ILRC29, Hefei, China; 24-28, June 2019

Long-Range-Transported from Africa and Middle East to East Observed with the and Aerosol Lidar Observation Network (AD-Net)

Nobuo Sugimoto1,*, Atsushi Shimizu1, Tomoaki Nishizawa1, Yoshitaka Jin1, Keiya Yumimoto2, and Takashi Maki3 1National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506 Japan (Email: [email protected]) 2Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580 Japan 3Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

1 Contents

- Introduction

Asian Dust and Aerosol Lidar Observation Network (AD-Net)

Dust phenomena in East Asia (source areas, transport)

- Long-range transport from Africa and Middle East to East Asia

2 Continuous observations with multi-parameter lidars

3 4 5 Gobi Taklamakan Loess Plateau

6 Long-range transport of dust from Africa and Middle East to East Asia

Background • Tanaka, T. Y., Y. Kurosaki, M. Chiba, T. Matsumura, T. Nagai A. Yamajaki, A. Uchiyama, N. Tsunematsu, and K. Kai, 2005: Possible transcontinental dust transport from North Africa and the Middle East to East Asia, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3901‒3909. (…Analysis of a dust event in 2003.) • Tazaki, K., R., Wakimoto, Y. Minami, M. Yamamoto, K. Miyata, K. Sato, I. Saji, S. K. Chaerun, G. Zhou, and T. Morishita, 2004: Transport of carbon-bearing from Iraq to Japan during Iraq’s War, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2091‒2109. (…Polluted carbon particle from oil field burning.) • Park, C.-B. N. Sugimoto, I. Matsui, A. Shimizu, B. Tatarov, A. Kamei, C.-H. Lee, I. Uno, T. Takemura, D. L. Westphal, Long-Range Transport of to East Asia Observed with Lidars SOLA 1, 121 (2005). (…Lidar observations and analysis of a dust event in 2005.)

Motivation of this work: • Central Asian DUst Conference (CADUC) 8-12 April 2019, Dushanbe, Tajikistan (organized by TROPOS) • CADEX (Central Asian Dust EXperiment) (2015-2016) and recently started continuous observation in Dushanbe by TROPOS. • It would be interesting if we could observe the same air mass along the transport path to study the change in optical characteristics of dust. • Recent studies of bioaerosols (microbes attached to dust particles) suggest such long-range transport might be important even if the density of the transported dust is low.

7 Method

We used the archived NAAPS results to find possible long-range- transported dust cases to East Asia.

We then searched corresponding plumes in AD-Net data.

When we found the corresponding dust plume, we performed backward trajectory analysis using NOAA HYSPLIT.

We confirmed dust transport using the CALIPSO browse data when available.

We studied the dust source areas for the observed plumes using MASINGAR-mk2 calculated separately for different dust source areas. March 2018

Sahara dust, stained snow in Sochi into orange, reached Sapporo 4 days later.

A skiing ground in Sochi, March 23, 2018. (from National Geographic www page)

9 (from AD-Net www page) 10 NRL NAAPS

Total AOD Sulfate AOD

Dust AOD Smoke AOD

11 NRL NAAPS

12 MRI MASINGAR-mk2 global aerosol transport model

Resolution TL479 ~ 40 km, for 2018 (Resolution TL159 ~ 110 km, for 2015)

Dust from the four source areas (Sahara, Middle East, Taklamakan, and Gobi) were calculated separately.

Taklamakan Gobi

Sahara

Middle East Dust in Sapporo, March 2018 MASINGAR-mk2 Gobi

AD-Net Lidar Sahara

Taklamakan MASINGAR-mk2

Mar 22, 12:00

Sochi Sapporo MASINGAR-mk2

Mar 23, 12:00

Sochi Sapporo MASINGAR-mk2

Mar 24, 12:00

Sochi Sapporo MASINGAR-mk2

Mar 25, 12:00

Sochi Sapporo MASINGAR-mk2

Mar 26, 12:00

Sochi Sapporo Dust in Sapporo, March 2018 MASINGAR-mk2 Gobi

AD-Net Lidar Sahara

Taklamakan MASINGAR-mk2

Sahara

Sapporo

Gobi MASINGAR-mk2

Sahara

Beijing

Gobi

Beijing MASINGAR-mk2

Sahara

Ulsan

Gobi

Ulsan MASINGAR-mk2

Sahara

Fukue

Gobi

Fukue MASINGAR-mk2 Fukue

Sahara

Sahara Gobi Gobi Sahara + Gobi + Sahara CALIPSO 2018-03-25

76.0 N 29.2 N 76.0 N 29.2 N 26 CALIPSO 2018-03-26

Sahara dust 4 3 2 1 0

75.6 N 28.7 N 75.7 N 28.8 N 27 CALIPSO 2018-03-28

Sahara 7 Sahara 6 Gobi 5 + Gobi?

74.9 N 27.9 N 75.0 N 27.9 N 28 2018-03-25 MASINGAR-mk2

Gobi

Sahara 2018-03-26 MASINGAR-mk2

Gobi

Sahara 2018-03-26 MASINGAR-mk2

Gobi

Sahara Sahara dust observed in Sapporo

Dust Particle Extinction Depolarization Coefficient Ratio 9

6

Height (km) Height 3

0 0 0.05 0 0.3 Gobi Sahara

Concentration of the Sahara dust above Sapporo was about 50 μg/m3 at the maximum on 26 March 2018. AOD was about 0.2. 32 Sahara dust case in April 2017 Ulaanbaatar Sainshand

33 Ulaanbaatar Sainshand

34 Middle East dust case in April 2015 observed in Dushanbe

Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 14559–14577, 2017

35 Forward trajectory from Dushanbe, Tajikistan

36 Dust in April 2015

37 TROPOS Lidar

13 13

MASINGAR-mk2

13 Middle East Sahara Dust in April 2015 in Nagasaki MASINGAR-mk2 Gobi

Middle East AD-Net Lidar Middle East

Sahara Gobi + Taklamakan + Middle East + Sahara Taklamakan 40 Major long-range transported dust events observed with AD-Net

2005.03.07-08 Suwon; Jeju; Tsukuba  Sahara (Park et al., 2005) ……

2015.04.17 Nagasaki  Dushanbe, Tajikistan  Middle East 2015.04.27 Sendai  Sahara

2016.03.29 Sainshand  Sahara

2017.04.27-28 Sainshand; Ulaanbaatar  Sahara (A portion of the transported dust was taken into the boundary layer in Mongolia)

2018.03.26-27 Sapporo; Fukue  Sochi, Russia  Sahara 2018.03.30-31 Sapporo  Sahara

2019.03.15 Sainshand  Sahara

41 Summary

- Dust from Africa and Middle East are transported to East Asia every year in the springtime (mostly in March and April).

- In seasons other than spring, no significant long-range-transported dust cases have been observed, so far.

- The transport path arriving in East Asia often passes through Kazakhstan and Russia.

- Dust transported across the high mountain in the west of the Taklamakan desert was also observed.

- Long-range-transported dust is often mixed with the dust from the Taklamakan and the Gobi. Analysis using global dust transport models with source identification tags is useful.

42 Concluding remarks

- Vertical profile measurements are essential for understanding the mixing of dust from different source regions.

- Further observational studies using multi-parameter lidars, sky radiometers and modeling studies are required. We still do not understand, for example, the changes in size distribution and optical characteristics during transport.

- Mongolia is an important location not only as the source area of Gobi dust but also for studying the characteristics of long-range-transported dust from Africa and Middle East. We are thinking of improving one of the AD-Net lidars in Mongolia to a multi-wavelength Raman lidar or HSRL. Also, it will be useful if we have observation sites in Kazakhstan.

43 Thank you

44