2.7 6322799.552 480789.413 Tree fall ST C497 5/4 1.7 1.7 6322807.739 480788.875 Tree fall ST C497 5/5 1.8 2.1 6322808.657 480787.017 Tree fall ST C498 5/4 3.3 1.8 6322814.008 480785.196 ST C499 5/5 2.3 1.5 6322811.085 480774.280 ST C500 5/5 2.7 1.6 6322802.942 480760.404
81 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST C501 5/5 1.8 1.6 6322786.230 480757.497 ST C502 5/5 2.0 1.7 6322807.000 480749.121 ST C503 5/4 1.8 1.6 6322818.331 480757.566 ST C504 5/4 2.4 1.3 6322818.359 480776.377 ST C505 5/4 1.8 1.5 6322825.381 480785.879 ST C506 5/5 2.2 1.3 6322834.578 480780.402 ST C507 5/5 3.4 1.4 6322838.645 480790.564 ST C508 5/5 1.9 1.2 6322832.516 480796.245 ST C509 5/5 2.1 1.3 6322820.580 480798.077 ST C510 5/5 2.2 1.4 6322839.566 480803.053 ST C511 5/5 1.9 1.2 6322828.347 480803.434 ST C512 5/5 2.8 1.4 6322851.478 480778.814 ST C513 5/5 2.1 1.1 6322933.881 480780.431 ST C514 5/5 4.1 1.7 6322943.488 480778.790 ST C515 5/5 2.9 2.0 6322968.068 480761.480 ST C516 5/5 2.9 2.2 6322963.844 480753.642 ST C517 5/5 2.4 1.4 6322982.479 480759.762 ST C518 5/5 3.4 2.0 6322998.876 480753.069 ST C519 5/5 2.5 1.5 6322998.164 480748.801 ST C52 5/5 1.7 1.8 6323031.974 480741.448 ST C520 5/5 3.0 1.7 6323009.895 480740.537 ST C521 5/5 2.7 2.2 6322999.395 480748.304 ST C522 5/5 3.0 1.3 6323019.658 480734.076 ST C524 5/5 2.5 1.4 6323040.457 480729.814 ST C525 5/5 2.2 1.5 6323045.892 480746.671 ST C526 5/5 2.0 1.6 6323060.509 480745.013 ST C527 5/5 2.6 2.0 6323061.188 480731.436 Not dug ST C527 5/5 2.1 2.1 6323079.466 480730.903 Tree fall ST C528 5/5 4.6 2.1 6323081.207 480726.421 ST C529 5/5 3.6 1.2 6323100.563 480733.545 ST C530 5/5 3.3 1.3 6323085.181 480729.172 ST C531 5/5 2.3 2.7 6323060.578 480726.579 ST C538 5/5 2.1 1.6 6322792.123 480998.190
82 GPS positions for 2006 Shovel Tests (ST), Survey Area D (1927 Datum)
Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST D532 5/5 1.5 0.9 6322775.052 480947.354 ST D533 5/5 2.2 1.4 6322783.568 480959.381 ST D534 5/5 1.5 0.9 6322782.354 480971.023 ST D535 5/5 2.0 1.1 6322787.078 480974.548 ST D536 5/5 2.8 1.3 6322787.560 480984.785 ST D537 5/5 2.5 2.0 6322795.086 480993.961 ST D539 5/5 1.6 1.4 6322801.247 481018.280 ST D540 5/5 2.5 1.1 6322804.756 481010.071 ST D541 5/5 3.1 1.7 6322800.179 481000.673 ST D542 5/5 2.8 1.5 6322799.308 480984.757 ST D543 5/5 1.4 1.4 6322798.063 480982.977 ST D544 5/5 1.8 1.2 6322791.642 480970.631 GPS point 2 m south of ST ST D545 5/5 3.6 1.9 6322790.142 480961.188 ST D546 5/5 3.0 1.5 6322784.454 480955.357 ST D547 5/5 2.5 1.4 6322782.888 480943.000 ST D548 5/8 2.1 1.9 6322795.217 480931.646 ST D549 5/8 1.9 1.6 6322793.103 480940.885 ST D550 5/8 2.7 1.7 6322797.331 480953.871 ST D551 5/8 1.8 2.3 6322799.661 480965.247 ST D552 5/8 2.3 1.6 6322802.206 480968.966 ST D553 5/8 1.7 1.7 6322803.404 480977.270 ST D554 5/8 1.9 1.6 6322810.854 480988.346 ST D555 5/8 1.8 1.1 6322813.022 480997.110 ST D556 5/8 2.4 1.9 6322821.630 481009.565 ST D557 5/8 2.6 1.5 6322826.720 481005.397 ST D558 5/8 2.4 1.7 6322822.188 480993.837 ST D559 5/8 2.4 1.9 6322818.634 480982.583 ST D560 5/8 1.8 1.9 6322814.777 480975.752 ST D560 5/8 2.0 1.2 6322817.026 480974.399 ST D561 5/8 2.2 1.5 6322810.156 480965.333 ST D562 5/8 1.8 1.5 6322807.571 480957.336 ST D563 5/8 1.5 1.0 6322801.490 480947.386 ST D564 5/8 2.5 1.6 6322797.398 480937.589 ST D565 5/8 1.6 0.9 6322799.931 480928.664 ST D566 5/8 1.5 0.9 6322810.282 480925.369 ST D567 5/8 1.7 1.7 6322811.094 480933.708 ST D567b 5/8 1.7 1.3 6322821.228 480943.987 ST D568 5/8 2.1 1.2 6322819.821 480954.335 ST D569 5/8 2.1 1.1 6322821.514 480962.922 ST D570 5/8 3.6 2.2 6322817.196 480976.228 ST D571 5/8 1.8 1.1 6322831.358 480982.293 ST D572 5/8 1.6 1.3 6322831.974 480992.175 ST D573 5/8 1.7 0.9 6322834.546 481001.749 ST D574 5/8 2.0 2.0 6322844.866 480989.364
83 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST D575 5/8 1.9 1.3 6322838.422 480978.568 ST D576 5/8 2.2 1.3 6322835.477 480969.596 ST D577 5/8 2.1 1.2 6322831.391 480959.731 ST D578 5/8 2.8 2.6 6322828.194 480949.179 ST D579 5/8 2.1 1.5 6322821.813 480946.676 ST D580 5/9 1.8 2.0 6322822.277 480931.830 ST D580 5/8 2.1 1.1 6322821.858 480931.669 ST D581 5/8 2.1 1.0 6322820.538 480921.986 ST D582 5/8 2.1 1.8 6322820.228 480914.226 ST D583 5/8 2.0 1.5 6322823.968 480914.349 ST D584 5/8 2.0 1.9 6322825.398 480921.049 ST D585 5/8 1.8 2.4 6322830.689 480928.297 ST D586 5/9 1.5 1.7 6322834.812 480938.576 ST D587 5/8 2.7 1.7 6322832.118 480948.978 ST D588 5/8 2.3 1.5 6322847.953 480954.872 ST D589 5/8 2.6 1.6 6322838.844 480967.682 ST D590 5/9 1.5 1.5 6322855.413 480964.154 ST D591 5/9 1.6 1.6 6322850.265 480954.042 ST D592 5/9 1.9 2.0 6322849.704 480944.744 ST D593 5/8 2.5 1.2 6322843.211 480932.928 ST D594 5/9 2.2 1.4 6322841.929 480926.761 ST D595 5/9 2.1 1.8 6322832.110 480917.137 ST D596 5/8 2.3 1.1 6322832.899 480905.340 ST D597 5/9 1.7 1.2 6322840.381 480902.842 ST D598 5/8 3.1 1.6 6322843.394 480913.855 ST D599 5/8 3.0 1.5 6322854.839 480922.616 ST D600 5/9 1.5 1.8 6322854.346 480930.498 ST D601 5/9 2.1 2.5 6322853.242 480943.310 ST D602 5/9 1.2 1.0 6322862.466 480949.592 ST D603 5/9 1.6 2.1 6322870.280 480943.242 ST D604 5/9 1.4 1.0 6322866.677 480937.437 ST D605 5/9 1.6 2.3 6322862.625 480927.297 ST D606 5/9 1.4 1.9 6322856.466 480916.082 ST D607 5/9 1.6 1.1 6322855.142 480909.092 ST D608 5/9 1.4 2.0 6322853.115 480897.338 ST D609 5/9 1.3 1.5 6322849.278 480891.058 ST D610 5/9 1.8 1.2 6322861.015 480881.723 ST D611 5/9 1.4 1.1 6322862.333 480893.903 ST D612 5/9 2.3 1.3 6322867.033 480904.707 ST D613 5/9 2.0 1.0 6322867.801 480910.088 ST D614 5/9 2.8 1.3 6322868.355 480923.758 ST D615 5/9 1.8 1.2 6322877.800 480931.390 ST D616 5/9 2.1 1.7 6322889.075 480936.879 ST D617 5/9 2.8 1.2 6322886.171 480930.105 ST D618 5/9 2.5 1.2 6322879.675 480918.617 ST D619 5/9 2.7 1.6 6322878.369 480907.200
84 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST D620 5/9 3.5 2.0 6322876.202 480901.224 ST D621 5/9 2.3 1.4 6322867.768 480879.203 ST D622 5/9 2.3 1.5 6322873.746 480866.763 ST D623 5/9 2.1 1.2 6322872.463 480876.966 ST D624 5/9 1.9 1.1 6322882.635 480897.204 ST D625 5/9 2.1 1.1 6322887.127 480904.208 ST D626 5/9 1.8 1.0 6322889.993 480914.094 ST D627 5/9 3.1 1.9 6322892.343 480923.039 ST D628 5/9 1.9 1.2 6322893.694 480903.142 ST D629 5/9 1.7 1.2 6322893.711 480893.508 ST D630 5/9 1.8 1.4 6322888.944 480882.072 ST D631 5/9 1.8 1.4 6322887.620 480874.724 ST D632 5/9 1.9 1.5 6322879.884 480862.076 ST D633 5/9 2.1 1.4 6322890.327 480863.032 ST D634 5/9 1.9 1.5 6322897.511 480873.071 ST D635 5/9 2.1 1.6 6322901.160 480880.238 ST D636 5/9 1.8 1.3 6322903.137 480889.353 ST D637 5/9 1.7 1.5 6322907.441 480898.620 ST D638 5/9 1.5 2.6 6322907.679 480910.333 ST D639 5/9 3.1 1.2 6322913.588 480908.879 ST D640 5/9 2.7 1.4 6322919.706 480896.045 ST D641 5/9 2.9 1.1 6322912.929 480887.287 ST D642 5/9 3.3 1.1 6322902.358 480875.791 ST D643 5/9 1.7 1.1 6322904.291 480868.751 ST D644 5/9 3.3 1.4 6322900.718 480858.690 ST D645 5/9 2.3 1.3 6322900.681 480849.703 ST D646 5/9 2.7 1.3 6322894.477 480839.814 ST D647 5/9 2.9 1.4 6322897.442 480831.814 ST D648 5/9 2.3 1.3 6322899.965 480826.020 ST D649 5/9 2.2 1.5 6322906.218 480831.584 ST D650 5/9 2.0 1.2 6322905.274 480844.255 ST D652 5/9 1.9 1.3 6322920.702 480853.711 ST D652 5/9 2.2 1.1 6322914.048 480867.405 ST D653 5/9 1.9 1.1 6322913.457 480872.419 ST D654 5/9 1.8 1.4 6322922.383 480882.254 ST D655 5/9 1.1 1.2 6322926.487 480892.269 ST D656 5/9 2.1 1.2 6322926.914 480900.585 ST D657 5/9 1.5 2.0 6322935.760 480908.699 ST D658 5/9 2.4 1.2 6322932.721 480894.465 GPS point 1m west of ST ST D659 5/9 2.2 1.7 6322934.837 480885.032 ST D660 5/9 2.2 2.1 6322940.879 480869.990 ST D661 5/9 1.4 1.5 6322927.787 480866.786 ST D662 5/9 2.9 1.4 6322925.934 480860.761 ST D663 5/9 2.8 1.5 6322917.238 480849.394 ST D664 5/9 1.9 1.1 6322917.851 480839.625
85 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment Tree with nail and cable next ST D665 5/9 3.5 1.5 6322910.476 480831.971 to ST ST D666 5/9 1.8 1.0 6322924.572 480826.203 ST D667 5/10 2.2 1.2 6322923.375 480836.138 ST D668 5/10 1.7 1.2 6322926.927 480845.348 ST D669 5/10 1.7 1.0 6322933.087 480855.162 ST D670 5/10 2.0 1.0 6322933.178 480862.401 ST D671 5/10 1.5 1.0 6322937.082 480872.306 ST D672 5/10 2.2 1.4 6322942.739 480884.811 ST D673 5/10 1.9 1.2 6322947.727 480891.080 ST D674 5/10 2.1 1.5 6322952.953 480882.793 ST D675 5/10 1.5 1.1 6322948.729 480871.626 ST D676 5/10 1.5 1.2 6322945.641 480863.769 ST D677 5/10 2.4 1.3 6322943.828 480849.618 ST D678 5/10 1.6 1.4 6322937.113 480843.415 ST D679 5/10 1.8 1.2 6322936.219 480829.542 ST D680 5/10 2.9 1.2 6322934.585 480820.101 ST D681 5/10 2.9 1.8 6322942.780 480824.298 ST D682 5/10 2.0 1.0 6322941.770 480828.917 ST D683 5/10 2.1 1.1 6322948.164 480835.385 ST D684 5/10 2.5 1.4 6322947.826 480846.705 ST D685 5/10 2.4 1.3 6322951.400 480856.756 ST D686 5/10 2.5 1.4 6322957.480 480867.457 ST D687 5/10 3.1 2.2 6322967.094 480869.039 ST D688 5/10 1.6 1.4 6322964.009 480863.236 ST D689 5/10 2.1 1.8 6322963.276 480852.987 ST D690 5/10 1.9 1.2 6322960.510 480844.621 ST D690-b 5/10 2.2 1.6 6322954.695 480835.524 Tree fall ST D691 5/10 1.5 1.0 6322958.234 480832.972 ST D691-b 5/10 2.0 1.3 6322949.726 480831.727 Tree fall ST D692 5/10 1.8 1.2 6322952.617 480831.782 ST D693 5/10 1.6 1.4 6322960.980 480821.786 ST D694 5/10 1.6 1.2 6322965.098 480828.887 ST D695 5/10 1.8 1.5 6322970.474 480838.647 ST D696 5/10 1.8 1.8 6322971.056 480850.579 ST D697 5/10 1.4 2.0 6322978.556 480857.407 ST D698 5/10 1.7 1.4 6322976.345 480871.553 ST D699 5/10 2.6 1.3 6322986.283 480855.742 ST D700 5/10 2.5 1.5 6322978.035 480849.228 ST D700 5/11 1.3 1.4 6322978.628 480847.138 ST D701 5/10 2.2 1.6 6322983.390 480835.257 ST D701 5/11 1.8 1.1 6322976.409 480827.236 ST D701 5/11 1.3 1.6 6322973.470 480837.406 ST D702 5/10 2.3 1.7 6322990.440 480824.548 ST D703 5/10 2.6 1.6 6322972.051 480815.313 ST D703 5/11 1.6 1.4 6322967.308 480817.267
86 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST D704 5/10 2.6 2.9 6322983.516 480829.488 ST D704 5/11 1.3 1.1 6322984.196 480825.091 ST D705 5/10 2.2 1.7 6322988.430 480832.501 ST D705 5/11 1.5 1.0 6322989.580 480831.063 ST D706 5/10 1.8 1.5 6322981.803 480843.575 ST D706 5/11 1.2 1.5 6322989.274 480839.965 ST D707 5/10 1.7 1.4 6322990.230 480854.344 ST D707 5/11 1.4 1.8 6322985.925 480859.821 ST D708 5/11 1.8 2.2 6323002.402 480845.452 ST D709 5/11 1.2 1.0 6322995.707 480838.338 ST D710 5/11 1.2 1.6 6322999.209 480826.546 ST D711 5/11 1.4 1.0 6322994.566 480817.667 ST D712 5/11 2.2 1.3 6322996.168 480807.482 ST D713 5/11 1.5 1.2 6323001.113 480817.544 ST D714 5/11 1.3 1.1 6323007.105 480823.945 ST D715 5/11 1.5 1.1 6323007.335 480836.115 ST D716 5/11 1.8 1.4 6323010.704 480836.363 ST D717 5/11 1.8 1.3 6323012.642 480824.588 ST D718 5/11 1.6 0.9 6323011.690 480813.490 ST D719 5/11 1.8 1.2 6323019.984 480810.635 ST D720 5/11 1.7 1.1 6323022.365 480817.519 ST D721 5/11 1.9 1.2 6323029.258 480825.769 ST D722 5/11 3.0 1.1 6323037.014 480823.673 ST D723 5/11 1.9 1.4 6323031.371 480816.747 ST D724 5/11 2.0 1.1 6323031.192 480804.122 ST D725 5/11 2.8 1.5 6323041.101 480809.053 ST D726 5/11 1.6 1.1 6323052.001 480805.323 ST D727 5/11 2.0 1.2 6323062.814 480801.836 ST D728 5/11 2.0 1.6 6323067.503 480792.717 ST D729 5/11 1.4 0.8 6323076.360 480790.751 ST D730 5/11 2.1 1.1 6323076.497 480777.774 ST D731 5/11 2.3 1.5 6322825.262 480878.621 ST D732 5/11 2.2 1.7 6322820.366 480886.708 ST D733 5/11 2.4 1.4 6322810.560 480891.624 ST D734 5/11 1.5 1.8 6322805.095 480904.810 ST D735 5/11 2.4 1.0 6322791.373 480917.023 ST D736 5/11 2.2 1.1 6322779.622 480919.959 ST D737 5/11 2.2 1.7 6322779.362 480913.369 ST D738 5/11 2.1 1.6 6322781.600 480915.189 Tree fall ST D739 5/11 2.7 1.7 6322788.096 480907.894 ST D740 5/11 1.6 1.7 6322796.879 480894.721 ST D741 5/11 1.7 1.4 6322814.125 480883.083 ST D742 5/11 2.3 1.6 6322820.242 480876.255 ST D743 5/11 1.5 2.6 6322819.900 480874.156 ST D744 5/11 1.9 1.2 6322824.455 480862.866 ST D766 5/11 1.6 0.9 6322763.387 481041.084
87 GPS positions for 2006 Shovel Tests (ST), Survey Area E (1927 Datum) Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment ST E671 5/12 1.8 1.0 6322743.121 481008.119 ST E745 5/11 2.5 1.1 6322755.296 480962.892 ST E746 5/11 2.3 1.1 6322758.071 480973.112 ST E747 5/11 3.1 1.4 6322760.061 480984.625 ST E748 5/11 2.8 1.6 6322769.471 480996.556 ST E749 5/11 2.7 1.3 6322769.283 481003.557 ST E750 5/11 3.4 1.9 6322782.452 481014.090 ST E751 5/11 2.5 1.8 6322778.812 481022.320 ST E752 5/11 2.8 1.8 6322779.509 481035.227 ST E753 5/11 3.1 1.7 6322770.466 481033.807 ST E754 5/11 2.2 1.3 6322767.148 481028.623 ST E755 5/11 2.2 1.4 6322767.129 481018.795 ST E756 5/11 3.3 1.5 6322765.105 481009.928 ST E757 5/11 2.3 1.3 6322761.950 480999.261 ST E759 5/11 2.0 1.6 6322756.376 480991.947 ST E760 5/11 1.6 1.0 6322758.198 480977.286 ST E761 5/12 1.4 1.8 6322745.307 480992.833 ST E762 5/12 1.5 1.9 6322749.402 481003.020 ST E763 5/12 1.3 1.1 6322751.982 481011.736 ST E764 5/12 1.7 0.9 6322753.608 481019.479 ST E765 5/11 1.7 1.5 6322758.726 481031.423 ST E767 5/12 1.6 1.6 6322751.479 481044.949 Historic dump site ST E768 5/12 1.9 1.3 6322748.580 481035.662 ST E769 5/12 1.9 1.0 6322743.595 481028.369 ST E770 5/12 3.1 1.6 6322743.940 481015.126 ST E772 5/12 2.4 1.5 6322732.777 480997.446 ST E773 5/12 2.2 1.3 6322731.451 481000.785 ST E774 5/12 1.7 1.1 6322734.082 481012.790 ST E775 5/12 2.2 1.3 6322732.000 481020.876 ST E776 5/12 1.6 1.2 6322740.438 481041.204 ST E776b 5/12 2.3 1.8 6322745.893 481036.556 Tree fall ST E776c 5/12 2.7 1.3 6322738.988 481035.279 Tree fall ST E777 5/12 1.9 1.2 6322739.415 481049.697
88 GPS Positions for 2007 Shovel Tests (ST), Survey Area E (1927 Datum) Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment E778 5/30 3.3 3.0 6322722.174 481079.432 E779 5/30 3.6 2.6 6322719.309 481072.683 E780 5/30 1.7 1.4 6322718.843 481060.702 E781 5/30 1.6 1.0 6322706.666 481059.857 E782 5/30 1.3 0.8 6322708.490 481045.926 E782 5/31 1.1 0.7 6322704.932 481043.090 E783 5/30 2.2 1.2 6322701.999 481038.163 E784 5/30 0.9 0.5 6322703.289 481025.033 E785 5/30 3.1 1.8 6322686.648 481033.505 E786 5/30 2.2 1.4 6322693.466 481040.488 E787 5/30 2.6 1.6 6322697.146 481052.153 E788 5/30 1.0 0.8 6322699.890 481059.806 E788a 5/30 1.4 1.4 6322707.010 481062.659 E789 5/30 1.2 1.4 6322707.109 481066.658 E790 5/30 3.2 3.8 6322710.793 481078.098 E791 5/30 1.2 0.8 6322715.067 481085.530 E792 5/30 0.4 0.5 6322709.509 481105.825 E793 5/31 1.9 1.0 6322710.678 481096.198 E794 5/31 1.4 1.0 6322701.503 481093.836 E795 5/30 4.6 3.2 6322698.019 481080.726 E796 5/30 2.0 1.7 6322690.330 481073.366 E797 5/30 1.7 1.1 6322688.472 481062.758 E798 5/30 2.1 1.2 6322685.543 481054.734 E799 5/30 2.9 1.7 6322681.123 481041.666 E800 5/31 6.3 3.0 6322672.940 481054.910 E801 5/31 1.2 0.8 6322676.851 481057.376 E802 5/31 1.7 1.1 6322686.621 481065.312 GPS point is 1 m west of ST E803 5/30 1.1 0.9 6322687.273 481072.799 E804 5/30 0.5 0.4 6322691.270 481084.738 E805 5/30 1.7 1.3 6322700.468 481090.702 E806 5/30 2.9 2.3 6322679.861 481109.481 E807 5/30 1.9 2.1 6322709.383 481110.087 E808 5/30 0.6 0.5 6322698.453 481115.516 E809 5/30 1.1 0.8 6322692.341 481106.397 E810 5/30 1.3 0.8 6322687.982 481101.427 E810a 5/31 1.2 0.7 6322698.405 481096.321 E811 5/31 1.3 0.9 6322684.375 481090.489 E812 5/31 1.7 0.9 6322677.216 481074.031 GPS point is 2 m north of E813 5/31 2.9 1.1 6322681.021 481069.331 hole E814 5/31 1.5 0.9 6322671.139 481057.632 E815 5/31 1.2 0.7 6322660.658 481063.736 E816 5/31 3.3 1.5 6322666.574 481079.061 E817 5/31 1.4 0.8 6322672.087 481081.850
89 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment E818 5/31 0.8 0.5 6322672.346 481094.765 E819 5/30 2.5 2.3 6322677.614 481100.802 E820 5/30 0.6 0.5 6322684.062 481111.703 E822 5/30 1.4 1.3 6322673.297 481111.161 E823 5/30 1.8 1.9 6322672.236 481106.337 E824 5/31 1.3 0.8 6322668.005 481098.443 GPS point is 3 m south of E825 5/31 1.7 1.3 6322661.766 481085.416 hole E826 5/31 1.9 1.4 6322657.467 481078.865 E827 5/31 1.5 1.1 6322646.075 481085.249 E828 5/31 1.8 1.5 6322649.459 481088.590 E828a 5/31 1.5 1.1 6322654.480 481088.813 E829 5/31 2.3 1.9 6322652.307 481100.264 E830 5/31 1.9 1.6 6322660.865 481108.728 E831 5/31 1.9 1.4 6322666.553 481116.554 E832 5/31 1.5 1.1 6322662.448 481130.228 E833 5/31 1.5 1.0 6322658.538 481123.090 E834 5/31 2.0 1.6 6322658.052 481116.841 E835 5/31 1.3 1.0 6322644.782 481106.814 E836 5/30 0.9 0.5 6322704.233 481023.844 E837 5/30 2.6 1.7 6322710.207 481033.359 GPS point is 3 m south of E838 5/30 1.3 0.8 6322712.303 481039.766 hole E839 5/30 3.1 1.9 6322719.395 481048.067 E840 5/30 1.9 1.5 6322725.448 481059.449 E841 5/31 1.7 2.1 6322634.560 481110.618 E842 5/31 1.8 1.4 6322625.338 481117.270 E843 5/31 0.8 0.5 6322646.900 481113.515 E844 5/31 1.6 0.9 6322637.499 481132.209 E845 5/31 1.2 0.6 6322642.500 481134.679 E846 5/31 2.7 1.6 6322648.169 481132.131 E847 5/31 2.3 1.2 6322666.234 481141.198 E848 5/31 2.1 1.1 6322657.641 481145.062 E849 5/31 3.2 2.1 6322655.864 481162.645 E850 5/31 2.2 1.4 6322616.122 481146.979 E851 5/31 1.6 1.2 6322616.432 481154.730 E852 5/31 1.3 1.0 6322614.547 481161.359 E853 5/31 1.5 1.3 6322620.633 481166.711 E854 5/31 0.9 0.7 6322627.735 481170.962 E855 5/31 1.1 1.0 6322643.355 481185.395 E856 5/31 1.5 1.6 6322644.225 481199.487 E857 5/31 1.2 1.2 6322640.102 481185.072 E858 5/31 2.2 2.0 6322620.456 481182.473 E859 5/31 3.0 2.1 6322615.087 481178.179 E860 5/31 1.7 1.2 6322611.093 481169.810 E861 5/31 1.7 1.3 6322615.979 481190.355
90 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment E862 5/31 2.1 1.1 6322621.925 481190.869 E863 5/31 4.3 2.4 6322630.605 481204.299 E864 5/31 1.5 1.1 6322633.849 481199.970 E865 5/31 1.2 0.8 6322628.418 481211.690 E866 5/31 3.0 1.9 6322619.607 481227.494 E867 5/31 1.2 0.8 6322617.483 481232.168 E868 5/31 1.5 1.0 6322613.208 481235.386 E869 5/31 0.9 0.7 6322607.722 481209.108 E870 5/31 1.2 0.9 6322600.929 481201.168 E871 5/31 1.2 0.9 6322596.832 481207.130 E871 6/1 1.2 0.7 6322599.980 481206.099
91 GPS Positions for 2007 Shovel Tests (ST), Survey Area F (1927 Datum) Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment F872 6/1 1.1 0.8 6322529.830 481245.021 F873 6/1 1.6 1.0 6322532.184 481245.053 F874 6/1 1.1 0.9 6322535.112 481236.792 F875 6/1 1.6 1.2 6322537.111 481228.695 F876 6/1 1.3 0.8 6322541.844 481218.845 F877 6/1 1.0 0.7 6322551.469 481216.061 F878 6/1 2.1 1.5 6322550.383 481231.084 F879 6/1 9.9 6.7 6322565.064 481215.142 F880 6/1 10.9 6.2 6322565.776 481205.673 F881 6/1 10.6 6.2 6322562.201 481200.969 F882 6/1 9.8 6.1 6322552.492 481198.720 F883 6/1 10.9 6.6 6322538.033 481202.451 F884 6/1 8.1 5.7 6322525.702 481202.832 F885 6/1 11.1 6.3 6322493.419 481246.063 F886 6/1 10.9 6.4 6322511.307 481241.157 F887 6/1 8.7 6.3 6322517.549 481232.836 F888 6/1 9.8 6.3 6322514.048 481226.584 F889 6/1 9.9 6.4 6322519.788 481216.917 F890 6/1 9.2 6.3 6322529.344 481195.488 F891 6/1 11.9 6.8 6322541.550 481190.269 F892 6/1 11.7 7.5 6322536.573 481193.836 F893 6/1 11.3 7.5 6322555.153 481192.050 F894 6/1 11.1 7.8 6322562.112 481188.859 F895 6/1 10.8 8.0 6322572.483 481195.380 F896 6/1 9.9 8.4 6322571.311 481191.573 F897 6/1 9.8 8.4 6322569.376 481178.084 F898 6/1 10.8 6.3 6322567.598 481169.463 F899 6/1 10.5 6.1 6322558.261 481169.539 F900 6/1 9.2 6.1 6322566.689 481160.466 F901 6/1 11.5 6.5 6322572.156 481159.877 F902 6/1 9.4 6.2 6322578.431 481164.154 F903 6/1 9.9 6.3 6322588.400 481156.961 F904 6/1 12.0 6.9 6322580.913 481150.831 F905 6/1 12.0 6.7 6322594.314 481151.347 F906 6/1 9.3 6.2 6322584.854 481147.151 F907 6/1 9.4 6.2 6322592.379 481146.613 F908 6/1 10.3 6.4 6322585.061 481141.982 F909 6/1 0.6 0.5 6322591.155 481134.625 F910 6/1 1.0 0.8 6322594.198 481131.141 F911 6/1 0.8 0.7 6322600.752 481142.116 F912 6/1 0.6 0.4 6322598.618 481132.410 F913 6/1 1.0 0.9 6322608.547 481126.877 F914 6/1 0.7 0.4 6322594.455 481128.650 F915 6/1 2.4 2.3 6322593.200 481115.145
92 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment F916 6/1 0.9 0.8 6322613.900 481116.189 F917 6/1 1.6 1.5 6322614.619 481105.537 F918 6/1 1.5 1.6 6322596.026 481106.131 F919 6/1 2.0 1.8 6322586.925 481096.058 F920 6/1 1.1 1.1 6322596.597 481091.172 F921 6/1 0.6 0.6 6322599.685 481101.697 F922 6/1 1.2 1.0 6322607.768 481103.442 F923 6/1 1.6 1.3 6322616.225 481108.571 F924 6/1 1.2 0.9 6322619.600 481100.585 F925 6/1 1.1 1.0 6322614.973 481093.977 F926 6/1 1.0 0.7 6322609.775 481093.881 F927 6/1 1.3 1.1 6322596.492 481083.750 F928 6/5 1.1 0.7 6322607.459 481073.363 F929 6/5 1.5 1.0 6322609.290 481079.389 F930 6/5 1.7 1.1 6322619.069 481086.328 F931 6/5 1.4 0.9 6322620.131 481089.002 F932 6/5 1.5 1.2 6322625.182 481075.985 F933 6/5 1.1 0.8 6322610.791 481072.790 F934 6/5 1.0 0.8 6322612.619 481066.051 F935 6/5 0.8 0.6 6322621.715 481067.176 F936 6/5 1.1 0.6 6322635.468 481061.130 F937 6/5 1.2 0.6 6322620.288 481060.703 F938 6/5 1.8 1.1 6322637.908 481067.802 F939 6/5 1.3 0.7 6322642.934 481060.300 F940 6/5 0.8 0.8 6322640.094 481054.836 F941 6/5 1.8 0.9 6322650.236 481037.597 F942 6/5 2.1 1.1 6322640.654 481039.835 F943 6/5 2.0 1.2 6322640.402 481023.625 F944 6/5 1.9 1.0 6322628.506 481031.763 F945 6/5 1.7 0.9 6322626.773 481032.272 F946 6/5 2.2 1.2 6322619.105 481037.819 F947 6/5 1.6 0.9 6322613.996 481040.310 F948 6/5 1.1 0.6 6322621.175 481048.250 F949 6/5 1.9 1.0 6322621.641 481051.367 F950 6/5 1.5 0.8 6322608.802 481049.310 F951 6/5 1.9 1.0 6322595.662 481051.124 F952 6/5 1.3 0.7 6322600.283 481044.676 F953 6/5 1.8 0.9 6322598.591 481029.916 F954 6/5 1.4 0.8 6322592.533 481037.889 F955 6/5 2.2 1.2 6322583.292 481041.440 F956 6/5 1.1 0.6 6322584.203 481035.457 F957 6/5 1.3 0.9 6322565.745 481033.526 F958 6/5 1.0 0.7 6322566.529 481029.487 F959 6/5 2.8 1.5 6322577.543 481006.813 F960 6/5 1.4 0.9 6322593.593 481022.635 F961 6/5 2.4 1.6 6322600.413 481021.873
93 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment F962 6/5 1.5 0.9 6322608.791 481025.349 F963 6/5 2.0 1.3 6322603.105 481012.431 F964 6/5 1.4 0.8 6322613.164 481014.536 F965 6/5 1.2 0.8 6322619.860 481020.056 F966 6/5 1.7 0.8 6322624.198 481013.875 F967 6/5 0.9 1.3 6322594.436 480993.089 F968 6/5 1.9 2.4 6322604.254 480999.604 F969 6/5 2.6 3.0 6322617.758 481001.526 F970 6/5 1.0 1.0 6322619.165 481003.769 F971 6/5 1.6 1.5 6322636.305 481003.838 F972 6/5 1.3 1.3 6322641.725 481013.310 F973 6/5 1.1 0.9 6322645.939 481026.519 F974 6/5 1.3 0.9 6322662.344 481025.522 F975 6/5 1.8 1.3 6322665.265 481027.313 F976 6/5 1.8 1.2 6322668.745 481018.823 F977 6/5 1.9 1.2 6322655.828 481004.976 F978 6/5 1.7 1.3 6322647.248 480998.091 F979 6/5 1.5 1.0 6322641.351 480998.687 F980 6/5 1.4 0.9 6322640.339 480989.781 F981 6/5 1.6 1.0 6322624.581 480995.632 F982 6/5 1.0 0.6 6322622.423 480995.105 F983 6/5 1.1 0.8 6322600.062 480976.030 F984 6/5 1.0 0.8 6322612.721 480972.014 F985 6/5 0.9 0.6 6322622.957 480966.754 F986 6/5 1.2 1.1 6322630.274 480979.899 F987 6/5 1.0 0.8 6322641.018 480983.669 F988 6/5 1.0 0.9 6322654.156 480989.544 F989 6/5 1.1 0.9 6322663.008 480991.192 F990 6/5 1.0 0.8 6322671.597 480997.838 F991 6/5 1.2 0.9 6322671.734 481007.229 F992 6/5 1.3 1.2 6322681.759 481015.672 F993 6/5 1.3 0.9 6322688.702 481006.768 F994 6/5 1.9 1.6 6322706.067 481002.521 F995 6/5 1.7 1.3 6322687.294 480997.561 F996 6/5 1.3 1.0 6322682.627 480994.306 F997 6/5 1.1 0.9 6322663.030 480985.463 F998 6/5 1.5 1.2 6322649.251 480952.911 F999 6/5 0.9 0.8 6322650.262 480961.391 F1000 6/5 1.1 0.9 6322665.717 480964.869 F1001 6/5 1.8 1.4 6322672.603 480955.633 F1002 6/5 1.5 1.3 6322685.165 480956.372 F1003 6/5 1.2 0.9 6322685.466 480955.863 F1004 6/5 1.0 0.8 6322668.131 480941.327 F1005 6/5 1.1 1.0 6322678.686 480938.224 F1006 6/5 2.0 1.4 6322687.484 480936.418 F1007 6/5 1.8 1.2 6322686.948 480947.162
94 Vertical Horzontal ST # Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment F1007 6/5 1.3 0.9 6322693.425 480942.747 F1008 6/5 2.3 1.7 6322703.539 480941.593 F1009 6/5 1.9 1.5 6322701.927 480953.954 F1010 6/5 1.6 1.3 6322710.809 480967.820 F1011 6/5 0.7 0.8 6322714.592 480973.945 F1012 6/5 2.4 1.9 6322706.017 480985.617 F1013 6/5 1.3 1.2 6322696.155 480980.730 F1014 6/6 10.3 6.9 6322722.492 480971.949 F1015 6/7 0.8 0.7 6322730.074 480968.591 F1016 6/7 1.2 1.0 6322736.795 480965.536 F1017 6/7 1.0 0.8 6322730.502 480958.429 F1018 6/7 2.1 1.7 6322743.721 480950.228 F1019 6/7 1.1 0.9 6322737.391 480943.947 F1020 6/7 0.9 0.7 6322732.866 480941.278 F1021 6/7 0.9 0.8 6322725.097 480917.210
95 GPS Positions for 2007 Shovel Tests (ST) and Test Excavations (1927 datum) Horzontal Vertical Site Test Unit Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment 49SIT751 Depression A-2 6/14 0.9 1.0 6322390.916 481070.453 South point Trench 49SIT751 Depression A-2 6/14 1.1 1.1 6322395.315 481063.643 North unit Trench 49SIT751 Fort Clearing 6/26 1.2 0.8 6322380.033 481097.941 Depression 1 49SIT751 Palisade Trench 6/13 0.7 1.3 6322365.156 481100.033 Inside point T1 49SIT751 Palisade Trench 6/13 0.7 1.1 6322348.681 481096.923 Outside point T1 49SIT751 Palisade Trench 6/13 1.1 1.4 6322364.824 481088.513 Inside point T2 49SIT751 Palisade Trench 6/13 0.8 1.0 6322360.549 481085.714 T2 49SIT751 Palisade Trench 6/13 1.4 3.1 6322364.338 481081.382 Joint T2 49SIT751 Palisade Trench 6/13 0.8 1.0 6322376.399 481090.151 Inside point T3 49SIT751 Palisade Trench 6/13 2.0 1.7 6322380.383 481090.257 Outside point T3 49SIT751 Palisade Trench 6/14 1.3 1.5 6322381.885 481084.401 Outside point T3 49SIT751 Palisade Trench 6/14 0.7 0.8 6322392.697 481092.565 Inside point T4 49SIT751 Palisade Trench 6/14 1.1 1.3 6322389.706 481085.468 Outside point T4 49SIT751 Palisade Trench 6/14 0.8 0.9 6322394.576 481088.130 Center T5 49SIT751 TU 319 6/22 0.5 0.6 6322402.925 481038.748 49SIT752 1C-1 6/6 6.3 9.4 6322999.950 480759.807 1x2 49SIT752 Area 338, TU2 6/16 1.1 2.1 6322365.904 480969.143 1x1 49SIT752 ST338A 6/19 0.8 1.2 6322368.351 480961.059 49SIT752 ST338B 6/19 0.7 1.1 6322368.436 480961.385 49SIT752 ST338C 6/19 1.3 2.1 6322373.167 480956.195 49SIT753 Depression A-1 6/16 1.5 2.5 6322348.621 480962.759 1x2 TU 2 49SIT753 Depression 6/16 1.0 1.8 6322350.922 480960.688 1x2 A-1, N4 E10 49SIT754 B100, TU 1 6/9 4.5 3.7 6322618.787 480875.043 49SIT754 B100, TU 2 6/12 0.8 1.1 6322631.534 480865.170 49SIT754 B72, TU 1 6/12 1.0 2.2 6322661.602 480846.289 49SIT754 B72, TU 2 6/13 0.6 0.8 6322658.814 480854.778 49SIT755 C520 Trench 6/22 0.8 1.0 6322992.232 480755.496 West point 49SIT755 C520 Trench 6/22 1.1 1.2 6322992.040 480763.220 East point 49SIT756 ST D2007 6/27 0.6 0.7 6322854.892 480916.555 Charcoal sample collected
96 Horzontal Vertical Site Test Unit Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment NA Fish Trap T.U. 1 6/26 0.6 0.7 6322305.689 481019.828 GPS point 3 m south of hole NA Fish Trap T.U. 2 6/27 1.5 2.8 6322311.691 481026.498 GPS point 3 m west of hole NA ST C1022 6/6 6.1 9.4 6322899.818 480797.940 NA ST C1023 6/6 7.6 12.3 6322911.355 480754.618 NA ST C1024 6/6 14.9 10.3 6322895.073 480762.441
97 GPS Positions for 2007 Features (1927 Datum)
Horzontal Vertical �Site Feature Date Precision Precision Northing Easting Comment 49SIT012 CMT 01 6/16 0.9 1.4 6322774.972 480807.863 49SIT012 CMT 02 6/16 1.2 1.9 6322909.130 480896.151 hunter's stand 49SIT012 CMT 03 6/16 1.0 1.3 6322589.426 481200.565 49SIT012 CMT 04 6/1 5.9 8.4 6322593.335 481148.477 Tree with two nailed boards near ST F906 49SIT012 CMT 05 6/20 2.2 2.5 6322838.962 480782.580 Creek side of trail 49SIT012 CMT 06 6/20 0.5 0.8 6322708.755 480842.410 On south side of trail 49SIT012 CMT 07 6/20 1.0 1.5 6322677.774 480822.365 49SIT012 CMT 08 6/20 0.6 0.9 6322679.567 480821.471 49SIT012 CMT 09 6/27 1.5 2.5 6322842.633 480817.921 West side of trail 49SIT012 CMT 10 6/27 1.7 2.1 6322843.241 480813.802 West of CMT 9 49SIT012 CMT 11 ------6322551 481248 Stump with chain 49SIT012 CMT 12 ------6322798 481024 Largest tree in park; next to east parking lot 49SIT012 CMT 13 ------6322497 480924 49SIT012 CMT 14 ------6322453 480843 49SIT012 Water pump 6/27 1.6 2.1 6322816.722 480836.435 In west bank Indian River 49SIT758 Depression 6/1 1.2 1.3 6322614.461 481066.458 Possible structural F-1 depression 49SIT760 Bridge 6/21 0.2 0.5 6322607.950 480952.052 In Indian River abutment 49SIT764 Log walkway 5/31 0.7 0.7 6322648.892 481208.992 Endpoint 49SIT764 Log walkway 5/31 1.0 0.8 6322650.649 481197.505 Midpoint 49SIT764 Log walkway 5/31 1.1 1.4 6322640.831 481190.866 End point 49SIT764 Privy 5/31 0.7 1.0 6322641.355 481189.719 Possible latrine pit NA Other 6/5 0.9 1.8 6322617.677 481047.214 Thick cable, Area F NA Other 6/5 1.2 2.3 6322596.223 481038.956 Thick cable, Area F
98 SECTION 4: SITE FORMS
99 49SIT12 Sitka National Historical Park
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT12 (amended) Aliquot: Section 36, T 55 S R 63 E Lat./Long.: 135°18’52.98”W 57°02’50.60” N Acreage: 113
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Sitka (A-4) SW UTM: 6322774.972 N 480807.863 E Alaska 1927 datum
Site Name(s): Sitka National Historical Park
Site Description: Sitka National Monument (Sitka National Historic Park, Shiske-Nu) was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 and recorded as a site by the Alaska Office of History and Archaeology in 1974 as 49SIT12. Initially a fishing camp of some antiquity, it was here that (following the 1802 rebellion at Old Sitka) the Tlingit built their “sapling fort,” which the Russians destroyed on their return in 1804. Established in 1890, by presidential order, as a public park, in 1910 is was made a National Monument. It now contains a number of outstanding totem poles, a visitor’s center, the fort site, etc. Archaeological excavations at the fort site were conducted by Fred Hadleigh-West in 1958. The 2005-2008 inventory resulted in the identification of a large, cast-iron water pump and fourteen culturally modified trees (CMTs). As isolated objects, these are included in site 49SIT12.
The old water pump was first identified by SITK Resource Manager Gene Griffin who found it protruding from the right (west) bank of the Indian River. The pump is made of cast iron, has three pistons, and may have been anchored by a 1” cable, a portion of which lies in the river below. No manufacturer’s markings were observed on the machine or its cast iron housing. The pump occurs on land formerly owned by Sheldon Jackson College and may have supplied drinking water to the college and/or the Cottage Community.
Descriptions for the 14 CMTs are provided in the table at the end of the form along with a map showing CMT and pump locations Note that the CMT numbers do not correspond with those in the 1995 geomorphological report. All CMTs are believed to be less than 200 years old. Hunter’s tree stands may have been modified during 20th century.
Significance: Associated with an important event in Tlingit-Euroamerican relations. Sitka National Historical Park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.
Location: At the mouth of Indian River, about ¼ mile southeast of downtown Sitka.
Citations: Among the many pertinent publications and reports are: Antonson, Joan M. and William S. Hanable 1987 Sitka National Historical Park: An Administrative History. Report prepared under contract by IPH/JMA-Alaska and published by U.S.D.I., National Park Service, Alaska Region, Anchorage.
100 Arndt, Katherine L. and Richard A. Pierce 2003 Sitka National Historical Park Historical Context Study. A Construction History of Sitka, Alaska as Documented in the Records of the Russian-American Company. 2nd ed. Prepared by the Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks under Cooperative Agreement CA 9910-7-0032 for Sitka National Historical Park, Sitka, Alaska.
Betts, Robert C. 1999 An Overview and Assessment of Archeological Resources, Sitka National Historical Park, Alaska. Prepared under contract #1443PX991097174 for the National Park Service, Sitka National Historical Park by Vanguard Research, Sandpoint, Idaho.
Chaney, Gregory P., Robert C. Betts, and Dee Longenbaugh 1995 Physical and Cultural Landscapes of Sitka National Historical Park, Sitka, Alaska. Report prepared for the National Park Service, Sitka National Historical Park, by Vanguard Research, Douglas Alaska.
Dauenhauer, Nora M., Richard Dauenhauer, and Lydia T. Black (editors) 2008 Anóoshi Lingít Aaní Ká, Russians in Tlingit America: The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
Griffin, Kristen 2000 Early Views: Historical Vignettes of Sitka National Historical Park. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Alaska Support Office, Anchorage, and Sitka National Historical Park, Sitka, Alaska.
Hadleigh-West, Frederick 1959 Exploratory Excavations at Sitka National Monument. A Cooperative enterprise conducted under an agreement between the University of Alaska and the National Park Service (Contract number 14-10-434-210). Ms. on file, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Sitka National Historical Park, Sitka, Alaska.
Smith-Middleton, Holly and Arnold R. Alanen 1999 Testaments to Place and Time: A Cultural Landscape Report for Sitka National Historical Park. Prepared by the Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Wisconsin- Madison for the U.S.D.I., National Park Service, Alaska Systems Support Office, Anchorage.
Thornton, Thomas F. and Fred Hope 1998 Traditional Tlingit Use of Sitka National Historical Park. Final report NPS Contract #1443PX970095345. Report on file at Sitka National Historical Park, Sitka, Alaska.
Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good
Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.)
Pertinent Dates: N/A
101 Period: Unknown
Resource Nature: Site, settlement, fort, water pump, and culturally modified trees
Cultural Affiliation: Native American, Russian
Preservation Status & Date: good as of June 2007
Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK 99835
Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK 595
BIA/BLM #: N/A Other # (specify):
102 Location National Sitka Historical of Site (49SIT12)
103 Location At the margin of an old beach terrace 40 m SW of the maintenance approximately and 125 m NNW of the Visitor Center yard door. front East of the Indian River in north end of Sitka National Historical Park. More it is about 42 m west of Sawmill specifically, Road and about 165 m north of Creek the east end of park's Indian River footbridge. The south end of Sitka National Historical More Park east of the Indian River. it is about 6.5 m north of the specifically, and about 70 m north of Old Highway Trail the Russian Memorial. East of the Indian River in south end Sitka National Historical Park between the and the Old Highway Russian Memorial Trail about 118 m north of the Russian Trail Memorial of the Indian River in north West "panhandle" of Sitka National Historical Park. It is on the west side of Indian River at the east margin of Westwood about 30 m north of the wood bridge Trail going over the Sheldon Jackson sluice and 300 m north of the park's maintenance at the north end of Visitor Center yard parking lot. 480807.863 480896.151 481200.56 481148.477 480782.580 Easting 6322774.972 6322909.130 6322589.426 6322593.335 6322838.962 UTM Northing Culturally modified trees recorded as elements of 49SIT12 (UTMs are Alaska 1927 datum). 1927 Alaska are of 49SIT12 (UTMs elements as recorded modified trees Culturally This is the same tree identified as CMT #3 by Chaney et al. (1995:139, Map This is the same tree Sitka Spruce 3). The scar is located on the north side of a 5 m circumference surface. It is 1.3 m high, 65 cm wide, and about 2 m above the ground 92 cm deep. It is obviously an old scar with about 30 of healing bark Chaney et al. observed metal axe cut marks in the scar curving into the tree. team in 2007. not observed by the MWAC in 1995 but such marks were is about 4.5 m in stand, this dead tree An historic hunter's tree On about 8 m above the ground. and has had its top cut off circumference axe-cut toe hold 94 cm above is a rectangular, the north side of tree surface. The notch is 60 cm wide, 11 high, and deep. the ground horizontal plank steps which have a series of three Above this notch are The lowest of these steps is 3.7 m above the been nailed into the tree. ground. was originally identified during the 2006 inventory by Pollnow This tree 1, and data collected for it in 2007 (see Vol. (2006:6). It was relocated and bears a 2 m high, 50 cm is 5.6 m in circumference Chapt. 5). The tree wide, 65 cm deep scar on its southeast side. The face of the exhibits and appears to be axe cuts. The scar is located 1.1 m above the ground on its sides. is at least 60 cm of healing growth quite old in that there and is modified by having two short is 1.3 m in circumference The tree steps nailed to its northwest face. The lower step is 80 cm above board The surface and the upper plank is 1.34 m above ground. the ground stand although modifications may have been made to access a hunter's tree the stand is no longer evident. and bears a scar 50 cm above the is 4.5 m in circumference This tree The scar is somewhat oval in shape, on the south side of tree. ground 1.4 m high, 50 cm wide, and 38 deep. The face of the scar is covered is about 30 cm of healing at the scar's with metal axe cuts and there margins. Modification Sitka Spruce Western Hemlock Sitka Spruce Red alder Sitka Spruce Tree Tree Species 1 2 3 4 5 CMT#
104 Location At the south margin of Bridge Trail the about 30 m west of the bridge crossing Indian River and about 100 m east of the Visitors Center parking lot. side of Indian River about 30 m south West and about 46 m east of of the Bridge Trail the Visitor Center's north end side of Indian River about 30 m south West and about 46 m east of of the Bridge Trail the Visitor Center's north end side of Indian River at the west margin West and about 10 m Trail of the Westwood old the following trail east-west the of north the Sitka National Historical highway from the river. Park maintenance shed toward side of Indian River at the west margin West and about 10 m Trail of the Westwood old the following trail east-west the of north the Sitka National Historical highway from the river. Park maintenance shed toward 480842.410 480822.365 480821.471 480817.921 480836.435 Easting 6322708.755 6322677.774 6322679.567 6322842.633 6322816.722 UTM Northing This is the same as Chaney et al. (1995:139, Map 3) CMT#1. The tree is This is the same as Chaney et al. (1995:139, Map 3) CMT#1. The tree and has been modified by a concave triangular scar 3.1 m in circumference about 1 m above the ground located on the east-northeast side of tree surface. The scar is 73 cm high x 66 wide and 37 deep there 17 cm of healing on its margins. The upper portions the scar is roughly axe marks. retain in the 1995 a description provided from CMT 7 was relocated and is the same as Chaney et al. (1995: 139, Map geomorphology report and bears a small 3) CMT#6. This snag is about 2.4 m in circumference surface on its northwest side. The triangular scar 47 cm above the ground no visible are scar is 54 cm high x 23 wide and 10 in depth. There its margin. cut marks but the scar bears about 9 cm of healed tissue around CMT#8. is located 4 m from This tree This is the same as Chaney et al.'s CMT#7 (Chaney al. 1995: 139, has a Map 3). It is located about 4 m south of CMT 7. The dead tree of 2.5 m and bears a scar on its west side 1.12 above circumference surface. The triangular scar is 57 cm high, 18 wide, and 13 the ground its margin. An animal about 13 cm of healing around cm deep and retains occurs at the base of this tree. burrow nailed into its and has a board is about 2 m in circumference This dead tree surface. A set of 2-3 holes located south side about 2 m above the ground may mark the former location of another about 50 cm below the board CMT#10. step. It is located 5 m from away about 6 m above the and broken is 2.8 m in circumference The tree bear cultural modifications. A bolt Virtually all sides of this tree ground. about 50 cm above the roots one of the above ground from protrudes visible on the west side surface and a couple of large metal pins are ground is a on the east side of tree About 3 m above the ground of the tree. nails driven wire exhibits three and the north side of tree board broken into a now-dead branch. Modification Sitka spruce Sitka spruce Sitka spruce Western Hemlock Western Hemlock Tree Tree Species 6 7 8 9 10 CMT#
105 Location Located immediately next to the fence line marking the east boundary of Sitka National Historical Park. It is 26 m northeast of the Russian Memorial. Located east of the Indian River 32 m west of Sawmill Creek approximately Road and about 12 m NW of the Bridge the Sitka National (running from Trail the Historical Park Visitor Center across Indian River footbridge to Sawmill Creek Road). In the south half of park, west it is about 46 specifically, More Indian River. m SE of the southern-mosttrail cross-over and Indian River trails between the Totem and about 16 m west of the Indian River Trail In the south half of Sitka National Historical More Park west of the Indian River. it is at the east edge of specifically, about 240 m SE of the Sitka Trail Totem National Historical Park Visitor Center and about 50 m south of the southern-most and trail between the Totem cross-over Indian River trails. Easting 481018.0 480923 480843 481248.443 UTM Northing 6322804.0 6322488 6322453 6322551.53 on artifacts in the south side of the stump occur as two groups on artifacts in the south side of stump occur as two groups Ir This stump was identified by Anne Pollnow who referred to it as Tree Stump Tree to it as referred This stump was identified by Anne Pollnow who 4). It (S_1) in the text and T_1 her UTM data file (Pollnow 2006: 5, Figure stock. iron and square over round that had grown of a tree is the remnant The top of the stump is about 1 m in diameter and its surface parallels The being felled using a saw. of the tree as a result probably the ground, being rings from tree on top of the stump prevented density of new growth counted. Modification This was briefly described in the geomorphological report as CMT #4. The This was briefly described in the geomorphological in the park. Chaney It is the largest tree is about 2½ m in diameter. tree which were et. al (1995:139, Map 3) observed metal axe cuts in this tree as a blaze. interpreted This CMT was briefly described in Chaney et al. (1995:139, Map 3) as was observed to have a north-facing scar exhibiting cuts from #2. This tree a metal axe. on the bears a wood insulator about 3-4 m above the ground This tree War This insulator is consistent in style with a World west side of the tree. II telephone system and likely is part of a larger communication for the 1942 WWII Army encampment located in south end of park. The westerly spaced about 45 cm apart and 1 m above the ground. and lying on the stock embedded in the tree iron consists of round group stock with includes similar round The easterly group below. directly ground nail embedded about 20 cm above. A short fragment of a common wire of a handmade spike is about 4 cm stock, perhaps the remnant square of a chain stock appears to be the remnants nail. The round above the wire at some point in time by cutting It was removed over. grew which the tree links on both the east and west sides. These artifacts suggest they through during the late 19th century suggesting and in the tree placed around were may be associated with the homestead established by Nicholas the tree Haley in 1882. Unknown Tree Tree Species Sitka Spruce Sitka Spruce Unknown 11 CMT# 12 13 14
106 Locations of CMTs (green triangles) and cast iron pump (red circle).
107 Recording data for CMT #1.
Hunter’s tree stand (CMT #2) near the center of Survey Unit D.
108 CMT #3.
CMT #4.
109 Data collection at CMT #5. View is to the north and the trail is immediately to the left.
CMT #6. View is to south and trail is outside right of the photo.
110 CMT #7.
CMT #8.
111 CMT #9.
CMT #10.
112 CMT #11. Arrows point to iron artifacts.
CMT #12 as viewed from the northwest.
113 NO PHOTO FOR CMT #13.
Wood insulator on CMT #14.
Three-piston water pump recorded on the west bank of the Indian River.
114 49SIT751 Shis’ki-Noow Fortified Village and Battlefield
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT751 Aliquot: NW¼, NE¼, SE¼, NE¼, Section 1, T 56 S R 63 E Lat./Long.: 135° 18’ 46.92” W 57° 02’ 48.95” N Acreage: 2.19
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Sitka (A-4) SW UTM: 6322485.624 to 6322396.919 N 481098.784 to 480915.668 E (Alaska 1927 datum)
Site Name(s): Shis’ki-Noow Fortified Village and Battlefield
Site Description: The boundaries of this multicomponent site are defined by the locations where artifacts associated with the 1804 Sitka Tlingit and Russian conflict were found by a metal detection team in 2005 (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 4). The UTM coordinates above roughly describe the site boundary. The latitude/longitude is the approximate center point of the site. All other components lie within or overlap portions of the east half of the site (see attached figures).
COMPONENT #1 - This represents the 1804 battle zone and the likely location of the Tlingit (Kiks.adi clan) fortified village Shis’ki-Noow (roughly translated as “Sapling,” “Green Wood,” or “Second Growth”). Metal detection recovered artillery and small arms ammunition associated with the 1804 battle (see attached figures). Three artillery and firearms artifacts were found on the north-northwest side of the fort clearing with the remainder recovered in the wooded area up to 150 m west of the clearing. Five specimens are approximately 1 inch diameter iron canister shot, three are grapeshot rounds, two are 12-pounder iron cannonballs, and four are lead balls of various calibers. Hadleigh-West’s (1958) report of his excavations at the Fort Clearing noted the recovery of another iron cannonball in the south side of the Fort Clearing. That cannonball, now lost, was reported to be about 3 inches in diameter and weighed 3 pounds. If the description is accurate then this piece was probably for a 3-pounder gun. The solid iron artillery shot recovered in 2005 includes 12-pounder solid shot, 12-pounder canister, and 12-pounder grapeshot. Together, this data attests to the presence of at least a 3-pounder gun and a 12-pounder gun as the minimum types of artillery used in the battle. Musket balls are of the calibers likely used by both the Kiks.adi and the Russians and their Aleut allies. The spherical lead balls indicate the firearms where likely .69-caliber trade guns or military smoothbore muskets and 36-caliber and .44 or .45-caliber small arms.
Nora and Richard Dauenhauer and Lydia Black (2008), referencing Tlingit oral history and Russian documents, indicate that one or more pits were dug within the fortified village to allow Tlingits to take refuge from Russian cannon fire. Tlingit accounts uniformly describe one large pit within which all the clan houses were set. A contemporary account by Russian Aleksandr Baranov (in Dauenhauer et al. 2008)) describes dugout pits inside each Tlingit house. A much later, second-hand account whose information is probably ultimately derived from Baranov, described the Tlingit defenses as including dugout houses set in a shallow depression in the ground. This last description would seem to reconcile the Tlingit narratives of one large pit and Baranov’s description of pits inside each house.
115 There are three large pits on the peninsula west of the Fort Clearing. Two of these, referred to as Depressions A2 and A3 (see attached figure), lie in the heart of the battle zone as indicated through recovery of musket and cannon balls (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 4). Two cannon balls and two canister shot, both from 12-pound cannon (the size of late 18th and early 19th century Russian naval guns), and a musket ball occurred 13, 16, 21, 23, and 24 m from the center of the two depressions. While their origin remains unknown, their similarity in size, orientation, and presence of berms on the north side of each suggest they are likely of cultural derivation. Depression A-2 (UTM coordinates 6322390.916N 481070.453E, Alaska 1927 datum) was tested in 2007 by excavating a north-south trench across it. A slate flake was the only potential artifact recovered during that work (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 6). If this object is truly culturally modified, it would reinforce an association with the fortified village. A large tree has grown into and partially filled the southeastern corner of Depression A-3 (see attached figure). To determine the age of this tree a tree ring sample was collected by NFS Silvaculturalist Pat Heuer in 2008. This sample was collected about 8 ft above the ground as the tree base was far too thick to allow the increment borer to reach the tree’s center. Although the center of the tree was not reached at 8 ft either, Heuer was able to make an estimate of the tree’s age based on the number of growth rings in the sample, the estimated distance from the end of the sample to the center of the tree, the number of rings/inch at the interior end of the sample, and the apparent growth history of the tree based on its canopy and limb remnants. In short, the tree was determined to have initiated its growth circa 1830. This date suggests the pits were in place before 1830. This is certainly too early for the circa 1842-1855 Ovchinnikov homestead (see Component 2 below) as a source for the depressions. It suggests the possibility the depressions are elements of the Tlingit fort although the data do not rule out the possibility that they were created by the Russians during the first few decades of their occupation.
Alternatively, these features may represent traditional Tlingit cache pits. Such pits were as large as 13 ft square and were commonly dug behind the houses to serve as the primary food storage area for all the families in a house. Pits were generally lined with planks and capped with a bark roof covered with mud. Roofs were arched like a Quonset hut or and constructed of bark and small poles or gabled using planks. The peak of the roofs could be as high as 5 ft above the ground with the pit dug a similar distance into the ground. Such cache pits are more commonly associated with winter villages although such features do occur occasionally in summer fish camps (Frederica de Laguna 1972:305).
COMPONENT #2 - According to Arndt and Pierce (2003:138), “In 1846 [Russian American] company retiree Petr Ovchinnikov had a house built on the Indian River, which was occupied by his family until 1855.” An 1850 map of Novo-Arkhangel’sk shows several structures on the west bank of the river which correspond with Ovchinnikov’s homestead in the general area of the Tlingit fortified village. Ovchinnikov died in 1853. The Tlingit burned the structures in 1855, these being the last documented habitations within the current park boundaries (Betts 1999:66, 68, 146; Smith-Middleton and Alanen 1999:18, 23). A number of artifacts recovered from the west half of the Fort Clearing are likely associated with this occupation. These include brick fragments, flat (window pane) glass, cut nails, mid-19th century Staffordshire ceramics, glassware, black bottle glass, a cast iron splitting wedge, and possibly a large slick-type chisel. Similar materials from the eastern half of the clearing are site contaminates brought in with soil from the Russian Bishop’s House in 1982 to level
116 the ground (the ground had settled over 1978 NPS trenches excavated to soak totem poles in preservative).
COMPONENT #3 - Another element of this site is a prehistoric occupation. This is located approximately 50 meters west of the north side of the Fort Clearing at the approximate center of the 1804 battle-related artifact distribution (UTM coordinates 6322417.952N 481027.084E, Alaska 1927 datum). An east-west oriented arc of charcoal- bearing soils was identified here in five 2006 shovel tests (STs A316, 319, 347, 348, and 349). The eastern end of the component is located about 6 m north of Depression A2 see description for Component #1 above). The west end is located about 45 m from Depression A2. Test excavations at this location in 2007 (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 6) revealed (from top to bottom) a 15-20 cm thick layer of reddish brown (woody) rooty humus, a 1-2 cm thick layer of dark brown loamy gravelly charcoal, and a tan sandy gravel and cobble layers. The upper two layers thickened from east to west.
In 2006, a charcoal sample was retrieved at ST A319, level one (0-20 cm bs). This returned a date of 220 + 70 BP (Beta Analytic #218685) with 2 σ calibration dates ranging from AD 1488-1603 to AD 1910-1953 (see Table 1). Two additional charcoal samples were collected during 2007 test excavations. The sample from the 0-20 level returned a date of 380 + 100 BP (GX-32924). 2σ calibrated age ranges for this ranges from AD 1321-1329 to 1937- 1951. A sample collected just below this (20-25 cm bs) returned a date of 366 + 70. A single 2σ calibration date range for this same is AD 1430-1654.
The possible feature and occurrence of charcoal in nearby shovel tests suggest the possibility of a terminal Late Period to early historic occupation at the edge of a high Indian River terrace. There is a possibility, however, that the dates reflect a later (even modern) occupation and possibly an association with the Shis’ki-Noow fort. The deposit is conditionally interpreted as a Terminal Late Period occupation and may represent the location of a pre-European contact fish camp or summer house. This cannot be confirmed without more extensive archeological investigation, however.
COMPONENT #4 - The last component of this is site associated with the late 19th century. Aside from a light scatter of such material across the battlefield site, a concentration of this material was identified in 2005 by a metal detection team. Referred to as Activity Area #3 in the 2005 field season annual report (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 4), this component is located 150 meters north northwest of the Fort Clearing. Seven metal artifacts were recovered from an area bracketed by UTM coordinates 6322466.980- 6322486.846N 480924.708-480943.669E). Objects collected include three lead musket balls, a brass button back with an omega loop shank, a forged iron nail fragment, an iron nut and bolt shaft, and a good luck token from a Tacoma, Washington, clothing company. The token dates to the early 20th century while the other pieces date from the mid- to late-19th century. The token may have been incidentally dropped on the site and not associated with the earlier occupation. Four shovel tests were placed in this area in 2005 recovered no artifacts. The function of this component remains uncertain although the scarcity of material here suggests only short-term use of the location. Perhaps this is one of the fish campsites alluded to in the Tlingt traditional use study (Thornton and Hope 1998).
117 Significance: This is a highly significant site. It may be the most important site in the park for two reasons: 1) the park originated as a National Monument specifically to commemorate the 1804 Battle of Sitka fought between the Tlingits and the Russians; and 2) this site is central to Sitka National Historical Park’s interpretive program which focuses on Tlingit and Russian-American history and culture. It is clear the site retains its integrity and contains data likely to yield important prehistoric and historic information. The site is therefore eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places.
Location: This area is on a terrace at the west margin of the Indian River in the southern portion of the park. It occurs from the north west portion of the Fort Clearing westward into the woods for about 150 m.
Citations: Arndt, Katherine L. and Richard A. Pierce 2003 Sitka National Historical Park Historical Context Study. A Construction History of Sitka, Alaska as Documented in the Records of the Russian-American Company. 2nd ed. Prepared by the Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks under Cooperative Agreement CA 9910-7-0032 for Sitka National Historical Park, Sitka, Alaska.
Betts, Robert C. 1999 An Overview and Assessment of Archeological Resources, Sitka National Historical Park, Alaska. Prepared under contract #1443PX991097174 for the National Park Service, Sitka National Historical Park by Vanguard Research, Sandpoint, Idaho.
Dauenhauer, Nora M., Richard Dauenhauer, and Lydia T. Black (editors) 2008 Anóoshi Lingít Aaní Ká: Russians in Tlingit America. The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804. University of Washington Press, Seattle, and Sealaska Heritage Institute, Juneau. de Laguna, Frederica 1972 Under Mount Saint Elias: The History and Culture of the Yakutat Tlingit. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, Vol. 7. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
Hadleigh-West, Frederick 1959 Exploratory Excavations at Sitka National Monument. A Cooperative enterprise conducted under an agreement between the University of Alaska and the National Park Service (Contract number 14-10-434-210). Ms. on file, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Sitka National Historical Park, Sitka, Alaska.
Smith-Middleton, Holly and Arnold R. Alanen 1999 Testaments to Place and Time: A Cultural Landscape Report for Sitka National Historical Park. Prepared by the Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Wisconsin- Madison for the U.S.D.I., National Park Service, Alaska Systems Support Office, Anchorage.
Thornton, Thomas F. and Fred Hope 1998 Traditional Tlingit Use of Sitka National Historical Park. Final report NPS Contract #1443PX970095345. Report on file at Sitka National Historical Park, Sitka, Alaska.
118 Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good
Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.)
Pertinent Dates: 1804, circa 1842 to 1855
Period: Historic
Resource Nature: Battlefield, fortification, charcoal deposits, historic occupations, prehistoric occupation
Cultural Affiliation: Native American, Russian, Euroamerican
Preservation Status & Date: Good 2005
Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK 99835
Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK 595
BIA/BLM #: N/A Other # (specify):
119 Shis’ki-Noow Battlefield site location.
Shis’ki-Noow Battlefield site location and boundary.
120 Component #1, 1804 battle zone (dashed lines) and possible location of 1804 Tlingit fort (solid line).
121 Artifacts associated with Component #1: Cat. 23518 = 1.1 inch diameter ferrous canister shot, Cat. 23524 = 0.94 inch diameter ferrous canister shot, Cat. 23543 = 2.09 inch diameter 1-pounder cannonball, Cat. 23541 = 4.29 inch diameter 12-pounder cannonball.
122 2008 crew members Dustin Gonzales standing in Depression A2 and Fawn Abt in front of tested Sitka spruce.
1850 map of Novo-Arkhangel’sk showing location of Petr Ovchinnikov’s homestead (Component #2).
123 Selected artifacts associated with Component #2: Staffordshire (British) ceramics, “black” glass bottle fragments, 1 Kopek copper coin, cut nails, and soft brick fragment.
Location of prehistoric (Terminal Late Period) Component #3.
124 125 Location of late 19th century historic Component #4.
126 Median Date AD 1660 AD 1541 AD 1542 Relative Under Area Distribution 0.211858 0.28157 0.320168 0.07549 0.110913 0.016069 0.937559 0.006949 0.030893 0.00853 1 95.4% (2 σ ) calibrated age ranges start-end AD 1488-1603 AD 1609-1708 AD 1718-1827 AD 1831-1889 AD 1910-1953 AD 1321-1349 AD 1391-1681 AD 1738-1755 AD 1762-1802 AD 1937-1951 AD 1430-1654 Fortified Village and Battlefield site. Relative Under Area Distribution 0.161432 0.319299 0.397897 0.121373 0.50729 0.49271 0.521167 0.039343 0.439489 68.3% (1 σ ) calibrated age ranges start-end AD 1523-1572 AD 1630-1690 AD 1729-1810 AD 1925-1952 AD 1442-1529 AD 1544-1634 AD 1452-1524 AD 1558-1564 AD 1568-1631 C age year BP 220+70 380±100 366±70 14 ST A319, Lev. ST A319, Lev. 1 (0-20 cm bs) ST A319, Test Unit, 0-20 cm ST A319, Test Unit, 20-25 cm Provenience Beta- 218685 GX- 32924 GX- 32925 Sample Name 2006 2007 2007 Date Radiocarbon dates and calibrated age ranges for the Shis’ki-Noow
127 49SIT752 Aas Gutú Hit (Forest or In the Forest House)
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT752 Aliquot: NE ¼, NW ¼, SE ¼, NE ¼, Section 1, T 56 S R 63 E Lat./Long.: 135° 18’ 49.61673” W Acreage: about 1 57° 02’ 39.94459” N
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Sitka (A-4) SW UTM: 6322375.318 N 480961.144 E Alaska 1927 datum
Site Name(s): Aas Gutú Hit (Forest or In the Forest House).
Site Description: In 2006, level 2 (20-40 cm) of shovel test ST-A338 was identified as a possible charcoal and cobble feature. This is located in the woods approximately 165 m west of the center of the Fort Clearing and 625 m SSE of the Sitka National Historical Park Visitor Center. It occurs immediately north of the Depression A1 site. A charcoal sample collected from this test was submitted for analysis and returned a date of 370 + 40 BP (calibrated AD 1430-1530 and AD 1550- 1630). Prehistoric objects recovered from two nearby shovel tests include a basalt flake at ST-308 (40-60 cm bs and located 20 m west of ST-A338) and a jasper pebble tool from ST-365 (40-60 cm bs and located about 12 m south of ST-A338) (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 5). These locations are included within the Aas Gutú Hit site. The site lies just south of an area identified by Chaney et al. (1995: Map 1) as a pre-AD 1250 beach and in the center of a circa AD 1500 uplifted beach meadow. At the time of its occupation, this site must certainly have been on the beach.
In 2007, the charcoal feature was quickly relocated with charcoal was identified at the 30- 40 cm level within a basin-shaped depression. A small-scale test excavation area (referred to as TU 338) was established as a 1 m x 3 m trench, the long axis of which set 7° west of north to allow the unit to fit between two fallen trees. The ground surface at the north end of the unit was about 38 cm higher than the south end. At approximately 50 cm bs, a line of angular rock was encountered. Light colored gravel on the south margin of the stones and reddish brown woody loam and charcoal on the north side suggested this rock alignment marked the edge of a feature. An additional 1 m x 1.4 m unit was opened at the west margin of the 1 x 3 m trench to follow the feature margin. Eventually, the feature proved to be a square, rock-lined hearth oriented 50° east of north. The hearth is 1.36 m northwest-southeast x 1.38 m northeast-southwest. It was created by digging into the beach gravels and lining the basin-shaped excavation with rounded cobbles. Larger cobbles and split cobbles were set on end around the perimeter, the tops of which are about 10 cm above the perimeter of the feature’s base. The depth of the hearth’s base varies from about 50 cm bs at the margin to about 60 cm bs near the center. The 2006 shovel test ST-A338 went through the feature just east of the center of the hearth.
Immediately above the hearth was a 5-10 cm thick layer of charcoal surmounted by a reddish brown layer of rotted wood and humus. The stratigraphy of the test unit’s east wall consisted of (from top to bottom) a 25 cm thick layer of dark brown humus largely composed of decayed wood, an intermittent 5 cm thick layer of light colored clayey sand, a 5-15 cm thick layer of dark brown to black gravelly charcoal, and a gray-brown loamy sandy gravel at the base. The layers of charcoal and rotten wood rise in elevation from the feature in all directions and are interpreted as the floor of a prehistoric structure. In fact, the depression visible on the surface appears to be a reflection, at least in part, of the feature below. Four shovel tests placed 4.2-9.8 m west of TU A338 in a similar linear depression found no like features and further indicated that the charcoal and woody layers above the hearth in TU A338 do not extend this far west. Shovel testing in 2008 determined the perimeter of the structure is located about 3.5 m from the center of the hearth; e.g., the structure was about 7 m square.
128 Two prehistoric objects were recovered during the excavation of TU A338. The first is a possible split pebble tool of basalt (Cat. 24248) recovered from the 40-60 cm bs level of TU A338-1. The second is a fragment of fire-cracked basalt (Cat. 24249) discovered in the east corner of the fire hearth. The only other materials identified during the excavation were small, naturally occurring shell fragments encountered outside the perimeter of the hearth at 40 cm bs in the beach gravels. These were not collected.
The prehistoric nature of the feature and the charcoal-filled stratigraphic layer above it was confirmed by radiocarbon analysis. Charcoal samples collected from above, next to and within the stone feature returned dates of 1000 ± 100, 700 ± 100, and 830 ± 100 BP respectively. Two sigma (2σ) calibrated age ranges are AD 782-1386 with median dates of AD 1040, 1294, and 1181.
In 2008, site data were established at the north end of the 2005 geophysical inventory grid referred to at that time as the “Small Depression locality.” These data consist of 4” plastic tubes filled with concrete with a vertical iron rebar at their centers. Two copper horizontal reference markers were installed in the top of each datum. The western datum is marked “NPS-MWAC 2008” (above a raven-eagle symbol) and “N20 E 10” (above a raven-eagle symbol). The east datum is marked “NPS-MWAC 2008” (above a raven-eagle symbol) and “N20 E 20” (above a raven-eagle symbol). The hearth is located 12.0 m from the N20 E20 datum and 15.5 m from the N20 E10 datum. Prior to backfilling, the feature was covered with blue plastic, then a layer of sand, with excavated fill replaced on top of the sand.
In summary, the rectangular fire hearth superimposed by the strata of charcoal and decomposed wood combined with the radiocarbon dates and possible artifacts suggest this is the location of a prehistoric structure. Radiocarbon dates vary but are interpreted as indicating an occupation sometime during the 11th to 13th centuries AD. Assuming the hearth occurs at the center of a structure, the building may be about 7 m square.
Information on Tlingit structures provided by George Emmons and Frederica de Laguna (Emmons 1991:69-71) indicates that Tlingit summer houses were small and roughly built in comparison to winter lineage houses. These buildings often had no flooring but, instead, were built directly on the ground. The exterior covering was either slabs of bark or, in the case of the Sitka Tlingit, boards removed from the winter house and transported to the site. Structural frameworks were lashed together with spruce root or constructed as a permanently joined frame. The structures functioned both as smokehouse and single family dwellings occupied during the fishing season. Hoonah summer structures were approximately 25 ft long (7.6 m) x 15-20 ft wide (4.6-6.1 m) at the time of contact which would be within the perceived range of this structure. This structure may have been similar to late 18th and 19th century structures illustrated below.
Significance: This is a highly significant site. It is intact and the only such site known for Sitka National Historical Park and the area as a whole.
Location: In the woods approximately 165 m west of the center of the Fort Clearing, 625 m SSE of the Sitka National Historical Park Visitor Center, and immediately north of the Depression A1 site.
Citations: Chaney, Gregory P., Robert C. Betts, and Dee Longenbaugh 1995 Physical and Cultural Landscapes of Sitka National Historical Park, Sitka, Alaska. Report prepared for the National Park Service, Sitka National Historical Park, by Vanguard Research, Douglas Alaska.
Emmons, George T. 1991 The Tlingit Indians. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. Edited and additions by and Frederica De Laguna. University of Washington Press, Seattle. 129 Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good
Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.)
Pertinent Dates: 11th-13th centuries AD
Period: Terminal Late Prehistoric Period
Resource Nature: Structure, fire hearth
Cultural Affiliation: Prehistoric, Native American - probably Kiks.adi Tlingit
Preservation Status & Date: good 2008
Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK 99835
Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK 595
BIA/BLM #: N/A Other # (specify):
130 General location of the Aas Gutú Hit site.
131 Location detail for Aas Gutú Hit. Red star marks hearth location. Green dots are associated artifact finds: north - basalt flake; south - jasper pebble tool.
Firehearth of Aas Gutú Hit site is at the center of the photo under the pile of broken logs. Datum 20N 20E is marked by the flag at right center.
132 Stone-lined square fire hearth discovered in TU 338.
133 Stratigraphic profiles of the east and west walls of TU A338.
134 Late 19th century Lituya Bay Tlingit fishing camp (from Vue d’un etablissement des habitans du Port des Francais pour la saison de la peche, 1786. In the collections of the University of Washington Library, Special Collections Division, Neg. 3942.)
Historic Sitka Tlingit fish camp with traditional structure, boat, and drying racks (Elbridge W. Merrill photo in the William A. Kelly Collection, Alaska State Historical Collections, Juneau). Aas Gutú Hit may have been similar to this structure.
135 Median Date AD 1294 AD 1040 AD 1181 Relative Under Area Distribution 0.01837 0.00119 0.98044 0.003947 0.023926 0.963564 0.00551 0.003052 0.978248 0.021752 0.994348 AD 1052-1080 AD 782-789 AD 1015-1310 95.4% (2 σ ) calibrated age ranges start-end AD 1129-1131 AD 1153-1434 AD 811-846 AD 856-1228 AD 1232-1241 AD 1247-1251 AD 1360-1386 AD 894-1299 0.682453 0.064402 0.162769 Relative Under Area Distribution 0.317547 0.935598 0.058456 0.778775 AD 1223-1324 AD 900-917 AD 1049-1084 68.3% (1 σ ) calibrated age ranges start-end AD 1345-1393 AD 965-1161 AD 1124-1137 AD 1151-1276 C age year 700±100 1000±100 830±100 BP 14 South corner of hearth 0-40 cm bs, charcoal stratum above hearth 40 cm bs, just above west corner of hearth Provenience GX-32928 GX-32926 GX-32927 Sample Name Radiocarbon dates retrieved for charcoal from TU A338
136 49SIT753 Salmon Hook
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT753 Aliquot: Center, NW ¼, SE ¼, NE ¼, Section 1, T 56 S R 63 E Lat./Long.: 135° 18’ 49.63713” W 57° 02’ 39.15556” N Acreage: <1
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Sitka (A-4) SW UTM: 6322350.922 N 480960.688 E Alaska 1927 datum
Site Name(s): Salmon Hook
Site Description: This site is marked by an artificial depression first identified archeologically in 2005. It was referred to as Activity Area #2 and “Small Depression” in the annual report for that year (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 4). With identification of smaller depressions in the general vicinity, this depression came to be called Depression A1 in subsequent reports. This deep depression is located about 150 meters southwest of the Fort Clearing. It is 3.5 x 4 m x 1 m deep; i.e., similar in form, size, and depth, to a basement depression. This lies within an area identified by Chaney et al. (1995:Map 1) as a pre-AD 1500 upraised beach meadow which had become a “young forest” by the turn of the 19th century.
In 2005, the location was subjected to metal detection, geophysical, and shovel testing inventories. Metal detection resulted in the recovery of ten artifacts including a salmon gaffing hook, six hand forged large iron nails (1 clinched), an iron strap, a fragment of flat copper or brass, and a nail head fragment. The hand forged iron nails suggest a pre-1850 date for the material and suggest the site is or was associated with a structure or its demolition. The gaffing hook suggests the possibility that this was the location of a fish smokehouse.
The geophysical survey incorporated magnetic and electrical resistance inventories within a 10 m east-west x 20 m north-south grid placed such that the depression was near the southeast corner of the grid. The grid was oriented 18° west of magnetic north. The total area surveyed here was 200 m2 or 0.05 acres. The locality was found to contain a few magnetic gradient anomalies with a strong magnetic gradient anomaly located next to the depression. This was interpreted as a possible iron artifact or a fire-related feature. The resistance data contained a few square or rectangular anomalous areas that might represent archeological features associates with the rectangular depression. Two occurred along the east side of the grid in the proximity of the depression. A third anomalous area was located near the northwest corner of the grid.
In 2005, two shovel tests were dug on the south and west sides of the feature resulting in the recovery of no artifacts at either location. In 2007, two 1 x 2 m test excavation units were opened on the south and west margins of Depression A1. These units were placed at the approximate location of several 2005 metal detection finds. There was also a large electrical resistance anomaly in the center of Test Unit 1. There was an organic layer revealed in both test units resembling a paleosol at about 20 cm bs. but no artifacts or cultural features were identified in these two units. Some possible split logs were found just below the surface in the west side of the interior of the depression. This led to examination of the depression
137 floor in 2007. Trowels were used to remove the humus and expose underlying wood. The wood was found to start at the north margin of the depression and occurred only in the north half of the depression. In general, the wood in the north half of the depression was wider than it was thick suggesting planking or rotted logs. The wood appeared to occur in two to three layers, the uppermost layer varying in width from 7 cm to 15 cm and oriented southwest to northeast. Two north-south oriented fragments lay high on the upper edge of the trench and intruded into and (in one case) through the southwest-northeast oriented layer. A couple of fragments were oriented northwest-southeast. As was noted in the field director’s log book, “with a little imagination, one might see [this accumulation of wood as] a wall that has collapsed from the NE and E side [of the depression]” (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 6). A few small fragments of wood were noted in the south end of the trench. No artifacts were recovered. A wood-stained sandy loam was noted immediately under the wood layer with beach gravels below that. A north-south unmodified log fragment was noted on the west margin of the depression. From this extended a southwest-northeast oriented log or possible board which displayed a squared, cut end. In sum, Depression A1’s shape and size suggests a structural depression, perhaps a basement or subfloor cache pit. Artifacts recovered in the vicinity of the depression by metal detection suggest an historic occupation. Test excavations, however, failed to recover any historic materials and wood lying at the base of the depression could not unequivocally be determined as of structural origin.
A map attached to a 1993 letter from tribal elder Herbert Hope to then Superintendent Micki Hellickson (Hope 1993), however, identifies several structures here just above the 1804 high water line as fish camps. The purpose of Hope’s letter was restoration of the Fort Clearing view shed toward the water by removing trees which grew up there after World War II. Unfortunately, it does not discuss the camps and so it is uncertain as to whether these were contemporaneous with the 1804 fortified village.
Given this sum of data, this location is interpreted to be an early historic era Kiks.adi clan fish camp.
Significance: This is a significant site that may deserve further investigation. All indications are that it is associated with an historic fish camp. Its location in the same area as Kiks.adi fish camps reinforces that interpretation. The site has integrity although the artifact assemblage is sparse. This site is eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places.
Location: Depression A1 is on the west side of the Indian River in the southern portion of the park. It is immediately south of the Aas Gutú Hit site.
138 Citations:
Chaney, Gregory P., Robert C. Betts, and Dee Longenbaugh 1995 Physical and Cultural Landscapes of Sitka National Historical Park, Sitka, Alaska. Report prepared for the National Park Service, Sitka National Historical Park, by Vanguard Research, Douglas Alaska.
Hope, Herbert 1993 Letter to Superintendent Michele Hellickson, Sitka National Historical Park, dated March 1, 1993. On file, National Park Service, Sitka National Historical Park, Sitka, Alaska.
Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good
Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.)
Pertinent Dates: 19th century
Period: 19th century
Resource Nature: structure
Cultural Affiliation: Kiks.adi Tlingit?
Preservation Status & Date: good 2008
Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK, 99835
Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK 595
BIA/BLM #: N/A Other # (specify):
139 Location of the Salmon Hook site.
Detail location of the Salmon Hook site.
140 Salmon hook from margin of Depression A-1.
Salmon hook from margin of Depression A-1. Depression A-1, a probable basement depression. 2005 crew members Alan Carper (left, standing on the north margin), Shawn Mitchell (in the depression), and Israel Ginn (right, on the south margin). Ginn and upright shovel in front of Jesse Marquez-Hopson (2nd from right) are shovel test locations.
141 Image plot of magnetic gradient data at west margin of Depression A-1.
Image plot of resistance data at west margin of Depression A-1.
142 Overlapping wood layers in north end of Depression A1 (north is at the base of the photo).
143 Location test of units excavation at the Salmon Hook site.
144 Sketch mapHerbert by drawn Sketch Hope (Point House, Kiks.adi showing locations clan) 1993 in of Kiks.adi fish camps on the west beach the of park and east the of Indian River at its mouth.
145 49SIT754 T’ooch’ Aan (Charcoal Village)
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT754 Aliquot: NW¼, SW¼, NE¼, NE¼ Sec. 1, T 56S R 63E Lat./Long.: 57° 02’ 55.09” N 135° 18’ 57.59” W Acreage: 1.69
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Sitka (A-4) SW M: UT Center point at 6322631.893 N 480828.186 E (see table below for boundary points)
Site Name(s): T’ooch’ Aan (Charcoal Village)
Site Description: This site incorporates a multi-occupation prehistoric component (Component #1) and a 20th century historic component (Component #2). The UTM coordinates for the site boundary are the same as those for the prehistoric component. The historic component lies within that boundary.
COMPONENT #1 - This component is composed of two elements: a concentrated occupation area and a lightly occupied work/use area. The overall site area is suggested by data from fieldwork conducted 2006 wherein 26 shovel tests in this location encountered scattered charcoal or layers of charcoal which extended beyond the boundaries of the shovel test hole and a small number of. These occurred predominantly on the east side and at the foot of an uplifted paleo-beach ridge (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 5). For nineteen of the tests, the charcoal did not occur in enough quantity or was not concentrated enough to suggest association with a cultural feature. The remaining locations with significant amounts of charcoal essentially occur in three locations. A dense cluster of charcoal-bearing was encountered at the eastern foot of the uplifted paleo-beach ridge with eight shovel tests having one to two layers of charcoal and intervening units having somewhat lighter deposits. They occur on a low terrace at the edge of a shallow meander feature.
The concentrated occupation incorporates a 70 m long (northwest-southeast) x 20 m strip of ground corresponding to a low terrace at the west margin of the Indian River floodplain and at the base of the eastern margin of a remnant terrace. A shallow meander feature defines the eastern margin of the low river terrace. The remnant terrace is a landform dating to circa 2500 BC and represents a tidal flat uplifted in association with the eruption of Mt. Edgecumbe (Chaney et al. 1995:83-84). While the low river terrace has not been dated, it likely predates the floodplain to the east which is estimated to have been in place by circa AD 1650 (Chaney et al. 1995: Map 1). The boundaries of this more concentrated occupation were suggested by: a) 12 of 16 shovel tests dug in this vicinity in 2006 containing one to two substantial layers of charcoal; b) recovery of a utilized chert flake (Cat. 23636, ST B100, 0-20 cm bs), burned gravel and fire-cracked rock (Cat. 23699, ST B100, 20-40 cm bs), and fire-cracked rock (Cat. 23687, ST B72b, 40-60 cm bs) (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 5). In addition, pebble choppers manufactured from water-worn cobbles were found here by the geomorphological study team in 1995 (Chaney 1995:136). A 2 x 2 m test excavation in 2007 exposed a series of charred logs at the location of ST B100 resting on a brown sandy layer at 45 cm bs. Although no artifacts were encountered, several fragments of fire-cracked rock were observed but not collected. The logs were interpreted as possible structural elements.
146 Radiocarbon dates suggest the concentrated occupation to be a localized area of extensive, long-term occupation dating from as early as the Middle Phase (820-760 BC or 680-550 BC), late Middle Phase (AD 660-790), and Late Phase (AD 1280-1430, A.D 1460-1670, A.D 1670-1770) of the Developmental Northwest Coast Stage to the historic era (Davis 1990:200, 202; Moss 1998; National Park Service 2004). Greatest use of the locality appears to be during the Late Phase of the Developmental Northwest Coast Stage. The occupations immediately next to a fossilized beach ridge are interpreted as the locations of summer fishing camps. The remainder of the site is interpreted as more lightly occupied with possibly a few summer fishing camps.
COMPONENT #2 - This historic site component consists of two square pits located on remnant terrace east of the Visitor Center. These pits are all that remains of latrines built in 1940 (Betts 1999:155; Smith-Middleton and Alanen 1999:59, 61). One of these (Privy #2) and an associated sign were located by the metal detection team in 2005 (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 4). This was relocated by the shovel test team in 2006 about 5 m south of ST-B92 (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 5). The sign is leaning against a tree about 10 m southeast of the privy pit. In 2006, the second latrine pit (Privy #1) was identified about 32 m east of the pit found in 2005 between STs B74 and 75. Both pits are square and 1.20 m on a side. This corresponds well with Betts’ estimate that they were about 4 ft square (Betts 1999:155). Privy #1 is located with the cardinal directions while Privy #2 is turned about forty degrees. The depression for Privy #2 is about 40 cm in depth and has a vertical 1” x 4” board with a spike in the top was in its eastern-most corner. Privy #1 is of similar depth and has an upright 1” x 4” extending from the center of the pit. Both privies were apparently abandoned with the installation of new toilet facilities at the entrance in 1955 (Smith-Middleton and Alanen 1999:54).
Significance: The prehistoric component of this site is one of the largest prehistoric sites in Sitka National Historical Park. It was intermittently reoccupied over a considerable time frame, retains its integrity, and contains an abundance of subsurface deposits making data potential very high. The prehistoric component is therefore considered eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D (likely to yield information important in prehistory or history).
The historic component also retains its integrity. Although the privy pits were not tested, it is likely they contain at least some information relating to park tourism from 1940 to 1955. Subject to possible future testing, this component is considered to be potentially eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D.
Location: The center of this site is located approximately 90 m ESE of the Sitka National Historical Park Visitor Center and incorporates virtually the entire southern half of an area bounded by the Totem Trail on the west, the Indian River Trail on the east, the Cross-over Trail #1 on the south, and the Bridge Trail on the north.
147 Citations: Betts, Robert C. 1999 An Overview and Assessment of Archeological Resources, Sitka National Historical Park, Alaska. Prepared under contract #1443PX991097174 for the National Park Service, Sitka National Historical Park by Vanguard Research, Sandpoint, Idaho.
Chaney, Gregory P., Robert C. Betts, and Dee Longenbaugh 1995 Physical and Cultural Landscapes of Sitka National Historical Park, Sitka, Alaska. Report prepared for the National Park Service, Sitka National Historical Park, by Vanguard Research, Douglas Alaska.
Davis, Stanley 1990 Prehistory of Southeastern Alaska. In Northwest Coast, Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, pp. 197-202. Edited by Wayne Suttles. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.
Moss, Madonna L. 1998 Northern Northwest Coast Regional Overview. Arctic Anthropology 35(1):88-111.
National Park Service 2004 Prehistory of Alaska” at
Smith-Middleton, Holly and Arnold R. Alanen 1999 Testaments to Place and Time: A Cultural Landscape Report for Sitka National Historical Park. Prepared by the Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Wisconsin- Madison for the U.S.D.I., National Park Service, Alaska Systems Support Office, Anchorage.
Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good
Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.)
Pertinent Dates: Prehistoric component = circa 2590 + 50 BP to historic era. The historic component dates 1940-1955.
Period: Middle Phase of the Developmental Northwest Coast Stage (820-760 BC or 680- 550 BC) Late Middle Phase (AD 660-790) of the Developmental Northwest Coast Stage Late Phase of the Developmental Northwest Coast Stage (AD 1280-1430, A.D 1460- 1670, A.D 1670-1770) Historic era (post-1800)
Resource Nature: Multiple prehistoric occupations, probable buried structural remnants and associated features, historic privy pits
148 Cultural Affiliation: Prehistoric Native American (probably Tlingit) and Historic Euroamerican/Native American
Preservation Status & Date: good 2008 Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK 99835
Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK 595
BIA/BLM #: NA Other # (specify):
Location of T’ooch’ Aan site.
149 Location detail for T’ooch’ Aan.
150 Locations where charcoal strata (open circles) and probable charcoal-bearing features (solid circles) were encountered in and around T’ooch’ Aan site.
Shovel testing at the juncture of a low river terrace and the eastern base of a paleo-beach in 2006.
151 Critical points and information for defining boundaries and contents of T’ooch’ Aan site.
Date Location Northing Easting C14 Date Comments 2005 ST B33a 6322692.217 480829.227 90 + 50 BP Northern-most point in site (upper) 2005 ST B33b 6322692.217 480829.227 580 + 60 BP (lower) 2005 ST B40 6322396.124 481094.5 100 + 50 BP 2006 ST B65 6322634.153 480801.938 West margin of site 2006 ST B70 6322666.146 480845.608 East margin of site 2006 ST B71 6322678.98 480835.644 East margin of site 2006 ST B72b, Lev. 2 6322673.64 480826.636 140 + 70 BP 2006 ST B72b, Lev. 3 6322673.64 480826.636 1310 + 40 BP Fire-cracked rock (Cat. 23687) 2007 ST B72, Test 540 ± 100 BP Unit 2 2006 ST B87 6322599.415 480799.433 West margin of site 2006 ST B100, Lev. 1 6322628.902 480854.508 South margin of site; utilized flake (Cat. 23636) 2006 ST B100, Lev. 2 6322628.902 480854.508 2590 + 50 BP burned gravels and fire- cracked rock (Cat. 23699) 2007 ST B100, Test 6322631.534 480865.17 240 ± 100 BP Unit 2 2007 ST B100, Test 6322631.534 480865.17 400 ± 100 BP Unit 5 (upper) 2007 ST B100, Test 6322631.534 480865.17 710 ± 100 BP Unit 5 (lower) 2006 ST B117 6322651.461 480870.928 South margin of site 2006 ST B122 6322603.469 480843.035 Pebble chopper (Cat. 23639) 2006 ST B124 6322596.871 480835.58 South margin of site 2006 ST B126 6322581.485 480821.213 shale secondary flake (Cat. 23640) 2006 ST B136 6322569.911 480809.378 SW point of site; end scraper on primary flake (Cat. 23645)
152 49SIT755 Cháas’ Ísh (Deep Salmon Hole)
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT755 Aliquot: NE¼, NE¼ SE¼, SW¼, SE¼ Sec. 36, T 55S R 63E Lat./Long.: 57° 03’ 7.30” N Acreage: 0.02 acres 135° 19’ 2.90” W
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Sitka (A-4) SW M: UT 6323009.895 N 480740.537 E
Site Name(s): Cháas’ Ísh (Deep Salmon Hole)
Site Description: This multi-occupation prehistoric site occurs on a low terrace above the narrow Indian River floodplain in the northern half of Sitka National Historical Park at an elevation of 30 ft AMSL. This physical setting is similar to that noted for the T’ooch’ Village site in the southern portion of the park. It was first identified in a 2006 shovel test (ST C520) which revealed a 36 cm thick stratified charcoal deposit bearing burned earth. Charcoal was collected from the center of the deposit and submitted for radiocarbon dating to Beta Analytic. A date of 290 + 50 BP, calibrated to A.D 1460-1670, was returned. Assuming the deposit is cultural, it would be associated with the Late Phase of the Developmental Northwest Coast Stage.
Limited testing with two 1 x 1 m units and a 50 cm x 8 m (east-west) trench. This work demonstrated that soils below the humus consisted of a black sandy loam with occasional areas of burned wood, ash, and burned earth to 51 cm bs. This is the thickest accumulation of charcoal seen anywhere in Sitka National Historical Park. Fire-cracked rock was occasionally encountered at 10-22 cm bs. Below the charcoal layer, soils turned into a tan clay loam containing a few water-worn cobbles to the base of the excavation at 60 cm bs. Additional soil probing indicated that the charcoal thinned rapidly about 10 m east, north and west from the eastern test unit. This suggests the overall size of the occupation is about 80 m².
Charcoal samples from the trench were collected from a column every 10 cm bs with no sample collected from the 0-10 cm bs level. These were submitted to Geochron Laboratories for dating. The results were 100 ± 1 BP (10-20 cm bs), 101 ± 1 BP (20-30 cm bs), 610 ± 110 BP (30-40 cm bs), 370 ± 70 BP (40-50 cm bs), and 700 ± 100 BP (50-57 cm bs). All of these but one (40-50 cm bs) had multiple 2σ calibrated age ranges but were generally in good temporal order from top to bottom. Median dates for samples by level were AD 1826, AD 1825, AD 1350, AD 1540, and AD 1294. Despite the lack of artifacts or features, this location is considered a midden associated with a long term if intermittent prehistoric to early historic occupation. Its location would suggest a fish camp. There is a deep hole in the river bedrock about 100 m north of the site where salmon congregate in large numbers during the late summer run.
Significance: This site was reoccupied fairly continuously over about the past 700 years. It retains its integrity, and contains an abundance of subsurface deposits making its data potential very high. The site is therefore considered eligible for nomination to the
153 National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D (likely to yield information important in prehistory).
Location: This site is located on a terrace above a very narrow floodplain west of the Indian River. The site is located immediately east of the Sitka National Historical Park’s west boundary line. It occurs in a fairly flat spot between the east-west trail from Sheldon Jackson College to the Indian River (about 20 m north of the site) and a spillway or artificial creek (about 17 m south of the site) running southeast out of the college campus. It is about 135 m south of the west end of the Sawmill Creek Road bridge over the Indian River.
Citations: Chaney, Gregory P., Robert C. Betts, and Dee Longenbaugh 1995 Physical and Cultural Landscapes of Sitka National Historical Park, Sitka, Alaska. Report prepared for the National Park Service, Sitka National Historical Park, by Vanguard Research, Douglas Alaska.
Davis, Stanley 1990 Prehistory of Southeastern Alaska. In Northwest Coast, Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, pp. 197-202. Edited by Wayne Suttles. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.
Moss, Madonna L. 1998 Northern Northwest Coast Regional Overview. Arctic Anthropology 35(1):88-111.
National Park Service 2004 Prehistory of Alaska” at
Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good
Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.)
Pertinent Dates: Prehistoric component = 700 + 100 BP to historic era.
Period: Late Phase of the Developmental Northwest Coast Stage to historic era.
Resource Nature: Multiple prehistoric occupations, probable buried structural remnants and associated features.
Cultural Affiliation: Prehistoric Native American (probably Tlingit Kiks.adi)
Preservation Status & Date: good 2008
154 Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK 99835
Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK 595
BIA/BLM #: NA Other # (specify):
Location of Cháas’ Ísh (Deep Salmon Hole) site.
155 Location detail for Cháas’ Ísh (Deep Salmon Hole) site.
156 Excavating Test Unit 520-1 in 2007. View across site to the NW. Note Sheldon Jackson College buildings behind trees.
Locations of C520 test units and trench.
157 Stratigraphy in west end of test trench.
68.3% (1σ ) Relative 95.4% (2σ) Relative Sample 14C age Median Provenience calibrated age Area Under calibrated age Area Under Name year BP Date ranges start-end Distribution ranges start-end Distribution AD 1699-1710 0.268406 AD 1697-1725 0.373589 AD 1717-1721 0.112775 AD 1814-1836 0.265718 ST-C520 GX- AD 1818-1828 0.210162 AD 1845-1851 0.031091 Trench, 20- 101±1 AD 1825 32922 AD 1831-1833 0.033842 AD 1877-1892 0.203982 30 cm AD 1880-1890 0.239064 AD 1906-1917 0.125619 AD 1909-1915 0.135751
ST-C520 AD 1176-1496 0.99264 GX- Trench, 30- 610±110 AD 1285-1415 1 AD 1508-1511 0.001136 AD 1350 32929 40 cm AD 1601-1615 0.006225 ST-C520 AD 1450-1524 0.542562 GX- Trench, 40- 370±70 AD 1429-16521 1 AD 1540 32919 AD 1559-1564 0.032317 50 cm AD 1570-1631 0.42512 ST-C520 AD 1052-1080 0.01837 GX- AD 1223-1324 0.682453 Trench, 45- 700±100 AD 1129-1131 0.00119 AD 1294 32940 57 cm AD 1345-1393 0.317547 AD 1153-1434 0.98044 Beta ST-C520, AD 1460-1670 (BP 290 + 50 AD 1565 218681 Lev. 2 490-280)
158 49SIT756 Sháchk A Wánka (On top or Above the Edge of the Swamp)
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT756 Aliquot: Center, SW¼, SE¼, SE¼ Sec. 36, T 55S R 63E Lat./Long.: 135° 18’ 53.12” W 57° 3’ 2.70” N Acreage: 1
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Sitka (A-4) SW UTM: 6322867.033 N 480904.707 E Alaska 1927 datum
Site Name(s): Sháchk A Wánka (On top or Above the Edge of the Swamp)
Site Description: This site is located on a rise above a swampy area which appears to be a former minor drainage in the northeast quarter of the park. The center of the site is at shovel test location, ST D612. This test was dug in 2006. At that time, it was noted to have a charcoal bearing layer at 16-26 cm bs, the charcoal lying above a stratum of reddish brown mottled sandy clay. Nearby tests at ST D613, ST D618, and ST D619 also had charcoal although in lesser amounts and without the burning suggested by the reddish brown sandy clay in ST D612. This group of tests covers an area about 25 m east-west by 10 m north-south.
The charcoal-bearing shovel tests are located slightly north of several prehistoric find locations.
Four basalt artifacts were recovered 17-47 m south of the charcoal-bearing tests. These occurred in a more-or-less linear arrangement). Among the objects recovered were two cores (Cat. 23672, 23671). One (Cat. 23672) was found on the ground surface between ST D598 and ST D606. The other core was recovered from loose fill under the roots of a tree fall between ST D594 and ST D595. The third object, a pebble tool which may have been used as a chopper (Cat. 23669), was recovered from ST D582 between 40 and 60 cm bs. The landform on which these objects was recovered is estimated to have been created sometime prior to circa A.D 1650 (Chaney et al. 1995: Map 1).
Investigators returned to the site in 2007, collecting a charcoal sample (Beta-24564) from a shovel test referred to as ST D2007. That sample returned a date of 270+40 BP. Calib 5.0.1 software was used to calibrate the date resulting in 1σ calibrated age ranges of AD 1523- 1572, AD 1629-1666, and AD 1784-1795 with the first two dates making up the preponderance of the distribution curve. 2σ calibrated age ranges were AD 1486-1604, AD 1607-1675, AD 1769-1770, AD 1777-1799, and AD 1941-1951 with the first two date ranges incorporating over 90% of the distribution curve. Based on this data, it is estimated the charcoal is of prehistoric origin and associated with a circa AD 1600 occupation (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 5).
Significance: This site retains its integrity and contains an abundance of subsurface deposits making its data quite good. It likely contains information important in prehistory, specifically the Terminal Late Period. It is therefore considered eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D (likely to yield information important in prehistory or history).
159 Location: This site is east of the Indian River. It sits on the east side of a low swampy area that appears to be a former minor drainage. The charcoal-bearing portion of the site is astride a foot path leading from the east parking lot at the east end of Bridge Trail although the preponderance of the site is south of the trail. It is located approximately 140 m NW of the parking lot's north edge, 70 m west of Sawmill Creek Road, and about 110 m NNE of the junction of Bridge Trail and the Old Highway Trail.
Citations: Chaney, Gregory P., Robert C. Betts, and Dee Longenbaugh 1995 Physical and Cultural Landscapes of Sitka National Historical Park, Sitka, Alaska. Report prepared for the National Park Service, Sitka National Historical Park, by Vanguard Research, Douglas Alaska.
Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good
Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.)
Pertinent Dates: a circa AD 1600
Period: Terminal Late Period
Resource Nature: Occupation area
Cultural Affiliation: Prehistoric Native American (Kiks.adi Tlingit?)
Preservation Status & Date: good 2006
Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK 99835
Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK 595
BIA/BLM #: N/A Other # (specify):
160 Location of Swamp Edge site.
161 Location detail for the Swamp Edge site. Hatched area on north end marks the locations where charcoal was encountered during shovel testing.
162 49SIT757 Riverside
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT757 Aliquot: SE¼, NE¼, NE¼ Sec. 1, T 56S R 63E Lat./Long.: 57° 02’ 54.87” N 135° 18’ 46.57” W Acreage: 0.07
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Sitka (A-4) SW M: UT Center point at 6322624.198 N 481013.875 E Site Name(s): Riverside
Site Description: Archeological data used to designate this site was recovered during a 2007 shovel test inventory in Sitka National Historical Park (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 5). Five tests (F960, F961, F963, F970, and F972) were recorded as having charcoal or charcoal strata. F970 and F972 revealed charcoal strata similar in thickness and appearance to charcoal concentrations discovered on the west side of the Indian River and hypothesized as summer fish camps. No prehistoric tools were recovered in this area of Sitka National Historical Park.
Charcoal samples were collected from all charcoal-bearing tests with three samples submitted for radiocarbon analysis at Geochron Laboratories. The uncalibrated dates were 520±100 BP (ST-F970), 1170±100 BP (ST F963), to 1820±120 BP (STF972). ). Raw and calibrated dates are presented in Table 1. What these suggest is that the occupations represented at the three shovel tests span the Late Middle Period to Terminal Late Periods of the Northwest Coast cultural sequence (Moss 1998:92).
Significance: This prehistoric was intermittently reoccupied over a considerable time frame. It retains its integrity and contains an abundance of subsurface deposits making data potential very high. The prehistoric component is therefore considered eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D (likely to yield information important in prehistory or history).
Location: The Riverside site is located in the woods east of and about 50 m from the Indian River. It lies within and is on the northerly edge of a broad U-shaped curve of the Russian Memorial Trail. The center of the site is about 50 m southwest of the Old Highway Trail.
Citations: Moss, Madonna L. 1998 Northern Northwest Coast Regional Overview. Arctic Anthropology 35(1):88-111.
Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good
Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.)
163 Pertinent Dates: See “Period” below..
Period: Late Middle Period (54 BC - AD 443), Early Late Period (AD 661-1024), to Terminal Late Period (AD 1278-1526 of the Developmental Northwest Coast Stage.
Resource Nature: Multiple prehistoric occupations, probable buried structural remnants and associated features
Cultural Affiliation: Prehistoric Native American (probably Tlingit) and Historic Euroamerican/Native American
Preservation Status & Date: good 2008
Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK 99835
Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK 595
BIA/BLM #: NA Other # (specify):
Location of Riverside site.
164 Location detail for the Riverside site.
165 Radiocarbon dates of samples submitted to Geochron Laboratories, Billerica, Massachusetts in 2007. 68.3% (1σ) Relative 95.4% (2σ) Relative Sample 14C age calibrated age Median Provenience Area Under calibrated age Area Under Name year BP ranges start- Date Distribution ranges start-end Distribution end
GX- ST-F963, AD 726-737 0.041275 1170±100 AD 661-1024 1 AD 854 32932 20-40 cm AD 771-976 0.958725
AD 1299- 0.433798 AD 1278-1526 0.904344 GX- ST-F970, 1370 AD 520±100 32931 24-40 cm AD 1380- 1408 0.566202 AD 1556-1632 0.095656 1459
86-79 BC 0.002894 GX- ST-F972, 50 54 BC - AD 443 0.970646 1820±120 AD 68-344 1 AD 203 32934 cm AD 449-463 0.005022 AD 483-533 0.021438
Dates were calibrated using Calib Radiocarbon Calibration Program (Stuiver et al. 2006 used in conjunction with Stuiver, M. and Reimer 1993. Calibration data is from Reimer et al. 2004. The most likely 2σ date ranges (those whose relative area under the distribution is 90% or better) are marked in blue.
166 49SIT758 Big Hole
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT758 Aliquot: Center E½, SE¼, NE¼, NE¼ Sec. 1, T 56S R 63E Lat./Long.: 57° 02’ 47.69” N 135° 18’ 43.32” W Acreage: <1
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Sitka (A-4) SW M: UT 6322614.461 N 481066.458 E
Site Name(s): Big Hole
Site Description: Archeological data used to designate this site was recovered during 2007 shovel test inventories in Sitka National Historical Park. The primary element of this site is a 3 m long (northwest-southeast), 2 m wide, and 87 cm deep depression designated Depression F1. Berms on the southwest and northwest margins make the base of the depression seem even deeper (1.2 m). Water worn cobbles up to 40 cm in diameter were visible at intervals around the margins of the depression. Probing with a chaining pin and clearing the humus from an irregular 3 m x 1 m area (Area F Depression 1 Test) on the northwest side suggested the depression was almost entirely bounded by cobbles extending up to 60 cm from the depression edge. Except for the cobbles, Depression F-1 is similar in form to Depressions A2, A3 across the river in the Shis’ki-Noow Fortified Village and Battlefield. It is also much like Depression A-3 in the Salmon Hook site. All of these are tentatively interpreted to be structural depressions. A charcoal sample collected from the southwest edge of Depression F1 as the rock were being cleared was sent to Geochron Laboratories for dating. This returned an uncalibrated date of 310 ± 100 BP. 2σ calibrated age ranges for this date are 1422-1697 AD, AD 1725-1814, AD 1835-1877, and 1917-1952 AD. The earliest date occupies a little over 80% of the distribution curve with the AD 1725-1814 date incorporating another 12.6% of the curve. This (probable) structural depression is a late prehistoric feature.
Short 50 cm wide test trenches were excavated at the center as well as the southeast and northwest margins of Depression F-1 to gather more information about the feature. This revealed an array of cobbles near the surface at the depression margins. In addition, the test at the southeastern side of the depression revealed a charcoal layer at 35 cm bs which continued to 47 cm bs. The layer predates Depression F-1 and thickens with distance from the depression. A sample from this layer submitted for radiocarbon dating returned an uncalibrated date of 1860 ± 120 BP. 2σ calibrated age ranges for this date are 161 - 132 BC and 117 BC - AD 424. The second date occupies 98.75% of the area under the distribution curve and is the most likely date for the deposit. A median date for these calibrated ranges is AD 158. A slate flake (Cat. 24251) was a recovered from Trench F1-B and collected as a possible tool fragment. Unfortunately, the depth of recovery was not recorded at the time of its retrieval.
This feature has the potential to be a traditional Tlingit cache pit. Such pits were as large as 13 ft square and were commonly dug behind the houses to serve as the primary food storage area for all the families in a house. Pits were generally lined with planks and capped with a bark roof covered with mud. Roofs were arched like a Quonset hut or and constructed of bark and small poles or gabled using planks. The peak of the roofs could be as high as 5 ft above the ground with the pit dug a similar distance into the ground. Such cache pits are more commonly associated with winter villages although such features do occur occasionally in summer fish camps (Frederica de Laguna 1972:305).
167 In sum, while Depression F1 appears to be a structural depression, it is impossible to identify the nature of its origins without additional investigation. It certainly postdates the buried charcoal layer discovered just outside the depression’s southwest side. It may be contemporary or postdate the dated charcoal sample from the northwest edge of the feature. That date suggests a late prehistoric to historic association. A homestead shown on the 1850 Russian survey of New Archangel occurs in the same approximate location suggests the feature may be associated with that occupation (see Vol. 1, Chapters 5 and 6). No historic artifacts were recovered in this area, however.
Significance: The site retains its integrity and contains subsurface deposits likely to yield information important to the local and regional prehistory. It is therefore considered eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D.
Location: Depression F1 is located 7½ m north of the Russian Memorial Trail about halfway between the Memorial and the Indian River footbridge at a point where the trail takes a sharp turn to the southwest. This is at the margin of an extensive tidal flat created at the river mouth after 1940s era gravel mining.
Citations: de Laguna, Frederica 1972 Under Mount Saint Elias: The History and Culture of the Yakutat Tlingit. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, Vol. 7. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
Moss, Madonna L. 1998 Northern Northwest Coast Regional Overview. Arctic Anthropology 35(1):88-111.
Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good
Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.)
Pertinent Dates: 117-424 BC and AD 1422-1814.
Period: Late Middle and Terminal Late Periods of the Developmental Northwest Coast Stage and possibly Early Historic era..
Resource Nature: An early prehistoric occupation and a very late prehistoric or early historic occupation. This site contains a probable structural remnant and perhaps much earlier features. Both occupations may be associated with summer salmon fishing.
Cultural Affiliation: Prehistoric or Historic Native American (probably Tlingit)
Preservation Status & Date: good 2008
Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK 99835
168 Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK 595
BIA/BLM #: NA Other # (specify):
Location of Big Hole site.
169 Depression F1 (view to south).
170 Location detail for the Big Hole site.
171 49SIT759 Tree Fall
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT759 Aliquot: Center E½, NE¼, NE¼ Sec. 1, T 56S R 63E Lat./Long.: 57° 02’ 57.48” N 135° 18’ 44.86” W Acreage: 0.18
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Sitka (A-4) SW M: UT 6322704.932 N 481043.09 E
Site Name(s): Tree Fall
Site Description: Archeological data used to designate this site was recovered during 2006 and 2007 shovel test inventories in Sitka National Historical Park within an area of boggy tree falls (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 5). Six shovel tests (E781, E785, E787, E790, E837, and E838) were recorded as having charcoal or charcoal strata. Charcoal strata similar in thickness and distribution to charcoal concentrations identified on the west side of the Indian River and hypothesized as elements of summer fish camps. No prehistoric tools were recovered in this area of Sitka National Historical Park.
Three charcoal samples were submitted for radiocarbon analysis. The uncalibrated dates were 440±40 BP (ST E781) and 890±120 BP (ST E785). These dates suggest intermittent occupations at the site from possibly as early as the Late Middle Period to the middle Terminal Late Period of the Northwest Coast cultural sequence (Moss 1998:92).
It is possible that this site was originally the northeastern extension of the Riverside site but was separated physically when the Old Wagon Road (now serving as the Old Highway Trail) was constructed.
Significance: This prehistoric site was intermittently reoccupied over a considerable time frame. It retains integrity and contains subsurface deposits likely to yield information important to the local and regional prehistory. The site is therefore considered eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D.
Location: The Riverside site is located in the woods east of the Indian River and abuts the east side of the Old Highway Trail. The center of the site is about 65 m south of the Bridge Trail, 30 m northeast of the Old Highway Trail, and about 90 m southwest of Sawmill Creek Road.
Citations: Moss, Madonna L. 1998 Northern Northwest Coast Regional Overview. Arctic Anthropology 35(1):88-111.
Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good
172 Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.)
Pertinent Dates: AD 894-1299 and AD 1410-1519.
Period: Early Late to Terminal Late Periods of the Developmental Northwest Coast Stage.
Resource Nature: Multiple prehistoric occupations, possible buried structural remnants and associated features
Cultural Affiliation: Prehistoric Native American (probably Tlingit)
Preservation Status & Date: good 2008
Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK 99835
Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK 595
BIA/BLM #: NA Other # (specify):
Location of Treefall site.
173 Location detail for the Tree Fall site.
174 Radiocarbon dates of samples from the Tree Fall site. Sample 14C age 68.3% (1σ ) Relative 95.4% (2 σ) Relative Median Name Prove- year BP calibrated age Area Under calibrated age Area Under Date nience ranges start- Distribution ranges start- Distribution end end
AD 1027-1226 0.983924 AD 894-1299 0.99438 GX-32935 ST- 890±120 AD 1234-1237 0.012058 AD 1130 E785, AD 1249-1250 0.004018 AD 1369-1380 0.005652 20-40 cm
Beta- ST-E781 440±40 AD 1424-1473 1 AD 1410-1519 0.932827 AD 1452 234712 AD 1593-1619 0.067173 Dates were calibrated using Calib Radiocarbon Calibration Program (Stuiver et al. 2006 used in conjunction with Stuiver, M. and Reimer 1993. Calibration data is from Reimer et al. 2004. The most likely 2σ date ranges (those whose relative area under the distribution is 90% or better) are marked in blue.
175 49SIT760 Indian River Bridge Abutment
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT760 Aliquot: SE ¼, NE ¼, NE ¼, Section 1, T 56 S R 63 E Lat./Long.: 135° 18’ 50.21963” W 57° 02’ 47.46652” N Acreage: <1
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Sitka (A-4) SW UTM: 6322607.950 N 480952.052 E Alaska 1927 datum
Site Name(s): Indian River Bridge Abutment
Site Description: This site includes two large concrete bridge abutments. One of the concrete blocks is 1.4 m x 1.0 m x 2.4 m and has a corner broken away. The other, partially buried in the river gravels, is 55 cm x 1.0 m in size. Large river cobbles were used in the concrete mixture. While the abutments are located in the general vicinity of a late 19th century suspension footbridge and early 20th century vehicle bridge, those bridges had rock-filled log crib abutments. The old wagon bridge, located upstream from the footbridge, was destroyed after its massive rock footings washed out in 1942. This feature may be a remnant of a temporary vehicular bridge constructed by the Navy within a month of the flood (Antonson and Hanable 1987:44, 110; Smith-Middleton and Alanen 1999:31, 38, 55- 57) or abutments associated with the vehicular bridge for the old road from the Cottage Community to the Russian Memorial.
Significance: This site is not archeologically significant as it contains no data that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. It is therefore ineligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places.
Location: ) This site is located in the middle of the Indian River approximately 160 m downstream from the park footbridge; i.e., in approximate alignment with Cross-over Trail #1.
Citations: Antonson, Joan M. and William S. Hanable 1987 Administrative History of Sitka National Historical Park. Prepared by IPH/JMA-Alaska, Anchorage. Alaska Region, National Park Service, Anchorage, Alaska.
Smith-Middleton, Holly and Arnold R. Alanen 1999 Testaments to Place and Time: A Cultural Landscape Report for Sitka National Historical Park. Prepared by the Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Wisconsin- Madison for the U.S.D.I., National Park Service, Alaska Systems Support Office, Anchorage.
Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good
Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America.
176 University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.)
Pertinent Dates: 1940-1945
Period: Historic
Resource Nature: concrete bridge abutment
Cultural Affiliation: Historic
Preservation Status & Date: good 2007
Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK 99835
Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK 595
BIA/BLM #: N/A Other # (specify):
Recording GPS position of mid-river bridge abutments. View to east.
177 Location of Indian River bridge abutment site.
178 Location detail for bridge abutment site.
179 49SIT761 North Group
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT761 Aliquot: SW¼, NW¼, SE¼, SE¼ Sec. 36, T 55S R 63E Lat./Long.: Midpoint = 135° 18’ 58.42” W 57° 2’ 57.81” N Acreage: 1
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Sitka (A-4) SW UTM: North end = 6323009 N 480810 E; South end = 6322977 N 480822 E Alaska 1927 datum
Site Name(s): Cable-girdled Trees - North Group
Site Description: This site is one of three groups of trees which have cables attached to them. This particular cluster incorporates six cable-girdled trees strung along and near the edge of the Indian River’s east bank at the north end of the park. The distance from the north tree to the south is about 35 m. These cable-girdled trees may be associated with logging prior to the park’s acquisition of this property. More likely according to SITK Chief of Resource Management Gene Griffin (personal communication, February 15, 2007), the trees are associated with an effort to stabilize the river banks in the 1940s. After the 1942 flood washed away a 10-50 ft wide section of both river banks, the U.S. Navy rebuilt the western bank and replaced the cribbing. In 1945, the Navy straightened the Indian River channel and constructed log cribbing on both sides of the river (Smith- Middleton and Alanen 1999:55-56).
Significance: Although these trees retain their integrity (all but one are still standing), they do not contain information important in history. They are therefore considered ineligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places.
Location: This northern cluster of six trees is located 85-120 m south of the Sawmill Road bridge between a footpath and the east bank of the Indian River. The middle cluster of three trees is about 175-195 m south of that bridge while the south cluster of two trees is on the north margin of the old Wagon Bridge abutment.
Citations: Smith-Middleton, Holly and Arnold R. Alanen 1999 Testaments to Place and Time: A Cultural Landscape Report for Sitka National Historical Park. Prepared by the Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Wisconsin- Madison for the U.S.D.I., National Park Service, Alaska Systems Support Office, Anchorage.
Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.)
Pertinent Dates: 1945?
180 Period: Historic
Resource Nature: Cable-girdled trees
Cultural Affiliation: Historic
Preservation Status & Date: good 2006
Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK 99835
Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK
BIA/BLM #: N/A Other # (specify):
Southern-most tree in north group of cable-girdled trees.
181 Cable-girdled tree.
Location of north group of cable-girdled trees.
182 Location detail for cable-girded tree groups.
183 49SIT762 Cable-girdled Trees - Central Group
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT762 Aliquot: Center W½, SW¼, SE¼, SE¼ Sec. 36, T 55S R 63E Lat./Long.: Midpoint = 135° 18’ 57.44” W 57° 3’ 4.10” N Acreage: <1
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Sitka (A-4) SW UTM: Midpoint = 6322910.476 N 480831.971 E Alaska 1927 datum
Site Name(s): Cable-girdled Trees - Central Group
Site Description: This site is one of three groups of trees which have cables attached to them. This particular cluster incorporates three cable-girdled trees strung along and near the edge of the Indian River’s east bank at the north end of the park. The distance from the north tree to the south is about 35 m. These cable-girdled trees may be associated with logging prior to the park’s acquisition of this property. More likely according to SITK Chief of Resource Management Gene Griffin (personal communication, February 15, 2007), the trees are associated with an effort to stabilize the river banks in the 1940s. After the 1942 flood washed away a 10-50 ft wide section of both river banks, the U.S. Navy rebuilt the western bank and replaced the cribbing. In 1945, the Navy straightened the Indian River channel and constructed log cribbing on both sides of the river (Smith- Middleton and Alanen 1999:55-56).
Significance: Although these trees retain their integrity, they do not contain information important in history. They are therefore considered ineligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places.
Location: This cluster of three trees is located about 175-195 m south of the Sawmill Creek Road bridge between a footpath and the east bank of the Indian River.
Citations: Smith-Middleton, Holly and Arnold R. Alanen 1999 Testaments to Place and Time: A Cultural Landscape Report for Sitka National Historical Park. Prepared by the Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Wisconsin- Madison for the U.S.D.I., National Park Service, Alaska Systems Support Office, Anchorage.
Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good
Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.)
Pertinent Dates: 1945?
Period: Historic
184 Resource Nature: Cable-girdled trees
Cultural Affiliation: Historic
Preservation Status & Date: good 2006
Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK 99835
Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK
BIA/BLM #: N/A Other # (specify):
Example of cable-girdled tree.
185 Location of central cluster of cable-girdled trees.
186 Location detail for cable-girded tree clusters.
187 49SIT763 Cable-girdled Trees - South Group
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT763 Aliquot: SW¼, SW¼, SE¼, SE¼ Sec. 36, T 55S R 63E Lat./Long.: 135° 18’ 56.19” W 57° 3’ 3.44” N Acreage: <1
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Sitka (A-4) SW UTM: 6322890 N 480853 E Alaska 1927 datum
Site Name(s): Cable-girdled Trees - South Group
Site Description: This site is one of three groups of trees which have cables attached to them. This particular cluster consists of two trees along and near the edge of the Indian River’s east bank and a cable extending into the river occur at the north margin of the old Wagon Bridge abutment. These cable-girdled trees may be associated with logging prior to the park’s acquisition of this property. More likely according to SITK Chief of Resource Management Gene Griffin (personal communication, February 15, 2007), the trees are associated with an effort to stabilize the river banks in the 1940s. After the 1942 flood washed away a 10-50 ft wide section of both river banks, the U.S. Navy rebuilt the western bank and replaced the cribbing. In 1945, the Navy straightened the Indian River channel and constructed log cribbing on both sides of the river (Smith- Middleton and Alanen 1999:55-56).
Significance: Although these trees retain their integrity, they do not contain information important in history. They are therefore considered ineligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places.
Location: This southern cluster of cable-girdled trees is located 73 m north of the privy (located just north of the intersection of the Bridge and Old Highway trails) between a footpath and the east bank of the Indian River.
Citations: Smith-Middleton, Holly and Arnold R. Alanen 1999 Testaments to Place and Time: A Cultural Landscape Report for Sitka National Historical Park. Prepared by the Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Wisconsin- Madison for the U.S.D.I., National Park Service, Alaska Systems Support Office, Anchorage.
Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good
Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.)
Pertinent Dates: 1945?
188 Period: Historic
Resource Nature: Cable-girdled trees
Cultural Affiliation: Historic
Preservation Status & Date: good 2006
Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK 99835
Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK
BIA/BLM #: N/A Other # (specify):
Location of south group of cable-girdled trees.
189 Location detail for cable-girded tree groups.
190 49SIT764 Log Walkway
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT764 Aliquot: SW ¼ NW ¼, NW ¼, NW ¼, Section 6, T56 S R 63 E Lat./Long.: 135° 18’ 36.12677” W 57° 02’ 48.58195” N Acreage: <1
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Sitka (A-4) SW UTM: 6322641.355N 481189.719 E Alaska 1927 datum
Site Name(s): Log Walkway
Site Description: This historic site includes a small depression and a nearby linear alignment of logs. The alignment of logs is oriented northwest-to-southeast with its northwest end terminating abruptly at the edge of an old drainage, currently a low swampy area, and about 1½-2 m above the swamp. Logs are 1.2 m long, about 30 cm square, and exhibit squared ends. These have been laid side-by-side for 23 m from the swamp east to the edge of the woods. Small trees have grown through the alignment in some locations. The alignment is tentatively interpreted as an early boardwalk or the base of a former and very large stack of firewood.
A shallow, rounded depression was noted about 12 m south of the log alignment’s west end. This feature is about 1½ m east-west by 80 cm north-south and about 40 cm deep. It may mark the location of a former privy.
Significance: Undetermined.
Location: East of the Indian River, directly across Sawmill Creek Road from the east exit drive of the post office. The log alignment is located about 3 m west of the pedestrian/bike trail paralleling the southwest side of Sawmill Creek Road.
Citations: NA
Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good
Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.).
Pertinent Dates: Unknown
Period: Historic, early 20th century?
Resource Nature: Unknown.
Cultural Affiliation: Unknown
191 Preservation Status & Date: good 2007
Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK 99835
Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK 595
BIA/BLM #: N/A Other # (specify):
Overview of log “walkway” (dashed lines) and possible privy pit (arrow). View to east.
192 Segment of log walk.
Location of log walk and pit.
193 Location detail for log “walkway”.
194 49SIT765 Sawmill Road Dump
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT765 Aliquot: SE¼, NE¼, NE¼, NE¼, Sec. 1, T 56 S R63 E Lat./Long.: 135° 18’ 50.873” W 57° 2’ 57.811” N Acreage: <1
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Sitka (A-4) SW UTM: 6322751.479 N 481044.949 E Alaska 1927 datum
Site Name(s): Sawmill Road Dump
Site Description: This site is that of a small domestic dump found around Shovel Test E767, dug in 2006 (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 5). Items found in the 10m by 30 m area include a wood-burning stove top, glass food containers, a flashlight body, whiteware ceramics, lamp chimney fragment, a strap hinge and cosmetic jar. The contents suggest the dump was created in the 1930s.
Significance: This site has materials occurring on and under the surface of the ground. Its integrity does not appear to be damaged. Nevertheless, the site size and low artifact concentration suggests the site contents are unlikely to contain important historical information. It is therefore considered ineligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places.
Location: The dump is on the east side of the Indian River about 30 meters south of the park’s east parking lot. That lot is at the juncture of the Bridge Trail with Sawmill Road.
Citations:
Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good
Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.)
Pertinent Dates: circa 1930s
Period: Historic
Resource Nature: Garbage dump
Cultural Affiliation: Historic
Preservation Status & Date: good 2006
Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK 99835
195 Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK
BIA/BLM #: N/A Other # (specify):
Location of Sawmill Road Dump.
196 Location detail for Sawmill Road Dump.
197 49SIT766 WWII Army Beach Defenses
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT766 Aliquot: S½, N½, SE ¼, NE ¼, Section 1, T56 S R 63 E Lat./Long.: 135° 1’8 46.48151” W 57° 02’ 39.05828” N Acreage: 1.31
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Alaska (A-4) SW UTM: 6322327.3-6322360.99 N 481131.39- 480883.01 E Zone 8, Alaska 1927 datum
Site Name(s): WWII Army Beach Defenses
Site Description: The boundaries of this multicomponent site are defined by the locations of eight World War II gun emplacements. The site is composed of two components.
COMPONENT #1 - This component consists of World War II, U.S. Army beach defenses in the form of gun pits or field fortifications. The occur west of the Indian River at the southwest margin of the park along an old beach front (the upper beach margin is now approximately 30 m south of its WWII location). The site UTMs (above) incorporate eight gun emplacements which are numbered from west to east. Individual UTM positions for the gun emplacements are:
Gun Emplacement 1 – 6322360.99 N 480883.01 E Gun Emplacement 2 – 6322327.3 N 480906.13 E Gun Emplacement 3 – 6322327.69 N 480979.78 E Gun Emplacement 4 – 6322335.52 N 480993.1 E Gun Emplacement 5 – 6322347.67 N 481013.86 E Gun Emplacement 6 – 6322342.57 N 481027.96 E Gun Emplacement 7 – 6322346.88 N 481105.92 E Gun Emplacement 8 – 6322344.53 N 481131.39 E
The latitude/longitude roughly at the center of Gun Emplacement 5.
Little historical information is currently available regarding their function or construction (Antonson and Hanable 1987:109-110), but the eight field fortifications occur in two types: a larger crescent shaped earthwork and a smaller semi-circular earthwork. The larger earthworks are consistent with artillery gun emplacements in size and construction. Wood gun platforms are specified in field manuals of the era (e.g., War Department 1940, Department of the Army 1947). Identification of wood and wire nails in GE8 and wood alone in GE3, one of the smaller, suggest that similar wooden gun platforms were utilized here.
The smaller emplacements are consistent with rifle or machine gun field fortifications as explicated in those same World War II era manuals. The placement of the eight field fortifications is consistent with standard artillery practice of the era. Artillery was emplaced to provide a field of fire toward an objective, in this case to oppose a landing by enemy forces or provide antiaircraft fire on enemy aircraft. The smaller pits provided small arms and light machine gun protection for the artillery batteries. The placement of
198 the individual field fortifications provides an interlocking field of fire between two or more emplacements. Such an organization is consistent with military tactics for defense of an artillery battery or section during the World War II period.
The earthworks and the ground between them were metal detected in 2005 and shovel tested in 2006 (see Vol. 1, Chapters 4 and 5). Metal detection identified only modern debris between the individual earthworks with the exception of a military foot powder can fragment (not collected). Overall, the earthworks were surprisingly devoid of metal artifacts. There is, however, a large field of debris between the third and seventh earthwork gun emplacements (counting from the west) along an old beach line. Most prominent among the objects noted here were iron cables, massive bolts, and cable clamps embedded in the ground and in and around logs. The debris field may be remains of a log raft washed up on shore sometime after World War II or it may be the remnants of a defensive barricade constructed at about the same time as the World War II earthworks. Vestiges of a two-track road occurs on the north edge (landward side) of this debris line.
COMPONENT #2 - This is a late-19th to early-20th century shoreline trash dump extending from immediately west of Gun Emplacement 1 to Gun Emplacement 2; e.g., 6322366.424-6322327.805 N 480882.781-480906.642 E Alaska 1927 datum. Artifacts were recovered from 2006 shovel tests at both gun emplacements and a 2007 test excavation immediately west of Gun Emplacement 1 (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 5). Test excavations indicate that materials occur to 70 cm below ground surface. Among the objects recovered were amber, clear, green, olive green, aqua and cobalt blue curved glass; an aqua glass club sauce stopper; a bone button; a coffee cup, whiteware ceramics, deer bone, fish scales, clear glass fragments of ketchup bottles, and a metal milk bottle cap. The recovery location, just above the beach edge, suggests the objects may represent a short-term dump and/or picnic trash.
Significance: This site retains its integrity. The only location displaying damage is at the south margin of Gun Emplacement #2 where high tide wave action has cut into the feature slightly. There are both above and below surface materials and the site contains data that will yield important military information with regard to Sitka National Historical Park and the City of Sitka as well.
Location: Gun emplacements occur in the southern area of the park, west of the Indian River, and south and west of the fort clearing. The late 19th- to early 20th century materials were recovered at the west end of the gun emplacements.
Citations: Antonson, Joan M. and William S. Hanable 1987 Sitka National Historical Park: An Administrative History. Report prepared under contract by IPH/JMA-Alaska and published by U.S.D.I., National Park Service, Alaska Region, Anchorage.
Thornton, Thomas F. and Fred Hope 1998 Traditional Tlingit Use of Sitka National Historical Park. Final report NPS Contract #1443PX970095345. Report on file at Sitka National Historical Park, Sitka, Alaska.
Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good
199 Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.)
Pertinent Dates: 1941, late 19th century
Period: World War II, late 19th century
Resource Nature: military, historic artifact deposits
Cultural Affiliation: Euroamerican
Preservation Status & Date: good 2005
Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK 99835
Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK 595
BIA/BLM #: N/A Other # (specify):
Location of WWII Army Beach Defenses site.
200 2006 crew member Angel McCutcheon standing in GE-3.
201 Site boundary.
Location of gun emplacements 1-8 and late-19th-to-early 20th century component (red).
202 49SIT767 Cottage Dump site
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
AHRS #: 49SIT767 Aliquot: NW¼, NE¼, NE¼ Sec. 1, T 56S R 63E Lat./Long.: 57° 02’ 59.93” N 135° 19’ 2.15” W Acreage: <1
Map Sheet: USGS 7.5’ Alaska (A-4) SW UTM: 6322781.799N 480752.029E 1927 datum
Site Name(s): Cottage Dump site
Site Description: The few datable objects associated with this dump were created sometime between post-1890 and 1930 and all but three were from three shovel tests (STs C486, C487, C488) at the northeastern margin of the parking lot (see Vol. 1, Chapt. 5). Elements of a cast iron stove were observed in this general during the 1995 geophysical inventory but were not relocated during the 2006 shovel tests. The small dump site is likely associated with the Cottage Community (1888 to present). The parking lot was built on the eastern-most portion of this community after the National Park Service purchased properties and razed cottages on the east side of Metlakatla Street. Prior to 1945, several structures were in this general location among which were three homes (occupied by Albert and Paulina James and Joe and Dorothy James Truitt, James D. and Flora Marshall Williams, and George and Louisa Hobbs), a shop, and an outbuilding of undesignated function.
Significance:This site is highly significant as it is the only refuse dump known for the Cottage Community, a small residential community established around 1888 by Sheldon Jackson Mission/School for its graduates. It was a place for the newly educated and Christianized Tlingit to maintain their new lifestyle. Residents agreed to keep the Sabbath, provide education for their children, maintain public health, abstain from alcohol and gambling, and avoid traditional festivities and customs. The Cottages developed into a cohesive community, which produced many of Sitka’s modern day Tlingit leaders. The Cottages was located between Sheldon Jackson School and the Park, so Cottage residents had a close involvement with the Park. They used it for recreation and enjoyment, continued their traditional uses of it, and benefited from tourist related business opportunities there. It was even a backyard for their children to play in.
Location: North of the Sitka National Historical Park Visitor Center at the northeast margin of the asphalt parking lot on the north margin of a low swampy area.
Citations: Griffin, Kristen, 2000, Early Views: Historical Vignettes of Sitka National Historical Park. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Alaska Support Office, Anchorage, and Sitka National Historical Park, Sitka, Alaska.
Smith-Middleton, Holly and Arnold R. Alanen , 1999 Testaments to Place and Time: A Cultural Landscape Report for Sitka National Historical Park. Prepared by the Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Wisconsin-Madison for the USDI, National Park Service, Alaska Systems Support Office, Anchorage.
203 Thornton, Thomas F. and Fred Hope, 1998 Traditional Tlingit Use of Sitka National Historical Park. Final report NPS Contract #1443PX970095345. Report on file at Sitka National Historical Park, Sitka, Alaska.
Danger of Destruction: low
Present Condition: good
Ecosystem: Sitka biotic province (Dice, Lee R. 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.)
Pertinent Dates: post-1890 to 1930
Period: Historic
Resource Nature: historic dump
Cultural Affiliation: Tlingit
Preservation Status & Date: Good, 2006
Property Owner: Sitka National Historical Park, 103 Monastery St., Sitka, AK 99835
Repository: Sitka National Historical Park
Accession #: SITK 595
BIA/BLM # NA Other # (specify): NA
204 Location of 49SIT767, the Cottage Dump site.
205 Location of the Cottage Dump site, 49SIT767.
206