Pharmacological Activity of Cosmos Sulphureus

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Anupama K Raj et al., Pharmacological Activity of Cosmos sulphureus

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences

Pri-ISSN: 2394 -5826 http://www.irjpbs.come-ISSN: 2394 - 5834

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF COSMOS SULPHUREUS Anupama K Raj*, Lata Khani Bisht, D.Visaga Perumal and Vineeth Chandy Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, T John College of Pharmacy

Article info Abstract

Article history: Received 08 FEB 2021 Accepted 13 FEB 2021 ABSTRACT: Cosmos sulphureus is the ornamental plant seen in the Mexico, South America, and Asia, which belongs to the Compositae/Asteraceae family. Sulphur cosmos and yellow cosmos

are the other synonyms of the plant. The plant contain galore of chemical constituents such as alkaloids, phenols, phenolic acid, coumarins, flavonoids, stilbenes, lignins, lignans and condensed tannins. The hybrid variety of Cosmos sulphureus plant contains

chalcone, butein 4’-O-glycoside, 2 flavanoes, eriodictyol 7-O- glycoside and 7-O-glucuronoide. Chemical constituent present in flower are aurone, sulfuetin-6-O-glucoside. The plant having large number of chemical constituent which are showing the different pharmacological properties. Cosmos sulphureus used for elevating the blood flow thorough the body, decreasing body heat, strengthening bone marrow, act as anti aging agent, antioxidant and to treat the disease caused by pathogenic microorganism. The extract of flower of Cosmos sulphureus showing the antioxidant and hemolytic properties. The extract of leaf shows the antioxidant and anthelmintic properties. It can also act as natural herbicide, used as coloring dye (orange yellow dye). The rhizomes are used in the

International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 5 (7) 1 Anupama K Raj et al., Pharmacological Activity of Cosmos sulphureus

INTRODUCTION Cosmos sulphureus is orgining from Mexico and northern South America. Other scientific names are Cosmos aurantiacus, Cosmos artemisiifolius, Coreopsis artemisiofolia, Bidens sulphurea, Kuntze, Bidens aetemisiifolia. Sulphur cosmos and yellow cosmos are the synonyms of the plant. In India, Florida, South America and Southern united state, the plant is referred as yellow cosmos and klondika cosmos. And this plant is widely naturalized through these countries. It is found much in tropics and subtropical areas or region. The plant is more common weed in the Africa. About 40 species have their centre of diversity in Mexico. Several species have been introduced around the world [1]. Cosmos sulphureus belongs to Compositae/Asteraceae family [2]. The genus name Cosmos derives from the Greek word Kosmos, literally translated as ‘beauty’ (Smith, 1972). with a ‘root idea of orderliness; hence an ornament or beautiful thing’ (Baiey, 1924). The species name sulphureus in reference to the orange yellow colors of plant flower (Smith, 1972). It is belong to herbeous horticulture plant and the common ornamental plant [3]. Cosmos sulphureus used for elevating the blood flow thorough the body, decreasing body heat, strengthening bone marrow, act as anti aging agent, antioxidant and to treat the disease caused by pathogenic microorganism. Then act as anti inflammatory agent, aramatase inhibition and cyclooxygenous inhibition [4]. In Indonesia the young shoots of this plant are eaten raw or cooked. It can also act as natural herbicide, used as coloring dye (orange yellow dye). The rhizomes are used in the treatment of malaria. It shows the inhibitory activity in bacteria, virus, fungus and plasmodium [5].

PLANT PROFILE

Cosmos sulphureus is a tap rooted plant. It has been introduced as an ornamental plant. The plant may be reappearing by self sowing and it is considered as half hardy annual. The plant height varies from 30-210 cm (1-7feet).The stem of the plant are erected and branched. Leaves cauline, alternate, deeply lobed, petiole 10-70mm long, blades 50-250mm long, ultimate lobe 2- 5mm wide [6]. It consists of variety of colours in shades of yellow, orange, scarlet. Thier flowering is very early. Plant germination usually takes place between 7 and 21 days. It prefers the optimal temperature of 75°F and pH between 6.0 and 8.5 in the alkaline region. After germination, flowering begins between 50 to 60 days and flowering is best in full Sunlight. After the long germination plant gets damages because of drought or insect damage and disease damage [7]. Cosmos sulphureus is prefers to grow in open grass land and shrubland. It is commonly distributed in pastures, roadsides, railway roads, along the river and sometime in forest area. It needs full sunlight and moderate water to grow. The flowers of plant are pollinated by the bees and butterflies. All the plant part like stems, leaves, roots flowers and seeds contain Antioxidants. Cosmos sulphureus stem contain less antioxidant than the leaves. The galore of natural oxidants is present in the flower part of plant. The natural oxidant which present in the plants phenolic acid, flavonoids, anthocyanin and other natural oxidant. The major chemical constituents are

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Anupama K Raj et al., Pharmacological Activity of Cosmos sulphureus present in the plant are chlorogenic acid, quercetin, gallic acid, caffeine, p-coumeric acid and vannilic acid. Other phytochemical constituents are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds [8].

PHYTOCHEMISTRY

Cosmos sulphureus contain wide varieties of different chemical constituents. Each and every chemical constituent determining the various pharmacological activities. The plant materials have unique property of synthesizing the active compound result as secondary metabolite [9]. It is classified in to 4 major classes, Terpenes, phenols, glycosides and alkaloids. In these the phenolic compound having the antioxidant, anticarcinigenic and antimutagenic activity [10]. It is also act against cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and neurodegenerative [11], Phenolic represents galore of compounds such as phenols, phenolic acid, coumarins, flavonoids, stilbens, hydrolysable, lignans, lignins and condensed tannins [12]. Flavonoids are the important natural phenol [13]. The phytochemicals which are responsible for anthelmintic activity are alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, tannins and flavonoids [14]. Hemolysis is occurring by the iron mediated oxidative modification of membrane lipid and hemoglobin. The powerful defense mechanism in the body is preventing oxidation [15]. The hybrid variety of Cosmos sulphureus plant contains chalcone, butein 4’-O-glycoside, 2 flavanoes, eriodictyol 7-O-glycoside and 7-O-glucuronoide [16]. The chemical constituent present in flower parts are aurone, sulfuretin 6-O-glucoside [17]. Other chemicals are flavonol, quercetin 3-O-glucoside [18].

PHARMACOLOGY

Antioxidant property in flowers

Free radicals are the substance which produces in the body as a result of the normal body functions that is respiratory and other life style habits. These are unpaired electron which destroys our cells [19]. So our body have inbuilt defense for prevent this damage. This process terminates the damage by inhibition of oxidation. Suitable method of extraction should consider if target molecules are non polar to polar. Choose the solvent according for the extraction of active plant chemical constituent through standard procedure [20]. Acetone is the best solvent for the extraction of hydrophilic and lipophilic components because it has low toxicity [21]. Ethyl acetate is initially used solvent and used as extracting in pharmaceutical industries [22]. The phenolic compound is considered as the powerful antioxidant property. Flavonoids are the major class of phenolic compound that responsible for it. Successive solvent extraction procedures for Cosmos sulphureus are various. Sample which was in the powdered form has subjected to successive extraction using Soxhlet apparatus [23]. The solvent using should be in the ascending order of polarity and the phytochemical screening was carried using standard procedure. The test for carbohydrate was carried out using Benedict’s reagent by keeping the sample in reagent, showing the presence of green, yellow, red indicate the conformation of carbohydrates. The test

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Anupama K Raj et al., Pharmacological Activity of Cosmos sulphureus for protein carried out using the Million’s reagent. 3ml of test solution was mixed with 5ml of reagent [24]. White precipitate turn to brick red indicate the presence of protein. The test for amino acid can be confirmed by the Tyrosine method. Filter paper method is the test used for the conformation of Fats and Oils. Conformation of Flavonoids can be done by Sulphuric acid test and lead acetate test. Yellow color residue shows the indication of presence of lead acetate. The test for tannin and phenols can be done by the adding of ferric chloride to alcoholic extract gives the deep blue black color [25]. The solvents are water, methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether. The extraction filtered using whatman paper and dried using rotary evaporator [26]. DPPH method is the best method for conforming the antioxidant property. 2,2-diphenyl-1- piccrylhydrazyl (DPPH) is a dark colored crystalline powder with free radical molecule [27]. This assay is based upon measuring the scavenging capacity of antioxidant towards it. 0.3mmol of DPPH was prepared by 100% of methanol [28]. Three different concentrations of sample solution was taken and added into the DPPH solution. Standard solution (Ascorbic acid) was added separately. Final volume was made by adding the 4ml of 100% methanol solution in to the different concentration sample and standard. The entire test sample was shaken thoroughly and kept in dark at room temperature for 30 min. The absorbance was measured at 517nm [29]. The investigation conformed the antioxidant property [30].

Antioxidant property in leaves

Antioxidants are radical scavengers which protects the human against free radical that may cause disease condition [31]. Extraction is the process is used for separation of required chemical constituents. Efficiency of plant extract depends upon the extraction efficiency [32]. UV- Spectrophotometer technique is used for the determination of phenolic and flavonoid content. Folin-ciocalteu reagent added in to 0.2ml of sample and vortex for 3min followed by the addition of 0.8ml of sodium carbonate. Reaction mixture was incubated for 30 min at room temperature. Measure the absorbance at 765nm for phenolic determination [33]. For flavonoid content, 500 micro liter of each extract was mixed with 1.50ml of 95% ethanol, 0.10ml of 10% of aluminum chloride, 0.10 ml of sodium acetate and 2.80ml of distilled water. After incubation of 40 min, measured the absorbance at 415nm [34]. Nitric oxide radical test had done by adding Griess reagent to 0.5ml of 10mm sodium nitroprusside in phosphate buffered saline was mixed with 1ml of different concentrations of ethanol extracts and incubated at 25°C for 180min. The absorbance was measured at 546nm using UV-Spectrophotometry [35]. Plant phenolic and flavonoid content were determining the plant antioxidant activity [36]. Because of the antioxidant activity of compound may lower the risk of serious health issue [37]. By considering all things, high amount of phenols and flavonoids are present in the Cosmos sulphureus leaves in ethyl acetate. It inhibited the Nitric oxide production as well as providing greatest scavenging activity. The plant leaf increasing human nutrient and providing antioxidant activity [38].

Hemolytic effect in flower extract

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Anupama K Raj et al., Pharmacological Activity of Cosmos sulphureus

Hemolysis is the destruction of RBC which leads to the release of hemoglobin from within the red blood cells into blood plasma [39]. Preparation of erythrocytes suspension had done by 5ml of blood was collected from a healthy individual in EDTA vacuatainer. Using laboratory centrifuge, the blood was centrifuge at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. The pellets were washed 3-4 times with sterile phosphate buffer saline solution and plasma was discarded. The cells were resuspended in normal saline [40]. In vitro anti-hemolytic activity was carried out using spectrophotometer method with some modifications.0.5 ml of cell suspension was mixed with 0.5 ml of plant extract of different concentration. In an incubator, the mixture was incubated for 30 min at 37 degree Celsius. The mixture was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. Absorbance are measured at 540nm [41]. Each experiment was in triplets at each concentration. Anti–Hemolytic activity assay measured the toxic effect towards human erythrocytes of the ethyl acetate and acetone extracts in flower of Cosmos sulphureus [42]. The results are found to be increased in the percentage of inhibition of hemolysis and can considered as safe for human life [43]. It shows medium hemolytic activity [44].

Anthelmintic activity in leaves and root

In vitro Anthelmintic activities of extract of Cosmos sulphureus against Onchocerca ochengi. The activity was evaluated on adult worm using the Cosmos species. The plant parts collected and dried at room temperature for three weeks and made to fine powder. The solvents used for the extraction are distilled water, 70% ethanol, methanol, methyl chloride and mixture of methanol and methyl chloride. Rotary evaporator was used for drying. After complete evaporation the percentage yield was calculated. The extract was stored in refrigerator and make up for the desired concentration. Screening was performed at single concentration of 300microgram/ml on O.ochengi. The worm was washed and transferred in to RPMI-1640 medium. All the tests were done to trice. After 72 hours, the worms were transferred in to PBS. MTT reduction assay is the process for determination of anthelmintic activity in adult male and female worms [45]. The worms are carefully removed and treated with PBS after 72 hour of incubation. Then incubated the parasite in MTT solution for 30 min. After the assay, death worm shows yellow color and live worms shows blue-purplish colour. The hydro-ethanolic extract of root shows high anthelmintic properties more than the other extracts and further research study is needed [46].

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