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Pharmacological Activity of Cosmos Sulphureus

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Pharmacological Activity of Cosmos Sulphureus Anupama K Raj et al., Pharmacological Activity of Cosmos sulphureus REVIEW ARTICLE International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences Pri-ISSN: 2394 -5826 http://www.irjpbs.come-ISSN: 2394 - 5834 PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF COSMOS SULPHUREUS Anupama K Raj*, Lata Khani Bisht, D.Visaga Perumal and Vineeth Chandy Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, T John College of Pharmacy Article info Abstract Article history: Received 08 FEB 2021 Accepted 13 FEB 2021 ABSTRACT: Cosmos sulphureus is the ornamental plant seen in the Mexico, South America, and Asia, which belongs to the Compositae/Asteraceae family. Sulphur cosmos and yellow cosmos are the other synonyms of the plant. The plant contain galore of chemical constituents such as alkaloids, phenols, phenolic acid, coumarins, flavonoids, stilbenes, lignins, lignans and condensed tannins. The hybrid variety of Cosmos sulphureus plant contains chalcone, butein 4’-O-glycoside, 2 flavanoes, eriodictyol 7-O- glycoside and 7-O-glucuronoide. Chemical constituent present in flower are aurone, sulfuetin-6-O-glucoside. The plant having large number of chemical constituent which are showing the different pharmacological properties. Cosmos sulphureus used for elevating the blood flow thorough the body, decreasing body heat, strengthening bone marrow, act as anti aging agent, antioxidant and to treat the disease caused by pathogenic microorganism. The extract of flower of Cosmos sulphureus showing the antioxidant and hemolytic properties. The extract of leaf shows the antioxidant and anthelmintic properties. It can also act as natural herbicide, used as coloring dye (orange yellow dye). The rhizomes are used in the *Corresponding author: treatment of malaria. [email protected] Keywords: Cosmos sulphureus, antioxidant, hemolysis, anthelmintic property Copyright © 2021irjpbs International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 5 (7) 1 Anupama K Raj et al., Pharmacological Activity of Cosmos sulphureus INTRODUCTION Cosmos sulphureus is orgining from Mexico and northern South America. Other scientific names are Cosmos aurantiacus, Cosmos artemisiifolius, Coreopsis artemisiofolia, Bidens sulphurea, Kuntze, Bidens aetemisiifolia. Sulphur cosmos and yellow cosmos are the synonyms of the plant. In India, Florida, South America and Southern united state, the plant is referred as yellow cosmos and klondika cosmos. And this plant is widely naturalized through these countries. It is found much in tropics and subtropical areas or region. The plant is more common weed in the Africa. About 40 species have their centre of diversity in Mexico. Several species have been introduced around the world [1]. Cosmos sulphureus belongs to Compositae/Asteraceae family [2]. The genus name Cosmos derives from the Greek word Kosmos, literally translated as ‘beauty’ (Smith, 1972). with a ‘root idea of orderliness; hence an ornament or beautiful thing’ (Baiey, 1924). The species name sulphureus in reference to the orange yellow colors of plant flower (Smith, 1972). It is belong to herbeous horticulture plant and the common ornamental plant [3]. Cosmos sulphureus used for elevating the blood flow thorough the body, decreasing body heat, strengthening bone marrow, act as anti aging agent, antioxidant and to treat the disease caused by pathogenic microorganism. Then act as anti inflammatory agent, aramatase inhibition and cyclooxygenous inhibition [4]. In Indonesia the young shoots of this plant are eaten raw or cooked. It can also act as natural herbicide, used as coloring dye (orange yellow dye). The rhizomes are used in the treatment of malaria. It shows the inhibitory activity in bacteria, virus, fungus and plasmodium [5]. PLANT PROFILE Cosmos sulphureus is a tap rooted plant. It has been introduced as an ornamental plant. The plant may be reappearing by self sowing and it is considered as half hardy annual. The plant height varies from 30-210 cm (1-7feet).The stem of the plant are erected and branched. Leaves cauline, alternate, deeply lobed, petiole 10-70mm long, blades 50-250mm long, ultimate lobe 2- 5mm wide [6]. It consists of variety of colours in shades of yellow, orange, scarlet. Thier flowering is very early. Plant germination usually takes place between 7 and 21 days. It prefers the optimal temperature of 75°F and pH between 6.0 and 8.5 in the alkaline region. After germination, flowering begins between 50 to 60 days and flowering is best in full Sunlight. After the long germination plant gets damages because of drought or insect damage and disease damage [7]. Cosmos sulphureus is prefers to grow in open grass land and shrubland. It is commonly distributed in pastures, roadsides, railway roads, along the river and sometime in forest area. It needs full sunlight and moderate water to grow. The flowers of plant are pollinated by the bees and butterflies. All the plant part like stems, leaves, roots flowers and seeds contain Antioxidants. Cosmos sulphureus stem contain less antioxidant than the leaves. The galore of natural oxidants is present in the flower part of plant. The natural oxidant which present in the plants phenolic acid, flavonoids, anthocyanin and other natural oxidant. The major chemical constituents are International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 5 (7) 2 Anupama K Raj et al., Pharmacological Activity of Cosmos sulphureus present in the plant are chlorogenic acid, quercetin, gallic acid, caffeine, p-coumeric acid and vannilic acid. Other phytochemical constituents are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds [8]. PHYTOCHEMISTRY Cosmos sulphureus contain wide varieties of different chemical constituents. Each and every chemical constituent determining the various pharmacological activities. The plant materials have unique property of synthesizing the active compound result as secondary metabolite [9]. It is classified in to 4 major classes, Terpenes, phenols, glycosides and alkaloids. In these the phenolic compound having the antioxidant, anticarcinigenic and antimutagenic activity [10]. It is also act against cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and neurodegenerative [11], Phenolic represents galore of compounds such as phenols, phenolic acid, coumarins, flavonoids, stilbens, hydrolysable, lignans, lignins and condensed tannins [12]. Flavonoids are the important natural phenol [13]. The phytochemicals which are responsible for anthelmintic activity are alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, tannins and flavonoids [14]. Hemolysis is occurring by the iron mediated oxidative modification of membrane lipid and hemoglobin. The powerful defense mechanism in the body is preventing oxidation [15]. The hybrid variety of Cosmos sulphureus plant contains chalcone, butein 4’-O-glycoside, 2 flavanoes, eriodictyol 7-O-glycoside and 7-O-glucuronoide [16]. The chemical constituent present in flower parts are aurone, sulfuretin 6-O-glucoside [17]. Other chemicals are flavonol, quercetin 3-O-glucoside [18]. PHARMACOLOGY Antioxidant property in flowers Free radicals are the substance which produces in the body as a result of the normal body functions that is respiratory and other life style habits. These are unpaired electron which destroys our cells [19]. So our body have inbuilt defense for prevent this damage. This process terminates the damage by inhibition of oxidation. Suitable method of extraction should consider if target molecules are non polar to polar. Choose the solvent according for the extraction of active plant chemical constituent through standard procedure [20]. Acetone is the best solvent for the extraction of hydrophilic and lipophilic components because it has low toxicity [21]. Ethyl acetate is initially used solvent and used as extracting in pharmaceutical industries [22]. The phenolic compound is considered as the powerful antioxidant property. Flavonoids are the major class of phenolic compound that responsible for it. Successive solvent extraction procedures for Cosmos sulphureus are various. Sample which was in the powdered form has subjected to successive extraction using Soxhlet apparatus [23]. The solvent using should be in the ascending order of polarity and the phytochemical screening was carried using standard procedure. The test for carbohydrate was carried out using Benedict’s reagent by keeping the sample in reagent, showing the presence of green, yellow, red indicate the conformation of carbohydrates. The test International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 5 (7) 3 Anupama K Raj et al., Pharmacological Activity of Cosmos sulphureus for protein carried out using the Million’s reagent. 3ml of test solution was mixed with 5ml of reagent [24]. White precipitate turn to brick red indicate the presence of protein. The test for amino acid can be confirmed by the Tyrosine method. Filter paper method is the test used for the conformation of Fats and Oils. Conformation of Flavonoids can be done by Sulphuric acid test and lead acetate test. Yellow color residue shows the indication of presence of lead acetate. The test for tannin and phenols can be done by the adding of ferric chloride to alcoholic extract gives the deep blue black color [25]. The solvents are water, methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether. The extraction filtered using whatman paper and dried using rotary evaporator [26]. DPPH method is the best method for conforming the antioxidant property. 2,2-diphenyl-1- piccrylhydrazyl (DPPH) is a dark colored crystalline powder with free radical molecule [27]. This assay is based
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