POLITICS OF GENOCIDE
PUNJAB 1 984 - 1998
INDERJIT SINGH JAIJEE CONTENTS
Introduction v Foreword vii Preface ix Acknowledgements xi
/. THE BACKCROUND 1. WHY PUNJAB ? 3-31 EXIT BRITISH, ENTER CONGRESS 3 DEMOGRAPHY OF PUNJAB 9 ÄRTICULATION AND SLLENCE 12 ECONOMICS 21 PUNJABI PROBLEM OR SIKH PROBLEM ? 28 2. OPERATION BLUESTAR AND AFTER 32 - 87 OPERATION BLUESTAR 32 JODHPUR DETAINEES 71 OPERATION WOODROSE 72 NOVEMBER 1984 GENOCIDE 73 OPERATION BLACK THUNDER I & II 76 NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION 80 WHAT THE GOVERNMENT HAS DONE 85
//. POWER VERSUS RIGHT — INDIVIDUAL 3. DECADE OF BLOODSHED 91 - 107 A CHOICE OF DEATH-TOLLS 91 DlSAPPEARANCES 93 CRFA1AT!ONOF"UNMDENT1HED/UNCLAIMED"BODIES 95 CONCLUSION 101 4. KlLLINGS AND DlSAPPEARANCES 108 - 144 POGROM POLICY 108 EXTRAJUDICIAL KLLLINGS 108 CUSTODIAL KLLLINGS 114 ESCAPE FROM CUSTODY KILLED WHILE TRYING TO ESCAPE KLLLED IN CROSSFIRE DEATH BY CYANIDE xiv POLITICS OF GENOCIDE : PUNJAB 1984 - 1998
KlLLED IN CUSTODY KlLLED BY OTHER MlLITANTS MISSING PERSONS UNIDENTIFIED MLLITANTS HUMAN SHIELDS DEATH BY DROWNING BOUNTY KlLLINGS 131 ELIMINATION LISTS 133 CRIMINAUSATION OF THE POLICE 133 ELECTION-RELATED KILLINGS 135 THE ECONOMIC TIMES REPORT POLITICAL / RELIGIOUS ASSASSINAT1ONS 141 SANT HARCHAND SINGH LONGOWAL GURDEV SINGH KAUNKE BALWANT SINGH 5. TARGETTED GROUPS 145 - 166 COUNTER TERROR 145 SUSPECTED MLLITANTS / MLLITANTS 146 SYMPATHISERS VüLNERABLE SECTION 148 MILITANTS' RELATIVES STRATEGIC KILLINGS HOSTAGES HARBOURERS OF MLLITANTS DALITS INFLUENTIAL PERSONS 156 CLERGY TEACHERS LAWYERS JOURNALISTS HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVISTS 6. TORTURE 167-190 TAKEN FOR GRANTED 167 VENUES OF INTERROGATION 168 METHODS OF INTERROGATION 169 JUDICIAL INTERVENTION 171 OTHER CASES 174 RAPED AND MURDERED 176 THE MENACE OF SECURITY 178 POLITICS OF GENOCIDE : PUNJAB 1984 - 1998 xv
THE MALOYA ATTACK 178 AND ITS AFTERMATH TORTURE CONTINUES 180 DEHUMANISATION OF THE POLICE 183 INDIA AND INTERNATIONAL PRESSURE 189 AGAINST TORTURE 7. DETENTION 191 - 199 How MANY PRISONERS ? 191 JAIL CAPACITY 193 BLACK LAWS 195 8. OTHER METHODS OF TERRORISATION 200-214 RAPE 200 THEFT AND EXTORATION 203 KALE-KACHIANWALE EXTORTION DESTRUCTION AND CONFISCATION 206 OF PROPERTY PACIFICATION AND 'SCORCHED EARTH' 207 POLICY INTERFERENCE IN THE RELIGIOUS 211 FREEDOM OF INDIVIDUALS FORCIBLE TONSORING OF HÄIR
///. POWER VERSUS RIGHT — INSTITUTIONS INTRODUCTION 217 9. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 219-240 THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM 219 THE PANCHAYATS : CENTRAL POWER 229 SIKH INSTITUTIONS 231 10. THE JUDICIARY 241 - 252 JUSTICE CHEEMA AND LADHA KOTHI 250 11. THE CIVIL SERVICES 253 - 258 12. JAIL SERVICES 259 - 260 13. MEDICAL SERVICES 261 - 262 14. PUNJAB POLICE AND PARAMILITARY FORCES 263 - 276 THE DGP WHO TRIED EVERYTHING 265 DEPLOYMENT 266 RAW'S GUN-RUNNERS AND INCIDENTS 268 MADE TO ORDER xvi POLITICS OF GENOCIDE : PUNJAB 1984 - 1998
SLOOPY ACCOUNTING 270 POLICE IN ADJOINING STATES 273 ARMED POLICE FROM DISTANT STATES 273 INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES 273 PARAMILITARY FORCES 273 ARMY ESTABLISHMENTS DIRECTED 276 TOWARDS INTERNAL SECURITY 15. ARMY 277 - 279 16. VIGILANTES : REGULÄR, AD-HOC AND 280 - 286 FREELANCE RECRUITMENT 281 THE ROLE OF THE LEFT 283 COLLABORATORS AND INFORMANTS 285 17. INFORMATION / COMMUNICATION 287 - 303 CENSORSHIP 298 SURVEILLANCE AND INTERCEPTION 300 OF PRIVATE COMMUNICATION
IV. THE WAY FORWARD 18. ESTABLISHING THE TRUTH 307-319 PROPOSAL FOR A CENSUS OF HUMAN RIGHTS 307 VIOLATIONS IN PUNJAB PEOPLE'S COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 315 VIOLATIONS IN PUNJAB CENSUS FORMAT 319 19. PUNJAB, INDIA AND THE WORLD 320 - 344 IMPORT - EXPORT , 320 THE SIKH POPULATION OUTSIDE INDIA 339 THE AMRITSAR DECLARATION 341
V. APPENDICE APPENDICES 347 - 393 APPENDICE - 1 347 PROGRESS OF OPERATION APPENDICE - 2 348 BAATCHEET — INDIAN ARMY BULLATAN APPENDICE - 3 • 351 LETTER TO MR. GEORGE FERNANDES APPENDICE - 4 356 POLITICS OF GENOCIDE : PUNJAB 1984 - 1998 xvn
KILLINGS ATTRIBUTED TO SOME KlLLED MlLITANTS APPENDICE - 5 360 JüDICIAL COMMISSION DEMANDED BY PCS OFFICERS' ASSOCIATION APPENDICE - 6 363 WANTED DEAD OR ALIVE CIRCULAR APPENDICE - 7 368 KLLLED / ESCAPED IN CROSSFIRE APPENDICE - 8 372 COUNTERMANDED CONSTITUENCIES LLST APPENDICE - 9 374 MILITANTS' LIFE SPAN APPENDICE - 10 376 WORLD SIKH COUNCIL — AlMS AND OßJECTIVES APPENDICE- 11 377 TOP SECRET ORDER APPENDICE - 12 378 LETTER TO UNO SECRETARY GENERAL APPENDICE - 13 386 LETTER FOR CENSUS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN PUNJAB APPENDICE - 14 388 LETTER TO PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA APPENDICE - 15 392 LIST OF GOVERNORS, CHIEF MINISTERS AND POLICE CHIEFS