BANWA NATURAL SCIENCE
Volume 4, Number 1, 2007 Special Issue: 2007 Proceedings of the Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philippines
Editor-in-Chief Eufemio T. Rasco, Jr.
Banwa Editorial Board Reynaldo G. Abad Peter J. Batt Sylvia B. Concepcion Ricardo M. de Ungria Larry M. Digal Antonio G. Moran Virginia P. Obsioma Edmundo B. Prantilla Eufemio T. Rasco, Jr. Gilda C. Rivero
WCSP Board of Reviewers
Ruth Grace B. Rosell-Ambal Rolando L. Metin Rowena Reyes-Boquiren Perry S. Ong Rafe M. Brown Mary Rose C. Posa Arvin C. Diesmos Eric A. Rickart Jake Esselstyn Jodi L. Sedlock James W. Grier Woody Turner Lawrence R. Heaney Doug Watkins Todd E. Katzner Indira Dayang L. Widmann Myrissa V. Lepiten-Tabao Peter Widmann Ireneo L. Lit, Jr.
Banwa is a biannual refereed journal published by the University of the Philippines Mindanao.
Internal Review of Articles, Solicitation of Peer Reviews, Guidance for Revision of Manuscipts, and Proofreading by the Copyright © 2007 by WCSP and the individual authors WCSP Editorial Committee and the University of the Philippines Mindanao WCSP Editorial Committee All rights reserved. Reproduction without permission from the publisher is strictly prohibited. WCSP Proceedings Editor Carlo Custodio ISSN 1656-3719 Board of the Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philppines Banwa is published twice a year under (April 2006-April 2007) the auspices of the Office of Research Perry S. Ong : President Carlo C. Custodio : Vice President Ma. Nancy P. Ibuna : Secretary Grace R. Ambal : Treasurer Contributions may be submitted to: Indira Dayang L. Widmann : Auditor Jayson C. Ibañez : Member The Editorial Board Tom Brooks : Member Banwa Arvin C. Diesmos : Member Office of Research Mariano Roy M. Duya : Member University of the Philippines Mindanao Marisol D.G. Pedregosa : Member Mintal, Tugbok District Ely L. Alcala : Member 8022 Davao City, Philippines Myrissa Lepiten-Tabao : Member Lawrence R. Heaney : Member For inquiries, call or fax (6382) 293-1839, or Angel C. Alcala : Member Emeritus Visit our website: http://www.upmin.edu.ph/ojs/index.php/banwa/ Blas R. Tabaranza, Jr. : Member Emeritus Inquiries and submissions may also be addressed to: [email protected], or [email protected] (April 2007-April 2008) Perry S. Ong : President Carlo C. Custodio : Vice President Editorial staff: Ma. Nancy P. Ibuna : Secretary Abraham A. Garcia, Jr., Production Editor & Publication Designer Grace R. Ambal : Treasurer Cheryl T. Salili, Editorial Assistant Jayson C. Ibañez : Auditor Mitchiko A. Lopez, Editorial Assistant Mariano Roy M. Duya : Member Indira Dayang L. Widmann : Member Marisol Pedregosa-Hospodarsky : Member Design and photo credits: Tom Brooks : Member Front cover: Kit design of the 16th Biodiversity Symposium–Wildlife Ely L. Alcala : Member Conservation Society of the Philippines); Polillo Tarictic Hornbill Arvin C. Diesmos : Member (Penelopides manillae subnigra)–Juan Carlos Gonzalez, Polillo Islands Sabine Schoppe : Member Biodiversity Conservation Foundation Inc.; Guenther’s forest frog Juan Carlos T. Gonzales : Member (Platymantis guentheri) taken from Tinagong Dagat in Mt. Hamiguitan, Angel C. Alcala : Member Emeritus Davao Oriental.–Elsa May Delima; Madagascar fish eagle (Haliaeetus Blas R. Tabaranza, Jr. : Member Emeritus vociferoids)–Dr. Lily Arison Rene de Roland, The Peregrine Fund Lawrence R. Heaney : Member Emeritus
Back cover: A Sakalava fisherman in Madagascar prepares his catch for The Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philippines (wcsp.8k.com) is transport to market by drying and smoking the fish in front of open, a professional society of about 200 members with the goal of advancing wood-burning fires.–Dr. Rick Watson, The Peregrine Fund; Apomys sp. wildlife research and conservation in the Philippines. The WCSP meets at Mt. Cetaceo, Penablanca Protected Landscape and Seascap–Mariano annually in April. Proceedings are published as special issues in national Roy Duya, Conservation International Philippines journals.
Message Message
Since its establishment in 1993, the Wildlife Conservation The University of the Philippines Mindanao’s strives towards Society of the Philippines (WCSP) focuses its efforts in advancing becoming a Center of Excellence in the field of research. The wildlife research and conservation in the Philippines. Promoting University continues to enhance its capabilities to transmit and collaborative research, providing technical assistance and training to generate exchanges of knowledge in an evolving culture of and increasing public awareness has since become central elements research. of the WCSP members’ DNA. WCSP capitalizes on its core competencies in the field of wildlife biology to create new value The Banwa Journal, an academic journal of the University, was and provide significant technical and scientific inputs for the established primarily as a venue for researchers and scholars to furtherance of wildlife conservation in the Philippines. publish their research output on: culture and the arts; biosystems and the environment; and strategic policy and sustainable management. Wildlife conservation is now in an era of radical change. It published its first issue in April 2004. It was initiated by the College WCSP measures up to the challenge by way of holding annual of Humanities and Social Sciences. Banwa means “community” in symposium wherein current research findings and trends in the vernacular. wildlife conservation are presented. For these issues, the Banwa is privileged to publish the conference The publication of the proceedings of the 16th Annual Philippine proceedings of the Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philippines. Biodiversity Symposium held on 16-18 April 2007 with the We take pride in supporting the conservation efforts of the Society. We theme “Renewing ties: Scientists and Grass-roots Practitioners have alloted three issues for their 2006 and 2007 Annual Philippine for Biodiversity Conservation” is one concrete step towards Biodiversity Symposiums. In this humble way, we contribute to popularizing and gathering support for wildlife conservation in the increasing awareness of the conservation efforts of a dedicated the country. We recognize that wildlife biologists and scientists community of wildlife biologists and scientists. cannot do it alone. Other members of the society, therefore, must contribute if we are to respond appropriately to the increasingly Madayaw sa tanan! diverse requirements of wildlife and biodiversity conservation.
Let us, and I am sure we will, continue to evolve, to maintain GILDA C. RIVERO our dynamism and to look at our work from the wildlife’s point of Chancellor view. University of the Philippines Mindanao
PERRY S. ONG President Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philippines
Contents Article Digest
Article Digest 7 2007 Proceedings of the Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philippines 16th Annual Philippine Biodiversity Symposium Wildlife Trade in Southern Palawan, Philippines 12 Rommel M. Cruz, Deborah Villafuerte-van den Beukel, Indira Lacerna-Widmann, Sabine Schoppe, Wildlife Trade in Southern Palawan, Philippines and Peter Widmann Cruz, R.M., D. Villafuerte-van den Beukel, I. Lacerna-Widmann, S. Schoppe, and P. Widmann The Herpetological Importance of Mt. Hamiguitan 27 Range, Mindanao Island, Philippines Southern Palawan is one of most important source areas for animals Elsa May M. Delima, Arvin C. Diesmos, entering the illegal wildlife trade in the Philippines and Barangay and Jayson C. Ibañez Culasian in Rizal is a poaching “hotspot.” This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the illegal wildlife trade business. Informal Report on a Survey of Mammals of the Sierra Madre 41 taped interviews were conducted in Rizal, the largest municipality Range, Luzon Island, Philippines in Palawan, with former wildlife traders, motorcycle drivers who are Mariano Roy M. Duya, Philip A. Alviola, hired to transport the wildlife, middlemen and concerned government Melizar V. Duya, Danilo S. Balete, personnel. Information was gathered on the species traded, the terms and Lawrence R. Heaney of transport, origins, destinations and prices. Information obtained indicates that wildlife trade extends to localities Density and Feeding Preference of the Polillo Tarictic 69 in the municipalities of Rizal, Quezon, Brooke’s Point, Bataraza, and Hornbill Penelopides manillae subnigra in Balabac. Confiscation records show that 25 species were illegally Fragmented Forests of Polillo Island traded in the years 2000 to 2006. Of these, 22 were sold for the pet trade, Ana Katrina Mamangun and Juan Carlos Gonzalez two for bush meat, and one for hobby or traditional medicine industry. Of all traded wildlife species, 19 are listed as globally threatened or Community-Based Wetland Conservation Protects 83 near-threatened according to IUCN. Thirteen (52%) of the confiscated Endangered Species in Madagascar: Lessons species are endemic to the Palawan faunal region. Beetles were the from Science and Conservation most traded wildlife in terms of number of individuals. Among birds, Richard T. Watson, Lily Arison René de Roland, the Hill Myna was heavily traded for the pet trade followed by the Jeanneney Rabearivony, and Russell Thorstrom Blue-naped Parrot. The Palawan hornbill was poached from its nest for the pet trade or for food. Of all traded wildlife recorded in this study, the Philippine cockatoo is the only critically endangered species. Banwa Instructions for Authors 98 Freshwater turtles are also commonly traded. The 7-year confiscation record shows that 2,174 mynas and parrots were confiscated representing a mere 6.5% of the estimated traded number of 33,250 in seven years (4,750 individuals/year). Most shipments go undetected, and even if traders are apprehended law enforcement is weak. A major problem is that wildlife smuggling is highly organized, involving powerful and influential circles. We conclude that the confiscated animals represent only a very small percentage of the actual trade. A thorough understanding of the dynamics and complexity of trade is necessary to develop the expertise necessary to implement the anti- illegal trade law.
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The creation of the Culasian Managed Resource Protected Area in of 38 species of mammals was recorded. This includes 10 fruit bats, 15 Rizal under the Southern Palawan Anti-Poaching Initiative (SPAPI) has insectivorous bats, nine rodents, two ungulates, one primate and one led to a decline in poaching activity inside the 1,954-ha forest in the last carnivore. Eight are new records for the Sierra Madre. This includes two two years. Alternative livelihood programs, conservation education potentially new species of rodents in the genera Apomys and Chrotomys: and advocacy intensification have also proved to be a powerful tool to Kerivoula cf. papillosa, not previously known from the Philippines; and change perception of poachers towards conservation. Coelops hirsutus, previously known only from Mindanao and Mindoro Islands. Rhinolophus inops, R. philippinensis, Harpiocephalus harpia and Murina cyclotis have not been reported previously, and are generally The Herpetological Importance of Mt. Hamiguitan Range, poorly known overall. Initial examination of Pipistrellus javanicus, Mindanao Island, Philippines Rhinolophus arcuatus and Rhinolophus virgo suggests some differences Delima, E.M.M., A.C. Diesmos, and J.C. Ibañez from the known species, and further taxonomic study is needed. We captured Archboldomys musseri on Mt. Cetaceo and nowhere else, This paper presents the results of biodiversity surveys in areas within supporting previous evidence that it is endemic to that mountain alone. Mt. Hamiguitan on the eastern part of Mindanao Island, Philippines The native large mammals were scarce, due to both habitat destruction focusing on frogs and reptiles. The data is the first documentation and heavy hunting. of these vertebrate groups for this mountain range. Three habitat A modified mist netting technique for insectivorous bats (V-net) was types were visited corresponding to the following sites: dipterocarp, employed during the survey. We used two mist-nets and arranged it in transitional dipterocarp -montane and mossy-pygmy. In each of these a V configuration wherein one end of each net is attached to a common sites, frogs, lizards and snakes were sought using standard sampling secured pole. One arm of the V-net is fixedly positioned and serves as methods for frogs and reptiles. A total of 34 species were recorded a wall whereas the other arm is mobile. Two persons were assigned to (16 frogs, 14 lizards and 5 snakes). Majority of the species (25 species: guard the nets, one positioned at the mobile arm of the V-net and the 74%) are found solely in the Philippines while 13 of the 25 species are other at its side along the wall. When a bat enters, the mobile arm is currently known in Mindanao and neighboring islands. The study also shut quickly, trapping and entangling them along the interior of the accounted for the presence of species which have limited preserved wall. This technique contributed to the success of capturing most of the samples, formerly known to occur in other localities, or those referred insectivorous bats during the survey. to as site specific endemic species. The list includes Limnonectes cf. Our data clearly show that the mammalian fauna of the Sierra diautus, Philautus poecilus, Brachymeles gracilis hilong, Sphenormorphus cf. Madre has been poorly known, and is more diverse than previously diwata and Tropidophorus davaoensis. In terms of elevational distribution, documented, with the presence of endemic species being especially the bulk of the species encountered were found in lower elevations, in noteworthy. More surveys are needed in areas where few or no data are the dipterocarp forest site which appears to be outside the boundaries currently available; particularly in karst, ultrabasic and mossy forest, of the proclaimed protected area. Because of this and due to the high to fully document and thereby permit protection of its diversity. occurrence of species restricted to the Philippines, recommendations on reassessing current conservation efforts in Mt. Hamiguitan appear vital and timely. Density and Feeding Preference of the Polillo Tarictic Hornbill Penelopides manillae subnigra in Fragmented Forests of Polillo Island Mamangun, A.K. and J.C. Gonzalez Report on a Survey of Mammals of the Sierra Madre Range, Luzon Island, Philippines The density and feeding preference of the Polillo tarictic hornbill Duya, M.R.M., P.A. Alviola, M.V. Duya, D.S. Balete, and L.R. Heaney (Penelopides manillae subnigra) were compared between a heavily disturbed secondary forest and residual lowland forest. Using transect To prepare an inventory of mammals, 11 sites were surveyed along analysis, individuals were counted and the density of tarictics in each the Sierra Madre mountain in 2002 to 2005. The survey covered habitats forest site was computed. The disturbed forest site exhibited higher from lowland to mossy forest, at elevations 300 to 1500 m a.s.l. A total tarictic density (4.75 individuals per km²) than the residual forest site
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(1.25 individuals per km²). The difference in tarictic density between community to enhance and enforce traditional resource utilization the two sites was affected by several factors such as the abundance rules that helped prevent loss of fish eagle breeding habitat, reduce of fruiting trees in each site, the presence of nesting trees and also the nest site disturbance, and sustain prey availability. We used a 1996 degree of anthropogenic disturbance. The disturbed forest site was law to empower rural communities to control natural resource use by more fragmented (19.96% forested area) than the residual forest site creating two community associations with authority to enforce local (26.39% forested area). It was concluded the both forest sites were rules. We helped the associations become effective through training, suitable in sustaining tarictic populations. The disturbed forest site advice, logistical, and scientific support. The associations passed their contained more fruiting trees foraged and dispersed by tarictics thus three-year probationary period, have started a 10-year assessment a higher density was observed. In the residual forest, large trees were period, have been awarded WWF’s “Gift to the Earth” for their observed that are essential for nesting during breeding season. Male exemplary role in conservation, and our model is being duplicated by tarictics are territorial especially during this time thus they drive away others throughout Madagascar. Ten pairs of Madagascar fish eagles other tarictics to protect their nests and as a result, lower density was continue to breed on the lakes, and annual productivity has recovered observed. Historically, forests of Polillo have undergone fragmentation. to normal levels. Our goal is to spread this model to other valuable Being endemic, tarictics are subjected to limited habitat thus they adapt conservation sites in Madagascar: Tambohorano, for Madagascar fish and tolerate anthropogenic disturbances to forest habitat available. eagles, and Bealanana, for Madagascar harriers and the Madagascar pochard, a species we rediscovered in late 2006 after the species was declared probably extinct. Community-Based Wetland Conservation Protects Endangered Species in Madagascar: Lessons from Science and Conservation Watson, R.T., L.A.R. de Roland, J. Rabearivony, and R. Thorstrom
The Peregrine Fund’s research in the early 1990s showed that survival of the Madagascar fish eagle (Haliaeetus vociferoids) is threatened by human persecution and habitat loss. Of a global fish eagle population estimated at 100-120 breeding pairs, the single highest concentration of 10 pairs breed on three adjacent lakes in western Madagascar. Fishing on the lakes is the main livelihood of local Sakalava people who have harmoniously shared these important wetlands with fish eagles for centuries. From 1991 through 1995 we documented a massive influx of migrant fishermen who abused local traditional resource extraction rules and threatened the livelihood of local inhabitants as well as survival and production of one of the world’s most endangered eagles. The economic incentive to endure the hardship of migration to the lakes and camping on the lakeshore for the season was strong. In 1995 per-capita income from fishing was about $1500 for the six month season, about 7.5-times the national annual average. Fish stocks were rapidly diminished through the fishing season as catches diminished to the point where fishermen gave up fishing before the end ofthe season. Fish stocks were lowest when Madagascar fish eaglenestlings fledged, affecting annual productivity. The most serious impact of fishermen may be on the lake-side forest, which was used as a source of dugout canoes and wood to fuel fish-drying fires. To conserve this important breeding site we worked collaboratively with the local
10 11 Banwa. 2007. 4(1):12-26. Cruz et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):12-26.
Wildlife Trade in Southern Palawan, Introduction Philippines In recognition of its importance to global biodiversity, the entire island of Palawan was declared a Biosphere Reserve with two world Rommel M. Cruz1, Deborah Villafuerte-van den Beukel, heritage sites, an Endemic Bird Area, and a Philippine Priority Area Indira Lacerna-Widmann, Sabine Schoppe, for Biodiversity Conservation (Diesmos and Palomar, 2004). Yet, and Peter Widmann illegal trade in flora and fauna is a major concern. Despite lack of 1 Correspondening author. KATALA Foundation Inc. (KFI), P.O. Box 390, National properly documented information, apprehension data alone provide Highway, Barangay San Jose, Puerto Princesa City 5300, Palawan, Philippines. [email protected]. enough evidence of rampant illegal trade. Data from 1999-2002 indicate that a large number of hunted wildlife are birds, particularly This research study was conducted in collaboration with Critical Ecosystem Partnership talking mynas, wild quail and blue-naped parrots (Lasmarias, 2004). Fund (CEPF), Loro Parque Fundacion (LPF) and funding partners. Several endangered and endemic species are also commonly traded, e.g. Palawan hornbill, leopard cat, Palawan peacock pheasant, and red jungle fowl. Excessive hunting is putting many of the rare and Palawan endemic species at the brink of extinction (Werner and Allen, 2000; Widmann, 1998). The southern part of Palawan is the center of illegal trade in the Abstract province and one of the hottest hotspots for illegal wildlife trade in the Philippines (van den Beukel et al., 2006; Widmann, 2006). Levels Southern Palawan is one of the hottest hotspots for illegal trade of wildlife in the Philippines. Large numbers of wildlife are transported of poaching and hunting are rampant in Bataraza, and Rio Tuba was either by fishing vessels or private chartered planes from the south of identified as a local center for illegal wildlife trade (Widmann and Palawan to Zamboanga, Cebu, Manila, Batangas and even to Malaysia. Diaz, 2004). Barangay Culasian in Rizal was identified as a poaching Parrots and mynas are among the species of birds most traded due to their “hotspot,” thus it was made as the project site for Southern Palawan huge demand in the market. Other birds that are also under considerable pressure of poaching are Palawan hornbill and White-bellied sea eagle. Anti-Poaching Initiative (SPAPI) (Widmann, 2006). Apart from birds, other Palawan wildlife included in the illegal shipments It is difficult to ascertain the impact of hunting on wildlife are Palawan pangolin, Balabac mouse deer, Palawan bearcat, Palawan populations in Palawan. First, confiscation data do not indicate where bearded pig, Southern Palawan tree squirrel, freshwater turtles and beetles. The present study identified species of conservation priority these species were collected and second, there is little information involved in trade. The study also presents data on traded wildlife species on the population of the hunted wildlife species (Lasmarias, 2004). in Palawan including their market value, modes of transport, operation However, assuming that the volume confiscated only represents a of wildlife traders in Palawan, and trade routes. small proportion of the total number of illegal wildlife, we can assume Keywords: Palawan, Philippines, wildlife trade that populations in the wild are at risk if hunting cannot be controlled. But to be more conclusive, there is a need to explore the dynamics, extent, and impacts of illegal wildlife trade in the Palawan Corridor and this should be among the priority research needs in Palawan (Diesmos and Palomar, 2004). The present study aims to contribute to the understanding of the illegal wildlife trade in Southern Palawan. It also aims to assess the origin and destination of wildlife, uncover operation modes of wildlife traders, transportation mode and trade routes.
12 13 Cruz et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):12-26. Cruz et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):12-26.
Materials and Methods For the purpose of this study and in accordance with Republic Act 9147, wildlife trade is defined here as an act of engaging in Interviews were conducted in the Municipality of Rizal located the exchange, export or import, purchase or selling wildlife, their 203 km south of the provincial capital, Puerto Princesa City (Figure derivatives or by-products, locally or internationally. Wildlife traders 1). Rizal is the largest municipality in Palawan with a total land area or shippers are defined as persons or group of persons doing wildlife of 125,915.45 ha. Rizal has a net in-migration rate of 80% (Anda and trafficking. A trader is identified as the person financially sustaining Tabangay-Baldera, 2004). Informal taped interviews were conducted the middlemen and poachers to collect, transport and deliver the with former wildlife traders, hired motorcycle drivers, middlemen, wildlife from its origin to the trader. The function of the trader is Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Officers (MENRO), to gather wildlife and supply the demand in and outside Palawan Philippine National Police (PNP) officers, Palawan Council for and the Philippines. Middlemen are persons whose primary duties Sustainable Development Staff (PCSDS), and Department of are to buy wildlife from various poachers, heap and deliver them to Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) personnel who are traders. aware of the wildlife trade and were involved in wildlife conservation. Information was gathered on the species traded, confiscations, means Results and Discussion and ways of transporting wildlife, origins and destinations, price paid to collectors and selling prices. Confiscation records from DENR and PCSDS from 2000-2006 that were compiled by Katala Foundation (KFI, 2007) show that 25 wildlife species or species groups were illegally traded in Southern Palawan Busuanga • • Coron (Table 1). Of these, 22 species are specifically recorded as traded wildlife, two are bush meat, and one is for the hobby or traditional medicine industry. Of all traded wildlife species, 19 are listed as “globally threatened” or “near-threatened” by IUCN (2007). Thirteen El Nido • (52%) of the confiscated species are endemic to the Palawan faunal Sandoval • Taytay Cuyo • region. San Vicente • Beetle trade • Roxas Beetles are the most traded wildlife in terms of number of individuals. The major source areas are Narra, Aborlan, Brooke’s • Puerto Princesa Point, Rizal, Quezon and Bataraza based on the interviews conducted with traders. Unlike other species, beetles are small, easy to collect, Cagayancillo • Aborlan Quezon • • Narra and transport, and one of the most expensive and demanded wildlife. RIZAL • The demand for beetles, particularly of the genera Dorcus and Odontolabis is documented through recent confiscations in Palawan. • Brooke’s Point Bataraza • The beetles are offered over the internet and sold in vending machines in Japan. Most beetles are collected and traded for their supposedly aphrodisiac qualities. Female beetles for instance, are soaked in wine • Balabac beverages and other liquors in some bars and restaurants in Metro Manila. A serving of beetle in a glass of tequila would cost as much
Figure 1. Map of Palawan, Philippines where the Municipality of Rizal is as a few thousand pesos. The taxa Odontolabis and Dorcus titanus highlighted palawanicus are sold in pairs to insect collectors in the Philippines
14 15 Cruz et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):12-26. Cruz et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):12-26.
Table 1. Traded wildlife from Southern Palawan confiscated between 2000-2006 (Source: KFI, 2007) 100 90 Scientific Name Species No. IUCN Endemic in of status Palawan 80 individuals (2007) (√ = yes) 70 (PhP) Dorcus spp., Beetles 3,926 √ 3 60 Odontolabis spp. 50 Gracula religiosa Hill myna 1,522 LR/LC subspecies palawanensis 40 Tanygnathus lucionensis Blue-naped parrot 652 LR/NT
Amount x 1 0 30 Freshwater turtles 233 depending on species 20 Anthracoceros marchei Palawan hornbill 38 VU √ 10 Gallus gallus Red jungle-fowl 35 Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed macaque 27 LR/NT 0 Haliaetus leucogaster White-bellied sea-eagle 23 0.9 0.8 0.5 0 9.5 9 8 7 Polyplectron emphanum Palawan peacock-pheasant 22 VU √ Size (cm) (napoleonis) Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard cat 21 LR/ LC Manis culionensis Palawan pangolin 18 LR/NT √ Figure 2. Beetles price per individual (Source: Palawan beetle traders) Aonyx (Amblonyx) cinerea Small-clawed otter 15 NT Tragulus nigricans Balabac mouse deer 15 √ Arctictis binturong whitei Palawan bearcat 14 LR/NT √ carrying the insect-filled baggage is the primary reason. Beetles are Python reticulatus Reticulated python 14 restrained using thick plastic and tied with a cotton string. They Cacatua haematuropygia Philippine cockatoo 13 CR Sundasciurus steerii Southern Palawan 13 LR/NT √ are packed in bags that could accommodate as many as 100-300 tree squirrel individuals. Feeding is stopped once the animals are packed, hence Spizaetus cirrhatus Changeable hawk-eagle 10 LR/NT Hylopetes nigpripes Palawan flying squirrel 10 LR/NT √ a delay in shipment would eventually kill the insects. Beetles are Hystrix pumila Palawan porcupine 8 LR/ LC √ hand carried and delivered to restaurants and to insect collectors in Spilornis cheela Crested serpent-eagle 5 LR/ LC Tupaia palawanensis Palawan tree-shrew 5 VU √ Manila. According to World Bank (2005) some beetles are available Chalcophaps indica Common emerald dove LC through international dealers on the internet at USD200.00 or more Accipiter trivirgatus Crested goshawk 2 LC Sus barbatus Palawan bearded pig 1 VU √ per pair, presenting a considerable profit to urban traders. The ahoenobarbus trade of beetles in Palawan had been ongoing for almost a decade until it was discovered recently in Palawan. The high demand for Legend: LR: low risk, LC: least concern, NT: near threatened, VU: vulnerable, CR: critically endangered. beetles was noted in the large volumes confiscated in seaport and airport terminals in Puerto Princesa City in 2006 (KFI, 2007). In these confiscations it was known that Europeans were involved in the for breeding purposes. The prices of beetles vary depending on the trade. size; the larger the beetle, the higher the price. The price of beetles in source areas showed a big difference from the market price in Manila Bird trade (Figure 2). Among birds, the Hill Myna is most sought after for the pet trade. The insect trade in East and Southeast Asia began in the mid-1990s It is bought from collectors at Php400.00-900.00/individual depending when economic returns from other wildlife were declining, and it on the age (Table 2). This species is mainly found in Rizal where peaked in the late 1990s (World Bank, 2005). In Palawan, beetles are nesting trees (Manggis; Koompassia excelsa) are abundant. The high usually transported weekly via commercial shipping lines, or daily demand is due to its unique characteristic, particularly its ability to through passenger planes. The risk of detection is high but very few mimic human voices and sounds (van den Beukel et al., 2006). Hill confiscations are made. According to informants, connivance of port myna and other bird species are mostly poached by members of the officials, x-ray machine operators, and ship crew and even porters Palaw’an and Tagbanua ethnic groups.
16 17 Cruz et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):12-26. Cruz et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):12-26.
Due to high market value of the Philippine cockatoo, poachers have Table 2. Prices of some wildlife species in source areas in 2006 developed territoriality over nesting trees. Every poacher respects the
Species Local price (PhP)/individual “ownership” of nesting trees of other poachers. Robbing each others nesting trees is not traditionally practiced. A poacher will poach all Hill myna Gracula religiosa 400- 900 hatchlings of “his” trees every breeding season and will only leave the Blue-naped parrot Tanygnathus lucionensis 30-35 breeding pair to sustain his income for the next year. For rare species Philippine cockatoo Cacatua haematuropygia 1,000-3,000 like the Philippine cockatoo that have only a very limited number of Balabac mouse-deer Tragulus nigricans 600-1200 Palawan pangolin Manis culionensis 300 breeding pairs in the study area, this easily leads to local extinction Freshwater turtles 20-50 once the existing breeding pairs are no longer fertile.
Reptile trade Freshwater turtles are also commonly traded as indicated in the The blue-naped parrot ranks second among the commonly confiscation records of the DENR (KFI, 2007). Earlier studies on the traded bird species. This species is however sold at a very low price freshwater turtle trade in Southern Palawan had found three species (Php30.00-35.00/individual) due to its abundance in Palawan (Table (Cuora amboinensis, Dogania subplana and Cyclemys dentata) that are 2). Its attractive plumage and ability to mimic sounds contributes to traded (Gavino and Schoppe, 2004; Regodos and Schoppe, 2005). its high demand as a pet. These studies confirm the report of Widmann (1998) who wrote that The Palawan hornbill is poached for the pet trade or as food. populations of C. amboinensis were decreasing in densely settled areas because of local consumption. Cuora amboinensis and C. dentata Interviews with poachers revealed that every breeding season are sold within Bataraza for local consumption for Php50.00-60.00/ (January-June), a minimum of two hornbills – hatchlings and rearing individual and D. subplana for Php20.00-50.00/individual (Gavino and parent bird - are poached per nest. Evidence was found in 2005 when Schoppe, 2004). Prices are similar to those reported by informants of KFI led an apprehension in Sitio Pinatitig in Barangay Culasian and this study (Table 2). three hornbills – two hatchlings and one parent – were confiscated and turned over to PWRCC. Tracking the wildlife trade The red jungle fowl is usually caught in snares and is one of the Information obtained through interviews in Rizal indicate that most important sources of bush meat for ethnic groups in Palawan. wildlife trade in Southern Palawan extends to localities in the However, it is also sold alive for interbreeding with fighting cocks municipalities of Rizal, Quezon, Brooke’s Point, Bataraza, and (Lacerna and Widmann, 1999). Balabac. Poachers are usually members of Palaw’an and Tagbanua Among all recorded traded wildlife in this study, the Philippine ethnic groups who depend mainly on hunting and poaching as cockatoo is the only “critically endangered” species (IUCN, 2007). It source of income. Middlemen buy and deliver the stocks directly to was not among the top ten traded wildlife in Southern Palawan from wildlife traders who transport these to Manila or other parts of the 2000 – 2006 (KFI, 2007), however, the total number of 13 confiscated Philippines. A former practice was to peddle wildlife along the roads individuals from 2000 to 2006 is high in relation to its remaining wild of major cities, or to sell to pet shop or restaurant owners who serve world population estimated at 1000 individuals (Widmann, 2002). The “exotic” food. Nowadays, wildlife goes directly to collectors and pet drastic decline of the cockatoo population in the 1990’s was due to shop owners, on a cash-on-delivery basis. The income generated from hunting, poaching and habitat destruction (Widmann et al., 2005). The wildlife trade is high and therefore attracts many people in Palawan poached cockatoos originated mainly from the far south of Palawan to participate in the trade. particularly from the Balabac Group of Islands and Bataraza where Wildlife is obtained from barangays in the west coast of Palawan small remnant populations still occur. The hunting is triggered by like Sowangan, Tagusao, Quinlogan and Sawmill of the Municipality high market prices starting in Palawan at Php1,000.00-3,000.00 per of Quezon and Iraan, Punta Baja, Campong-ulay, Ransang, individual, in Manila it is sold at PhP2,500.00-8,500.00 per individual Upper Culasian, Panalingaan, Taburi, Latud and Canipaan of the (van den Beukel et al., 2006) (Table 2). Municipality of Rizal (Figure 3).
18 19 Cruz et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):12-26. Cruz et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):12-26.
Figure 3. Wildlife source areas in Palawan Figure 4. Location of wildlife stock houses in Palawan
From the source areas, wildlife is collected and transported via are fully fed and dosed with intoxicants in order to prevent them motorcycles, boat and or jeepneys to stock houses where other wildlife from creating noise. They are restrained by wrapping a damp cloth is accumulated until the required volume is reached. A total of 18 stock around their bodies and by putting them inside a bag with cell-like houses were identified with the help of the informants, nine in Rizal, compartments. In an earlier study, de Leon (2005) described that four in Quezon, two in Brooke’s Point, two in Puerto Princesa City wildlife is transported via motorcycles or shuttle vans to loading and one in Bataraza (Figure 4). The stock houses are not permanent, areas where hired fishing boats are waiting to transport the cargo to and from time to time, wildlife stocks are transferred to other houses Manila via Batangas or Bulacan. The rent for these boats can be as within the same areas to prevent detection. A similar pattern was also high as PhP60,000 in addition to the docking fee required by certain observed in a World Bank (2005) financed study on illegal wildlife resorts. Some years ago birds were still frequently transported trade in East and Southeast Asia. The present study revealed that onboard passenger boats to Manila or Cebu where the bird cage/boxes most traders operate in Rizal and Bataraza, some having more than were kept in the cabins (de Leon, 2005). Whether on private boats one stock house. A total of 17 wildlife traders were identified. A few or on passenger boats, loading time is preferably in the evening to reportedly have connections with the armed forces, which might minimize detection and stress. Similar observations were made by a explain why they remain relatively untouched by law enforcers. trade study of Haribon (2004). The present study showed that several Birds are fed with a diet of dog food, banana and papaya while surveillances are usually conducted by traders to ensure that there beetles are kept in tiny labeled, transparent plastic jars and fed is no apprehension and docking is usually done in the evening to with chopped sugarcane or old newspapers. Before transport, birds minimize detection risks. The identified loading areas include eight
20 21 Cruz et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):12-26. Cruz et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):12-26. in Southern Palawan (Balabac, Bataraza, Pulot Shore at the boundary Volume of trade of Brooke’s Point and Espanola, and Candawaga coast, Ransang Parrots are usually shipped 1-3 times a month during the breeding coast, Malakibay coast, Salungsong coast, Bansi coast and Bunog season (January-July) and once a month outside of the breeding Shore in Rizal), one in Puerto Princesa City (Sitio Tacduan) and four season. This results in an average of 19 shipments per year. A in Northern Palawan, particularly in El Nido, Taytay, Roxas and San minimum of 250-300 heads of birds and numerous other wildlife Vicente. Some wildlife traders join shipments of mangrove tanbark comprise one shipment, in order to make the trip economically from Rizal to Zamboanga City for pet shops or street peddling. feasible. Hence, a conservative estimate of 4,750 parrots are illegally Sometimes, these reach Sabah, Malaysia in connection with the traded every year. Based on the confiscation records, shipments are tanbark and timber trade. The final destinations in the Philippines usually composed of 70% mynas and 30% parrots. For this number include Manila, Cebu, Zamboanga City and General Santos City of birds, the collectors earn PhP1,705,250.00 (=USD28,420.00) (i.e., (Figure 5). Manila is the major destination of most birds from the 3,325 mynas at PhP500.00 each and 1,425 parrots at PhP30.00 each). provinces. In Manila, the cargo is picked up directly by pet shop The total number of poachers involved in the business is unknown, owners in locations preferred by the trader. No direct deliveries are but it is apparent that the wildlife trade is a lucrative business, done by traders except for beetles. especially at the higher levels of the trade hierarchy (middlemen and traders). Confiscation records from 2000-2006 showed a total of 2,174 confiscated mynas and parrots in seven years (KFI, 2007). This represents a mere 6.5% of the estimated traded number of 33,250 in seven years (4,750 individuals/year) as most shipments go undetected as law enforcement is weak. Moreover, most apprehended traders remain unpenalized. Only a few court cases against traders are pending at present. A World Bank (2005) study of illegal wildlife trade in East and Southeast Asia indicated that even when caught, fines and other penalties are generally much less than the gain from trade. De Leon (2005) stated that prosecution of cases involving wildlife law violation has been likewise difficult, as there is no special court in the Philippines specifically handling cases of environmental law violations. Enforcing laws protecting wildlife is often difficult because there are few and inadequately trained enforcement personnel, and enforcement policies and strategies are ineffective. A major problem is that wildlife smuggling is highly organized, with powerful and influential circles involved.
Conclusion
We conclude that the volume of illegally traded wildlife revealed by this study represents only a very small percentage of the actual volume traded. Understanding the dynamics and complexity of trade as well Figure 5. Wildlife source areas in Palawan as enhancing the expertise of grass-roots law enforcers is necessary to curb the illegal trade. In addition to lack of manpower, indifference and corruption, law enforcers have insufficient knowledge on species
22 23 Cruz et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):12-26. Cruz et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):12-26. and legal status identification. Therefore, there is a need for training and to the Centre for Environmental Awareness and Education, on species and legal status identification for law enforcers. To ensure Philippine Star and PCSDS, our thanks. Thanks to the people of Rizal a more efficient curb on wildlife trade, it is essential that laws are especially the Palaw’an tribe and Chieftain Adok Desig. strictly implemented and penalties imposed on violators. Patrols of smaller sea ports and offshore areas need to be increased to detect References illegal shipments. Personnel of Anti-Wildlife Poaching Units need to monitor checkpoints, especially during the breeding season. Anda, R.D. and J. G Tabangay-Baldera. 2004. Surublien: Strategies to To determine the impact of trade on wild populations, studies on conserve Palawan’s biodiversity. Provincial Government of Palawan, the population/abundance of the main species involved in illegal Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff, Department trade should be conducted. of Environment and Natural Resources-MIMAROPA Region IV, Beissinger and Bucher (1992) recognized the need for novel Palawan NGO Network, Inc. and Conservation International concepts for co-management of species and ecosystems to achieve Philippines, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines. 124 p. sustained natural resource utilization in the face of population growth Beissinger, S.R. and E.H. Bucher. 1992. Sustainable harvesting of and poverty. These may include the application of managed resource parrots for conservation. In: Beissinger S.R. & N.F.R. Snyder (eds.). protected areas in the most vulnerable lowland ecosystems, as well New World parrots in crisis – solutions from conservation biology. as the application of sustainable use concepts for parrots and mynas Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, USA and London, UK. in the future, as has been proposed for neotropical parrots for quite pp.73-115. some time. This could provide a small, but sustainable and legal flow De Leon, J. 2005. Development of collaborate mechanism among of live birds for the pet market. the various stakeholders to abate illegal wildlife trade in Manila. In the study area, the establishment of the Culasian Managed Unpublished thesis, Master in Public Management, The Faculty Resource Protected Area in Rizal under the SPAPI resulted in a decline of the Master in Public Management Program, Institute of Public in poaching activity inside the 1,954 ha of forests in the past two years. Management, Graduate School of Public and Development The value of an alternative livelihood program for poachers was Management, Development Academy of the Philippines. 151 p. recognized. Conservation education has also proved to be a powerful Diesmos A.C. and N.A. Palomar. 2004. The status of biological tool for changing the perception of poachers towards conservation. diversity in the Palawan corridor. pp 1-7. In: Anda, R.D. and J. G Advocacy is also needed to change the attitude of pet lovers and Tabangay-Baldera (eds.). Surublien: Strategies to conserve Palawan’s collectors towards wildlife, its products and derivatives. Biodiversity. Provincial Government of Palawan, Palawan Council The improvements achieved by the implementation of SPAPI for Sustainable Development Staff, Department of Environment in Culasian should inspire efforts to extend this strategy to other and Natural Resources-MIMAROPA Region IV, Palawan NGO barangays and municipalities in Southern Palawan. Sustainable use Network, Inc. and Conservation International Philippines, Puerto schemes for wildlife in the Philippines require an effective control Princesa City, Philippines. 124 p. of the illegal and unsustainable trade in wildlife. Gavino, C.M. and S. Schoppe. 2004. First information on the trade of freshwater turtles in Palawan. Agham Mindanaw 2:55-62. Acknowledgment Haribon, 2004. The Haribon campaign on illegal wildlife trade. 10 January 2007.
24 25 Cruz et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):12-26. Banwa. 2007. 4(1):27-40.
Lacerna I.D. and P. Widmann. 1999. Biodiversity utilization in The Herpetological Importance of Mt. a Tagbanua community in southern Palawan, Philippines. In: Goeltenboth, F., P.P. Milan and V. Asio (eds.). Aspects of ecosystems Hamiguitan Range, Mindanao Island, management in tropical Asia. International Conference on Applied Philippines Tropical Ecology, ViSCA, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines. Pp. 52-64. Lasmarias, N. 2004. Profile of threats to biodiversity. In: Anda, R.D. Elsa May M. Delima1, Arvin C. Diesmos2,3 and J.G. Tabangay-Baldera (eds.) Surublien: Strategies to conserve and Jayson C. Ibañez4 Palawan’s Biodiversity. Provincial Government of Palawan, 1 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff, Department Corresponding author. Philippine Eagle Foundation, VAL Learning Village, Ruby Street Marfori Heights, Davao City, Philippines. [email protected]. of Environment and Natural Resources-MIMAROPA Region IV, 2 Herpetology Section, Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines,Padre Palawan NGO Network, Inc. and Conservation International Burgos Avenue, Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines. [email protected]. 3 Philippines, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines. 124 p. Conservation Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Block S3 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543. arvin. van den Beukel, D.V., R. Cruz and P. Widmann. 2006. Trapping and [email protected]. hunting of wildlife in Rizal, Palawan, Philippines. Paper presented 4 Philippine Eagle Foundation, VAL Learning Village, Ruby Street Marfori Heights, during the 5th WCSP Annual Philippine Biodiversity Symposium, Davao City, Philippines. [email protected].
Legend Hotel Palawan, Puerto Princesa City, April 4-8, 2006. The Study is part of the “Eastern Mindanao Corridor Biodiversity Archiving and Assessment Widmann, P. 2006. Initial Protected Areas Plan for Culasian Managed Project” of the Philippine Eagle Foundation funded by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. Resources Protected Area (CMRPA) and Candawaga Wetland Reserve (CWR). Unpubl. working paper submitted to SPAPI project partners. Puerto Princesa City, Philippines. Widmann P. and S. Diaz. 2004. Rapid bird survey in mangroves of Northern Bataraza, Palawan, Philippines. A Final Report. Assessment of mangroves and associated fauna in Bataraza Abstract and Balabac, Palawan. Proponent: Conservation International We provide the first accounts of the amphibians and reptiles of Philippines. Pp. 35-50. Mt. Hamiguitan Range in south eastern Mindanao. Three sites were World Bank. 2005. Going, going, gone: The illegal trade in wildlife visited: dipterocarp, transitional dipterocarp-montane and mossy- in East and Southeast Asia. World Bank, Environmental and pygmy forests. The combination of transect sampling, pitfall trapping Social Development Department, East Asia and Pacific Region. and microhabitat searches produced records of 34 species (15 frogs, 14 Pp. 1-10. lizards and five snakes). We provide information on the herpetofaunal assemblage of Mt. Hamiguitan including data on species richness, elevational distribution and microhabitat preferences. High levels of species richness and endemism were observed especially in the dipterocarp forest site located outside the boundaries of the protected area. Our data suggest that Mt. Hamiguitan range should be considered an important subcenter of herpetological diversity. Future conservation efforts should focus particularly on lowland forests.
Keywords: amphibians, conservation, Mindanao Island, reptiles, species richness
26 27 Delima, Diesmos, and Ibañez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):27-40. Delima, Diesmos, and Ibañez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):27-40.
Introduction Materials and Methods
The herpetology of Mindanao Island in southern Philippines Study area is moderately understood. Herpetological studies on the island Mt. Hamiguitan is located in southeastern Mindanao. This range have been few and far in between. Among these are the studies is a combination of rugged mountains and plains including Agustin conducted by Taylor (1922), the Philippine Zoological Expedition Peninsula with a peak of about 1650 m.a.s.l. (Mallari et al., 2001). of the Chicago Natural History Museum of 1946–1947 (Inger, 1954), Aside from having lowland, montane and mossy habitat types, Brown and Alcala (1986), National Museum of the Philippines- this range also includes an extensive “bonsai forest,” a product of Cincinnati Museum of Natural History “Philippine Biodiversity ultramafic soils. The range receives adequate rain throughout the Inventory” (Brown et al., 2000; Kennedy et al., 1997) and lizard year with the highest rainfall between November and January. and snake accounts in select areas of eastern Mindanao (Smith, Average annual rainfall is between 1500 to 2500 mm. By virtue of 1993a and 1993b). There are subsequent studies done in the area Republic Act 9303 of 2004, a total of 6954 ha of Mt. Hamiguitan but these remain unpublished. Therefore, there exists a large gap of had been declared as a Protected Area under the category Wildlife knowledge of the Mindanao herpetofauna. Sanctuary (Supreme Court E-Library, 2004). Mindanao island forms the majority of the Mindanao Pleistocene Our surveys were conducted in the municipalities of San Isidro and Aggregate Island Complex (PAIC) and is considered as one of the Mati, Davao Oriental Province (Figure 1). Surveys were conducted country’s major centers for species endemism (Diesmos et al., 2000). in the same areas where faunal (birds and mammals) and floral Its eastern side is reported to harbor one of the largest remaining surveys were conducted. Descriptions of each site are given below. forest blocks in the country today. Recent biodiversity conservation Site 1 priority-setting efforts have identified 34 priority conservation sites The site (N 06° 44’3.4”, E 126° 09’3.4”) is a secondary growth within this region (Ong et al., 2002). Because of the presence of these dipterocarp forest with an elevation of 545–785 m a.s.l. located at important biodiversity sites and the continuous threat of habitat Purok Palo X, Sitio Tumalite, Barangay La Union, Municipality of San destruction, Eastern Mindanao is considered an area noteworthy of Isidro, Davao Oriental. The site is dominated by “malabayabas,” immediate conservation action. The site was declared an important trees of the family Myrtaceae which have a diameter at breast biological corridor, here referred to as Eastern Mindanao Corridor, height (DBH) range of 6 to 86 cm. The forest floor had a thick bounded by Siargao and Dinagat Island in the north while the layer of dry leaf litter with tree stumps and abundant rotting logs; western portion encompasses Agusan Marsh and the southern- streams and creeks were also present (both dried-up and active). most portion includes Mount Hamiguitan (Critical Ecosystem Habitat disturbance includes selective logging in the past and more Partnership Fund, 2001). recently slash and burn agriculture. Our sampling plot was outside We undertook this project to provide scientific baseline information the wildlife sanctuary and is part of a Community Based Forest on biological diversity of two proposed protected areas within Management site (CBFM), accessible by a 3 to 4 h hike through a Eastern Mindanao (Mt. Hilong-Hilong, and Mt. Tagub-Kampalili), forest trail. Sampling for this site was conducted from 17 to 24 May and the existing protected area Mt. Hamiguitan. 2005. This study provides baseline information on species richness and Site 2 composition of the herpetofauna of Mt. Hamiguitan. Additionally, The site (N 6° 43’56”, E 126° 10’41”) is a transitional dipterocarp- we include new information on natural history and microhabitat montane forest near Tinagong Dagat (a wide area covered by preference for several species. cogonales that accumulates rain and ground water) with an elevation of 950 to 1200 m.a.s.l. and straddles right at the political boundaries of Barangay La Union of San Isidro and Barangay Macambol of Mati, Davao Oriental. Vegetation was dominated by species belonging to the Families Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium elatum), Sapotaceae (Palaquium sp.), Araucareaceae (Agathis philippinensis or Almaciga) and Myrtaceae
28 29 Delima, Diesmos, and Ibañez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):27-40. Delima, Diesmos, and Ibañez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):27-40.
(Syzigium sp.). Climbing vines such as Freycinetia sp., tree ferns and Sampling techniques pitcher plants were abundant and fruiting Medinilla sp. was observed. We employed belt transect sampling, pitfall trapping and The forest floor had a thick leaf litter with a substrate consisting of a microhabitat searches (Heyer et al., 1994). A total of 50 transect lines layer of humus. The area is accessible by a ca. 6 hour hike through a and 50 pitfalls were established in all sites. With the exception of forest trail that passes the Alog river from Sitio Magum. The site was Site 1, 20 transect lines and 20 pitfalls were stationed per site. Each visited from 18 to 31 July 2005. transect was 100 m long and 10 m wide and each 10 m interval Site 3 was marked with ribbons and was walked twice: morning (0900 to The site (N 6° 43’3”, E 126° 11’1.9”) is a mossy-bonsai forest on 1200 hours) and evening (1800 to 2100 hours). In order to minimize the eastern slope of Tumadgo peak with an elevation of 1128 to 1435 observer disturbance, a one-day interval allowed to elapse between m a.s.l., locally referred to as Camp 3 in Sitio Tumalite, Barangay La transect walking (transects that were traversed in the morning were Union, Municipality of San Isidro, Davao Oriental. Vegetation was not walked in the evening for the same sampling day). Searchers dominated by Agathis stands, with moss covering tree branches and relied on sight and calls to locate species. Samples were then hand- trunks extending even down to the ground. Forest floor was covered captured whenever possible. An average of 0.57 km per sampling by a thin layer of leaf litter; substrate was clay with a reddish color day (10.5 person-h/day) was sampled. For pitfall trapping, dry- possibly due to the high mineral content. Flowering and fruiting type pitfall traps with drift fences utilizing both straight and array trees were observed. Sampling for this area was from 4 to 14 May designs (Heyer et al., 1994) were used; these were checked thrice 2006. daily. Transects and pitfalls were randomly stationed in each of the sites in an effort to cover all possible areas where amphibians and reptiles reside. To evaluate adequacy of sampling effort employed, species effort curve plots were made (Brower et al., 1990). Seven sampling days were allotted for each of the sites. Five samples per species per transect were collected as vouchers for identification purposes. Amphibian and reptile species were keyed out using Alcala and Brown (1998), Brown and Alcala (1978), Brown and Alcala (1980) and Inger (1954). Liver samples of preserved specimens were also taken. Tissue samples (liver) are currently deposited at the Molecular Biology Laboratory of the University of the Philippines in Mindanao, Davao City and voucher specimens were deposited at the National Museum of the Philippines and Central Mindanao University Museum of Natural History.
Ecology and life history Information on altitudinal distribution, relative abundance and microhabitat preferences of species was recorded. Activity of individual species was also noted. For relative abundance, encounter rates were calculated by dividing the total number of captures of all the searchers by the total number of hours spent for sampling. Encounter rates were then evaluated using an ordinal scale formulated by Lowen et al. (1996 as cited in Bibby et al., 1998). Microhabitats where specimens were captured/observed were Figure 1. Map of Mt. Hamiguitan showing sampling sites also classified into three broad categories: aquatic, arboreal and terrestrial. The microhabitats were differentiated based on vertical
30 31 Delima, Diesmos, and Ibañez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):27-40. Delima, Diesmos, and Ibañez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):27-40. distance from the ground and proximity to water bodies. Aquatic Table 1. The amphibians and reptile species documented on three sampling sites within Mt. microhabitats referred to those areas in or near banks of water Hamiguitan Range from May 2005 to May 2006 bodies and pools. Terrestrial microhabitats included locations 0 Species Endemisma Siteb Dietc Relatived Microhabitat/se Status/Remarkf to 5 m above ground and below the ground (burrowing species). activity abundance Anurans (Bufonidae) Areas of more than 5 m above ground were treated as arboreal Ansonia muelleri microhabitats. (Mueller’s toad) ** N, D Rare Rocks of clear (Aq) Vulnerable mountain streams Megophryidae Leptobrachium 1, 3 N, D Rare Atop leaf litter (G); Least Concern Results and Discussion cf hasselti creek bank (Aq) Megophrys stejnegeri ** 1, 2 D, N Rare Atop leaf litter (G) Vulnerable (Mindanao horned Species richness, composition and relative abundance frog) Ranidae Thirty four species of amphibians and reptiles were recorded for Limnonectes cf ) ** N Rare Swimming on Vulnerable diuatus (Tagibo river (Aq) Identification needs the first time on Mt. Hamiguitan, including 15 frogs, 14 lizards and warty frog further verification Limnonectes magnus ** , 3 N, D Rare Creek bank (Aq); Near Threatened five snakes (Table 1). Endemism appears high with 25 species (74%) (Mindanao fanged Consumed as food classified as Philippine endemics, and 38% (13 species) are confined frog) Platymantis corrugatus * N, D Rare On heap of forest Least Concern to Mindanao PAIC. The data also account for the presence of poorly- (Rough-backed leaf litter (G) forest frog) known and site-specific endemic species previously reported from Platymantis guentheri ** 2 N Rare Interior of branches Vulnerable (Guenther’s forest that crossed (A) parts of Davao (Tropidophorus davaoensis); and Mt. Hilong-Hilong frog) (Philautus poecilius [Alcala and Brown, 1998; Brown and Alcala, Rana everetti * 2 N Rare Pool of water (Aq) Data Deficient (Everett’sfrog ) 1994], and Brachymeles gracilis hilong [Brown and Alcala, 1980]). Rana grandocula * , 2 N Rare Pool of water and Least Concern Samples were collected appearing to be representative of two species (Big eyed frog) river (Aq) known to occur in Mt. Hilong-hilong: Limonectes cf diautus (Brown Starois natator 1 D, N Rare Rocks on stream Identification needs (Rock frog) (Aq) verification as 20 of and Alcala, 1977) and Sphenomorpus cf diwata (Brown and Alcala, the samples appear to be representative 1980). Six of the anuran species are classified asVulnerable and one is of the genus Meristogenys, which considered Near Threatened (Global Amphibian Assessment, 2004). is not from the Two of the species sampled will require further taxonomic study; Philippines Rhacophoridae they may either represent new species or new country records. One Philautus acutirostris ** 2, 3 N Rare One sample on Vulnerable (Pointed-snouted forest floor (G); is a lizard that has close resemblance to Sphenomorphus diwata, a tree frog) atop fern fronds (G) Philautus surdus * 2, 3 N Rare Axils of tree leaves Least Concern scincid recorded from Mt. Hilong-hilong. Our samples are distinct (Common forest (A) from published data for S. diwata by having smaller snout-vent- tree frog) Philautus poecilius ** 2 N Rare Axils of tree leaves VulnerablePotentially length (SVL) measurements and our samples were caught at lower (Mottledtree frog) (A) new distribution record elevations, contrasting with published data (Brown and Alcala, Philautus sp. 2, 3 N Rare Axils of tree leaves Identification needs (A) further verification 1980). Future study will be required to determine if our specimens Polypedates leucomystax , 2 N, D Rare Axils of leaves (A) Least Concern are new species or simply an extension of the normal range of (Common tree frog) Lizards (Agamidae) * D Rare Basking on tree variation in S. diwata. Interestingly, about 20 specimens of ranid Draco bimaculatus branches (A) (Two-spotted flying frogs initially identified asStarois natator appear to be representative lizard) Gekkonidae of Meristogenys, a genus not currently recognized in the country Cyrtodactylus * D Rare Bark of a dead tree (Alcala and Brown, 1998; Inger, 1954). Our tentative claim on the annulatus (Small (<5 m from the bent-toed gecko) ground) (G) samples as potential Meristogenys representatives rely on the habitat Cyrtodactylus * 1 D Rare Bark of rotting tree philippinicus (G); forest duff near as well as morphological similarities of established species. The clear (Philippine bent- river (G) rocky stream with swift flowing water where we took our samples toed gecko) is similar to the habitat of most Amolops (=Meristogenys) species (Inger and Kotellat, 1998). The slender body, long head as well as
32 33 Delima, Diesmos, and Ibañez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):27-40. Delima, Diesmos, and Ibañez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):27-40.
Table 1. con’t presence of structures inside the mouth appearing as vomerine teeth, Species Endemisma Siteb Dietc Relatived Microhabitat/se Status/Remarkf which are typical of Meristogenys species from Borneo (Malkmus activity abundance et al., 2002), were also found in our samples. If future comparison Scincidae with specimens from Borneo validates this tentative finding, the Brachymeles gracilis ** D Rare Caught in pitfall in Potentially new hilong(Common �������������������������������������� an area with thick distribution�������������������� record samples from our study may represent a new country record of burrowing skink) leaf litter and loose soil (G) Meristogenys. Brachymeles ** D Rare Caught in pitfall in A distinct plateau in the species accumulation curve was not schadenbergi areas with logs and orientalis (Southern thick leaf litter (G) reached for all sites (Figure 2) and encounter rates for the species burrowing skink) Lamprolepis smaragdina D Rare Thicket of vegetation appear too low so they were graded as either uncommon or rare. (Green tree skink) (G) This is probably a product of the non-asymptotic effort curve. Future Lipinia pulchella * 1 D Rare Leaf litter on forest (Yellow-striped floor (G) studies should extend the days of sampling in an effort to increase slender tree skink) Lipinia quadrivitatum D Rare Grounds near the the number of species and individuals for each species. With the (Black-striped slender camp (G) observed pattern for species effort curve and low encounter rate, it tree skink) Sphenomorphus coxi * 1, 2, 3 D, N Rare Duff on forest floor is highly possible that the species list presented here is incomplete. (Cox’s sphenomorphus) (G) Thus, all three study sites certainly warrant additional survey works Sphenomorphus * 1 D Rare Duff on forest floor decipiens (Black- (G) before one can say that all resident species have been identified. sided sphenomorphus) Sphenomorphus cf ** 1, 3 D Rare Duff on forest floor Identification needs diwata (Diwata further verification sphenomorphus) Potentially new 30 distribution record Lowland Sphenomorphus * 2 D Rare Rotting logs near 25 fasciatus (Banded camp (G) (545 - 785 m.a.s.l.) sphenomorphus) Sphenomorphus ** D Rare On tree branches (A); 20 Montane variegatus (Black forest litter on floor (950 - 1200 m.a.s.l.) spotted (G) 15 sphenomorphus) Mossy Tropidophorus ** 2 D Rare Caught in snap traps Potentially new davaoensis located on dead distribution record 10 (1128 - 1435 m.a.s.l.) (Waterside skink) creek with boulders of Species No. (G) 5 Snakes Colubridae Psammodynastes , 2, 3 D, N Rare Coiled in a shrub or 0 pulverulentus (Dark- near the ground on 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 spotted mock viper) low vegetation (G) Rhabdophis ** , 2, 3 D Rare On low lying Sampling Days auriculata (White- vegetation (G); creek lined watersnake) (Aq) Rhabdophis lineata D Rare Crawling atop leaf (Zigzag-lined water litter on floor (G) Figure 2. Relationship of sampling effort (days) and the number of species snake) encountered at Mt. Hamiguitan Range. Elapidae Maticora intestinalis D Rare Crawling near low philippina (Striped lying vegetation (G) coral snake) ViperidaeTrimeresurus * , 3 D, N Rare Ground near creek (Aq) Species distribution flavomaculatus Inverse relationship between species richness and increasing (Philippine pit viper) elevation was observed as 25 species of the 34 encountered were observed in Site 1 (545 to 785 m a.s.l.). This was followed by 14 a Endemism: ** - Mindanao Faunal Region Endemic; * - Philippine Endemic b Site: 1 – Tumalite; 2 – Tinagong Dagat; 3 – Camp 3 species for Site 2 (950 to 1200 m a.s.l.) and lastly, 11 species recorded c Diel Activity: D – diurnal; N – Nocturnal d Relative Abundance is based on the calculated encounter rate in Site 3 (1128 to 1435 m a.s.l.). Only three species (Sphenomorphus e Microhabitats: A – arboreal; G – terrestrial, Aq – Aquatic coxi, Rhabdophis auriculata and Psammodynastes pulverulentus) were f Status conforms with CITES 2006, IUCN 2006 and Global Amphibian Assessment (globalamphibiansassessment.org) encountered in all of the sites and only P. pulverulentus is non-
34 35 Delima, Diesmos, and Ibañez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):27-40. Delima, Diesmos, and Ibañez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):27-40. endemic. Results present no distinct pattern for endemism as more rivers and creeks or isolated water pools). Because of their constant than 50% of the species recorded for each site are endemics. Non- need for water, species recorded in Site 1 were found in or close to direct developing frogs were abundant in Site 1 whereas most direct water. In contrast, most species recorded for Sites 2 and 3 exhibits developing frogs where recorded in higher elevations sites (Sites direct development of their young (Alcala and Brown, 1998; Inger 2 and 3). Reptiles (mostly lizards) also appear abundant in Site 1. 1954). This developmental mode eliminates the reliance for constant Parallel results were observed in Luzon (Brown and Alcala, 1961; water source and thus most of the species accounted were found in Brown et al., 2000; Diesmos et al., 2003). A congregation of factors arboreal microhabitats such as leaf axils and branches, which are best explains these although effects of temperature and humidity quite far from water bodies. Direct developing species in these sites affecting egg development and thermal physiology may also be were recorded in small, isolated water pools and narrow creeks, important, especially for reptiles (Navas, 2002). which were filled with water only during rainy days. The current effort in archiving the herpetofaunal assemblage Ecology and life history of Mt. Hamiguitan highlights formerly unknown species of Eighty-six percent of the species recorded are forest dwellers. amphibians and reptiles that inhabit its forest. Interestingly, the study Many are endemics and were encountered in the lowest elevation revealed the presence of species known only from the highlands site (Site 1). Species were found to occupy various types of of Northeastern Mindanao and portions of Southern Mindanao. microhabitats (Table 1) though the majority was observed on the The majority of these species reside in dipterocarp forest at lower ground (leaf litter microhabitat was favored by most). For aquatic elevations. It is hoped that our data will contribute to ongoing efforts microhabitats, more species and individuals were found in rivers to formulate schemes for conservation efforts. The herpetofauna of and streams that have constant, free flowing and clean waters as Mt. Hamiguitan is far from completely known but our work will evidenced by our captures of A. muelleri, L. magnus, and L. cf diautus. contribute to the slowly accumulating pool of available data for In contrast, few individuals of R. everetti and R. grandocula were conservation and management purposes. captured in small standing water pools near our camp. Arboreal frog species were found in leaf axils of trees in deep forest quite far Conclusion from disturbances. The observed abundance of species (mostly endemics) and The 34 species of frogs and reptiles accounted in this study corresponding low number of individuals in slightly disturbed or highlights the herpetological richness of Mt. Hamiguitan. Our non- undisturbed sites suggests that species abundance is influenced by asymptotic species accumulation curve implies that more species forest disturbance. Endemics are likely found in areas with minimal await discovery especially if other areas can be surveyed in the future disturbance (see also Diesmos et al., 2003; Brown et al., 2000). such as those located in the Municipality of Governor Generoso. The Microhabitat data reveal that most reptiles stay on the ground, presence of more than 50% endemism and numerous potentially associated with leaf litter. Presence of reptile species (especially threatened species further expressed the herpetological importance lizards) in leaf litter has been associated with thermoregulation of this mountain range. Moreover, because diversity is highest at (Alcala and Brown, 1966) and foraging (Inger, 1980). Thus, the lower elevations, we urge evaluation of new conservation strategies dominance of ground microhabitat preference in most reptiles is not aimed at conserving the unique forests of Mt. Hamiguitan. surprising. For anurans, microhabitat preferences varied among sites. In Acknowledgements Site 1, species accumulated either near a creek or a river, many of which were non-direct developers while arboreal (mostly direct The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Critical developers) species abound in high elevation forests of Site 2 and Ecosystem Partnership Fund for the financial support of the Eastern Site 3. Non-direct developers (Alcala and Brown, 1998; Inger, 1954) Mindanao Corridor Biodiversity Archiving and Assessment Project were found to congregate within close proximity to areas with (EMCBAAP) and also acknowledge the support given by the board constantly filled bodies of water (water either flowing suchas and managers of the Philippine Eagle Foundation. We also thank
36 37 Delima, Diesmos, and Ibañez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):27-40. Delima, Diesmos, and Ibañez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):27-40. the Department of Environment and Natural Resources XI and Brown, W. and A. Alcala. 1986. Comparison of the herpetofaunal Community, Environment and Natural Resource Office of Lupon species richness of Negros and Cebu Islands, Philippines. Silliman for granting the necessary permits. Our entry to the sites would not J. 33(1-4):74–86. have been possible without the partnership of the local government Brown, W. and A. Alcala. 1994. Philippine frogs of the family units of San Isidro, Mati and Governor Generoso. The invaluable Rhacophoridae. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 48(10):185-220. help of our parabiologists especially to Mr. Valentin Jimenez, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Alfredo Volante Sr., and Amay Jimenez who eagerly devoted their Fauna and Flora (CITES). 2006. Appendices I, II, and III. 13 June time searching for herps is also acknowledged. Permission to store 2006
38 39 Delima, Diesmos, and Ibañez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):27-40. Banwa. 2007. 4(1):41-68.
Navas, C.A. 2002. Herpetological diversity along Andean elevational Report on a Survey of Mammals of the Sierra gradient: Links with physiological, ecology and evolutionary physiology. Comparative Biochem. Physiol. Part A: Molecular Madre Range, Luzon Island, Philippines and Integrative Physiology 133(3):469–485. 1,3 2 Ong, P.S., L.E. Afuang, and R.G. Rosell-Amball (eds). 2002. Philippine Mariano Roy M. Duya Philip A. Alviola , biodiversity conservation priorities: A Second Iteration of the Melizar V. Duya3, Danilo S. Balete4, and National Biodiversity and Action Plan. DENR-Protected Areas Lawrence R. Heaney5 and Wildlife Bureau, Conservation International Philippines, 1 Corresponding author. [email protected] Biodiversity Conservation Program-UP CIDS, and the Foundation 2 UPLB Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Baños, for the Philippine Environment, Quezon City, Philippines. College, Los Baños, Laguna. [email protected]. Smith, B. 1993a. Notes on a collection of squamate reptiles from 3 Conservation International Philippines, 6 Maalalahanin St., Teachers Village, Eastern Mindanao, Philippine Islands Part 1: Lacertilia. Asiatic Diliman Quezon City, Philippines. [email protected]. 4 Laksambuhay Inc., College, Laguna. [email protected]. Herpetological Res. 5:85-95. 5 The Field Museum, 1400 S Lakeshore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605 USA. Smith, B. 1993b. Notes on a collection of squamate reptiles from [email protected]. Eastern Mindanao, Philippine Islands Parts: Serpentes. Asiatic
Herpetological Res. 5:95-102. This study was undertaken as part of the project entitled “Conservation of Key Biodiversity Supreme Court E-Library. 2004. Republic Act No. 9303 An act Areas within the Sierra Madre Mountain Range – Luzon Islands Philippines” funded by the declaring Mt. Hamiguitan range and its vicinities as Protected Area Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. under the category of Wildlife Sanctuary and its peripheral areas as buffer zone and appropriating funds therefore. 20 September 2007.
Keywords: Biodiversity, conservation, endemic, Luzon, mammals, Philippines, Sierra Madre
40 41 Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68. Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68.
Introduction Materials and Methods
Although the mammals of Luzon Island were among the first in the Mist-netting of bats Philippines to be surveyed, nearly all of the studies were conducted Mist-nets with an average mesh size of 36 mm and height and in the Southern Central Cordillera, on or near Mt. Data (Hoogstraal, length of 2.5 m and 12 m were used to catch bats. Mist-netting 1951; Mearns, 1905; Sanborn, 1952; Thomas, 1898). In the 1960s to stations consisted of a series of 5-10 mist nets (60-120 m long) that 1980s, some highly distinctive murid rodents were subsequently were left open for three to four consecutive nights, then transferred recorded in surveys of Mt. Isarog, on the Bicol Peninsula of Southern to another mist-netting location. Nets were set with the bottom Luzon (Balete and Heaney, 1997; Heaney et al., 1999; Musser, 1982; edges of the nets about 0.3 meters above the ground. Mist-nets Musser and Freeman, 1981; Rickart and Heaney, 1991; Rickart et al., were placed along ridges and streams, and in forest and clearings, 1991, 1998;). Extensive surveys were conducted in Kalinga Province especially in possible flyways of bats. Nets were checked in early in the northern Central Cordillera (Heaney et al., 2005), and on Mt. morning for netted bats and continuously in the evening for two Tapulao in Zambales Province (Balete et al., 2007). Several studies of hours (1800-2000 h), and at 30 min to 1 h intervals until 2200 h in the bats have been conducted on Mt. Makiling, Laguna Province (Ingle, evening. Specimens captured were identified to species level in the 1992; Sedlock, 2001); while other parts of Luzon Island remain field, and we recorded sex, age, individual reproductive condition, poorly documented (Heaney and Mallari, 2002). mammae size, tail length, forearm, hind foot, ear, total length, and The mammals of the Sierra Madre range of Eastern and noseleaf width (for relevant bats) as defined in Ingle and Heaney Northeastern Luzon were almost entirely unknown until the 1980s (1992). when surveys were initiated. These include a brief survey of bats In addition to the traditional mist-netting technique, we also along the coast of Isabela and Cagayan provinces (Mudar and Allen, employed a novel mist-netting technique designed solely for 1986), a brief survey of bats and rodents on Mt. Cetaceo (Danielsen insectivorous bats, which we called the “V-net”. We arranged et al., 1994), and a hunter-based survey of cloud rats (Oliver et al., two mist-nets in a V configuration wherein one end of each net is 1993), which provided a majority of the records (Heaney et al., 1998). attached to a common secured pole. One arm of the V-net is fixedly An assessment of the adequacy of mammalian diversity data in the positioned and serves as a wall whereas the other arm is mobile. Philippines showed that little information exists for any portion The V-net works along a principle similar to tunnel trap with both of the Sierra Madre, and no information at all on the mammals of arms of the V serving as the opening (Alviola, 2000; Sedlock, 2001). Quirino and Quezon provinces (Heaney et al., 2002). Given the size As the V-net is placed along a trail or stream, one person is assigned and the relatively intact forest of the Sierra Madre and the discovery at the mobile arm of the V and another person stands at its side of a new species of small mammal, Archboldomys musseri, that is along the wall. When a bat enters, the mobile arm is shut quickly, likely to be endemic to the Sierra Madre (Balete et al., 2006; Rickart causing the bat to be trapped and entangled along the interior of the et al., 1998), the need for additional information is evident. wall. Interest in the Sierra Madre as a globally important area for biodiversity conservation increased with its recognition as a Trapping of rodents conservation priority area during the Philippine Biodiversity A mixture of locally manufactured cage traps and Victor rat traps Conservation Priorities Program (Ong et al., 2002; see also Heaney was used at Sites 2, 3, 5, 7, and 8. Trapping of non-volant mammals and Mallari, 2002). The program focused on building consensus on was not done at Site 1, as no traps were available at the time, and the location of conservation priority areas in the country (Brooks we used only Victor rat traps at Sites 4, 6 and 9. A mixture of Victor et al., 2004). In this paper, we present the results of our surveys of rat traps and Museum Specials was used at Site 10 and 11. Traps mammals of the Sierra Madre in 2002 to 2005. were usually placed on the ground near fallen logs or holes, along suspected runways, and at openings among roots of trees and stumps. Some were placed on the branches of trees above the ground to capture arboreal murids. Traps were spaced at 5-10 m intervals;
42 43 Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68. Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68. each trap line was operated for four to five days. Traps were baited twice each day, during early morning and late afternoon, using thin slices of roasted coconut coated with peanut butter. Live earthworms were also used as bait on some traps at Sites 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 11. Animals caught in live traps were released at the site of capture unless voucher specimens were needed. For captured individuals, we recorded the: length of tail vertebrae, hind foot, head and body, total length, weight, mammae number, and reproductive condition. Nomenclature was based on Heaney et al. (1998) and Musser and Heaney (1992). Voucher specimens (listed below as “specimens examined”) of rodents and bats were prepared for study, cataloged, and identified at the Field Museum, with half to be returned to the National Museum of the Philippines.
Additional methods Direct observation of snares called silo in Tagalog set by local people, footprints, fecal droppings, nests, and animal remains were noted. Animals traded in nearby villages, especially if these animals were taken within the survey site, were also noted. Interviews with local inhabitants (e.g. local guides, hunters, and residents) were conducted using color photos of mammals; we noted local names for animals, perceived abundance and frequency, month and season observed, behavior, and economic importance. Extent of hunting, trapping, and other forms of gathering were noted as well. Distributions, habitat associations, and English common names are from Heaney et al., (1998) unless noted otherwise. Locations are given in order by elevation, from low to high (Figure 1). Longitude and latitude were determined with using a GPS Garmin eTrex Summit. Specimen examined per site were also indicated in the species accounts.
Results and Discussion
Study sites
Site 1. Blue Waters, Sitio Pallagao, Barangay Sta Margarita, Baggao Municipality, Cagayan Province (18° 01’ 13” N, 121° 59’ 26” E, 4-6 June 2003). Mist netting was done at the edge of a moderately disturbed Figure 1. Map showing the location of the different survey sites along the Sierra limestone forest at 300 m. Several shallow caves located within the Madre mountain range vicinity were checked for presence of bat colonies. Only the Blue Water Cave was inhabited by a colony of bats (Hipposideros diadema),
44 45 Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68. Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68. numbering about 150 individuals. Slash and burn farming was about 32-40 cm. Understory vegetation was minimal, mostly ferns, common in the area. Commercial logging was cancelled in the area rattans, ginger, and Begonia species. Vines were uncommon. The in 1989 but some timber poaching occurred subsequently. forest floor was rocky, with large rocks and boulders common, especially near the creek. The site is the hunting ground of the Site 2. Botanical Garden, Sitio Mansarong, Barangay Sta. Margarita, Bugkalot. Timber poaching, mainly for the premium species (such Baggao Municipality, Cagayan Province (17° 56’ 24.05” N, 122° 01’ as narra and kamagong) was common. Hunting and some previous 29.12” E, 1-3 June 2003). forest clearings were observed near our study area. Netting and trapping were done in moderately disturbed secondary lowland forest and along the forest edge at 300 m elevation. Forest Site 5. Mt. Binuang, Barangay Minahan, General Nakar Municipality, trees were predominantly Dipterocarpaceae. Shrubs and saplings Quezon Province (14° 45’ 52” N, 121° 35’ 03” E, 24 June – 1 July were mostly Euphorbiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Myrsinaceae, 2003). Sapindaceae and Rubiaceae. The area was logged 15 years ago and Mt. Binuang rises a little over 1000 m. Trapping and netting was is currently protected by the local community and a small band of done in a highly disturbed secondary lowland forest between Agta. The site is adjacent to a slash and burn farms maintained by 500 and 700 m. Emergent and canopy trees are predominantly the Agta and an old logging road used by the community. Dipterocarpaceae and Dilleniaceae. Emergent trees reached a maximum height of 25 m and canopy trees reached 20 to 25 m, Site 3. Mt. Twin Peaks, Sitio Matulang, Barangay Sta. Margarita, with DBH of about 30 to 40 cm. The herb layer consisted mainly of Baggao Municipality, Cagayan Province (17° 52’ 53.2” N, 122° 06’ pteridophytes. Epiphytes were mostly aroids and lianas, mainly 34.5” E, 2-11 May 2003; 18-22 September 2004). Freycinetia spp. and Ficus spp. Shrubs and saplings consisted mostly We surveyed 2 sub-sites along the Tabuan river. The first sub-site of Dipterocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Proteaceae, and Celastraceae. was in slightly disturbed secondary lowland forest at about 300 m Slash and burn farming was common below our study area. elevation. Forest trees were dominated by Dipterocarpaceae with Commercial logging was cancelled in the area in the early 1990s, emergents reaching maximum heights of 35 to 40 m, and the canopy but timber poaching was rampant with freshly cut trees observed was estimated at 15 to 20 m. Diameter breast height (DBH) ranged along the trail and along the slopes. from 35 to 50 cm diameter. Undergrowth consisted mainly of ferns and gingers. Epiphytes were chiefly Araceae and ferns. Lianas Site 6. Mt. Cagua, Barangay Magrafil, Gonzaga Municipality, Cagayan consisted mostly of Freycinetia spp. and Ichnocarpus spp. Shrubs Province (18° 13.12’ N, 122° 06.66’ E, 6-14 August 2004). and saplings included Sapotaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Gutifferae Netting and trapping was done in a slightly disturbed secondary and Euphorbiaceae. At the second sub-site, we conducted only lowland forest at 730 m. Emergent and canopy trees were mist-netting along the forest edge at about 300 m elevation. Timber predominantly Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae and Dipterocarpaceae poaching and patches of slash and burn farms were observed at reaching a maximum height of 18 m and canopy height of 14 both locations. Logging in the area was cancelled in 1991. meters with DBH ranging from 30 to 40 cm. Epiphytes were ferns and lianas, mostly Freycinetia spp. Understory plants were mostly Site 4. Mt. Mungiao, Sitio Mangitagud, Barangay Matmad, saplings, most belonging to Dipterocarpaceae, Sapindaceae and Nagtipunan Municipality, Quirino Province (16° 03’ 22.5” N, 121° 28’ Lauraceae. Terrain was moderately flat. Mt. Cagua is a dormant 39.7” E, 1-12 June 2004). volcano; its last eruption, in 1860, created a circular summit crater We surveyed 2 sites at 400 m and 700 m elevation. Netting was about 1.5 km in diameter, with steep, 60-m-high walls; the highest done at 400 m and trapping was done at 400 m and 700 m. The peak reaches 1133 m (http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano). area was a selectively logged primary lowland forest. Emergent Hunting was observed in the area and timber poaching was evident trees were predominantly dipterocarp species reaching maximum outside the crater at 800 m due to the presence of newly cut trees height of about 30 m with DBH reaching about 110 cm. Height of and tree stumps. Commercial logging in the area was cancelled in canopy tree species was estimated at about 20 to 25 m with DBH 1991.
46 47 Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68. Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68.
Site 7. Sitio Lowak, Barangay Minanga, Peñablanca, Cagayan Province approximately 10 to 12 m. Undergrowth plants included rattans, (17o 36’ 49.1” N, 121o 56’ 23.8” E, 11-19 November 2002). ferns, and Cyperaceae. Forest litter was about 3 to 5 cm deep. Mist netting and trapping were conducted between 960 and 1200 Exposed rocks were common measuring about half a meter to a m. The vegetation was transitional lowland to montane forest, with meter in diameter and were mostly covered with thick moss. typical lowland plant species (e.g. Dipterocarpaceae) uncommon relative to montane tree species. Most emergent trees were Shorea Site 10. Mt. Cetaceo, Sitio Baua, Barangay Lapi, Peñablanca polysperma. Canopy trees were predominantly Lithocarpus and Municipality, Cagayan Province (3.5 km SW of Mt. Cetaceo Peak, 17º Syzygium species. The subcanopy included laurels (Lauraceae), oil 41’ 52” N, 122º 01’ 08.9” E, 9-18 June 2005). fruits (Elaeocarpus spp.), and tea (Theaceae). Common understory We conducted netting and trapping in montane forest at 1400 plants included Discocalyx, Symplocos, Olea, Macaranga and Canthium m. Emergent trees were Agathis philippinensis approximately 17 m species. Trees were predominantly low-branching and multi- in height. Height of canopy species was approximately 12 to 15 m. stemmed. Emergent trees reached a maximum of 25 m. Prevailing Average height of dominant trees species was approximately 10 to canopy species reached heights of about 12 to 18 m. Terrain consisted 15 m dominated by Syzygium and Lithocarpus species. Ground cover of moderate to rather steeply ascending ridges. We observed about was mainly composed of ferns and mosses. 150 snares for wild pigs and deer in the area. Commercial logging was cancelled in late 1990s, but timber poaching was apparent as Site 11. Mt. Cetaceo, Sitio Baua, Barangay Lapi, Peñablanca we often encountered people with their carabao pulling freshly cut Municipality, Cagayan Province. (1.5 km SW of Mt Cetaceo peak, 17º 42’21.80” N, 122º 35.80’ E, 14-17 June 2005). timber near our study area. We conducted trapping at 1500 m in mossy forest dominated by Leptospermum species. Emergent trees were approximately 6 to 7 m Site 8. Mt. Lataan, Barangay Disimungal, Nagtipunan, Quirino and average height of canopy tree species was 5 m. DBH of canopy Province (16° 10’ 20.6” N, 121° 44’ 22.7” E, 5-14 March 2003). cover was 5 to 15 cm. Canopy epiphytes included orchids and vines. Mist netting and trapping was done from 900 to 1000 m in lower Pitcher plants were relatively common. Pandan and Ficus species montane forest. Emergent and canopy trees were predominantly were rare. Understory plants were dominated by Drymis viperata Fagaceae, Dilleniaceae, Myrtaceae and Sapotaceae. Canopy height and ground cover plants were dominated by ferns and mosses. was estimated at 8 m, and emergents reached a maximum of 15 m. Trees were predominantly low branching and multi-stemmed, Accounts of species 30 to 35 cm diameter. Shrubs and saplings consisted of Rubiaceae, Order Insectivora Cornaceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae species. The herb layer commonly 1. Family Soricidae – Shrews consisted mostly of ferns and gingers. Epiphytic plants were mostly a. Crocidura grayi (Dobson, 1890). The Luzon shrew is endemic seen on tree boles, dominated by orchids, ferns and bryophytes. to the Philippines and has been recorded in Catanduanes, Lianas were mostly Freycinetia spp. The slope was moderately Aurora, Camarines Sur, Laguna, and Rizal Provinces and ascending to flat. According to our local guides, commercial on Mindoro (Heaney et al., 1998). We captured this species logging did not reach the area. Timber poaching and hunting were only in montane forest at 1400 m and mossy forest at 1500 m observed. (Table 1). Specimens examined: Site 10; 1; Site 11, 1.
Site 9. Mt. Cetaceo, Sitio Baua, Barangay Lapi, Peñablanca Order Chiroptera Municipality, Cagayan Province (17º 42’ 28.8” N, 121º 59’ 49” E, 5-19 1. Family Pteropodidae – Fruit bats May 2004). a. Acerodon jubatus (Eschscholtz, 1831). The golden-crowned We conducted netting and trapping in old-growth montane forest flying fox, a Philippine endemic, has been documented in the at 1300 m dominated by Tristaniopsis spp. and Lithocarpus spp. Tree Sierra Madre, in Divilacan and Dinapigue, Isabela Province trunks were covered with moss. Emergent trees were approximately (Danielsen et al., 1994; Mudar & Allen, 1986). We did not 20 m (Agathis philippinensis) and average height of dominants was capture this species, but at Site 9 local people reported
48 49 Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68. Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68.
Table 1. Number of individuals captured by trap or net (+ number caught by hand) during the biological surveys conducted along the Sierra Madre in 2002, 2003, and 2004. Scientific name in bold face indicates species endemic to the Philippines Table 1. contd.
Species Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 Site 7 Site 8 Site 9 Site 10 Site 11
Moderately Moderately Lightly Selectively Highly logged Lightly logged Transition Old growth Old growth Old growth Mossy disturbed disturbed disturbed logged secondary secondary secondary montane montane montane forest limestone secondary secondary primary lowland lowland lowland to forest forest forest forest lowland lowland lowland forest forest montane forest forest forest forest
00 m 00 m 00 m 400 m 500-700 m 730 m 960-1200 m 900-1000 m 00 m 400 m 500 m
. Crocidura grayi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. Acerodon jubatus R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . Cynopterus brachyotis 2 9 3 1 1 1 20 0 0 0 0 4. Haplonycteris fischeri 1 3 13 0 8 1 10 0 0 0 0 5. Macroglossus minimus 1 1 12 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 6. Otopteropus cartilagonodus 0 0 4 0 4 1 1 18 11 0 0 7. Ptenochirus jagori 0 1 3 2 6 0 29 12 1 0 0 8. Pteropus hypomelanus 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9. Pteropus leucopterus 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. Pteropus vampyrus 0 0 S 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 . Rousettus amplexicaudatus 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. Coelops hirsutus2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 . Hipposideros ater 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4. Hipposideros diadema 3 0 (+1) 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 5. Hipposideros obscurus2 0 0 0 2 3 (+1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6. Rhinolophus arcuatus 0 0 0 7 2 5 0 0 0 1 0 7. Rhinolophus inops2 0 0 0 0 0 3 9 0 2 1 0 8. Rhinolophus philippinensis2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 9. Rhinolophus virgo 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 20. Harpiocephalus harpia2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21. Kerivoula cf. papillosa2,3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22. Murina cyclotis2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23. Myotis horsfieldi 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24. Myotis muricola 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 25. Pipistrellus javanicus 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 5 3 0 26. Chaerophon plicata1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27. Macaca fascicularis R R R S R R R R R 0 0 28. Apomys sp. 0 0 0 9 0 19 8 3 67 54 85 29. Apomys cf microdon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0. Bullimus sp. 0 1 3 16 18 14 1 4 4 8 . Archboldomys musseri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2. Chrotomys sp. 0 0 +1 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . Phloeomys pallidus S R R R 0 R R S R 0 0 4. Rattus everetti 0 3 5 23 19 7 5 4 4 8 5. Rattus exulans 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus 0 0 0 0 0 S 0 S 0 0 0 7. Sus philippensis R R S S R S R R S R 0 8. Cervus marianus R R R S R R S R S S 0
Total trap-nights (Cage traps) 0 6 510 4 0 245 0 501 x 0 0 0 Total trap nights (Victor Rat Traps) 0 0 04 4 88 1454 255 744 x 734 913 681 Total trap nights (Museum specials) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 93 Total net nights 3.5 3.5 12 33 64 37 78 x 98 2 0 Total V-nets (2 hours/night) 0 0 0 40 2 8 0 0 0 0 0
S = sighted; R = reliable reports; 0 = absent, 1 = Specimen given by a local spelunker; 2 = new record for Sierra Madre; 3 = new country record; 4 = locally made snap traps; x = no data were kept.
50 51 Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68. Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68.
a roost of very large bats that we were not able to verify; adjacent to forest (Heaney et al., 1999; Heideman and Heaney, these might have been this species or Pteropus vampyrus, or 1989; Ingle, 1992; Mudar and Allen, 1986; Lepiten, 1995). We both together (Mildenstein et al.. 2005). The large bats are found it to be common in secondary lowland forest from 300 frequently hunted in the area. to 500 m and in transitional lowland-montane forest at 960 b. Cynopterus brachyotis (Mueller, 1838). We captured the m; it was uncommon in old-growth montane forest at 900 common short-nosed fruit bat in lowland agricultural areas and 1300 m (Table 1). Specimens examined: Site 4, 2; Site 9, and secondary forest from 300 to 730 m, and in transitional 1. lowland-montane forest at 960 m (Table 1). Despite extensive g. Pteropus hypomelanus (Temminck, 1853). The common island netting, we did not capture them in montane forest between flying fox is distributed throughout much of Indo-Australia, 900 to 1300 m at Site 8 and 9 and 1400 m at Site 10. Specimens including the Philippines, where it is common in agricultural examined: Site 4, 1; Site 6, 1. areas and absent in primary forest (Rickart et al., 1993; c. Haplonycteris fischeri (Lawrence, 1939). We caught the endemic Utzurrum, 1992). We captured none, but observed the island Philippine pygmy fruit bat in secondary lowland forest from flying fox feeding in groups on a fig tree (tangisang bayawak 300 to 730 m, and in transitional lowland-montane forest at – Ficus variegata) at Site 3, together with the larger Pteropus 960 to 1200 m. Despite extensive netting at Site 8, 9 and 10 vampyrus. Groups of flying foxes were also seen high in in montane forest between 900 to 1300 m, we captured none the sky at dusk (1800 h) and consistently observed for the (Table 1). All individuals were released. duration of the survey period. Local people call this species d. Macroglossus minimus (E. Goeffroy, 1810). We captured the bayakan in Tagalog, and report that they regularly observe dagger-toothed flower bat, a widespread Southeast Asian this species visiting their orchards. species, in agricultural areas, forest edge and secondary h. Pteropus leucopterus (Temminck, 1853). The mottled-winged lowland forest from 300 to 730 m, and in transitional lowland- flying fox is endemic to the Luzon faunal region and Dinagat montane forest at 960 m. They apparently were absent in Island (Heaney et al., 1998). In the Sierra Madre, it was montane forest between 900 to 1400 m at Sites 8, 9 and 10, reported in Dinapigue, Isabela Province (M. Van Weird, and mossy forest at Site 11 at 1500 m (Table 1). Specimens personal communication). We did not capture this species at examined: Site 6, 1. our sites, but we used binoculars to observe one individual e. Otopteropus cartilagonodus (Kock, 1969). The Luzon pygmy (with distinctive white spots on its wings) flying over our fruit bat is a monotypic genus endemic to Luzon Island camp at Site 5. Local people at all of our sites reported the (Heaney et al., 1998); previous records were from secondary presence of this species, but further survey is needed to and primary lowland, montane, and mossy forest at 200 to verify these reports. 1900 m (Mudar and Allen, 1986; Ruedas et al., 1994). We i. Pteropus vampyrus (Linnaeus, 1758). This species is found captured this species in secondary lowland forest from from Indochina to the Lesser Sundas and is widespread 300 to 730 m, in transitional lowland-montane forest at 960 within the Philippines, in lowland forest up to 1250 m to 1200 m, and in old-growth montane forest at 900, 1300 (Heaney et al., 1998; Rabor, 1955, 1986; Rickart et al., 1993). and 1400 m. As seen on Mt. Isarog (Heaney et al., 1999), O. We did not catch this species, but saw them feeding on figs cartilagonodus overlapped with H. fischeri at some sites, but (tangisang bayawak – Ficus variegata) at Site 3 together with O. cartilagonodus was less common than H. fischeri in lowland P. hypomelanus. Some individuals were observed to have a forest, and H. fischeri was absent at the montane forest sites large reddish brown “cape” from the head to the nape of the where O. cartilagonodus was common (Table 1). Specimens bat that typifies P. vampyrus. Local people call this species examined: Site 9, 3. bayakan in Tagalog, and reported that they regularly observed f. Ptenochirus jagori (Peters, 1861). The musky fruit bat is a this species visiting their orchards. We also observed several widespread endemic within the Philippines, often common individuals over our camp at Site 1; the identification was in primary and secondary forest and agricultural areas not certain.
52 53 Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68. Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68.
j. Rousettus amplexicaudatus (É. Geoffroy, 1810). The common e. Rhinolophus cf. arcuatus (Peters, 1871). The arcuate horseshoe rousette occurs from Thailand to Solomon Island including bat is a widespread endemic within the Philippines the Philippines, usually in open, heavily disturbed habitats (Esselstyn et al., 2004; Heaney et al., 1998; Sedlock, 2001). (Heaney et al., 1998). We netted the species in open and The species currently referred to as Rhinolophus arcuatus in agricultural areas at Sites 1 and 2 at 300 m elevation; they the Philippines may consist of two or more species (Heaney were absent at other sites, where all of the netting was done et al., 1991, 1999, 2006; Ingle and Heaney, 1992). We captured in the forest. All individuals were released. the species in lightly disturbed lowland forest at Sites 4 and 6, and highly disturbed secondary lowland forest at Site 5 2. Family Rhinolophidae - Horseshoe Bats (Table 1). Initial examination of our specimens suggests two a. Coelops hirsutus (Miller, 1911). The Philippine tailless different species, corresponding to the “large” and “small” roundleaf bat occurs only in the Philippines (Heaney et al., morphs (Ingle and Heaney, 1992). Further taxonomic study 1998). We captured one individual of this poorly known is needed. Specimens examined: Site 4, 10; Site 5, 2; Site 6, 5; species at Site 2 in secondary lowland dipterocarp forest Site 10, 1. at about 900 m. The species was known previously from f. Rhinolophus inops (K. Andersen, 1905). The Philippine forest Mindoro and Mindanao (Heaney et al., 2006). The species horseshoe bat is endemic to the Philippines; it is often has also been captured on Mt. Makiling, Laguna Province abundant in primary lowland and montane forest up to 2250 (J. Sedlock, personal communication). Specimens examined: m (Heaney et al., 1998, 2006). We captured this species in Site 8, 1. secondary lowland forest and old growth montane forest b. Hipposideros ater (Templeton, 1848). The dusky roundleaf between 730 m and 1300 m (Table 1). Specimens examined: bat occurs from India to Australia, including the Philippines Site 6, 2; Site 7, 9; Site 9, 2; Site 10, 1. (Heaney et al., 1998). We captured the species in secondary g. Rhinolophus philippinensis (Waterhouse, 1843). The enormous- lowland forest at about 400 m at Site 4 using a V-net. eared horseshoe bat is widely distributed from Borneo Specimens examined: Site 4, 3. to Australia and has been captured only in primary and c. Hipposideros diadema (E. Goeffroy, 1813). The diadem secondary forest (Heaney et al., 1998; Lepiten, 1995; Ruedas roundleaf bat occurs from Burma to the Solomon Islands and et al., 1994). We captured this species only in transitional common throughout the Philippines (Heaney et al., 1998). lowland forest and montane forest between 960 m and 1200 We caught the species in almost all of the habitat types we m (Table1). Specimens examined: Site 7, 5. sampled from 300 m to 1300 m (Table 1). A colony of about h. Rhinolophus virgo (K. Andersen, 1905). The yellow-faced 150 individuals was observed inside a large cave near Site 1 horseshoe bat is endemic to the Philippines and inhabits and we observed the species emerging from tree hollows at secondary and primary lowland forest from 250 to 1100 m Site 1. One individual roosting under a large fern at Site 4 (Heaney et al., 1991, 1998, 2006; Ingle, 1992; Rickart et al., 1993; was caught by hand. Specimens examined: Site 1, 1; Site 3, 1; Sedlock, 2001). We captured this species in selectively logged Site 4, 2; Site 6, 1; Site 9, 1. primary lowland forest and slightly disturbed secondary d. Hipposideros obscurus (Peters, 1861). The Philippine forest lowland forest using a V-net at 400 m and 730 m (Table 1). roundleaf bat is endemic to the Philippines and occurs in Our specimens appear to represent two different morphs; primary and disturbed forest up to 1100 m (Heaney et al., the specimen from Site 6 (FMNH 176548) is substantially 1998, 2006; Sedlock, 2001). We captured two individuals smaller than the others, which appear to represent typical using a V-net set across a creek at Site 4 and three individuals R. virgo, and some cranial features differ. Further taxonomic by mist nets and one by hand in an abandoned mineshaft at study is needed. Specimens examined: Site 4, 3; Site 6, 1. Site 5 at 400 m and 500 m elevation, respectively. Specimens examined: Site 4, 2; Site 5, 3.
54 55 Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68. Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68.
3. Family Vespertilionidae - Common bats a V-net. Specimen examined: Site 4, 1. a. Harpiocephalus harpia (Temminck, 1840). The hairy-winged e. Myotis muricola (Gray, 1846). The whiskered myotis is bat is widespread in southern Asia and previously recorded widespread in Asia and throughout the Philippines (Heaney in the Philippines only in Camarines Sur and Laguna et al., 1998). It inhabits primary and lowland forest from provinces on Luzon (Heaney et al., 1998; Ingle, 1993). It was near sea level to 1125 m (Heaney et al., 1999; Rickart et al., previously documented in primary and disturbed lowland 1993). We captured one individual at Site 4 using a V-net in forest between 475 m to 750 m (Rickart et al., 1993). We selectively logged lowland forest. Previous Luzon records are captured an individual at Site 3 in secondary lowland forest from Camarines Sur (Heaney et al., 1999), Laguna (Sedlock, at 300 m. Specimen examined: Site 3, 1. 2001), and Kalinga provinces (Heaney et al., 2005). Specimen b. Kerivoula cf. papillosa (Temminck, 1840). Three species examined: Site 4, 1. of Kerivoula have been documented in the Philippines f. Pipistrellus javanicus (Gray, 1838). The Javan pipistrelle is previously; all three are fairly widespread in Southeast Asia, widespread in eastern Asia (Corbet and Hill, 1992). In the principally in lowland forest (Esselstyn, 2004; Heaney et al., Philippines, it occurs from sea level to 1750 m where it is 1998; Ingle and Heaney, 1992). We captured an individual of common in montane forest and uncommon in lowland forest a large Kerivoula at Site 4 using a V-net set along an existing and mossy forest (Heaney et al., 1998). We captured three trail in selectively logged lowland forest. Compared to individuals at Site 4 in selectively logged lowland forest at the known species in the Philippines, our species is much 400 m using V-nets, five individuals in primary montane larger, with forearm of 44 mm and a total length of 108 mm. forest at site 9 at 1300 m and three individuals at Site 10 at Direct comparison with a series of K. papillosa from Vietnam 1400 m. Our species seem to consist of two morphs based on (FMNH 32209, 46564, 46565, 46567, 46568, 46623) show the some differences on external morphologies noted by Sedlock external morphology and crania to be very similar. Kerivoula (2001) and Heaney et al. (2006). Further taxonomic study is papillosa occurs from eastern India to Indochina, Borneo, and needed. Specimens examined: Site 4, 3; Site 9, 3; Site 10, 3. Sulawesi (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Payne et al., 1985); further study is needed. Specimen examined: Site 4, 1. 4. Family Molossidae - Free-tailed bats c. Murina cyclotis (Dobson, 1872). The round-eared tube- a. Chaerephon plicata (Buchanan, 1800). The wrinkled-lipped nosed bat occurs from Sri Lanka to Hainan and Borneo and bat occurs from India to Bali, Hainan, and the Philippines is widespread in the Philippines. It occurs in primary and (Corbet and Hill, 1992). The species is believed to be lightly disturbed lowland and montane forest between 250 declining in the Philippines due to heavy disturbance of m and 1500 m (Corbet and Hill, 1992; Heaney et al., 1991; caves (Heaney et al., 1998; Rickart et al., 1993). One dead Heaney et al., 1998, Lepiten, 1995; Rickart et al., 1993;). We specimen given to us on 14 June 2004 by a local spelunker captured an individual at Site 3 using mist nets and one was taken from a rock near a cave in Barangay Aggugadan, individual at Site 4 using a V-net. On Luzon, the species has Peñablanca Municipality, Cagayan Province. Local people previously been reported from Camarines Sur (Heaney et al., turned over three more dead specimens from the same cave 1998, 1999), Laguna (Sedlock, 2001) and Kalinga provinces where the previous one was found. A colony of this species (Heaney et al., 2004). Specimens examined: Site 3, 1; Site 4, may be present; assessment of the cave is urgently needed. 1. Specimens examined: Near Site 7, 1. d. Myotis horsfieldii (Temminck, 1840). The common Asiatic myotis occurs from southeastern China to the Malay Order Primates Peninsula, Bali, and Sulawesi, and is widespread in the 1. Family Cercopithecidae – Monkeys Philippines. It inhabits agricultural areas and lowland a. Macaca fascicularis (Raffles, 1821). The long-tailed macaque forest (Heaney et al., 1998; Sedlock, 2001). We captured one occurs from Burma to Timor and is widespread in the individual in selectively logged lowland forest at Site 4 using Philippines (Heaney et al., 1998). We observed this species at
56 57 Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68. Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68.
most of our sites feeding on fruits in lowland forest canopy. disturbed lowland, montane, and mossy forest (Heaney et Based on our interviews, the species is frequently seen in al., 1998; Heaney et al., 2005; Musser, 1982; Sanborn, 1952). groups of 20 to 30 individuals and feeds on corn and root We captured this species at all of our sites except at Site 1, crops. Our local guide caught one adult male at Site 4. The where no trapping was done, and at Site 2, in forest adjacent species is regularly hunted for local consumption. to agricultural areas (Table 1). Morphological differences were observed between our specimens and those from the Order Rodentia Central Cordillera; taxonomic investigations are on-going. 1. Family Muridae – Rats and mice Specimens examined: Site 2, 1; Site 3, 3; Site 4, 16; Site 5, 4; a. Apomys sp. The genus Apomys is the most speciose genus in Site 6, 13; Site 7, 1; Site 8, 2; Site 9, 13; Site 10, 14; Site 11, 6. the Philippines, including a large (and increasing) number e. Chrotomys sp. This genus of murid rodents is endemic to the of recently discovered and still undescribed species (Heaney Philippines. Currently, five species are known:C. gonzalesi is et al., 1998; Steppan et al., 2003). Our specimens are the restricted to Mt. Isarog, C. whiteheadi in the Central Cordillera, first large series from the Sierra Madre, and preliminary C. mindorensis in the lowlands of central Luzon and Mindoro comparisons indicate that they represent one or more (Heaney et al., 1998), C. sibuyanensis from Sibuyan, and C. previously unknown large-bodied species; investigations are silaceus, formerly placed in the genus Celaenomys, from the on-going (Heaney et al. in prep.). We captured these large Central Cordillera (Rickart et al., 2005). Present ecological forest mice in secondary lowland forest montane and mossy data indicates that C. whiteheadi occurs at high altitudes, ca. forest. None was captured in forest adjacent to agricultural 1000 to 2500 meters (Heaney et al., 1998, 2005), as does C. areas at ca. 300 m elevation, but they were common at sites gonzalesi (Rickart et al., 1991). Our first specimen ofChrotomys from 400 to 1500 m (Table 1). Specimens examined: Site 4, 9; at Site 3 (300 m elevation) was captured by a pet cat. We Site 6, 15; Site 7, 7; Site 8, 3; Site 9, 67; Site 10, 54; Site 11, 85. captured a series at Site 4 between 400 to 700 m; both sites b. Apomys cf microdon (Hollister, 1913). This small Luzon forest were in secondary lowland forest. Preliminary comparison mouse is endemic to the Philippines and known only from with the known species indicates that this may represent Catanduanes Island, and from Camarines Sur, Isabela and a sixth species; taxonomic studies are on-going. Specimens Kalinga provinces on Luzon (Heaney et al., 1998, 2005). We examined: Site 3, 1; Site 4, 9. captured the species at our two highest sites, in montane f. Phloeomys pallidus (Nehring, 1890). The slender-tailed cloud forest at Site 10 at 1400 m and mossy forest at Site 11 at 1500 rat is endemic to the Philippines and occurs only in the m using Victor rat traps and Museum Specials placed on tree central and northern part of Luzon Island (Heaney et al., branches. We did not catch the species on the ground or at 1998; Oliver et al., 1993). Most of our information on this other sites that we surveyed. Specimens examined: Site 10, 2; species was based on interviews, though we encountered Site 11, 1. them at two of our sites. An adult male foraging in a c. Archboldomys musseri (Rickart et al., 1998). This species is cornfield was caught by a farmer at Site 1. At Site 8, our local endemic to the Sierra Madre Mountains and is known only guide shot an individual a kilometer away from the camp from Mt. Cetaceo (Balete et al., 2006). We captured four in secondary lowland forest at about 500 m. Based on our individuals at Site 11, which is also the locality of holotype interviews, a dark brown color-morph was also reported that was taken in 1992 (Danielsen et al., 1994; Heaney et al., in the area, which resembles Phloeomys cumingi that occurs 1998). We captured the species only in mossy forest at 1500 in the central and southern part of Luzon. These large (ca. m despite intensive trapping in montane and lowland forest. 2.5 kg) rodents are hunted regularly in the Sierra Madre. They should be sought at the peaks of other high mountains Local residents often reported capturing this species on their in the Sierra Madre. Specimens examined: Site 11, 4. farms or in coconut plantations, and some were caught by d. Bullimus sp. (Thomas, 1895). This genus of large forest dogs; we confirmed the species to be Phloeomys pallidus by rat is endemic to the Philippines. It inhabits primary and showing them pictures.
58 59 Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68. Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68.
g. Rattus everetti (Gunther, 1879). The common Philippine deer occurred originally only in the Philippines but was later forest rat is endemic to the Philippines (Heaney et.al. 1998), introduced to the Marianna Islands (Heaney et al., 1998). in secondary and primary lowland and montane forest and We observed one captive individual at a house near Site less often at high elevations (Rickart et.al., 1991, 1993). We 1. Another individual was seen in the back yard of a local captured the species at all of our study sites except at Site 1 resident at Site 3. The owners told us that they intended to where no trapping was done. They were relatively common in raise them in captivity as they fetch a high price in the market. secondary lowland forest and declined in relative abundance At Site 4 a local resident offered to sell a skin and head of a as elevation increased (Table 1). Specimens examined: Site 2, deer. We also encountered hunters at Site 9 carrying a newly 3; Site 3, 4; Site 4, 23; Site 5, 5; Site 6, 7; Site 7, 2; Site 8, 1; Site butchered deer and we also observed a deer foraging near 9, 5; Site 10, 8; Site 11, 1. our camp at Site 10. According to local hunters, they were h. Rattus exulans (Peale, 1848). The spiny rice-field rat occurs from having difficulty catching the species, unlike in previous Bangladesh to Easter Island and throughout the Philippines years; hunters now must spend more time in the forest and (Heaney et al., 1998), usually in open agricultural or fire- further away from settlements. The species is hunted both associated grassland habitats, and rarely in forest (Heaney for local and commercial consumption. et al., 1989; Heideman et al., 1987; Rickart et al., 1993). We captured only one individual at Site 4 in forest edge adjacent Mammalian diversity to an agricultural area. Specimen examined: Site 4, 1. It has been about two decades since the first moderately comprehensive biological surveys of mammals were conducted in Order Carnivora the Sierra Madre, each at a single site or in limited areas (Danielsen 1. Family Viverridae-Civets et al., 1994; Mudar and Allen, 1986). Although several surveys have a. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (Pallas, 1777). The common palm followed, very few have been published and few specimens are civet occurs from Sri Lanka to Hainan and Lesser Sunda available. Our 2002 to 2005 surveys have generated information Islands and widespread in the Philippines (Heaney et al., on the importance of the mountain range in terms of mammalian 1998). We captured one adult male in secondary lowland forest at Site 5 using a local snare set by our guides, and diversity. We documented a total of 37 species of mammals during one young individual in a cage trap in montane forest at our surveys (Table 1). Among these, one shrew, five fruit bats, Site 8. Both individuals were later released. Based on our four insectivorous bats, seven murid rodents and two ungulates interviews, the species is hunted for local consumption. are endemic to the Philippines. Seven species of insectivorous bats were documented for the first time in the Sierra Madre and Order Artiodactyla two species of rodents are potentially new species. We captured 1. Family Suidae – Pigs Kerivoula cf. papillosa, documented within the Philippines for the a. Sus philippensis (Nehring, 1886). The Philippine warty pig first time. Coelops hirsutus, captured in Quirino Province, was is endemic to the Philippines (Heaney et al., 1998). We previously recorded only from Mindoro and Mindanao Islands documented this species at all of our study sites. We often (Heaney et al., 1998), but this elusive bat was also captured in 2004 observed tracks in lowland and montane forest between 300 on Mt. Makiling, (J. Sedlock, personal communication), suggesting m and 1300 m. An adult male was captured in a local snare that this species is widely distributed on Luzon and throughout at Site 9, and a young individual was seen in the house of the country. In addition, Rhinolophus inops, R. philippinensis and a local resident near Site 4. Based on our interviews with Hipposideros obscurus have not been previously recorded in the the local people, the species is regularly hunted in the Sierra mountain range (Heaney et al., 1998). Similarly, the only previous Madre both for local and commercial consumption. record of Harpiocephalus harpia from Luzon is from Camarines Sur despite the fact that it is widespread in southern Asia (Heaney et 2. Family Cervidae – Deer al., 1998; Nowak, 1991). Murina cyclotis has been documented at a. Cervus mariannus (Desmarest, 1822). The Philippine brown scattered localities in the Philippines, but not in the Sierra Madre.
60 61 Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68. Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68.
Additionally, species of insectivorous bats that we have tentatively The Philippine warty pig and Philippine brown deer are the most identified as Rhinolophus arcuatus, Rhinolophus virgo, and Pipistrellus frequently hunted mammals in the Sierra Madre as they fetch a high javanicus need further investigation. Like any other potential new price in the market. Although these species were reported to be species, nothing is certain unless a thorough taxonomic study relatively common in our study sites, many of the local people we has been made and specimens compared with other known interviewed noted that they were becoming scarce. The Philippine species. Among the murid rodents, Chrotomys mindorensis was macaque and cloud rats were frequently encountered in farm lots reported from Isabela (NORDECO-DENR, 1998), but this needs adjacent to forest areas. They were hunted by the local people and to be reexamined in the light of our large series of what appears were sometimes considered as pests of agricultural crops. Colonies of to be a distinct, new species. Two additional rodents that we have flying foxes were also reported in our study sites but we did not have documented may represent new species, Bullimus sp. and Apomys the chance to visit these areas. Existing roosts comprising A. jubatus sp.; the existence of the series we collected makes taxonomic studies and P. vampyrus in Divilacan and Dinapigue, Isabela numbering to possible. We observed that majority of the native species of rodents, about 60,000-120,000 individuals have been reported (Danielsen et such as Apomys sp, Bullimus sp, Chrotomys sp, and Rattus everetti, al., 1994). Most of these roost sites are located in the lowland forest were captured in primary and disturbed forest, while commensal and accessible to local people, making them vulnerable to hunting species such as Rattus exulans were caught only in agricultural areas and destruction of roosting areas. A survey should be conducted adjacent to forest. to locate these roosting sites, conduct population and ecological As observed in the past, surveys of insectivorous bats by means studies and put management and protection measures in place. In addition, many of the endemic mammals we documented in our of standard mist-netting methods is inadequate, as these bats can study use both secondary and primary lowland forest. This includes echolocate and thus evade mist-nets easily (Alviola, 2000, Sedlock, four species whose ranges are confined to Luzon: Otopteropus 2001). We employed a novel mist-netting technique (V-nets) at Site cartilagonodus, Apomys sp., Bullimus sp., and Phloeomys pallidus. As 4, 5 and 6. This resulted in 11 species of insectivorous bats captured, mentioned above, O. cartilagonodus was recorded at almost all of our a relatively high number for microchiropterans (Table 1). Tunnel- survey sites from 300 m to 1300 m. (Heaney et al., 1998; Ruedas et trapping on Polillo Island (Alviola, 2000) and Mt. Makiling (P. al., 1994). Haplonycteris fischeri, which is abundant in the southern Alviola, personal communication; Sedlock, 2001) have resulted in Philippines, is less common on Luzon and is generally dependent on 10 and 11 new records for the two localities, respectively. primary or good quality secondary forest at low elevation (Heaney et al., 1989, 1998; Ingle, 1992). We trapped Bullimus sp. and Apomys Conservation priorities sp. at nearly all of our sampling sites. This suggests that both species Many of the insectivorous bats documented in the survey are have wide habitat preference and can tolerate disturbed lowland cave dwellers. Unfortunately, no study has been done on caves forest (Table 1). We recorded P. pallidus at all sites except Site 5, in the Sierra Madre. Many of these caves harbor large colonies of thus tentatively concurring with its reported distribution, which is insectivorous bats, such as the “Bat Cave” in the municipality of confined to northern and central Luzon (Oliver et al., 1993). We Peñablanca, Bolos Point Cave in Gattaran, Kapanikian caves in Sta. received reports from local communities in the Sierra Madre that Ana, Cagayan Province, Aglipay Caves in Quirino Province, and they have encountered a darker version of the species in areas several other large caves reported in our study sites. We documented where P. pallidus is known to occur. This observation needs further specimens of Chaerophon plicata near Site 7; although they are not investigation. endemic or officially listed as threatened, several caves that were Despite the cancellation of Timber License Agreements in the known to support the typically very large colonies of this species 1990s, destruction of forest in the Sierra Madre remains unabated. have been destroyed (Heaney et al., 1998, Rickart et al., 1993). Survey Almost all of the lowland forest in the western side of Sierra Madre of these caves should be done and protection measures should from 300-800 m is accessible because of old logging roads. This has be put in place, particularly those that support large colonies of led to the transformation of many of these areas into farmlands and insectivorous bats that are located adjacent to human settlements. has provided easy access to the remaining forest for timber poachers.
62 63 Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68. Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68.
Management and protection of the lowland forest should be a high Philippines. University of Oxford-University of the Philippines at priority if we are to protect our endemic species, and the watershed Los Banos Polillo’99 Project: Final Report. Viper Press, Glossop. forests where they live. Very few have been declared as protected Balete, D.S. and L.R. Heaney. 1997. Density, biomass, and movement areas. Although some have been place under the Community estimates for murid rodents in mossy forest on Mount Isarog, based Forest Management Agreement (CBFMA) and Certificate of southern Luzon, Philippines. Ecotropica 3: 91-100 Ancestral Domain Claim (CADC), the lowland forest still does not Balete, D.S., E.A. Rickart, and L.R. Heaney. 2006. A new species of receive enough protection. New protected areas should be large the shrew-mouse, Archboldomys (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae), enough to include all known habitat types, even the degraded from the Philippines. Systematics and Biodiversity 4: 489-501. lowland forests. Existing protected areas should be expanded to Balete, D.S., E.A. Rickart, R.G.B. Rosell-Ambal, S. Jansa, and L.R. include adjacent forest areas to maintain their watershed functions. Heaney. 2007. Descriptions of two new species of Rhynchomys Our data show that there is a need for more research, especially in Thomas (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae), from Luzon Island, areas not previously studied, particularly the caves, high elevations Philippines. J. Mammalogy 88:287-301. and the canopy of lowland forest, and on the still–unsurveyed Brooks, T., M. Abuel, L. Co, O. Coroza, M.V. Duya, M.R. Duya, P. high peaks where more endemic mammal species might be found. Langhammer, A. Mallari, C. Morales, N. Palomar, R. Rodriguez, Filling in these gaps will help us better understand the mammalian B. Tabaranza, and R. Trono. 2004. Targets and priorities for diversity of the Sierra Madre and to formulate better conservation biodiversity conservation globally, and in the Philippines. Agham measures to protect the wildlife of the mountain range. Mindanaw 2:1-10. Corbet, G. and J.E. Hill. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan Acknowledgement Region. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Danielsen, E, D.S. Balete, T.D. Christensen, M. Heegaard, O.F. The authors would like to thank the following individuals and Jakobsen, A. Jensen, T. Lund, and M.K. Poulsen. 1994. Conservation organizations for their contributions during the conduct of the of biological diversity in the Sierra Madre mountains of Isabela fieldwork: N. Antoque, W. Reyes, J. Sarmiento, R. Fernandez, G. and southern Cagayan province, the Philippines. BirdLife Bueser, E. Rico, N. Bartolome, F. Dalin, G. Gee, R. Ambal, L. Co, International, Manila and Copenhagen. I. Osbucan, M. De Guia, M. Abuel-Daclan, G. Pallaya, B. Soriano, Esselstyn, J.A., P. Widmann, and L.R. Heaney. 2004. The mammals our guides and porters from the community, and our partner non- of Palawan Island, Philippines. Proc. Biological Soc. Washington government organizations in the Sierra Madre: PROCESS Luzon, 117:271–302. CAVAPPED and EWW. We would like to acknowledge R. Trono, A. Heaney L.R., P.C. Gonzales, R.C.B. Utzurrum, and E.A. Rickart. Antolin, T. Brooks, P. Langhammer and N. De Silva for their support 1991. The mammals of Catanduanes Island: Implications for the and encouragement. We also thank the Department of Environment biogeography of small land bridge islands in the Philippines. and Natural Resources Region 02 and 04 and the Local Government Proc. Biological Soc. Washington 104:399–415. Units for their continued support and encouragement. For their Heaney LR, D.S. Balete, L. Dolar, A.C. Alcala, A. Dans, P.C. Gonzales, assistance with laboratory work at the Field Museum, we thank J. N.R. Ingle, M. V. Lepiten-Tabao, W. Oliver, P.S. Ong, E.A. Rickart, Phelps, M. Prondzinski, M. Schulenberg, and W. Stanley. Funding B.R. Tabaranza Jr., and R.C.B. Utzurrum. 1998. A synopsis of the for the field work was provided by Critical Ecosystem Partnership mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana Zoology, Fund and Conservation International. Funding for museum studies new series 88:1–61. was provided by the Barbara Brown Fund for Mammal Research. Heaney, L.R., P.D. Heideman, E.A. Rickart, R.C.B. Utzurrum, and J.S.H. Klompen. 1989. Elevational zonation of mammals in the References central Philippines. J. Trop. Ecol. 5:259-280. Heaney, L.R. and N.A.D. Mallari. 2002. A preliminary analysis of Alviola, P.A. 2000. The distribution and ecology of bats in the Polillo current gaps in the protection of threatened Philippine terrestrial Islands, Philippines. In: Bennett, D. [ed]. Wildlife of Polillo Island, mammals. Sylvatrop 10:28–39.
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66 67 Duya et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):41-68. Banwa. 2007. 4(1):69-82.
Rickart, E.A., L.R. Heaney, S.M. Goodman, and S. Jansa. 2005. Review Density and Feeding Preference of the Polillo of the Philippine genera Chrotomys and Celaenomys (Murinae) and description of a new species. J. Mammalogy 86:415-428. Tarictic Hornbill Penelopides manillae subnigra Ruedas, L.A., J.R. Demboski, and R.V. Sison. 1994. Morphological in Fragmented Forests of Polillo Island and ecological variation in Otopteropus cartilagonodus Kock 1969 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) from Luzon, Philippines. Ana Katrina Mamangun1 and Juan Carlos Gonzalez2 Proc. Biological Soc. Washington 107:1-16. Sanborn, C.C. 1952. Philippine Zoological Expedition 1946–1947: 1 Corresponding author. University of the Philippines Los Baños, BS Biology. [email protected]. Mammals. Fieldiana: Zoology 33:89–158. 2 Animal Biology Division, University of the Philippines Los Baños. jctgonzalez@ Sedlock, J.L. 2001. Inventory of insectivorous bats on Mount yahoo.com. Makiling, Philippines using echolocation call signatures and a
new tunnel trap. Acta Chiropterologica 3(2): 163-178. A portion of a thesis submitted to the Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines, Steppan, S.J., C. Zawadzki, and L.R. Heaney. 2003. Molecular Los Baños, October 2007. phylogeny of endemic Philippine rodents Apomys (Muridae) and the dynamics of diversification in an oceanic archipelago. Biological J. Linnean Soc. 80:699-715. Thomas, O. 1898. On the mammals obtained by Mr. John Whitehead during his recent expedition to the Philippines. Trans. Zool. Soc. London 14:377-414. Abstract Utzurrum, R.C.B. 1992. Conservation status of Philippine fruit bats (Pteropodidae). Silliman J.36:27-45. The density and feeding preference of the Polillo hornbill Penelopides manillae subnigra were compared between a heavily disturbed secondary forest and a residual lowland forest. Using transect analysis, the density of tarictics in each forest site was computed. The disturbed forest site exhibited higher tarictic density (4.75 individuals per km²) than the residual forest site (1.25 individuals per km²). The difference in tarictic density between the two sites was affected by several factors, such as the abundance of fruiting trees, the presence of nesting trees and also the degree of anthropogenic disturbance. The disturbed forest site was more fragmented (20% forested area) than the residual forest site (26% forested area). Both forest sites were suitable for sustaining tarictic populations. The disturbed forest site contained more fruiting trees foraged and dispersed by tarictics, thus a higher density was observed. In the residual forest, large trees were observed that are essential for nesting during the breeding season. Male tarictics are territorial especially during this time thus they drive away other tarictics to protect their nests and as a result, a lower density was observed. Forests of Polillo have undergone fragmentation. Being endemic, tarictics tend to tolerate anthropogenic disturbances to the forest habitat.
Keywords: feeding preference, fragmented forests, Polillo Island, population density, Tarictic hornbill
68 69 Mamangun and Gonzalez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):69-82. Mamangun and Gonzalez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):69-82.
Introduction and residual forests can serve as a quantitative measurement of the effects of anthropogenic disturbance. Disturbed forests are The Polillo tarictic hornbill Penelopides manillae subnigra is a species fragmented due to the conversion of forests into agro-ecosystems of small hornbill exclusively found in the Polillo Islands and are while residual forests have extensive cover due to lesser human locally referred to as the tariktik or taliktik. Generally, hornbills are disturbance. The differences in feeding preference of these hornbills considered as an important biological species, which can indicate noted between the two forest sites can represent a qualitative measure the presence of a healthy forest within an area (Rabor, 1977). The of these impacts. Generally, this study was conducted to determine tarictics are especially important having been adopted as a flagship whether the degree of forest disturbance and forest fragmentation species for the Municipality of Polillo because of its endemism have an influence on the density and selection of fruits of thetarictic within the island group. Although the tarictic is much celebrated by hornbills in Polillo Islands. the people of Polillo, it was once categorized as a threatened species The study was conducted within the reported breeding period due to the decline in its population and restricted range in two of the Polillo tarictic hornbill from April to May 2006 on the island small islands totaling only 802 square kilometers. Apparently, the of Polillo in Quezon Province, Republic of the Philippines. Data population of tarictics is inherently small due to the limited forest collection and fieldwork was conducted on two sites in the northern habitats available in the islands (Gonzalez, 1997). part of Polillo Island selected to represent a disturbed forest and Tarictics are commonly found residing in secondary lowland a less disturbed residual forest. The survey of tarictic hornbills on evergreen rainforest scattered along the central mountain spine the disturbed forest site was conducted from 19 April to 2 May of Polillo and Patnanungan Islands. It has been classified by the 2006. It represented a fragmented secondary lowland evergreen Asian Hornbill Network as critically endangered due to its narrow forest interspersed with man-made clearings and agro-ecosystems range and limited forest habitats currently available (Asian Hornbill along the Anibawan River in sitio Salapakan, barangay Anibawan, Network, 1991). They were also once poached and sold in the illegal Municipality of Burdeos in Polillo Island. The succeeding survey for pet trade at a very high price, but are now given special attention by the residual forest site was conducted from 21 May to 1 June 2006. local people of the island. The sustainability of the current remaining It represented a less disturbed secondary lowland evergreen forest fragments of lowland forests on Polillo is of great importance in the within sitio Abaca, barangay Lipata, Municipality of Panukulan in conservation of these unique birds. Polillo Island. Seasonal and temporal variation did not affect the The Polillo Islands has been recognized as one of the essential results of the study. global hotspots for conservation of biological diversity in the Philippines. It is a cluster of about 27 islands and islets still known Materials and Methods to contain patches of secondary and old growth lowland evergreen forests that harbor different species of indigenous flora and fauna. Site selection One of the recognized problems in the island, and generally There were two sites considered in the study, (A) a heavily throughout the country, is the fragmentation of habitats being used fragmented, disturbed forest where remnant patches of secondary mostly by different important species. This fragmentation of habitat forest was observed to be interspersed with agro-ecosystems; and is brought about by both natural and human activities, which has (B) a relatively less fragmented, residual forest where extensive resulted to the destruction of terrestrial faunas (Catibog-Sinha and forest cover is present and minimal disturbance was observed. Heaney, 2006). Other factors noted for study site selection include the knowledge Understanding the impacts of forest disturbance and forest of the local guide in identification of trees and existing foot trails, fragmentation on the insular ecology of island endemic birds like the freshwater sources like a stream or river present, elevation is within Polillo tarictic hornbill would provide essential baseline information 100 to 200 m above sea level and accessibility and proximity to to develop more effective conservation and management plans. This settlement area is less than 5 km. comparative survey of hornbill densities found between disturbed
70 71 Mamangun and Gonzalez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):69-82. Mamangun and Gonzalez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):69-82.
Transect method Results and Discussion Line transects 1 km long were surveyed for hornbills in two sites. Several radiating transects in different directions covered nearly Site selection all of the study area for a cumulative total of ten sampled transect The survey was conducted within the large forest block located lines. The selected transect line was observed twice a day, one in in the northern part of Polillo Island (14°49’N121° 54’E), the largest the morning and another in the afternoon. The observations made among the Polillo island group (Figure 1). The first study site was during morning and afternoon transect counts were considered as described to be the disturbed site, since anthropogenic disturbance separate data sets. With the use of a global positioning system (GPS) was evident and a large part of the forest was already converted into recorder (Garmin Etrex), the coordinates and the position of each of agricultural lands. This site was located in sitio Salapakan, barangay the transect lines were recorded. Presence of hornbills in the transect Anibawan, Municipality of Burdeos, Polillo Islands, Quezon line were noted both as calls heard and individuals seen with notes Province (Figure 2). Several local residents were living on the site on their behavior, sex, and age group. Ocular observations were and were dependent on the adjacent forest for food and shelter. made through the use of a field binocular (10x50 Andubon/Pentax) The local guide for the anthropogenic site was very knowledgeable and calls were recorded using a hand held cassette tape recorder on movements of the tarictics in his area and also on the local names (Sony) with built-in microphone. From the data collected in the of the fruiting trees where birds were observed feeding or perching. implementation of the line transect method, the relative density per The local villagers along the Anibawan River were already well km² was computed. informed on conservation issues needed by the different species found in this study site and had designated their own forest Vegetation analysis rangers. The Point Center Quarter Method (PCQM) was used wherein The second study site represents the residual forest site. It is the transect lines of 50 m were established at each study site, one located in sitio Abaca, barangay Lipata, Municipality of Panukulan, on the sloping hill forest on ridge top, another on the forest near Polillo Islands, Quezon Province (Figure 2). It was relatively less a freshwater body and finally in a disturbed area. Five sampling disturbed and was observed to have extensive cover of lowland points were noted and marked and each sampling point was then evergreen forest. The forest had minimal human disturbance and divided into quarters. The nearest large tree was noted in each also less forest area that was converted for agricultural and human quarter. To qualify as a tree, the trunk should be at least 10 cm in use. Unlike the first site, the residents living near the second study diameter. The tree should be within 5 m from the sampling point area had little knowledge on the importance of forest conservation, and the distance, diameter at breast height (DBH) and height of the since illegal hunters were sometimes observed. tree were measured. A sample of the tree was collected, pressed and dried for identification later in the herbarium. Relative density in disturbed and residual forest sites Individual transect lines were observed twice a day, with Forest fragmentation analysis observations done in the morning and afternoon. These two counts The coordinates of the site were obtained through the use of a GPS done per transect line on each site were considered as different recorder. From these coordinates, the study site was established on data sets. The approximate area covered by each ocular observation the existing land-cover map then the pixels were established and done on each transect line is 40 ha (1km x 400 m) since 200 m are positioned. The percentage of the forest pixels were counted and covered on each side of the transect line. Each transect observation computed to compare the extent of forest fragments between the two is equivalent to about 0.4 sq km. Since 10 transect lines were sites. The percentage of other overlays on the land-use map such as established in different directions radiating from the central camp, coconuts, mangroves, cultivated areas, water, bare soil, boundaries this approximates a near total coverage of the designated study site and clouds were also computed in order to compare the extent of of 6.6 km². The radial arrangement was done so as not to use the forest cover on the map. same transect more than once and thus avoid double counting of individuals.
72 73 Mamangun and Gonzalez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):69-82. Mamangun and Gonzalez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):69-82.
A total of 123 individuals of tarictic hornbills were observed in the disturbed forest site. From the total, only 38 (30.8%) were seen, while 85 (69.1%) were heard (Table 1). Of the 38 individuals seen, 26 (21.1%) were observed in the morning transect counts and 12 (9.8%) were observed in the afternoon transect counts. Likewise, there were 67 (54.4%) individuals heard in the morning transect counts and 18 (14.6%) in the afternoon. In the residual forest site, there were less tarictic hornbills counted with a total of 28 individuals. From the total, only 10 (35.7%) were seen directly while 18 (64.3%) were heard (Table 1). The 10 individuals seen directly were observed during the morning transect counts and none was observed during the afternoon transect counts. There were 10 (35.7%) individuals heard during the morning transect counts and another eight (28.5%) heard during the afternoon transect counts. The relative density of hornbills was computed from these transect counts. For the disturbed forest site, there were 6.5 individuals seen directly per km² in the morning and 3 individuals per km² seen Figure 1. Map of the Polillo Islands, situated off eastern Luzon Island, Philippines directly in the afternoon. An average of 4.75 individuals per km² (Source: Gonzalez et al., 2004) was recorded from the disturbed forest site. For the residual forest site, 2.5 individuals per km² were seen directly during the morning transects but none was seen during the afternoon transects. A mean of 1.25 individuals per km² occupied the residual forest site (Table 2).
Table 1. Percentage of tarictic hornbills heard and seen at the two study sites on Polillo Island surveyed from April-June 2006
Study site Total % Individuals % Number % number of seen of calls individuals directly heard
Disturbed forest 23 81.5 8 79.2 85 82.5 Residual forest 28 8.5 0 20.8 8 7.5
Total 15 00.0 48 00.0 0 00.0
Table 2. Relative density of tarictic hornbills at the two study sites on Polillo Island at different time of the day
Disturbed forest Residual forest
AM PM AM PM
Total no. of individuals observed 9 0 20 8 Individuals seen directly 26 2 0 0 Figure 2. Site 1: The northern part of Polillo Island showing the disturbed forest site Relative density per km² 6.5 2.5 0 barangay Anibawan, Burdeos and the residual forest site barangay Lipata, Panukulan Mean density per km² 4.75 .25 (Derived from a GIS map provided by Don De Alban, 2007)
74 75 Mamangun and Gonzalez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):69-82. Mamangun and Gonzalez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):69-82.
There were more tarictics heard than seen. During the breeding however, relatively taller trees and dipterocarps were present that season, male tarictics drive away other tarictics through announcing tarictics use for nesting. Territorial males tend to drive away other its territory where nests of the female tarictic and its nestlings are. tarictics to protect their nests thus lesser individuals were observed Calls were frequently made during the early morning and late in the deep forest site. afternoon by male tarictics to announce and secure their territory from other tarictics and other species of birds. Analysis of vegetation More hornbills were observed in the morning because this is the In the disturbed site, the dominant tree is the Ficus nota, a member time when tarictics go out to forage for food and avoid extreme of the family Moraceae, reported to be the main fruit foraged by heat from the sun. Daylight temperatures were often high, since the Polillo tarictic hornbill. This species was dominant in the two field observations were done during the dry summer months of sampling areas in the site; the secondary forest at the valley and the April-June. Tarictics were also observed in late afternoon when it is forest at the ridge top (Table 3). Fruits of F. nota is known to be eaten cooler. by bats (Chiroptera) but there were also reports from the local guide There were more individuals observed at the disturbed forest that F. nota is also foraged by the Polillo tarictic hornbill. site than in the residual forest site, despite the higher degree of For the residual forest site, Macaranga grandifolia was the dominant habitat destruction at the disturbed forest site. This is likely because tree species. This species is a member of the family Euphorbiaceae. tarictic hornbills tend to tolerate the presence of human disturbance It was dominant in the two sampling areas of the site, the secondary (Gonzalez, 2007). Hornbills are opportunistic frugivorous; they forest at the valley and the forest near a water body (Table 3). The tend to try different fruits available at the time, but still appropriate tree is often used for timberand wood derivatives. for their diet and mode of feeding. The residual forest site had a Generally, the forest habitat of the disturbed forest site consisted lower population of tarictics because fruiting trees in the forest of small fruiting trees (with mean DBH of 18.52 cm). These trees are also foraged by species of birds and bats that cannot adapt to provide the hornbill with fruits but are not suitable nesting sites for anthropogenic disturbances. Thus, these species of fruigivorous birds such as tarictic hornbills. Although anthropogenic disturbances birds and bats tend to look for a forest habitat where they can forage and activities were present, hornbills adapted to their presence. for fruits and be subjected to fewer disturbances. This results into In the residual forest site, relatively larger trees were present (with tarictics’ involuntary elimination of foraging and feeding competition mean DBH of 32.05 cm). These trees supply the forest birds with especially during the breeding season. their need for shelter and nesting activities. Protection of the nests Another factor that could account for the higher population Table 3. Dominant tree species noted from the vegetation analysis of the Disturbed density in the disturbed forest is the greater diversity and higher forest and residual forest sites number of fruiting trees preferred by and foraged by the tarictics. In Study site Habitat Dominant tree Importance Family the residual forest site, there were less fruiting trees where tarictics Value can feed on but more dipterocarps where tarictics can set up their Disturbed forest Forest at Lithocarpus sp. 54.7 Fagaceae nests in. ridge top (Babaysakan)* Indeed, the nesting issue was also a factor that affected the density 2° forest at Ficus nota 70.4 Moraceae valley (Tibig) of tarictic hornbills in the two sites. In the disturbed forest site in 2° forest near Ficus nota 40.0 Moraceae Anibawan, there were smaller trees and few trees were suitable as water body (Tibig) Residual forest Forest at Ficus minahassae 06.6 Moraceae a nesting site. Based on the interviews with the local residents of ridge top (Ayimit) Anibawan, large trees and dipterocarps were dominant in the forest 2° forest at Macaranga 84.4 Euphorbiaceae valley grandifolia several decades ago but were cut down for human use. The trees (Takip-asin) found in the forest at the time of the survey were early successional 2° forest near Macaranga 80.1 Euphorbiaceae water body grandifolia and small fruiting trees where tarictics feed on. Also, the tarictics (Takip-asin) were using the disturbed forest for its foraging activities since * names in parenthesis are vernacular names no large trees were present for nesting. In the residual forest site
76 77 Mamangun and Gonzalez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):69-82. Mamangun and Gonzalez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):69-82. cause the male tarictic to be territorial, driving away other tarictic The forest pixels in the residual forest site were more compact, hornbills. Consequently, we observed a lower tarictic density in the which indicate a relatively more extensive forest cover. The forest residual forest site. pixels occupied 26% of the total study area. There were 3,252 pixels, equivalent to 1.7 sq km of the actual land area of the study site Analysis of forest fragments (Figure 4). On the magnified map of the specific forest sites, we computed that one pixel is 0.3 x 0.3 mm, which is equivalent to a land area of 532.54 m2 (23.08 x 23.08 m) (see Table 4). A total area of 6.5 sq km or equivalent to 12,321 pixels was covered per study site, inclusive of all transects. The disturbed forest site has lesser and more dispersed forest pixels than the residual forest site. There were 2,459 forest pixels, which is equivalent to 1.3 sq km of the actual land area of the study site or 20% of the map (Figure 3).
Table 4. Scale conversion of one pixel established in the map into square meters of the actual study area
Scale Conversion
Length Width Length Width Area (mm) (mm) (m) (m) (m2)
Pixel 0.3 0.3 23.08 23.08 532.54 Study Area 2,561 2,561 6,561,481
Figure 4. Residual forest site (6.5 km²) located at barangay Lipata, Panukulan. The map of the study site was obtained from the land cover map (provided by Don de Alban, 2007) with positioned pixels for the analysis of forest pixel percentage
Percentage of other overlays on the map was also computed. For both disturbed and residual forest sites, the dominant pixel is the area for coconut plantation, which occupies more than half of the total study area (Table 5). This indicates the conversion of forests into agro-ecosystems and kaingin sites. Fragmentation of forested areas has a great effect on the population of tarictics. Fragmentation occurs when forested areas are converted to areas for cultivation and agriculture. When these areas are abandoned and cleared for slash and burn, succession occurs. Plant species succession in the forests are initiated by seed dispersal vectors like tarictics. Seeds dispersed by tarictics into abandoned areas (e.g. abandoned kaingin) have a higher survival Figure 3. Disturbed forest site (6.5 km²) located at barangay Anibawan, Burdeos. The and germination rate because of better light penetration and greater map of forest site was obtained from the land cover map (provided by Don de Alban, accessibility of soil nutrients (Molles, 2006). In less fragmented area, 2007) with positioned pixels for the analysis of forest pixel percentage the extensive forest canopy would reduce light penetration and
78 79 Mamangun and Gonzalez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):69-82. Mamangun and Gonzalez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):69-82.
Table 5. Equivalent of different pixel classes to actual area and percentage covered activities, while the less disturbed site that harbor more residual per study site hardwoods was probably used for nesting. Much like the forest Classes Site 1 – Disturbed forest Site 2 – Residual forest structure in these two study sites, various degrees of disturbance has left much of the island’s forest fragmented. These forests tend to Pixels Area (m2) % Share Pixels Area (m2) % Share undergo ecological succession, wherein seeds from fruits dispersed Forest 2,459 ,309,526 20 ,252 ,731,834 26 by the tarictics participate as pioneer species. Consistent movement Coconuts 8,774 4,672,545 72 8,346 4,444,616 68 Cultivated areas 462 246,035 60,177 of tarictics between these forest fragments contributed selective Water 132 70,295 99 52,721 0.7 seed dispersal, which can lead to eventual dominance of fruiting Mangroves 57 0,355 0.55 - - 0.00 Bare soil 6 ,195 0.05 - - 0.00 trees in secondary forest that are more preferred by Polillo tarictic Clouds 33 7,573 0.35 - - 0.00 hornbills. Ancestral domain boundary * 385 205,029 4 471 250,828 4 Other factors may have influenced the outcome of the fieldwork Barangay boundary * 6,923 0.15 40 21,301 0.3 in May-June 2006. During transect counts, the absence of tags or markings on each particular individual observed foraging in the TOTAL 12,321 6,561,481 00.00 2,321 6,561,481 00.00 disturbed site made it difficult to distinguish them from individuals *present boundary line shown in the map counted on the less disturbed site, color bands or radio-collars may help identify individual birds and avoid double-counting. Studies provide greater competition for soil nutrients; resulting in lower on the home range to determine the required minimum forest area survival of dispersed seeds. In this manner, plant species depend on needed to sustain an individual tarictic may prove useful in future tarictic, making it a keystone species of the forest. conservation management. Studies on the preferred dimensions and Anthropogenic disturbance also has a great influence on the taxa of nesting trees can also support the management of specific significant difference in abundance of tarictics between sites. The forest habitats used by these tarictic hornbills. Quantitative analysis tarictic are well known in the islands of Polillo. They are considered of fragmentation in particular forest sites can be further compared as a flagship species in the island because of their endemicity and using more standardized protocols and indices of forest fragments, popularity. Because residents of the island know how important based on the computation for distance, shape and size of each forest each tarictic individual is to their island, they tend to conserve the patch. remaining populations of this species. They have stopped hunting The relative density and feeding preference of tarictic hornbills and poaching, and then prevent the cutting of fruit trees since they in variably disturbed forest sites indicate that despite impacts need these trees as much as tarictics need them. Another possible of fragmentation in much of the forests on Polillo Island, these factor is the influence of traditional practices of local inhabitants still provide suitable habitat to allow continued persistence of on forest use, such as the avoidance of cutting balete trees due to these uniquely adaptable and tolerant forest birds. The ability of superstitious beliefs. Given the limitation of forests in Polillo Island, this endemic species to adapt to fragmented forests and tolerate to survive tarictics need to adapt to various degrees of anthropogenic anthropogenic disturbances provides them with a natural advantage disturbance (e.g. forest degradation). Generally, island endemic among other forest endemics to survive in limited forest habitats. taxa are inevitably forced to adapt to fragmentation and tolerate anthropogenic disturbances in order to persist in small islands. References
Conclusions Asian Hornbill Network. 1991. Asian hornbill assessment and management plan. Asian Hornbill Network Annual Report (1991), Two fragmented forest sites surveyed in Polillo Island represent Singapore. different habitats that appeared suitable for the persistence of De Alban, J.D.T. 2007. Spatial profile of local conservation areas in island-endemic tarictic hornbills. The more disturbed forest site the Municipalities of Burdeos and Panukulan, Quezon Province, dominated by indigenous pioneer fruit trees was used for foraging Philippines. Unpublished final report for Pioneering Community-
80 81 Mamangun and Gonzalez. 2007. Banwa 4(1):69-82. Banwa. 2007. 4(1):83-97.
based Conservation Sites in the Polillo Islands Project. The Community-Based Wetland Conservation Darwin Initiative, Fauna & Flora International and Polillo Islands Biodiversity Conservation Foundation, Inc. Protects Endangered Species in Madagascar: Catibog-Sinha, C. and L.R. Heaney. 2006. Philippine biodiversity: Lessons from Science and Conservation Principles and practice. Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources, Quezon City. Richard T. Watson1,2, Lily Arison René de Roland2, Clements, T. 2002. Inventory of forest fragments in the Polillo Jeanneney Rabearivony2, and Russell Thorstrom2 Islands. In: D. Bennett (editor). 2002. Wildlife of Polillo Island, Philippines. Viper Press. Glossop, U.K. (updated online version 1 Corresponding author. [email protected] 2 at www.mampam.com). The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, Idaho 83709, United States of America Gonzalez, J.C.T. and A.T. Dans. 1996. Distribution and ecology of the Polillo tarictic hornbill Penelopides manillae subnigra and notes on threatened fauna in the Polillo Islands, Philippines. Unpublished report. Institute of Biological Sciences, U.P. Los Baños (Philippines); Vogelpark Avifauna (Netherlands); Fauna and Flora International (U.K.); Zoological Society for the Conservation of Species and Populations (Germany); and Oriental Bird Club (U.K.). Abstract Gonzalez, J.C.T. 1997. The ecology and distribution of birds in the Survival of the Madagascar fish eagle (Haliaeetus vociferoids) is Polillo Islands, Philippines. University of the Philippines, Los threatened by habitat loss. Of a population estimated at 100-120 breeding Baños. MS Thesis. pairs, 10 pairs breed on three adjacent lakes in western Madagascar. Gonzalez, J. C. T. 2007. Fragmented forests and isolated islands: The Fishing on the lakes is the main livelihood of local Sakalava people. distribution and status of Philippine endemic hornbills. In: The From 1991 through 1995 we documented a massive influx of migrant active management of hornbills and their habitats for conservation, fishermen who abused local traditional resource extraction rules and CD-ROM. Proc. 4th Intl Hornbill Conf. Mabula Game Lodge, Bela- threatened the livelihood of local inhabitants, as well as the survival Bela, South Africa. Naturalists and Nomads, Pretoria. of one of the world’s most endangered eagles. Migrants’ economic Kemp, A. 1995. The hornbills (Bucerotiformes). Oxford Univ. Press, incentive was strong. In 1995 per capita income from fishing was about $1500 for the six-month season, about 7.5 times the national annual New York. average. Fish stocks were rapidly diminished through the fishing Molles, M.C. Jr. 2006. Ecology: Concepts and applications. 3rd season as catches diminished to the point where fishermen gave up edition. McGraw-Hill, USA. fishing before the end of the season. Fish stocks were lowest when Rabor, D. 1977. Philippine birds and mammals. University of the Madagascar fish eaglenestlings fledged, affecting annual productivity. Philippines, Quezon City. The most serious impact of fishermen may be on the lake-side forest, Tsuji, A. 1996. Hornbills: Masters of tropical forests. Hornbill which was used as a source of dugout canoes and wood to fuel fish- Research Foundation, Bangkok. drying fires. To conserve this important breeding site we worked with the local community to enhance and enforce traditional resource utilization rules that helped prevent loss of fish eagle breeding habitat, reduce nest site disturbance, and sustain prey availability. We used a 1996 law to empower communities to control natural resource use by creating two community associations with authority to enforce local rules. We helped the associations become effective through training, advice, logistical, and scientific support.
Keywords: Community, conservation, habitat, law, Madagascar fish eagle, persecution, raptors, Sakalava.
82 83 Watson et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):83-97. Watson et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):83-97.
Introduction occupancy, breeding productivity, survival, and turn-over at the nest. Causes of breeding failure and mortality were determined whenever The island endemic Madagascar fish eagle (Haliaeetus vociferoides) possible (Watson et al., 1999; Watson and Razafindramanana, 1999; is critically endangered (Stattersfield and Capper, 2000) with a Watson et al., 2000a). small population limited to wetland habitats on Madagascar’s Behaviors, such as breeding behavior, dispersal, habitat western seaboard (Rabarisoa et al., 1997). Habitat degradation and selection, and migration, can have a significant impact on a species’ human persecution are the most likely causes for the species rarity distribution and abundance. Behavior was observed, documented, (Watson et al., 2000a; Watson and Rabarisoa, 2000). Survival of the and interpreted in the context of when and where it occurred, and Madagascar fish eagle requires conservation of remaining suitable which individuals were involved (Berkelman et al., 1999a, 1999b, habitat and the natural resources on which the eagle depends, and 2002; Rafanomezantsoa et al., 2002; Tingay et al., 2002, 2004). control of human persecution. This paper describes The Peregrine Studies on the genetic relationship between individuals of a pair, Fund’s (TPF) efforts to conserve critical fish eagle habitat and reduce their progeny, and extra-pair adults at the nest were used to interpret persecution of eagles by empowering the local Sakalava community behavior which included the unusual participation of more than two of the Manambolomaty Lakes complex, western Madagascar, to adults at the nest. Molecular genetics were also used to understand manage and sustainably harvest the lakes and forest on which they the species phylogeography and the genetic consequences of its depend, and which they share with about 10% of the Madagascar rarity (Tingay et al., 2002, 2004). fish eagle breeding population. Studies of the impact of humans on natural resources Materials and Methods Studies to measure human use of natural resources which people share with the Madagascar fish eagle and its impact on the fish We studied the ecology and natural history of the Madagascar eagles, were initiated in 1993 with a major study concluded in fish eagle, the impact of humans on key natural resources that 1996 and annual monitoring occurring since then. Observations of people shared with the Madagascar fish eagle, and we developed increasing numbers of fishermen active on the three main lakes of and applied new conservation methods to effect a change in human the Manambolomaty complex occurred annually from 1991 through behavior to benefit fish eagles and their habitat. Each of these 1993. Systematic counts began in 1996 of the number of fishermen methods will be briefly described. fishing, the number of dug-out canoes in use, the number and location Madagascar Fish Eagle studies of fishermen camps, the number of fish-drying fires, and the number, Studies on the Madagascar fish eagle were designed to measure size, and distance to shore of cut trees (for either firewood or dug- the species’ distribution and abundance, and determine what factors out canoe construction). Counts were done simultaneously by three affect them. We began with surveys within the species’ known teams of two observers working around the perimeter of each lake, range in Madagascar. Surveys were completed on foot, and by car and were repeated at the beginning, middle and end of the fishing and boat, in all suitable habitats along the coast and on lakes and season. Fishermen dialogue surveys were done by one team of two rivers within about 100 km inland of the west coast of Madagascar. people who answered 22 questions from dialogue with the head Surveys were conducted annually during the breeding season over of household and from direct observation in each fisherman camp. at least five years from 1991 through 1995 (Rabarisoa et al., 1997), Questions provided data on fishing effort and success, fishing nets and every fifth year since then to detect change in the distribution (type, length, mesh size), income from fishing and market forces, and abundance of the species. and utilization of wood from the surrounding forest (Kalavah and To understand what factors affect the species’ distribution and Razanrizanakanirina, 1997; Razanrizanakanirina and Watson, 1997; abundance, we measured population parameters in a sample of Watson and Rabarisoa, 2000; Watson et al., 2000b). breeding pairs located in and around the Manabolomaty Lakes Measuring the human impact on Madagascar fish eagle complex, about 300 km due west of the capital (Antananarivo). productivity has been accomplished annually since 1993 by observing Parameters measured included nesting density, annual nest territory and nest occupancy of banded, individually recognizable,
84 85 Watson et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):83-97. Watson et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):83-97. fish eagles at all 10 territories that exist on the Manambolomaty (c) define the procedure to permit the effective management lakes complex. Breeding success was measured as the proportion of natural resources. of eggs laid that hatched and fledged young (Watson et al., 1999). (4) With the mediator’s help the community established the requirements of an adequate system of management that Conservation implementation methods responds to the “Management Contract” with goals of Conservation centered on the premise that, first, local residents who conservation, sustainable development, and development of were indigenous to the area and who depend upon the availability resources. of fish in the lakes and wood in the forest for their livelihood would (5) The community finalized the contract by an authorized have an incentive to control the use of these natural resources to method. guarantee their future, and second, that if there were enough fish in the lakes and trees in the forest for people then there would be Results and Discussion enough for Madagascar fish eagles. We utilized a new (in 1996) law that was designed to decentralize the control of natural resources Madagascar fish eagleecology away from government by empowering local communities to be Surveys for breeding Madagascar fish eagles at their nests from responsible. The local community was unaware of this law when 1991 through 1995 detected at least 222 adult individuals including we began work in 1996, and had insufficient funding, transport, 63 pairs, 36 probable pairs, 24 single adults, and 18 immature or communication to learn about the law or follow the process birds (Rabarisoa et al., 1997). Assuming that all probable pairs were breeding, we estimated the fish eagle breeding population for implementing it. The Peregrine Fund’s primary role was to was 99 pairs (95% confidence interval = 78 to 120 pairs) in the area gather the information needed, share it with the local community, searched. This estimate was about twice the number previously and provide the logistical resources needed to implement the law, estimated in the period 1980-1985 (Langrand and Meyburg, 1989), mainly transport, communication, and a small amount of funding. due mainly to our greater search effort. The number of breeding In 1996 the government of Madagascar, in compliance with the pairs in some localities had declined since 1985, suggesting either second phase of Madagascar’s Environmental Action Plan (PE- a general population decline or movement of these pairs to other II), approved Law No. 96-025 to decentralize natural resource sites. Three major areas of concentration of the species were located: management by encouraging local communities to manage their (1) Tsiribihina River near the southern extent of the species’ range, own natural resources under a “management charter” with the (2) Manambolomaty Lakes complex (Antsalova region) to the government, known as Gestion Locale Securisée (GELOSE). The north of the Tsiribihina River, and (3) the northernmost coastal process adopted by the local communities to achieve the GELOSE and estuarine region between Mahajamba Bay and Nosy Hara (an charter was as follows: island) near Madagascar’s northern tip (Rabarisoa et al., 1997). Our (1) The local population made a request to transfer authority for best guess of the total population size, including the area of the management of one or more natural resources to the mayor of species’ range that we had not thoroughly searched, was about 120 the community, which was eventually agreed under written pairs. Monitoring samples of known nest sites from 1996 through contract. 2006 suggests little or no change in the species’ distribution and (2) With expert services provided by TPF and others, the abundance in the following decade. During the study period from community demonstrated the technical foundation for this 1996 through 2006, the number of territorial pairs of fish eagles request. around the Manambolomaty lakes complex varied from eight to 11, (3) With TPF’s help, the community selected an “environmental with generally higher numbers active (laying eggs), and significantly mediator” to facilitate discussions and negotiations to: higher numbers successful (fledging young) since community-based (a) understand the respective points of view of stakeholders conservation took effect in 2001 (mean number of young fledged per on the natural resources to be managed, occupied nest 1996 to 2000 = 4.4 ± 0.55 young/pair; mean number of (b) elaborate a common vision of the long-term future for young fledged per occupied nest 2001 to 2006 = 6.5 ± 1.22 young/ natural resource management, and pair; t = 3.53, df = 9, P=0.006).
86 87 Watson et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):83-97. Watson et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):83-97.
Fish eagles nesting in the Manambolomaty Lakes complex stems from a local superstitious belief that the foot of a living eagle utilized alternate nests, some building new nests annually while can act as a powerful talisman (Kalavah and Razanrizanakanirina, others occupied the same nest, averaging a 78% annual relocation 1997). The population effect of increased adult mortality from rate. Despite the use of alternate nests within their territory, nest this persecution is more significant than an equivalent level of spacing between adjacent pairs was fairly constant at 1.68 ± 0.66 km persecution of nestlings, but the combined increased adult mortality (n = 49). Home range areas ranged from 244 to 487 ha, with a mean and reduced recruitment is harmful to the species’ survival and of 350 ha ± 119 ha. Pairs with the smallest home range were located contributes to its rarity and absence from suitable habitat. on islands in the lakes, where ranging behavior was probably reduced by abundant shoreline foraging habitat and/or the easier Natural resource use by humans defense of territories surrounded by exposed water (Watson and Tree cutting for canoes and firewood Razafindramanana, 1999). In 1991, when we began studying Madagascar fish eagles, there Madagascar fish eagle nesting and foraging habitat parameters were about 30 fishermen active on the lakes. By 1996 when we did including nest, nest tree, surrounding vegetation, and adjacent water the first quantitative survey of fishermen, we counted 300 fishermen parameters, were measured at 56 nests found along the western and 275 dug-out canoes active on the lakes. There were 42 temporary seaboard of Madagascar. Descriptive statistics were used to look for fishermen camps and five permanent fishing villages. At night we consistent patterns among habitat parameters. While certain trends counted a minimum of 32 fish-drying fires burning after 2200hours . were apparent, such as always nesting within sight of water and The density of cut trees in the forest ranged from 15 to 290 trees/ha. Trees used for canoe construction were large in diameter (mean = in the largest trees, there was little evidence that would suggest a 61.3 cm in diameter) and averaged 140 m from the shore. Trees negative human impact on nest site or foraging habitat availability used for firewood were 18.4 cm in diameter and averaged 65m exists wherever large trees and water-woodland ecotone remain, from shore. A significant increase in the number of trees cut since yet many such apparently suitable sites were unoccupied (Watson fishermen numbers began to increase after 1991 was evident from et al., 2000a; Berkelman et al., 1999a, 1999b, 2002). Fish eagles nested estimated cut date, based on decomposition since cutting (Watson further from water than the African fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer and Rabarisoa, 2000). (Brown, 1980) and bald eagles H. leucogaster in north America
(Corr, 1974; Grubb, 1976; Kralovec et al., 1992), probably reflecting Fishermen and fishing the effect of harvesting by fishermen of tall trees close to water for Fisherman dialogue surveys at a sample of 18 temporary fishing construction of dug-out canoes (Watson et al., 2000a; Watson and camps and one village revealed that fishermen came from 14 villages, Rabarisoa, 2000). Cutting of trees for canoe construction may limit the most distant of which was 50 km from the lakes. Extrapolating availability of suitable nest sites if all large trees within sight of numbers, we estimated there were around 300 fishermen and 600 water are removed. Introduced Tilapia spp. were the most common family members, totaling 900 people, about ten times the number fish species available to fish eagles, and were the dominant prey present at the lakes when we first began in 1991. Migrants arrived species selected. Introduction of Tilapia may have benefited the at the lakes in June when the fishing season opened, and left again Madagascar fish eagle by providing abundant and easily captured in November when fish catch was almost nil or December when prey (Berkelman, 1999a). the season officially closed. All fishermen agreed that fish catch Direct human persecution (collecting chicks from the nest and diminished through the season, indicating a major impact on fish trapping adults) was observed to occur with regularity in the numbers. On average, each fisherman’s camp burned five fish- Manambolomaty area. Chicks were either eaten or were sold as drying fires and we estimated by extrapolation that 200 fish-drying pets, rarely surviving long. Adults were trapped, a foot removed, fires existed around the lakes. Fish were dried in front of fires on and then released. Only one adult has been seen to survive this sticks holding three fish. Fishermen’s estimates of time needed to abuse (Tingay et al., 2004), while about ten adults with a single foot dry fish averaged 1.12 h, and each fire dried an average of 23 sticks missing have been found dead. The persecution of adult fish eagles of fish at a time. Fish were sold for cash or bartered for goods, such
88 89 Watson et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):83-97. Watson et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):83-97. as rice, coffee, oil, and batteries. Fish buyers came from 11 villages, about 7.5-times greater, a strong incentive to endure the hard work mostly within 100 km of the lakes, and carried fish to commercial and hardship of camping on the lakes away from home for several centers for resale (Watson and Rabarisoa, 2000). months (Watson and Rabarisoa, 2000).
Fish harvest Conservation results Using the data above and making several assumptions, we In 1993 TPF first proposed the idea of a community-based estimated the number and weight of fish extracted from the lakes conservation project to protect wetlands and natural resources used each season, the income derived from fishing, and the amount of by local Sakalava people living in the Manabolomaty Lakes complex time fires must burn to smoke and dry all the fish. The last estimate around Lakes Befotaka, Soamalipo, and Ankerika and shared with was used to gauge the impact of wood collecting on the surrounding endangered Madagascar fish eagles (Watson and Rabarisoa, 2000; forest and availability of nesting sites for Madagascar fish eagles. Watson et al., 2000b). Discussions with the tompondrano (traditional Assuming the number of fishermen was constant through the season, keeper of the lakes) of Lakes Soamalipo and Befotaka began at that and there was a linear change in catch rates through the season, we time to better understand the existing traditional fisheries rules. The modeled the relationship between time (days) from the beginning idea was based on the simple concept that, provided people left fish of the season and daily fish catch (fish per day) with the equation: eagles alone, then if there were enough fish in the lakes for people to daily fish catch = 84,578 - 460.5 x time (r2 = 0.92, P<0.05, df=2). Using catch and enough trees in the forest for people to use, there should this equation, we estimated total catch from the three lakes during be enough of both these limiting resources for Madagascar fish an average 5.6 month fishing season to be 7,671,930 fish, or about eagles to survive also. Nest sites (trees) and food (in this case, fish) 1,918 metric tons assuming each fish weighed an average of 250 g are the two main ecological resources that limit raptor population (Watson and Rabarisoa, 2000). density and distribution (Newton 1979). By 1996 the local population and authorities at the villages Wood consumption of Soatana and Masoarivo (tompondrano, mayors, and elders) The number of hours in front of a fire required to dry the daily agreed that there were problems of over-fishing the three lakes catch (fish-hours/day) was estimated by dividing the reported daily and over-use of forest resources around the lakes, and wanted to catch by three (number of fish per stick) and again by 23 (number of do something about them by enforcing existing laws, traditional sticks per fire) and multiplying by the average time to dry the fish edicts, and dina (taboos). In June 1996, TPF helped the community of 1.12 h. Using reported daily catch of fish at the beginning, middle leaders to write these existing traditional laws and dina, and and end of the season, and assuming a linear relationship through announce them at public meetings on 29 June 1996. However, the the season, then total number of fire-hours per day = 1,372.9 - 7.475 writing and announcing of the laws proved insufficient to alter the x time (r2 = 0.92, P<0.05, df=2). Using this equation, we estimated behavior of immigrant fishermen from other parts of Madagascar 124,528 fire-hours to dry the entire seasons’ catch. Based on local who were the main cause of over-exploitation of fish and forest experience, we estimated that it would take about 83,000 m of 30 cm resources for profit. It didn’t help that the authorities and local diameter log to fuel these fires, all of which was collected from the elders avoided their responsibilities, did not communicate among forest surrounding the lakes (Watson and Rabarisoa, 2000). themselves, and participated in the fisheries exploitation for profit. In response to these problems TPF selected Mr. Ravo as a Economic incentive mediator to begin the GELOSE process with assistance from TPF The price of fish varied with demand from 500 to 1000 Francs sociologist Daurette Razandrizananakanirina, local technicians Malgache (Fmg) in 1996. Assuming the price averaged 750 Fmg Loukman Kalavah and Jules Mampiandra, and biologist Rivo then the total catch for the season was about 1,917,982,500 Fmg (then Rabarisoa. Their acceptance in the local community was extremely about US$ 479,495) and each fisherman made about $1,562 for the important to be able to communicate with, and collect and pass on season’s work. Annual average per capita income in 1996 was $225 comments and information to the local people, stakeholders, and to 250 in Madagascar, so fishing at these lakes provided an income communities. Meetings and presentations were held to identify
90 91 Watson et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):83-97. Watson et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):83-97. local and regional authorities and other stakeholders. These were Madagascar. This international designation gave more importance followed by informing the local authorities and stakeholders of the to the protection of this area under a strategy aimed at management existence of Law 96-025, what it could do to help solve the problems of resource use and conservation of the wetlands, maintenance they faced, and how to proceed with establishing the community of the ecological value of the site, continued research, and local charter (GELOSE). Two community associations (FIZAMA for capacity building in research, monitoring, and management of Lakes Soamalipo and Befotoka, and FIFAMA for Lake Ankerika) natural resources. The designation of the three lakes as a Ramsar were established with the help of TPF staff to take responsibility site gave more importance and value to the GELOSE process, for natural resource management and control, and following and for supporting management and resource control by the two through the GELOSE process. A mission statement was written by community associations, FIZAMA and FIFAMA. the associations with TPF’s guidance, and general agreement by all From 1999 to 2001, TPF continued supporting the GELOSE process authorities and parties to proceed with developing the GELOSE by resolving problems and other issues with FIZAMI and FIFAMA, was gained at public meetings and workshops, after which the and helping them to enforce their own management guidelines and authorities publicly announced the start of the GELOSE process policies on persons who disobeyed the rules. TPF also assisted the during the ceremonies to open the fishing season. The GELOSE associations’ requests to transfer natural resource management from community management charter was developed by community central government to the local community. On 29 September 2001 leaders, written down by TPF staff, and then revised several times the two associations, FIZAMI and FIFAMA, were given a three-year until a consensus by all authorities and stakeholders was met and probationary period to prove to the government that they could finally voted-on in public. The community, represented by the manage their natural resources and enforce resource use policies. associations, then applied to the Malagasy government for official In 2002 community meetings continued and TPF continued recognition of the GELOSE under Law 96-025. supporting the associations financially, logistically, and with An important element in managing the natural resources, and training and equipment. The associations opened bank accounts in in obtaining the acceptance of the associations by the Malagasy Morondava by depositing money they collected from issuing fishing government, was to establish methods for measuring and monitoring and fish-buyer permits. Fishing limits and tree harvest limits were change in resource use and availability. Fishing and tree harvest successfully enforced and limited to sustainable rates for the first surveys were established with TPF expertise to document fishing time in over ten years. and tree harvesting impacts, origin of fish buyers and their markets, In 2003, the community associations continued their work with fishing camp locations on the three lakes, and land-use around the financial and logistical support from TPF by demarking the GELOSE lakes. In 1997, TPF also supported student studies on fish, lemurs, management boundary, a community effort that took three months and botanical resource-use to gain a better understanding of the (August to October) of hard work to accomplish. The boundary was effects of resource use on other fauna and flora in the areafor marked and labeled with cement blocks at trail and road crossings support of the conservation effort on fish eagles, their habitat and and the line was a cut swath of 1.5 to 2 m in width. TPF paid for the other biodiversity. Throughout 1997 local community dialogues, work associated with this boundary delimitation. A tree nursery meetings, and presentations continued in collaboration with other was established and operated by TPF technicians. About 1,214 non-governmental organizations to provide information and help tree seedlings were raised, of which 1,184 were transplanted to resolve problems related to the GELOSE process. several denuded forest areas around the three lakes. The two local During this period, TPF and other NGOs had been working with associations made marked progress in their control and management the Malagasy government to designate the three lakes as one of the of the fishery and forest resources. country’s first Ramsar wetland sites of international importance. On In 2004 the associations completed their three-year probationary 2 March 1998, the Manambolomaty Lakes Complex, which includes period and applied for approval and authorization by the Malagasy the three lakes (Befotaka, Soamalipo, and Ankerika), the smaller government. Offices were built for each association in the village of Antsamaka Lake, and a 500 m band of the Tsimembo forest around Ankiranagato for FIZAMI and the village of Bejea for FIFAMA with the lakes, were designated as one of the first two Ramsar sites in funding from Ramsar and logistical assistance from TPF.
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On 30 June 2005 the two associations received the official The community-based wetland conservation project was based government authorization and contract for a 10-year period to on the simple premise that if there were enough fish in the lakes manage their natural resources. In June 2005 the two associations and trees in the forest to sustain the fishing community, then there also received the World Wildlife Fund “Gift to the Earth” award should be enough of both resources to sustain fish eagles, provided for their pioneering role in developing the GELOSE process for people stopped persecuting fish eagles. Local residents had a resource management and conservation. The bank accounts for traditional “keeper of the lakes,” the tompondrano, who established both associations continued to grow from the issue of resource use rules and taboos that limited fishing. Following his death in 1991, permits and with some of this money the associations bought rice by 1993 his heir faced overwhelming numbers of migrant fishermen to sell to local community members at a reduced rate during the invading the lakes, and fishing, camping, and using the forest in annual rice shortage period, thus providing another tangible benefit disregard for local traditions. The tompondrano, mayors, and elders to the community for limiting the fishery. Local personnel received felt powerless to protect their livelihood. The intervention by TPF training in tree nursery operation. The associations continued to began by rallying community leaders to work together to take receive increasing support from local authorities: police, judicial, action, and by providing information on a new (1996) law designed and forestry and fishery departments. to decentralize control of natural resources from government to In 2006 a fishing permit covering a 4-year period (September 2006 to village level. With awareness, strength in numbers, and logistical September 2010) was issued by the Regional Fishery Representative, and moral support from TPF, the local community began a guided which became another important milestone for the two associations. process to institutionalize mechanisms to control fishing and The community associations have successfully limited the number receive government authority through a “natural resource use of fishermen on the lakes, both local and migrants, and limited charter” (GELOSE). The process required stakeholder participation, the fish catch, fishing season, net mesh-size, fish-drying methods buy-in, and commitment which wavered at times but was always and fuel wood consumption, numbers of canoes built and trees restored with encouragement and persistence of TPF staff. Over cut for construction, and implemented reforestation to restore tree the decade-long process the community saw tangible results of their abundance on the lakeshore. efforts, experienced the benefits of taking control, and underwent a transformation from helplessness to empowerment and success. Conclusions In addition to facilitating community-empowerment, TPF’s intervention consistently explained the message that Madagascar This paper describes a conservation process that began with research fish eagles were exceptionally rare and unique to Madagascar, to measure the distribution and abundance of the Madagascar Fish they were a valuable part of the community’s cultural and natural Eagle and understand what factors limit them, and expanded into heritage, and that persecution of eagles was harmful to the species. a community-based wetland conservation project to protect fish We made no attempt to strike bargains with the community to eagles in their stronghold, the Manambolomaty Lakes complex, protect the eagles, but through awareness they came to accept which supports about 10% of the species’ global population. In the that persecution was not acceptable and its prohibition should be first three years of work, the research documented the low fish-eagle included among their taboos. population size (about 120 breeding pairs globally), its distribution Among the criteria for successful implementation of this along the western seaboard of Madagascar, the population’s community-based conservation strategy, we believe that largest stronghold, and the occurrence of human persecution. This employment and training of technician-level staff from the local knowledge was enough to justify conservation effort focused on the community helped build important links and trust between TPF species’ stronghold, but studies since then have been important for and the local community. Skepticism, fear, and distrust among improving and refining our understanding of the species’ behavior the local community were most effectively handled by community and its population and genetic consequences, and for detecting members who worked for and got to know us and understand our change in population size, density, distribution and productivity in motives. Second, although funding commitments tend to be offered response to conservation interventions. in finite cycles of just two or three years during which measurable
94 95 Watson et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):83-97. Watson et al. 2007. Banwa 4(1):83-97. results are expected to be achieved, the success of this project Newton, I. 1979. Population ecology of raptors. Poyser, London. depended on taking time (many years) to develop trust with and Rabarisoa, R., R.T. Watson, R. Thorstrom, and J. Berkelman. 1997. among community members, an outcome that can not be rushed or Status of the Madagascar fish eagle Haliaeetus vociferoides in 1995. measured but we believe was critical. Ostrich 68(1):8-12. Rafanomezantsoa, S., R.T. Watson, and R. Thorstrom. 2002. Juvenile Acknowledgments dispersal of Madagascar fish eagles tracked by satellite telemetry. J. Raptor Res. 36(4):309-314. We are grateful to the Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg Foundation Razandrizanakanirina, D., and R.T. Watson. 1997. The process for their long-term support of this project, and also to the John D. and of developing the community-based wetland conservation Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, and other important donors. project: 1997-1998. In: Watson, R.T (ed.). Madagascar Wetlands We are especially grateful to Loukman Kalavaha and other field Conservation Project: Developing community-based conservation technicians from the local communities whose knowledge, patience, in a proposed wetland biosphere reserve in Madagascar. Prog. and dedication of effort helped ensure this project’s success. Rpt. III, 1995-1996. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, ID. pp. 33-44. Stattersfield, A.J. and D.R. Capper. 2000. Threatened birds ofthe References world. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Tingay, R.E., M.L. Clarke, R.T. Watson, R. Thorstrom, and L. Kalavah. Brown, L.H. 1980. The African fish eagle. Bailey Bros. & Swinfen, 2004. Survival and behavior of a one-footed Madagascar fish eagle Folkstone. in the wild. J. Raptor Res. 38(1):85-88. Corr, P.O. 1974. Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus alascanus nesting Tingay, R., M. Culver, E.M. Hallerman, J.D. Fraser, and R.T. Watson. relating to forestry in southeastern Alaska. University of Alaska, 2002. Subordinate males sire offspring in Madagascar fish eagle Fairbanks. Unpublished MS Thesis. (Haliaeetus vociferoides) polyandrous breeding groups. J. Raptor Berkelman, J., J.D. Fraser, R.T. Watson. 2002. Nesting and perching Res. 36(4):280-286. habitat use of the Madagascar fish eagle. J. Raptor Res. 36(4):287- Watson, R.T. and R. Rabarisoa. 2000. Sakalava fishermen and 293. Berkelman, J., J.D. Fraser, and R.T. Watson. 1999a. Madagascar fish Madagascar fish eagles: Enhancing traditional conservation rules eagle prey preference and foraging success. Wilson Bul. 111(1):15- to control resource abuse that threatens a key breeding area for an 21. endangered eagle. Ostrich 71(1 & 2):2-10. Berkelman, J., J.D. Fraser, and R.T. Watson. 1999b. Lake selection by Watson, R.T. J. Berkelman, R. Rabarisoa, R. Thorstrom, and C.R.B. Madagascar fish eagles. The Auk 116(4):976-983. Watson. 2000a. Description of nesting and foraging habitat of Grubb, T.G. 1976. A survey and analysis of bald eagle nesting in the Madagascar fish eagle Haliaeetus vociferoides: A conservation western Washington. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. initiative. Ostrich 71(1&2):336-340. Unpublished MS Thesis. Watson, R.T., A. Andrianarimisa, D. Razandrizanakanirina, and L. Kalavah, L. and D. Razanrizanakanirina. 1997. Socio-economic status Kalavaha. 2000b. Madagascar fish eagleHaliaeetus vociferoides and in 1996 of the region around three lakes, Befotaka, Soamalipo, and community-based wetland conservation. In: Chancellor, R.D. and Ankerika, in western Madagascar. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, ID. B.U. Meyburg (eds.) Raptors at Risk. WWGBP/Hancock House, Kralovec, M.K., R. Knight, G.R. Craig, and R.G. McLean. 1992. Berlin. pp. 333-340. Nesting productivity, food habits, and nest sites of bald eagles in Watson, R.T. and S. Razafindramanana. 1999. Nearest neighbor nest Colorado and southwestern Wyoming. Southwestern Naturalist distances, home range and territory area of the Madagascar fish 37(4):356-361. eagle (Haliaeetus vociferoides). J. Raptor Res. 33(4):335-338. Langrand, O., B.-U. Meyburg. 1989. Range, status, and biology of Watson, R.T., S. Razafindramanana, R. Thorstrom, and S. the Madagascar sea eagle Haliaeetus vociferoides. In: Meyburg, B.U. Rafanomezantsoa. 1999. Breeding biol ogy, extra-pair birds, and R.D. Chancellor (eds.) Raptors in the modern world. World productivity, siblicide and conservation of the Madagascar fish Working Group on Birds of Prey, Berlin. pp. 269-278. eagle. Ostrich 70(2):105-111.
96 97 Banwa Name(s) of author(s) - Authors should identify themselves only in the title page Instructions for Authors that should precede the article for ease in undertaking the review process and ensure anonymity. Write the complete name with middle initials. Each author’s mailing General Information address and/or institutional affiliation must be indicated in the title page as well as the author to whom correspondence should be addressed including his/her e-mail Banwa is a peer reviewed inter- and multi-disciplinary journal. It was originally address. Indicate whether the research is the portion of a thesis or dissertation and the intended for the faculty, students, and research, extension, professional services (REPS) sources of fund of the research. staff of the University of the Philippines Mindanao and for researches on Mindanao or For the running title, include a shortened version of the title of the article, not more Southern Philippines and its environs. 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