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Per Molti Secoli L'uomo Potè Attuare La Trasmissione Di Informazioni A
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “FEDERICO II” POLI DELLE SCIENZE E DELLE TECNOLOGIE FACOLTÀ DI ARCHITETTURA DIPARTIMENTO DI CONFIGURAZIONE ED ATTUAZIONE DELL’ARCHITETTURA Dottorato in Tecnologia e Rappresentazione dell’Architettura e dell’Ambiente XVIII Ciclo Indirizzo: Rilievo e Rappresentazione dell’Architettura e dell’Ambiente - Settore Scientifico Disciplinare: ICAR/17- Tesi di Dottorato di Ricerca COMUNICAZIONE, TRASMISSIONE E SEGNI. LE TORRI EMITTENTI E RICEVENTI. Dottorando Docente Tutor Angelo Vallefuoco Prof. Arch. Mariella dell’Aquila Coordinatore d’indirizzo Coordinatore Prof. Arch. Mariella Dell’Aquila Prof. Arch. Virginia Gangemi 1 2 Indice Premessa 5 Capitolo primo LE TELECOMUNICAZIONI origini e sviluppo 9 1.1 - Le origini 9 1.2 - I primi passi delle comunicazioni elettriche 12 1.3 - Gli esordi delle telecomunicazioni in Italia 17 1.4 - Le telecomunicazioni italiane dal 1925 al 1945 26 1.5 - La ricostruzione degli impianti dopo gli eventi bellici del 1940/45 30 1.6 - Le telecomunicazioni italiane dal 1948 al 1980 31 1.7 - Le nuove frontiere delle telecomunicazioni ai nostri giorni 38 Capitolo secondo SISTEMI PER TRANS-MITTERE apparati emittenti e riceventi 45 2.1 - Sistemi di trasmissione 45 I segnali 46 I canali di comunicazione a distanza 47 Il "rumore" 50 Modello di un sistema di trasmissione 50 Le reti di telecomunicazione 52 Capitolo terzo FORMA E FUNZIONI evoluzione delle architetture per le telecomunicazioni 55 3.1 - I precursori delle torri di telecomunicazioni 55 3.2 - La torre Eiffel: simbolo della tecnica innovatrice del XIX secolo 56 3.3 - La Fernsehturm di Berlino: metafora e ideologia 62 3.4 - Forma e struttura: la torre di Collserola 69 3.5 - Natura e artificio: le torri per le comunicazioni di Calatrava 76 Conclusioni 81 Appendice: Le torri per le comunicazioni 85 Riferimenti bibliografici 129 3 4 Premessa La costruzione di una torre è uno dei sogni più grandi dell’umanità. -
Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics
NUSOD 2012 Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China August 28-31, 2012 Shanghai, China Map of Shanghai Shanghai, located in the East China Sea coast, mouth of Yangtze River, is China's largest city. It has an area of about 6,340 square kilometer with the population of fourteen million. Many famous interests are located in Shanghai, such as The Bund, the Oriental Pearl Tower, Yu Garden, Shanghai Expo’2010 pavilions. Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics The Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics (SITP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) was set up in October 1958. SITP has 723 staffs among whom 554 are researchers including 6 CAS academicians, 2 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE). There are 400 graduate students and 8 post-doctoral researchers. SITP is now mainly engaged in the research on advanced airborne and space- borne payloads, infrared staring imaging and signal processing, infrared focal plane array and infrared photoelectric devices etc.. http://english.sitp.cas.cn/ Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT) of CAS was founded in 1928. SIMIT boasts 2 CAS academicians, 1 CAE academician and 1 NAS academician of USA. There are totally 800 employees, among whom are 650 scientific and technical staffs. There are 400 graduate students and 30 post-doctoral researchers. SIMIT has made a series of major scientific breakthroughs in broadband wireless mobile communications, wireless sensor networks, SOI material, PCRAM, micro/nano sensors, RF and micro-wave integrated systems, biochips, micro-satellites. -
The Building As Screen
media media matters The Building as Screen A History, Theory, and Practice of Massive Media Amsterdam University dave colangelo Press FOR PRIVATE AND NON-COMMERCIAL USE AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY PRESS The Building as Screen FOR PRIVATE AND NON-COMMERCIAL USE AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY PRESS MediaMatters is an international book series published by Amsterdam University Press on current debates about media technology and its extended practices (cultural, social, political, spatial, aesthetic, artistic). The series focuses on critical analysis and theory, exploring the entanglements of materiality and performativity in ‘old’ and ‘new’ media and seeks contribu- tions that engage with today’s (digital) media culture. For more information about the series see: www.aup.nl FOR PRIVATE AND NON-COMMERCIAL USE AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY PRESS The Building as Screen A History, Theory, and Practice of Massive Media Dave Colangelo Amsterdam University Press FOR PRIVATE AND NON-COMMERCIAL USE AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY PRESS Cover illustration: The Empire State Building with Philips Color Kinetics System. Photo: Anthony Quintano, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license. Layout: Sander Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6298 949 8 e-isbn 978 90 4854 205 5 doi 10.5117/9789462989498 nur 670 © D. Colangelo / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2020 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. -
Approval Mail Mr. Gurinder Pal Singh X 2 Definitely Dubai Where Tradition Meets Diversity Itinerary 1.Pdf
dubai Approval Mail || Mr. Gurinder Pal Singh X 2 || Definitely Dubai Where Tradition meets Diversity 5N / 6D Basic Details: About Destination: Experience the best of Dubai in this highly customized Destination : Dubai package for your leisure. Let it be taking in the sights of the various architectural marvels of Dubai, or dune blasting or Travelers : 2 Adults & 1 Child dinner on a luxury cruise, we have it all planned for you. Dubai is easily one of the best destinations for culture travel Duration : 5 Nights / 6 Days with an added thrill for the adventurer in you. If shopping is Trip Start Date : 18 Mar, 2020 what your heart craves, then look no further as Dubai has one of the greatest shopping festivals this side of the Total Cost : 140000.0 INR only equator. With a variety of Souks to choose from, let the shopaholic in you have their day! Not to forge About Us: 'Shoes on Loose' is a travel company started by three passionate travelers who met each other during the course of their graduation at IIT Delhi. Passing out of IITD they all worked in reputed consulting firms for over two years, till they decided to give their passion what it truly deserved TIME! They have set out to explore the hidden extravagant places throughout the country, meet the many human species of the land and spread the travel fever as they get more infected by it. Dubai Approval Mail || Mr. Gurinder Pal Singh X 2 || Definitely Dubai Where Tradition meets Diversity Itinerary: Day 1: WELCOME TO DUBAI FOLLOWED BY EVENING AT MODERN YACHT LUXURIOUS CRUISE AT DUBAI MARINA Arrive in style at the Dubai airport where youll have your pick up arranged and a private taxi to your amazing stay at a 4-star property with the state of the art amenities. -
City Branding: Part 2: Observation Towers Worldwide Architectural Icons Make Cities Famous
City Branding: Part 2: Observation Towers Worldwide Architectural Icons Make Cities Famous What’s Your City’s Claim to Fame? By Jeff Coy, ISHC Paris was the world’s most-visited city in 2010 with 15.1 million international arrivals, according to the World Tourism Organization, followed by London and New York City. What’s Paris got that your city hasn’t got? Is it the nickname the City of Love? Is it the slogan Liberty Started Here or the idea that Life is an Art with images of famous artists like Monet, Modigliani, Dali, da Vinci, Picasso, Braque and Klee? Is it the Cole Porter song, I Love Paris, sung by Frank Sinatra? Is it the movie American in Paris? Is it the fact that Paris has numerous architectural icons that sum up the city’s identity and image --- the Eiffel Tower, Arch of Triumph, Notre Dame Cathedral, Moulin Rouge and Palace of Versailles? Do cities need icons, songs, slogans and nicknames to become famous? Or do famous cities simply attract more attention from architects, artists, wordsmiths and ad agencies? Certainly, having an architectural icon, such as the Eiffel Tower, built in 1889, put Paris on the world map. But all these other things were added to make the identity and image. As a result, international tourists spent $46.3 billion in France in 2010. What’s your city’s claim to fame? Does it have an architectural icon? World’s Most Famous City Icons Beyond nicknames, slogans and songs, some cities are fortunate to have an architectural icon that is immediately recognized by almost everyone worldwide. -
A/\GL - SHANGHAI JULY 13-15, 2018 Primary Spoken Language for This Meeting Is Chinese
A/\GL - SHANGHAI JULY 13-15, 2018 Primary spoken language for this meeting is Chinese ...'. -.::::.:.:.. ·-...:;,· ....... � \ ..... ... • ...... :.,. 1111.11. ••/\.:.•. - ... ' ·-,..,.,-_· ··.. -�-,[!-�� - ; �I O • O • O -•• �-. 0H00 • . -�- � ,.,. ... .. Chair and Co-Chair, Scientific Program Committee Professor Hua Keqln Professor Sun Jing AAGL ‐ SHANGHAI July 13-15, 2018 Shanghai International Convention Center / Oriental Riverside Hotel(上海国际会议中心/东方滨江大酒店) Organized by the Shanghai Medical Association and AAGL, the upcoming conference aims at providing a platform for colleagues to share their clinical experiences, to introduce the advanced surgical techniques, to discuss therapeutic strategies, and to present the latest developments in related fields. More than 600 physicians and experts from all over China will participate in this academic gathering. Located on the central coast, Shanghai is the largest city in China. With spectacular sites and renowned historic landmarks like the Bund, Yuyuan Garden and Jade Buddha Temple, this bustling metropolis attracts thousands of tourists from home and abroad every year. The city is not only renowned for its historic landmarks, but also for many new must‐sees like the Oriental Pearl Tower, the Xintiandi, and the Shanghai Museum. Program In this two days conference, our distinguished national and international faculty members will present and discuss the current status of the gynecological endoscopic surgery, focus on: 1. Laparoscopic and robotic surgery on gynecological cancer. 2. Laparoscopic surgery, step by step, for simple and difficult hysterectomy. 3. Laparoscopic and robotic surgery for DIE (Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis). 4. Laparoscopic and robotic myomectomies. 5. Laparoscopic and robotic surgery for POP (Pelvic Organ Prolapse). 6. Operative hysteroscopy. 7. How to prevent, identification, and management of gynecologic endoscopic surgery. -
Stepping Into
44 INDULGE stepping into What comes to your mind when you good fortune and peace. Due to its hear the name “Shanghai”? For me, popularity, the temple has expanded it’s a retro scene of Chinese ladies into a sprawling commercial district, and gentlemen waltzing on the boasting hundreds of shops that dance floor to jazz music playing sell anything from local delicacies in the background. Often lauded and trinkets to the latest fashion as the “Paris of the Orient” and the apparels. Entering the temple was TEXT AND financial and cultural centre of China, like transiting into a world of serenity PHOTOS BY Shanghai prides itself as being one and calmness, and the fragrance of of the largest and most prosperous incense exuded an air of sacredness. Dr Chie Zhi Ying cities in the world. What’s more, it is the epitome of the east meeting the After exploring the temple, lunchtime Dr Chie Zhi Ying enjoys west, with colonial buildings lining beckoned and we were off to savour freelance writing and its bunds and yet retaining its unique the local signature delicacies! singing. She writes oriental identity. Shanghainese cuisine is one of for Lianhe Zaobao, the best cuisines in China, with Shin Min Daily News As my family members and I exited and Health No. 1. She mouth-watering dishes such as can be reached at the Shanghai Pudong International la mian (a type of Chinese noodle), chiezhiying@gmail. Airport, we were greeted by highways the delightful xiao long tang bao com. lined with lush greenery. The road (soup-filled pork dumpling), dim sum network was simply fascinating; and a variety of seafood like there were multi-layered highways crabs and lobsters. -
A Guide to Shanghai
A Guide To Shanghai Ling Liu 01.05.2008 Shanghai (Chinese: 上海), situated on the bank of the Chang (Yangtze) River in East China, is the economic capital of mainland China. In terms of population (18 million) and area (6,340 sq km), Shanghai is also the largest city in China. Meaning of the name The name Shanghai consists of two characters, the sign for "above/onto" (shang) and the sign for "sea" (hai). Climate Subtropical climate, very hot and humid summers, very mild winters. For this reason, the time from September to November and April to June is best for travel. In July and August, the heat in Shanghai is almost unbearable. The yearly average temperature is 15.4 degrees Celsius. Currency The currency in China is Renminbi. Credit cards and US dollars are widely accepted in hotels and major shops. The basic unit of RMB (Renminbi) is the yuan (¥), also known as "kuai," divided into 10 jiao, which is again divided into 10 fen. Yuan notes come in 1, 2, 5, 10, 50, and 100. Customs Visitors to China must fill out a customs form upon arrival. When you enter the country you are asked to declare electrical goods and luxury items such as cameras, computer equipment etc. Keep this form until you exit to avoid paying duty on goods you brought into the country. There are no restrictions on the amount of foreign currency you can bring into the country. However, one must declare any cash exceeding US$5,000 or the equivalent. Emergency Call Numbers Police 110 Fire Services 119 Ambulance 120 Mobile Phones Network accepted in Shanghai is GSM. -
China: Shanghai
Welcome to NokiaEDU Training Center Shanghai Visiting Address 389# Ningqiao Road, Pudong District, 201206, Shangai China Other Contact Information 1F Building 2, Nokia Shanghai Bell Email: [email protected] Nearest Airports Other Contact Information Shanghai Pudong International Airport 1F Building 2, Nokia Shanghai Bell Email: [email protected] Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Public Transportation Nearby Hotels Shanghai Metro Regal Jinfeng Hotel No.318 Jingang Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201206 China Taxi Tel: +86 (21) 51013030 Shanghai taxis do not accept credit cards. Grand Metropark Jiayou Hotel Shanghail Taxi phone number: No.159 Xin Jinqiao Road, Pudong, Qiangsheng Taxi: +862162580000 Shanghai 201206 China Dazhong Go: +862196822 Tel: +86 (21) 51801133 Ramada Plaza Shanghai Pudong No.18 Xin Jinqiao Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201206 China. Tel: +86 (21) 50554666 E-mail: [email protected] © 2018 Nokia Public About NokiaEDU NokiaEDU is the company’s premiere learning organization serving customers, partners and employees worldwide. Our expert team of professionals is committed to delivering a top-quality learning experience, tailored to our customers’ specific requirements and preferences. Each of our training locations is equipped with state-of-the-art technology, amenities and helpful staff, ensuring maximum convenience and productivity. NokiaEDU: Making it easy to Learn, Perform and Share. As one of the three primary training centers for Nokia global customers, the Shanghai training center provides state-of-the-art training facilities and a first-class environment. Open, agile, modern, and learner-centric spatial layout will give our customers and employees a new learning experience. About Shanghai Shanghai (Chinese: 上海) is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world, with over 20 million people in its extended metropolitan area. -
Dubai Assured Approved Establishments
Dubai Assured approved establishments 07/07/2020 اﻟﻔﻨﺎدق Hotels ﻓﻨﺪق اﻟﺨﻮري اﺗﺮﯾﻮم ش.ذ.م.م AL KHOORY ATRIUM HOTEL L.L.C ﻓﻨﺪق اﻟﻮﻓﺖ ﻧﺨﻠﺔ ﺟﻤﯿﺮا ذ.م.م ALOFT PALM JUMERIAH HOTEL L.L.C ﻓﻨﺪق اﻓﺎﻧﻲ دﯾﺮة AVANI DEIRA HOTEL ﻓﻨﺪق ﺟﻮﻟﺪن ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺐ ﻣﯿﺪﯾﺎ GOLDEN TULIP MEDIA HOTEL HILTON DUBAI JUMEIRAH (BRANCH - GOLDEN (ﻫﯿﻠﺘﻮن دﺑﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﺮا ( ﻓﺮع ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻨﺪق ﺟﻮﻟﺪن ﺳﺎﻧﺪز ذ. م. م SANDS HOTEL LLC ﻓﻨﺪق ﻫﻮﻟﯿﺪي ان ﺑﺮدﺑﻲ HOLIDAY INN BURDUBAI HOTEL ﻓﻨﺪق ﺟﻰ دﺑﻠﯿﻮ ﻣﺎرﯾﻮت ﻣﺎرﻛﯿﺰ J W MARRIOTT MARQUIS HOTEL KEMPINSKI RESIDENCES AND HOTEL ﻛﻤﺒﻨﯿﺴﻜﻲ رﯾﺰدﻧﺲ وﺷﻘﻖ ﻓﻨﺪﻗﯿﺔ APARTMENTS ﻓﻨﺪق ﻻﺑﯿﺘﺎ ش.ذ.م.م LAPITA HOTEL L.L.C ﻟﻮ روﯾﺎل ﻣﺮﯾﺪﯾﺎن LE ROYAL MERIDIEN BEACH RESORT & SPA ﻓﻨﺪق ﻣﺎرﯾﻨﺎ ﺑﯿﺒﻠﻮس MARINA BYBLOS HOTEL ﻓﻨﺪق ﻣﯿﺪﯾﺎ روﺗﺎﻧﺎ MEDIA ROTANA HOTEL ﻓﻨﺪق ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻨﯿﻮم ﺳﻨﺘﺮل داون ﺗﺎون ذ.م.م MILLENNIUM CENTRAL DOWNTOWN L.L.C ﻣﻮﻓﻨﺒﯿﻚ - ﺑﺮدﺑﻲ MOVENPICK - BUR DUBAI ﻓﻨﺪق ﻣﻮﻓﻨﺒﯿﻚ ﺟﺮاﻧﺪ اﻟﺒﺴﺘﺎن ش.ذ.م.م MOVENPICK GRAND AL BUSTAN HOTEL L.L.C 1 ﻓﻨﺪق ﻧﯿﻮ ﺑﻼك ﺳﺘﻮن ش.ذ.م.م NEW BLACK STONE HOTEL L.L.C ﻓﻨﺪق رﻣﺎدا ﺳﻮﯾﺘﺰ ﺟﻲ ﺑﻲ ار RAMADA HOTEL & SUITES JBR ﻓﻨﺪق راﻣﻲ روز - ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﺮة RAMEE ROSE HOTEL - FZ ﻓﻨﺪق ﺳﯿﺠﻨﺘﺸﺮ ش.ذ.م.م SIGNATURE HOTEL L.L.C ﻓﻨﺪق ذا اوﻧﻜﺲ ﺟﺮﯾﻨﺲ ذ.م.م THE ONYX GREENS HOTEL L.L.C ﻓﻨﺪق ذا رﺗﺮﯾﺖ ﺟﺰﯾﺮة اﻟﻨﺨﻠﺔ ام ﺟﺎﻟﯿﺮي ﺑﻲ ﺳﻮﻓﺘﯿﻞ ش.ذ.م.م THE RETREAT PALM M GALLERY BY SOFITEL L.L.C ﻓﻨﺪق ذا اس اﻟﺒﺮﺷﺎء ش.ذ.م.م THE S HOTEL ALBARSHA L.L.C ﻓﻨﺪق ﺗﺎﯾﻢ ﺟﺮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻼزا TIME GRAND PLAZA HOTEL ﻓﻨﺪق ارﻣﺎﻧﻲ - دﺑﻲ ARMANI HOTEL - DUBAI DAMAC MAISON CANAL VIEWS HOTEL داﻣﺎك ﻣﯿﺰون ﻗﻨﺎل ﻓﯿﻮز ﻟﻠﺸﻘﻖ اﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﯿﺔ APARTMENTS ﻓﻠﻞ ﻛﻮرال ﺑﻮﺗﯿﻚ - اﻟﺒﺮﺷﺎء - دﺑﻲ CORAL BOUTIQUE VILLAS - AL BARSHA - DUBAI ﻓﻨﺪق و ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻊ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎ دﯾﺰرت -
Most Famous Towers in the World Get Tips, Feel Relax
Tips Portal Most Famous Towers in the World Get Tips, Feel Relax https://smhsoft.net/1097/ MOST FAMOUS TOWERS IN THE WORLD Posted on October 9, 2020 Categories: Knowledge, Travel & History Page: 1 Tips Portal Most Famous Towers in the World Get Tips, Feel Relax https://smhsoft.net/1097/ Are you ready for an amazing virtual trip of world famous towers; like Eiffel Tower, Leaning Tower of Pisa, CN Tower, Space Needle, Kuala Lumpur Tower and many more? The world is full of some attractive far above the ground and famous towers, which are known along with the tourists. Towers have been built by man since prehistoric times; these man-made structures are very soaring in the division to its other proportions. Here are the World’s Most Famous Towers in History: 1) Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy The Leaning Tower of Pisa is one of the most famous tourist places and remarkable buildings in the Italian town of Pisa, and one of the most visited European cities. The tower of Pisa is 60 meters high and was tilted until 1990 at an angle of about 10 degrees, it was designed to be perfectly vertical. The construction of the tower was begun in 1173 and completed in 1399, and it has 251 steps from bottom to top. Pisa got its name from a Greek word that dates back to 600 BC. Page: 2 Tips Portal Most Famous Towers in the World Get Tips, Feel Relax https://smhsoft.net/1097/ 2) The Eiffel Tower in Paris, France The Eiffel Tower was built in 1889 on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution during the World Exhibition at the Champs de Mars Park in Paris. -
Potentials and Limitations of Supertall Building Structural Systems: Guiding for Architects
POTENTIALS AND LIMITATIONS OF SUPERTALL BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS: GUIDING FOR ARCHITECTS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY HÜSEYİN EMRE ILGIN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BUILDING SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE JULY 2018 Approval of the thesis: POTENTIALS AND LIMITATIONS OF SUPERTALL BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS: GUIDING FOR ARCHITECTS submitted by HÜSEYİN EMRE ILGIN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Department of Architecture, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Halil Kalıpçılar Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. F. Cânâ Bilsel Head of Department, Architecture Assoc. Prof. Dr. Halis Günel Supervisor, Department of Architecture, METU Assist. Prof. Dr. Bekir Özer Ay Co-Supervisor, Department of Architecture, METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Cüneyt Elker Department of Architecture, Çankaya University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Halis Günel Department of Architecture, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Tavukçuoğlu Department of Architecture, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Murat Tanyer Department of Architecture, METU Prof. Dr. Adile Nuray Bayraktar Department of Architecture, Başkent University Date: 03.07.2018 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Hüseyin Emre ILGIN Signature: iv ABSTRACT POTENTIALS AND LIMITATIONS OF SUPERTALL BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS: GUIDING FOR ARCHITECTS Ilgın, H.