Library Resot]Rces & Ii0ctimcal Smvices

LIBRARYRESOT]RCES & II0CTIMCAL SMVICES

VOLUME 35, NUMBER 4 ocToBER l99l

ARTICLES

Songqiao Liu and Elaine 359 DORS: DDC Online Retrieval System Svenonius F. W. Lancaster, Tschera 377 Identifying Barriers to Effective Subject Harkness Connell, Nancy Bishop, Access in Library Catalogs and Sherry McCowan Barbara S. Tilt"tt 393 A Summary of the Treatment of Bibliographic Relationships in Catalo$ng Rules Mark L. Grover 406 Cooperative Cataloging of Latin-American Bool

Caro\m I. Mueller and 4L6 Serials Positions in U.S. Academic Libraries, Margaret V. Mering 1980-1988: A Survey of Position Announcernents Ron Slater 422 Authority Control in a Bilingual OPAC: MuIdLIS at Laurentian NOTES ON OPERATIONS

Konstantin Gurevich 459 Russian Monographic Records in the OCLC Database: A Crisis in Shared Cataloging ALCTS ANNUAL 462 REPORTS DCEPC ANNUAL 470 REPORT l99l DMSION 47s AND SECTION AWARDS FEATURES 357 Editorial Policy Richard D. Johnson,Editor 478 Book Reviews 507 Letter 477 Index to Advertisers 508 Index to Volume 35

&5(4):35L512 IssN o0z+2527 AMERICAI\ LIBRARY ASSOCIAIION ASSOCIAIION FOR I.TRRARY COTT.RCIIONS & TECf,IMCAL SERVICES EDITORIALBOARD Editor and Chair of the Editorial Board . . . Rtcnenp P. SMIMGLIA Editorial Assistant . . .GREGoRYH. LEAZER AsslstantEditorc: Kanru A. Scurrrlor ...... for Acquisitionof Library MaterialsSection Cn,rnms SIMpsoN . . for Catalogingand Classi{icationSection Mtcn,rrl T. RvlN ...... for Collection Managementand DevelopmentSection Canla J. MoNront . . . . . for Preservationof Library MaterialsSection THoMAsA. BouRKE . . . . for Reproductionof Library MaterialsSection MIRtauPALM...... forSerialsSection D. Kmunvn WEINTnAUB . . .SpecialEditor EDwARDSwaNson .SpecialEditor Rtcsnno D. IoHNsoN Book ReviewEditor LAwRENcEW. S. Aur,o ...... Book ReviewEditor-Designate Ex-Oficio Memberc: JoANW Hnvns,Chair, Council of Re$onal Groups KanrN MUI-lrn, ExecutiveDirector, ALCTS

(203)M7-6933. ALAPubltshlngSensices: David Epstein,Eileen Mahoney,Dianne M. Rooney; Production:Donavan Vicha, Amy Brown, Bruce Fiausto,Josephine Gibson-Porter, and Daniel lewis. SubscriptlonPrice: to rnernbersof the Associationfor Library Collecfions& Technical Services,$22.50 per year,included in the membershipdues; to nonmembers,$45 per year in U.S., $55 per year in Canadaand other foreign countries.Single copies, $14. Second-classpostage paid at Chicago,Illinois, and at additionalmailing offfces. POSTMASTER: Sendaddress changei to Library Resources6 TechnicalSeraices,S0 E. Huron St., Chicago,IL 606u. Library Bcsourcesb TechnicalSettstces is indexedin Ltbrary Literature b lnformation Science Abstra,as, Curtent lrder to Jourrwls in Education, Scletwe Citatton lnilcr, and Hospital Literahtre Index. Contents are listed in CALL (Current American-Library Literature). lts reviews are included in Book Reoieu Digest, Book Reoiew lndcr, and Reoiew of Reaieus. Instructions for authorsappear on p. 239-40 ofthe April 1991issue of Library Resources{t TechnicalSeroices. Copies ofbooks for review shouldbe addressedto book review editor-designate, Lawrence W. S. Auld, Department of Library and Information Studies,215 Joyner Library East CarolinaUniversity, Greenville, NC 27858-4353. @ American Library Associationl99l All materialsin this -noncommeicialjournal subject to copyright by the American Library Associationmay be photocopiedfor the purp'oi" 6f r"i"ntifi" or educationaladvancement granted by Sections107 and 108of the Copyright RevisionAct of 1976.For other reprinting, photocop- ying, or translating,address requests to the ALA Office of Rightsand Permissions,50 E. Huron St.,Chicago, IL 60611. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirementsof American National Standardfor Information Sciences-Permanenceof Paperfor Printed Library Materials,ANSI 239.48-1984.* Publicationin Library Resourcesl: TechnicalSensices does not imply oflicial endorsementby the Associationfor Library Collections& TechnicalServices nor by ALA, and the assumption of editorial responsibilityis not to be construedas endorsementof the opinionsexpressed by the editor or individual contributors. /357

EdiloriqlPolicy

Editorts twte: This statement of edttortal policy for LRTS roas adopted bg tlw ArcTS Boardof Directott,luly 1, 1991.

Library Resources & Technical Ser- vices(LRTS) is the offtcialjournal of the Association for Library Collections & TechnicalServices (ALCTS), a dMsion of the AmericanLibrary Association.

PUNPOSE The purpose of LR?S is to support the theoretical, intellectual, practical, and scholarlyaspects of the professionof collection managementand development, adoptedby the ALCTS Board of Direc- acquisitions,aid technicalservices Sypub- tors in 1990. lishing articles (subject to double-blind peer reviews,and edito- review)and book CoNTENT rials and correspondencein responseto ttre same. The contentof LRTSis to include: 1.Articles that further the advancement AunrsNIcn The audience for LRTS is practitioners, students,researchers, and ottrer scholars with an interestin collectiondevelopment andtechnical seMcesand relatedactivities in all types of libraries. discussissues and trendsofinterest to the membershipof ALCTS. 3. Notes that report unique or evolving Fnrqurrucr technicalprocesses. LfiTS is publishedquarterh with the vol- 4. Notes that report unique or evolving ume caleindarcorreiponding to the calen- researchmethods. dar year. Numbers appear in ]anuary, 5. Substantivebook reviewsofnew pub- April, July, and October. Iications of interest to the membershipof ALCTS. 6.A brief. factual, annual statementof Scoru the association'saccomplishments' The editor of LRTS,with the assistanceof LRTS is not an approPriateforum for an editorid board, strivesto achievea bal- brief reports on new products,new ser- anceamong the articlespublished in the vices,or other current newsitems. When it comesto academic inventory, these cats cover evi:ry subject.

You can count on Baker & Thylor Books for a first fill rate that's second to none.

Ifs not surprising. With 400,000 We inventory more than 162000 academicbooks in our inventory, academicbooks printed before 1988. Baker & Taylor Books delivers a first You'll even have the benefit of the fill rate that's twice that of any other most sophisticatedelectronic search academicvendor. and purchase system on the market OverSSVoof all academicbooks on todav - B&T Linkru. It offers un- order are shipped within five work- precedentedaccuracy with a 1.2 ing days. And over gOVoof titles are million title databaseon CD-ROM, shipped or reported within 90 days. and the fastest,easiest ordering You can count on specialized titles svstem' around. from scholarly, researchand scientific When it comesto meeting your publishers, societaland association most demanding academicbook presses,university and small presses. needs,Baker & Taylor Books is in a And, you can expect more than just classbv itself. For more information, current titles. call Baker & Tavlor Books. BAKER&TAYLOR BOOKS o GRACEDislribution comoonv WE'RETEADING THE WAY.@

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DORS=DDC Online Relrievol System

SongqiooLiu ond EloineSvenonius

rf.l I hu ,r" oftraditional classilicationsas word searching,hierarchical browsing, and interfacesto online catalogsis still a matter for discussion and eiperimentation.l While interest in the matter datesfrom the 1960s,with the ground-breakingwork of Freemanand At-herton-2and h& continued sporadically,most of the work in this areahas been ofa speculativeand illustra- primarily for catalogusers other than clas- tive nature.Not until recentlyhas it been iiff"rs. fhe distinglishing feature of the possibleto experimentwith large proto- systemis an automaticallygenerated chain type systems.What hasmade this possible index.Following a discussionof the speci- liasbeen the renderinginto machirie-read- Iicationsdeemed desirable in aDDC cata- able form in Ig84 of the Dewey Decimal log interface, the system that was de- Classification (DDC). The most well- velopedat UCLA to conform to them is lrnown of the DDC prototype systemswas described. that developedby Markey et al. at the SrEcmtcerrorus A classilication systemlike the DDC can be regardedas though it were a language, consistingof a vocabularyand a semantic purpose is to support online classifying, strucfure for organizing and displaying offers a variety of functions, including key- vocabularyelements in juxtapositionto

SoNGeIAoLtu is a doctoral student, and Er,rrur SvENoNrusis Professor,Graduate School of Library and Information Science,University of California, Los Angeles.The project reported in the paper was supportedby the Lake Placid Foundation.OCLC Online Computer Library Center,Inc., provideda machine-readableversion ofthe DDC 700 schedules(20th edition) and a randomsample ofbibliographic recordswith DDC numbersin the 700s.Manuscript submitted January2, 1991;revised April 21, 1991;accepted for publicationApril 24, f991. 360/ LRTS . 35(4) o Ltu and,Soenonius one another. The fact that such systems Classification structures can be have vocabulariesrecommends thbm for the purposeof enhancingtheentryvocab- of an online catalo!. The Markey et al."la,ry proiect hasdemonstraied how the DDC 'nihuve Index" and schedule captions canbe usedto augmentsearchingvocabu- laries.5 The lirst requirement,then, for a classiftcation intefrace is that it enhance as perusing the vocabulary associatedwith searchingvocabulary. Howwer, were such a fru"n coicept at various levels ofspeci- an interfte to be developedsolely for this fidiv tn a broider sense, it can be under- purpose, questionsof effectivenessand stood as browsing across concePt iosf couldbe raised.Terms from ttre index hierarchies, for instance as is done when of a classilication might be good search one consuhs the DDC'Relative Index." terms;howwer, terms from schedulecap- The purpose of a relative index is to bring togetheidistributed relatives; it shows the ,rriion. hierarchies in which terms that are vague, homonymous, or ambiguous participate. An example is "Freedom," whichcan 'Free- 6e viewed from the standpoint of dom of the Will- or "Freedom of Speech"' endcould well be cheaperand more effec- (Another structural feature that distin- tive, for instance,mahng terms from a guishes classilications from most thesauri bookt table of contentssearchable. is the degree to which terms participate in The attribute that most distinguishesa more than one hierarchy.) Browsing across concept hierarchies can be effective in sug- gestin-gways for pinpointing or broadening meaning, and thus for improving precision and recall. For effective browsing, however, cer- with a concept at different levels of speci- tain conditions must be met. First, the user fici& Thesauri exert a similar type of vocabularvcontrol. and some thesaui, like classilications,even &splay terms in hierarchical displays.Classi{ications,C however, go beyond thesauritheiauri by semanticallystruc- [urin{ not only the vbcabularyasiociated with conceptsbut alsothe conceptsthem- selves. Classificationshave sometimes been likened to semanticnets, in which

deffnedwith respectto every other posi- standing the user has of the semantic envi- tion. While thesauriconsist of hundreds, ronment of search terms. perhapsthousands, ofterm clusters,clas- iilications attemptto integratethese clusters into .e*itigf,rl, mo-nolithicwholes. For this reason,classiffcations can be said to partake more of the nature of a knowl- edle basethan do thesauri. LRTS . 35(4) . DORS; DDC Online RetrieoalSystem /36I meanst'he interface should be designedso nallv to produce the printed schedules' that the user ahrap knows what stepsare ThJ hier;rchies in thii databasecontain required to move from one position in the claisificatory knowledge base to anotler. In addition. t]le user s-houldalso know, at every stageof the search, which nmong manymoves is optimalfor agivenpurpose. The' ideal classilicationintErface sliould, then, make apparent-for to the user both the mechanisms navigation and the infor- this databasewas to provide information mation needed for navigation decision for navigating-retrieval and to develop combined making. DDC-L1SH techniques.)The T116further speci{icationsthat would be desirablefor ailassification interfaceto an online catalog are rather self-evident and need little comment. These are (1) that it supportcall-number searching and to the DDC schedules (2) that i[ be compatible-access,with other struc- A chain index tures for subject for instance the was created automatically by extracting Library of Congress Subject Head'ings signi{icant terms from the schedule cap- (LCSH). ti6ns and the DDC "Relative Index" and then constnrcting them into chains based on their hierarchicalrelationships' At pres- THE DORS SYSTEM ent, the CI contains6,208 entries.A CI An experimental classiftcationinterface headinqhas a form of X: Y: Z, whereX is called lhe Dewey Online Retrieval System the focis term. and Y and Z are contextual (DORS) was created to conform to the terms that supplythe subjectcontext for the focustenn. I'n general'Y is the super- ordinatecla-ss of X, and Z is the superordi- nateclass ofY. The creation of the CI was done

icallyconstructed chain index (CI). Wewill Iirst discussthe structureof DORS,focusing on the chain index. We will then de-scribeits searching,browsing, and dis- were either unsuitableas CI headingsor playcapabilities. Finally, we will showhow boRs^conforms to the stipulatedspecifi- cations.

STRUCTURE DORS consistsof four components:(1) a databasecomprising the DDC 700 (Arts) schedules,edition }lo; (z) a databaseof was reached.How- bibliographic-of records; (3) a databaseof three-digit number) Librala Consress Suhect Headings ever.whin entries in the "Relative Index" (LC sd);"ila (+)iCtt"i" Indexto the DDt were alreadyqualifted by contexhralterms schedules.These four databasesreside on (e.e., Paintini: Decorative arts; Color: the hard disk of an lBM-compatible PC. Intirior decoiation), no further chaining The first of these,the DDC ddtabase,was wasperformed. Also no chainingwasdone created from the machine-readabledata whenthe "RelativeIndex" entrywas a syn- suppliedby OCLC ttrat were used origi- thesizedclass numbet e.g.,Chess Player 36? LRTS . 35(4) o Liu and Soenonius

(794.1092). A fuller discussionofthe rules second is the number of titles associated developed for automatic chain index con- with that class and any extension ofit. The struction and the problems encountered is given in another paper.8

Scnnoulr Drspr.ey

Scope Option The Scope option is used to retrieve deff- nitional information associated with a class or to view a class in its various hierarchical

say The Arts-Fine and Decorative Arts, the highlight bar is positioned over it and S (or [F2]) is pressed; then, when the

headings are used will be explained in more iletail below.) Each of'the three ber oftitles associatedwith the class; the options permitted by the Scope command

Scope Report Uti t ity Quit

Schedrte Di I!!;--l r

700 The afts Fine ard decofative arts 8 392 710 Civic and tandscape art 045 7?0 Archi tecture 10 26tr 730 Plastic arts Scutpture 1229 740 Draring ard decorative arts 0 399 750 Painting and paintings oy4 760 Graphic arts Printmaking and prints 2 145 770 Photography and photographs 5 112 780 llusic 5 354 790 RecrestionaI and performing arts o 707

Figure l. SummaryofDDC 700 Schedule. Note This displayis wh-atthe user first seeswhen initidizing DORS. If we had been workingwith the full DDC, rather than just the 700 schedule,the initial displayw"ould summarire all ofthe schediles. LRTS r 35(4) . DORS: DDC Online RetrieoalSystem /363

Brorse Search Report Uti t ity Ouit ScheduteDi 7++ It

700. I -700.9 Standardsubdivisims of the arts... 00 701 Phitosophy ard theory of fine ard decorative a 121 702 llaruatilarllal Text for Ctassctass 700/0u 703 Generatly the $ord rtarts,'r used rithout a q.ratifier,--is 704 a signat'that the area covered is broader than the fine 705 ard decoretive arts. Literature, lrusic, ard the perfonnim arts are the other kinds of arts 0pst often 706 f,artsr' 707 inctr.rded. A qrick check each time that rrart'r or 708 is used shoutd estabtish the area covered. 709 710 rrco||Duter artr' usuatly refers to tr.o different uses of 720 corplters in the arts. The coop.Jter can be a device 750 ermioyed in creating the fins( ant uork, as rheri the 740 EO 760 Graphic arts Printmaking ard Prints 2 145 Tt0 Photography end photograPhs 5 112

Figure 2. Text from rhe DDC Manual Pertainingto Class700. Note: This screenis reachedby highlightingclass 700 and either pressing[F2l or typing S' provides the user with information re- l, 2, 3. . . . Continuingwiththe example itricting or explicating the meaning of the above: pressing[Ctrl-Pgun] inserts two selected or highlighted class. levelsof classessubordinate to Architec- ture betweenArchitecture and Plasticarts (seeftgure 4). Movingthe highlightbar to oneofihe subordinateclasses just inserted produces a display of its subordinate lb.r"r. If a classhas subordinateclasses that are not shown on the screen, it is followedbv three dots,for example,"Asia . . . .- This'informsthe user asto whether or not a givenclass has subordinate classes.

under an exactclass number or under a ture and Plastic arts; it also displays the truncated class number. The ffrst choice number of titles associatedwith e'achclass

not only in that classbut also in all the subclasiesof that class,then titles associated with the truncated classnumber can rent depth level as "Depth: X," where X is be browsed(see ftgure 6). 364/ LRTS . 35(4) o Liu and Soenonius

Report uti tity ouit ScheduteDisptay DEPTH: 7++ Arts ,l 700 The arts Fine ard decorative arts 392 710 Civic end art

720.1 Phitosophyard theory ?4 720.2 llisce[[any... o12 720.4 SFcial topics... o2 720.8 Architecture rith respect to kirds of persons. 01 720.9 Historica [, geographicat, personstreatnent.. . 084 721-729 Specific aspectsof Brchitecture... 00 730 Plastic arts scutpture I ?29 740 Draring and decorative arts 0 399 750 Paintirrg erd paintings 0 v4 7& craphic art8 Printmakingand prints z 145 n0 Photogrephyand photographs 5 112 780 llusic 5 t54 n0 Recrestionat and performingarts 0 707

Figure 3. Displayof the Array of Subclrosesunder Architecture. Note: This displayis reacbedfrom the displayin ffgure I by highlightingArchitecture and pressing[F5J

Report Uti t ity Cuit Schedrte Disptay DEPTII:2 7++ 700 The erts Fine ard decorative art8 392 710 Civic and tardscae art 45 I 720.1 Phitosophy and theory 24 720.2 lliscel Iany 012 720.22 I I tustrations, nodets, miniatures... 15 720.28 - Auxiliary techniques ard procedures; apparat o7 720.4 Special, topics o2 720-42 Architecture for the handicapped 00 720.43 Architecture for persons in late adJtthood a 00 720.17 Architecture erd the envirorrnent... 11 720.48 Buitdings by shape... 0l 720.49 tlul.t ipte-Frrpose bui tdirBs 00 720.8 Architecture rith respect to kirds of persots 01 720.87 Gifted persone 00 720.9 Historicet, geographical, persons treatment 0E4 720.95 Asia... 03 720.97 Xorth ^|tErica 010

Figure 4. Depth 2 Displayof Subclassesunder Architecture. Note: This screenis reachedfrom the depth I display(ffgure 3) by pressinglctrl-pgup].

Iffew titles (say,not morethan 200) are with the number of items associatedwith associatedwith a classheading, DORS will eachofthese classes(see the BrowseSub- display all titles alphabeticallv. However. Classesoption above).The user can then wh-erea class is very broad and retrieves move the highlight bar to a desired class many titles-for example,Architecture- and press[F6] to brouse the titles linked DORS frst indicates that there are too to it. Ifthe classselected is still very broad manytides to browseand askswhether the and linked to a great number of titles, userwantsto continue.Ifthe answeris yes, DORS repeatsthe procedure.After view- DORS displaysall titles alphabeticallv: ing a particulartitle, the usercan then ask otherwiseii dtsplalnthe immidiately su6- to seethe sublectheadings assigned to it ordinateclassei under Architecture'along andcpntinue navigating bychoosing a spe- LRTS c 35(4) . DORS: DDC Online RetrieoalSystern /365

Scope search Report Uti t ity Quit

Schedrte Disptay Arts Titte Disptayfor Class: 7?0.22

l{uove figurezioni urbane : disegpi, progetti di architettura per Firenze

- sr.bjects - Exit

Figure 5. Displayof Title Associatedwith the ClassNumber 720.22. Note: This displayis reachedfrom a scheduledisplay by highlighting720.22 and pressing[F6J

Scope Report Uti t ity ouit

ScheduteDisptay DEPTH:I - Arts Titte Disptayfor ctsss: T2O.2T

Atberto sartoris : opere, 1920-1985 lrquitectura del vimeinato : an^Oalisis y gr^Oaficas. lluove figurazioni urbane : disegni, progetti di architettura per Firenze On the boards : drarings by nineteenth-century Boston erchitects Versaittes : the vier frcrn Sreden

- Srbjects - Exit

Figure 6: Display of Titles fu sociatedwith 720.22 and my Extension of It. Note: This displayis reachedfrom a scheduledisplay by hightighting720.22 and pressing[F6J. cific subject hea&ng and requestinga dis- a variety of retrieval and navigational capa- play of all tides bearing that heading.The bilities. It provides three options: CI, iALUitity of pivoting Jn a title dlsp-layto Notation. an'dLCSH. Forthe first ofthese, switch from a DDC search to an LCSH a window pops up with entry fields into search,orvice-versa, is anessential feature which the user can enter search terms (see of DORS and will be discussedmore fully {igure 7). For each term the user can spec- in the next section. iS the manner in which the term is to be searched: as a Focus term or as a Perspec- Search Option tive term or as both ('Alf). A Focus term The SearchOption providesthe userwith search produces a display of a subject 366/ LRTS . 35(4) c Liu and Soenonius

Scope Search Report Uti t ity Quit ScheduteDisptay DEPTH:| - 7++ Arts 700 The erts Fine and decorative arts I 392 710 Civic and landscape art 045 720 Arch i tecture 10 2& Cl searchUirdor

2412 Term:artr ALL Eootean: AllD 3 Term:primitive F0c Bootean:

Press Dor.nArror Key to ChangeBootean Operator

Figure 7. Chain Index SearchWindow. Note: This screenis reachablefrom a scheduledisplay by selectingthe Seuch option followedby the Index option.

Scope Report Utitity Ouit

Schedute Disptay DEPTH:I - Arts

Additive processes in cotor photography: Cotor photography ana photograp Cotor materiats: Pottery: Arts Cotor photografthy ard photography of colors: Photography ard photographs Color photography! liloti on pictures : Ci nematography Cotor photography: l,lotion pictures: Projection Color: Arts Cotor: DraHing Color: tnherent features: Phitosophy erd theory of fine and decoratiye art Cotor: Intef ior decoratim Cotor: l,lotion-picture photography (Cinematosraphy) ard editing: Hotim-pic Cotor: Paintir€ Cotor: Painting ard paintings

- Go to Schedrte - Exit

Figure 8. Putial Display Produredby Searching"Color" as a FocusTerm treated from different perspectives (see and searchterms can be truncated. For ffgure 8); a Perspective Term search, on each term entered, DORS displaysthe the other hand, generates a display of dif- numberofoccurrences ofthat term in the ferent subjects treated under one particu- CI database.After all terms of the search lar perspective (see figure 9). The former query are entered,DORS displays,alpha- serves a disambiguating function and thus U:etidalty,the CI headingsniat6hing the favors precision; the latter sewes a collo- query alonEwith the number of retrieved cating function and thus favors recall. headingr.it this point the usercan scroll Thre6 Boolean operators, AND, OR, and throug[ the list oTCI headingsand then NOI are supported bythe searchsoftware either perform anothersearch or selecta LRTS . 35(4) . DORS; DDC Online RetrieoalSystem /367

Scope Search Report Uti tity ouit ScheduteDisptay DEPTH:I -

Alber: Carving

Gem: CarYir€ clyDtics: Carving and carvings: Scutpture: Ptastic arts tntagtios: Precious and semipreciors stones (Gtyptics): Carving ard.carvi tvor!, bone, horn, shett, anber: carving and carVings: Scutpture: Ptastic

- Go to Schedtrte - Exit

'Caruing" Figure 9. Partial DisplayProduced by Searching as a PerspectiveTerm' particularCI hea&ngto view.From there, the schedulewhere the notationis located. ihe usercan browse titles linked to it or its The user can then browsethe schedule' superordinateand subor&nateclasses' as selecta desiredhea&ng for title display,or deicribed above. 'perform anothersearch' The notation option is straightforward. AnLCSH searchis formulatedsimilarly The user initiatei a searchiith a class to a CI search,except there is no need to number and DORS attemptsto match it specifra Focusor P-erspectivedimension. againstthe classnumbers in the schedules. Tie user constructs a query using key- Ilthere is no match, DORS successively words conioinedwith BooleanoPerators dropsdigits from the rightmostend of the (seelizure I0). DORS then searchesthe clas-snuirber until it succeedsin mahng a LCSH"databaseand presentsall matehing match.DORS then displaysthe sectionof LCSH headingstogelher with the number

Scope BroHse Report Uti t ity ouit

Schedul.eDisptay DEPTH:I - 7++ 700 The arts Fine ard decorative arts 8 392 710 Civic and landscape art 045 7?O Arch i tecture 10 264 LCSHSearch UindoH

120 Term: arts Bootean: A)lD 175 Term:france Boolean:

Press Dorn Arror Key to changeBootean op€rator

Figure 10. Constructing a Boolean Query within an LCSH Serch Window 368/ LR?S . 35(4) . Liu and Soenonius

Scope Utitity Quit

Schedlte Disptay DEPTH:1 Arts Hit List (5) LCSHqJERY: arts AllD frarEe

Arts, l{odern- 19th century- France-Exh i bi t i ons. Arts, Hodern- 20th century- France- Exhi bi t i ons.

ibitions.

- Tittes - Exit

Figure Il. Displayof LCSH's Resultingfrom the Query Formulatedin Figure 10.

Report UtiLity SchedrteDisptey DEPTH:I - Hit tist (5) LCSHAJERY: 6TtS AIID

tte Display for Subject:

The performing arts at Fontainebleau from Louis XIV to Louis XVI

- Go to Schedute - Exit

Figure 12. Title fusociatedwith the LCSH PerformingArtFFrance-Fontainbleau-History. of titles associated with them (see ftgure switch back and forth from a DDC search Il). The user can then simply browse the to an LCSH search.There are no physical list or select a heading and request to see links establishedbetween LCSH headings the tides linked with it (see ftgure 12). andDDC numbers;howevea in anybiblio- A number of retrieval experiments, graphic databasewhere records contain including Markey's, have shown that dif- Soth DDC numbersand LCSH headings, ferent subject-accessmethods retrieve dif- the two are logically linked by virtue of ferent subsetsofmaterials. The conclusion appearingin the samerecords. Thus a user to be drawn is that effective subject access niiy beginby performingan LCSH search, involves the complementary use of more which retrievesbibliographic records,and than one method. DORS actualizes this then continue by performing a searchon complementarity by mahng it possible to one of the DDC call numbers found on LRTS . 35(4) . DORS: DDC Online RetrieoalSystem /369 thoserecords and thus be positionedat a book is located.The rationale behind such DDC schedule display. Alternatively, the a move is to reformulate a more sophisd- user may begin by performing a DDC call catedsearch query basedon neighboring number search.and then at the schedule information contained in the hierarchical display ask to see titles associatedwith a structuring of a subject. The schedule display in DORS serves another function as well. It provides a springboardfor collocatinginfo-rmation on a given class. From a schedule display, simply by highlighting a gven class and achieved. When this happens a message pressinga function key the uier can exam- informs the user that the particularnum- ine the notes,*Manual" entries, and CI for ber selectedis not in the scheduleand that class.Scope information of this sort what the number used for matching actu- can be useful to catalogersand usersalike ally was. At the title display,t-he user can in understan&ngthe meaningand seman- continue to searchby requestinqLCSH tic structuring of a class. headingsassociatedrvith a givenlitle and A thtd function servedbv the DORS then ashngfor all titles assignedone ofthe scheduledisplay is to infoim the user headings. aboutthe nurirberofpostings in the bibliographic databaseassociatedwith each class Fur.lcrrolls oF TIrE Scunpur,r eup number. As mentioned above, DORS CI Drsrr-evs showspostings not onlyofitems associated with an exact class number but also of THn ScnnpulE DTSPLAY items associatedwith a truncated class A tried-and-true method of information number. With this feature, the user can retrieval is finding a relevant book on a chooseto browsetitles either under the topic and then going to ttre stacksof a exactclass number for high precisionor lib-rarvwhere th":t boiokis housed to find underthe truncatedclass number for high other books similar in subject matter. A variation on this method, adapted to the online searchingenvironment, is ftnding a relevant book and then moving to the scheduleswhere ttre classnumber for that

Report Uti t ity Ouit ScheduteDisptay DEPTH:1 - 7++ 700 The 6rts Fine and decorative arts I 392 710 Civic erd lardscapeart 0 45 720 Architecture 10 2& 730 Ptastic arts scutpture I 2A 740 Drering 6nd decorative erts 0 399 750 Painting ard paintings 0 v4 760 cr€phic srts Printmakingand prints 2 145 n0 Photogrsphyand photographs 5 112 780 Iusic 5 3r4 790 0. m7

Figure 13. The DDC Schedule Position for t}e Tide Representedin Figure 12. 370/ LRTS . 35(4) . Liu and Soenonius to browsethe titles in a classor to broaden or narrowa search;it is usefulto adminis- tratorswhen monitoringcollection development.

mousand potentially instrumental in caus- THECI Drspuv ing-Because precision failures in retrieval. The CI displayoffers an alternative to the it is effectivein collectingdis- scheduledlsplay. An essentialdifference tributed relatives and in contextualizing betweenthe scheduledisplay and the CI the meaningof ambiguoussearch terms in displayis that the formeistructures only subordinateor superordinatechains, the those terms that appearin schedulecap- CI displayis mostappropriately used early tions. The CI display,on the other hand, on in formulatinga search.How CI dis- organizesnot oniy ihese terms but also playscan be usedin searchingis recapitu- terms from the "RelativeIndex." Like the lated in the next section. scheduledisplay, the CI displaypresents theDDC hierarchies.However, instead of Sour SrmcH MANEUVBRS being displayedvertically in tree structures, the hierarchiesare displayedhori- The combinationof DDC and LCSH vo- zontallyin strings.The stringarrangement cabularies, together with the CI and makesit possibleto displayseveral hierar- scheduledisplavs, can offer a variety of chiessimultaneously. Compared to a tree effectiveseaich strategies. Five are iilus- structure, a string arrangementcan pre- trated below.The ftrst three treat the case sent more hierarchicalinformation within of the nonspecilicquery. The appropriate a givenspace. search strategr varies for such a query An importantfeature of the CI display dependingupon whether the initial search is its abiliry to collocatedistributed rela- term names a topic or a discipline and tives.A problemwith anydiscipline-based whether the usei is interestedin recall classiffcationllke DDC is that, while all (perspectives)or precision (subclasses). information in a given subject area is fhe last two treat caseswhere too few or brought together, obiects and concepts too manydocuments are retrieved. Paren- treated from different points ofview are thetically,it might be noted that choiceof scattered.An exampleis color,which can appropriateonline search strategies might be looked at from a number of different a[ tlmesbe beyondthegrasp of naiveusers. perspectives,that is, in a numberof differ- The elaborationof sophisticatedstrategies ent hierarchicalcontexts, e.9., dmwing, is an important task nevertheless,insofar painting,photography, or interior decora- as it contributes to an understanding of tion (see{igure 8). optimum retrieval, which could be A secondimportant feature of the CI achievedeither through intermediariesor displayis ix ability to disambiguateterms the interpositionof expertsystems. by embeddingthem in different stringsor hierarchies.Note in ftgure 8 that Color is I. INARTICUI-{TED the frst term in eachoTthe strings; thus, it QUERY is contextualizedor modilied by its super- Scenario ordinate contexts. Contextualization can The user is interested in color and realizes alsotake the form of showingsubor&nate the term is too broad for effective retrieval contexts,as can been seen in ligure 9, but is not able to think ofadditional search where Carvingis the {inal or top term in terms. each of the strings. By contextualizing ambiguousterms, such as Color and Carv- Maneuver ing, the CI displaycan guide the userfrom User: Kep in Color as a focus term. inde{initelyarticulated queries to queries Slntem: Displaln perspectives from which that are speciftc.Contextualizing is espe- Color is treated (see ftgure 8). cially effective for search terms that are Usen Chooses Color: Inherent features: LRTS o 35(4) . DORS: DDC Online RetrieoalSystem /371

Philosophyand Theory of Fine and 4. NARROWTNGA SEARCH BY MovINc DecorativeArts. FRoMDDC ro LCSH

Pu4rose Scenario By contextualizingterms, like Color,that A user is interested in glassware,but can occur in a variety of contexts,DORS retrievingon theDDC number748.2 pro- guides the user from an indefinitely ducestoo manytitles. articulated query to one that is quite specific. Maneuver User: Selectsone of the titlesin the 748.2 display, e.g., A Guide to San&t:ich 2. GeNsneL ABourA DrscrplrNE Qurnv Glissi W,tch BaIIs, Containerc,and Scenario Again the user is unable to articulate a specilicquery but is interestedin architecture. Architectureis a very generalterm designatinga discipline.

Maneuver Purpose User: HighlightsArchitecture in the ini- DORShelps the userto improveprecision tial screendisplay and keysin "8" for by showingspeciftc subject headings asso- Browse. ciatedwitfr'aiitle falling into a broid class System: Displaysthe subordinateclasses (seeligure l4). to Architecture at successivedepth levels (seefigures 3 and4). 5. Bnoaoeuluc A SEARCHBY MovING Puroose FRoMLCSH roDDC By ihowing the user how a disciplineis structured, DORS leads the user to an Scenario appropriate area of the classiftcatory The useris interestedin a topicthat proves knowledgebase. to be too specificallystructured by LCSH and thus retrievestoo little.

Maneuver 3. GaNanel QurnvanourA ToPlc Scenario The user is interestedin speciffchnds of carvingbut does not know how to name them. with the headingTEXTILE PRINT- Maneuver ING -HISTORY -EXHIBITIONS; User: Keys in Carving as a Perspective then asksto be positionedin the DDC term. scheduleat the addressrepresented by System: Displaysall termssubordinate to 746.62,the truncated call number of Cawing iti hierarchyin which it that title (seeftgure l5); then asksfora appears.Thus, "*fy it showsthe user all displayoftitlesunder the numbertrun- things that are usedas carving material catedstill further,iz746. (seeftgure 9). Svstem:' Displavs for browsinq eighty-four titles clasieciby 746or an eft"ttiion of it. Purpose By displayingall terms subordinateto the Purpose searchterm. in all the hierarchiesin which DORSaids the userin improvingrecall by it appears,DORS helps the user specify showingthe broadclass in which a search the query. topic is located. 37% LRTS . 35(4) . Liu and Soenoni.us

Scop€ Report uti t ity auit

Schedrte Display DEPTII:1 - 7++ Arts 700 The arts Fine and decorative arts E 392 710 Civic and landscape art 0 45 720 Arch i tecture 10 2& 730 Ptastic 6rts sculpture 1 2A 710 Draring and decoretive arts 0 399 747 Orarirg and drauings... 2 148 742 Perspect ive 11 743 Draring aid draHings by srdoject... 03 745 Decorative arts... | llE 746 Textile arts... 185 747 Interior decoration.. - 113 748 Gtass.. . o21

748.4 Historical, geographicat, perso.rs treatmen 06 718.5 stained, p6inted, leaded, mosaic alass... 05 748.6 ilethods of decoration 00 748.8 SFcif ic artictes... IE 749 turniture and accessories... 010

Schedrte Disptay DEPTH:1 7++ Titte Disptay for Ctess: 748,2r

A coltectorrs to btack

ctass of the RomanElpire Itatienisches ctas 1950-1960= Italien gtass 1950-1960 Pocket guide to depression glass The sta.rdard carnivat glass price guide The standard encyctopedia of carnivat gtass

- Srbjects ' Exit

Schedrle Disptay DEPTH:I Titte Dispt6yfor Class: 748.2r

sLrbject Disptay for Titte: A guide to Sandrich gtass :

GI assrare-'l{assachusetts-Serdri ch- cata t ogs. tch bat I s-llassachusetts-SandHich - Catet ogs. GI ass conta i ners -]lassachusetts-Sardri ch- Catat ogs. iniature gtassrare-llassachusetts-Sandxi ch-Catatogs.

- Tittes - Exit

Figure 14. Narrowinga Seuch Moving from DDC to LCSH LftTS . 35(4) o DORS: DDC Online RetrieoalSystem /373

Schedute Display DEPTII:I - Hit List (13) LCSHOUERY:

llava j o t ndi ans- Text i t e i nd.nt ry,and f abr i cs- cata I ogs. Text i t e f abr i cs- Europe-H i story- 18th century- Exhi bi t i ons. Text i I e f abr ics- Europe- [ i story- 19th century' Exhi bi t i ons. Texti [e fabrics-Hambooks, manrats, etc. Text i t e f abr i cs- Hr.ngary-H i story' 20th century-Exh i bi t i ons. Text i te f abri cs- I rdonesi a-Lanalera. Text i t e f abr i cs-ll i rnesota- Sai nt Peul - cata I ogs. Text i le f abri cs-Techniq,p. Texti [e fabrics.

- Tittes ' Exit

ScheduteDisptey DEPIH: 1

The arts Fine ard decorative arts 8 392 Civic ard tardscape art 0 45 Arch i tecture 10 2& Ptastic aFts Sculpture I 2n Draning and decorative arts 0 399 Texti [e arts I 85 Print i 0 2

750 Painting and paintings 0 y4 7fi Graphic arts Printmeking and prints 2 145 Tt0 Photogrophy and photographs 5 112 76 Iusi c 5 354 79() Recreational ard perforning arts 0 m7

Schedrte Displey DEPTH:I - Title Disptayfor Ctass: 746*

7. Ipari Textitm^Pwôeszeti Eiernôatôe : savaria ll^(xlzeun, szorbathe A dozen variabtes A history of hard knitting A special gift : the Kutchin beadrork tradition Afghans to crochet Amrican Schoot of lleedtenork presents The great crochet gift book. Anerican beauties : rose ard tutip quitts AmEnian rugs fndr the cregorien collection Arard-riming designs in Hardarper erdoroidery, 1987 Back to s(pare one Basketry : the Shaker tradition : history, techniqFs, Projects Best- loved $.ri tt patterns British courtry horse needtepoint Capital.izing designs created'rith the visim of youth and the skitt of mat

- SrJbjects ' Exit

'I'itles Figure 15. Broadeninga Searchby Movingfrom an LCSH Query to a Displayof Associatedwith a Clrs Number. 374 LRTS . 35(4) o Liu and Soenonius

Conct.usroN schedules,for instance,level of hierarchy, number of titles in the biblio- DORS, a model DDC interface to an on- graphic databaseassociated with a line catalog, was developed to conform to classnumber, and the scopeof a class the followiig speciftcatibns: number,as representedby schedule 1 The interface should provide vocabu- notesand "Manual" text. Iary enhancement. DORS doesthis by 5. The interface should be compatible makittg keyword searchable signifi- with other methodsof sublectaccess. cant terms from the DDC schedule Given a database of bibliographic captions and relative index. A search records (titles) that contain both on these terms leads a user to CI dis- LCSH headingsand DDC numbers, plays that are designed to favor preci- DORS facilitates switching from an sion,or recall, depending upon the LCSH search to a DDC search and users preterence. vice-versa.For instance,the user can 2.The interface should support call- search a class number in a DDC number searching. DORS does this. scheduledisplay by lirst performing a Where there is no-immediate match to Boolean keyword search on ZCSH a user's input call number, DORS headingsand retrieving titles match- drops the rightmost digits from this ing the searchspecification, then con- number until a match is achieved. ducting a search on class numbers associatedwith the titles. Converselv. LCSH headingsassociated with titl6s retrieved can be searchedvia class number. As noted at the start of this paper,the usefulnessof traditional classiftcationsas hierarchies in which they appear, interfaces to online catalogsis still being showing thus all perspectives or points debated.One reasonit is difftcult to gen- of view from which-the topic desig- eralize about their usefulnessis thit it nated by the terms is treated. The dependsvery largelyon how the interface is implemented.The variablesinvolved in any implementationare many and com- plex,makingthe design problem a compli- catedone. This problemcan be simplilied to someextent, that is, designpossibilities canbe limited, if agreementis reachedon the speciffcationsany implementation depth browsing within hierarchies. shouldmeet. It hasbeen our thesisthat the 4.The interface should enable the user main reason the DDC can be useful in to navigate easily and effectively information retrieval is becauseof its through the classifications. DORS has unique structure, which enableseffective not yeit been fteld tested. However, it browsingand display. The DORSinterface has features that we believe will facil- wasdesigned to exploitthat structure.Fur- itate navigation. First, the browsing ther testingofthe interface,and our thesis, displays are designed so that any posi- in the form of an experimentwith end tion in a displaf can be underslood usersis anticipated. relative to the classification as a whole. Second, DORS utilizes a direct manipulation interface style with pult- R-EFERENcESAND NorEs down menus so that the user at all 1. Elaine Svenonius, "Bibliographical Con- times knows what options are avail- trcL," in Acadcmic Libraries: Research Per- able. Third. informition useful for spectiaes, ed. Mary fo Lynch and Arthur navigational decision making is pro- Young (Chicago: American Library Assn., vided to the user when Eror..i^sing 1990), p.38-66. LRTS . 35(4) o DORS: DDC Online RetrieoalSystem /375

2. Robert R. Freeman and Pauline Atherton, Classilication as an Online Classification "File Organization and Search Strategy Tool," OCLC Research Reoiew (lanuary Using UDC in Mechanized Retrieval Sys- r99l), p.3-4. tems," in Mechanized lnformation Stor- 5. Markey and Demeyer, Dewey Decdmal age, Aetrieaal and. Dissemination: Pro- C Ia ss i.ficat i o n O nlin e Proj ect. "Use ceedings ofthe FID/IFIP Joint Conference, 6. Elaine Svenonius, ofClassilication in Romc, June 1417, 1967, ed. Kjell Samuel- Online Retrieval," Library Resources l,t son (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publish- Technical Seroices 27:76-80 ( 1983). ins Co., 1968), p.122-52. 7. Nantucket Corporation, CLIPPER 5.0 3. Several papers report the results of this (Los Angeles, Nantucket Corp., 1990). project. See, for instance, K. Markey and 8. Paper to be presented at the Fifth Interna- Anh N. Demeyer, Dewey Decimal Classi- tional Study Conference on Classification fication Online Project: Eaaluation of a Research (ISCCR'91) in Toronto, Canada, Library Schedule and Inder lntegrated June 24-28, 1991. into the Subject SearchingCapabtltties of 9. In our experimental system we use only a an Online Catalog, OCLC Research subset ofDDC, viz. the 700 schedules and Report OCLC/OPWRR-86/1 (Dublin. indexes. In an actual worhng system the Ohio: OCLC Online Computer Library full DDC summaries (lxx to 9lor)would be Center, Inc., 1986). displayed. 4. Diane Vizine-Goetz,'The Dewey Decimal Preseraation

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ldentifyingBqrriers lo Effective SubiectAccess in Librqry Colologs

F.W. Loncosler,Tschero Horkness Connell, Noncy Bishop,ond SherryMcCowon

cou.Id.be done to make thom retrieoable within the constraints of present catalogingpractice. Librarians should recognizethat library catalog-s,as noa lilplihented, offer only the mostprimiioe of subiectaccess and shuid seekto deoelopd.ffirent typesof subiea accesstools. T I he replacementofthe card catalogby 2.Those that extend searchcapabilities to more elements in existing bibliographic records. g. Th6se that would enhance existing bibliographic records by adding further searchableelements. 4.Those that would make further searchingaids availableto the library user.

alreadycommonly searched.

F. W. LANcAsrEnis Professor,and Neucy Btsuopand Surnnv McComN were masteri students, GraduateSchool of Library and Information Science,University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- paign.TscHERA Henxtnss ConNEr,l,isAssistant Professor, SchoofofLibrary Science,Kent State Unlversity. This study was supported by the OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc., under the Library and Informaiion ScienceResearch Grant Program. Manuscript submitted January16, 1991;revised June 3, 1991;accepted for publicationJune 5' 1991. 378/ LRTS . 35(4) o Lancaster,et al.

ming, techniques for the approximate Many keywordsearches in largeonline matching of words (e.g., phonetic spell- catalogswoirld be successfulin t'hesense ing), and the ability to perform keyword that they would retrieve relevant items. searches on subiect headings (e.g., But they would also retrieve substantial Walker,rWalker anil Jones,zand-LesteF). numbers of irrelevant items, and would The second group, also exempliftedby bring out so many records that the user Lester,alooks at complete bibliographic would be discouraged from proceeding records and determinles how mricti re- further. The fifth group of stu&es, exem- trieval would be improved were all ffelds plilied by work now proceedingat the eouallv' searchable. OCLC Online Computer Library Center, thL third group recognizesthat subject looks at waysin whidh suchlarge retrievals accessmight be improved considerably can be successfullylimited-by date,lan- were existing bibliographic records en- guage,- or other characteristics. hanced bv the addition of further access I-naddition to thesestudies, many oth- points taken,for example,from tablesof ers havelooked at the possibilityof build- contentsor back-of-the-bookindexes. This inq someform of user-friendlyinterface to approach can be traced back some years allow a library user to perfoim a subject (e.g., Atherton,s Wormell6). Recendy, searchwithout understandingsearch strat- Byirneand Micco discovered,not surprii- eg;ror searchlo$c, perhapsby enteringa ingly, that greatly improved recall could be narrative statement of an information obtained when MARC records in a need.This approachis exempliftedby the databasewere enhancedby addingto each work of Saltbirand McGilLrSDoszkocs,ta an averageof twenty-one multiword terms Biswaset al.,lsClemencin,lo and Pollitt,lT drawn from indexes and tables of con- amongothers. tents.T Using a somewhat different Finally, one can identify studiesthat approach,Diodato confrmed that terms seek to apply artiftcial intelligence or usedby readersto describebooks do tend expert systemapproaches to the library to match terms occurring in indexesand ru^bi".t-".""tt itoUte*. For example, tablesofcontents.8 Micco et al. describe work designed to The fourth group of studieslooks at the produce an expert system capable of effect of makinigaddiuond searchingaids iearching for and providing actess to availableto catalogusers. Bates proposes knowledfe at the saire levefas a shlled two suchtools that could be usedin exist- referencelibrarian. 18 ing catalogsbased on Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) (an end-user IIMITATIoNS oF EARLIER STUDIES thesaurus-basically a vast entry vocabulary-and a semanticnetwork, incolporat- It is encouragingto seeso much activityin ing the entry terms,that allowsa searcher to select from a variety of methods for generatingsemantic associations), but she does not actually test them.e The most obvioussearching aid would be a subject authority lile, inolporating cross-references.lcster found that suchan authority ftle had relatively little effect on the ability of catalog users to match their subject terms with LCSH headings,while Van Pulis and Ludy found that subjectauthority ftles are little used even when made availableonline.ro'll famiesonet al. have compared the value of the authority control approach with the ability to perform keyword searches in complete bibliographicrecords.l2 of successof a search. LRTS e 35(11 . Identifyi,ngBarrierc /379

While excellent catalog-usestudies tions.Sumrisingly, this provedto be much havebeen performed in the past(".g., U- more diffticult t[in exp6cted:even profes- petz,zr and Tagliacozzoand KochenP), sors who are acknowledgedexperts in a suchstudies have been weak in methodol- Iield showgreat reluctancewhen askedto ogies used for the evaluationof subject produce a'list of "best" readingsin their searches.The simplestapproach (and the areasof specializaUon.While a few such one still most ommonly used-see Les- listswere obtained,a much more produc- tef3) is to judge a re"t"h suceessfulif the tive source was the recommende? read- user is able to match subject terminology ings appearing in recently pubhshed with the terminologyof the cataloe(exa;- articlesin encyclopediasor encyclopedic ples ofthis approich can be founl in the dictionaries.The uie ofthese canbejusu- work of Batesza9s).Qlearlv, this is a crude fied on the grounds that the authors of measureof success,since it givesno indi- such articles are subject experts and the cationofwhether or not a userwould ftnd anything weful in this way, much less whetherthe mostrelevant items would be located. In a somewhatmore sophisticatedap- proach,a subjectsearch is judged successful if the cataloguser selectsone or more items (and presumablyborrows them) as the result of a search.This is an improvement, certainly,but the evaluationcrite- rion is still very unsatisfactory. The qualityof subjectaccess in Iibrary catalogscannot be improved from the resultsof studiesbased on suchimperfect criteria. A subjectsearch in the catalogof a library cannot be consideredfully suc- cessfulunless the user is ableto locatethe materialthat is, in somesense, the "best," i.e., the most complete,the most up-to- date,orthe mostauthoritative. Noprevious stu&es of subjectsearching in library cata- Iogshave rsed sucha stringentcriterion. The study reportedhere useda series of simulationsto-determine the probability or humanities. that a skilled catalog user would retrieve For each bibliographythus obtained, 'the best"materials available in a libraryon some sublect and, if they are unable to retrieve the best materials,to determine what changeswould be neededto ensure that future catalogswould allow more suc- cessfulsubject searching (i.e., searchingthat producesmore of the better materials).%

Mrrnops Fifiy-one bibliographiesrepresenting recommended readings on a wide range of author,title, keywordsin title, subiect topicswere assembled.The originalinten- headingsand subheadings,and oiher tio-n was that most of these-would be access points. A limited Boolean obtainedfrom facultymembers of the Uni- searchingcapability exists in the cata- versityof Illinois and neighboringinstitu- log. The"seaicheswere performed by 380/ LRTS . 35(4) o Lancaster,et aI.

TABLE 1 Toprcs UsEDes Blsls ron rHn 51 Snencuns

Search Number t Censorship in the Soviet Union Facultyrnember 2 Pre-Columbian religions and Encgdoped.taof Aeltgron (1987) iconography

J Spirit possession Ency clop e dia of Reltgion (1987) 4 Growth of the literature of science Facultymember

D Critical theory lnte rnatio tnl Encqclope di a of Edtcation (1989)' 6 Transport properties of electrolyte Ercaclopedia of Plwsical Science solutions indtechwilngg (t987) 7 International banhng ErrcyclopediaAnlericarw (19ffi) 8 Education of the deaf and hearing lntengttorwl Encgclopedia of impaired Education(f989)' I The image of women in the Bible Faculty member l0 Hunger and malnutrition in Erwgclopediaof SocralWork(1987) u.s. the II Migrant and seasonal farm workers hlcEclopedtaof SocialVo* (1987) L2 Corporate social responsibility Encyclnpedlaof SocralWork(L987) l3 Runaway children and adolescents Ernyclopediaof SocialWork (1987) L4 l,earninq and instruction for Facultymember teacFers l5 Noise hazards to humans Oxford'{1985) Textbookof Public Health

16 Military tradition in the southern hrcgcloped.iaof SoutlrcrnCulture United States (1989)

l7 Agriculture- and agribusiness in the Encgclopediaof Southern Cu.lhre southern Unit6d States fi989) l8 Feminist methodolory in scholarly Hypatia,z, 3, 1987 rnqulry 19 Humor in child development I nternatio nal Encg clop e di a of Educatlon(1989)' 20 The politics of education lnt ernatio rml Encg clop edia oJ Education (1989)'

2T Queuing theory Encaclopedia of Phasical Saence dndT eclvw1ogy-(L987) 22 Group teaching in higher education lnt ernatio m I Encg c Iop edia of Educatton (L9891 23 Sociologr ofscience Faculty member 24 Economic progrcss of blacks in the Iouma| of Econonic Literature USA " 09s9) 25 Latifundio New PalgraaeDlctlonary of Ecorcmix 1987) 26 Blues progression New Grooe Aaionary of lazz (1988) LRTS . 35(4) . IdentifyingBarrierc /381

TABLE I CoNTINUEI

Search Number 27 Creationism Facultymember 28 Political music Neu Grooe Dic'tionarg of Arwriun Mzstc (1986) 29 Theory of games Tle Neu PalgraoeDiaionary of Ecorcmi& 0987) 30 Male midlife transition Men'sStudles, by E. R. August (1985) 3l Gumbel distribution Entucl.opediaof Statistlcal Sciences fie83) 32 Photosynthesisin biotechnolory Biotechnolosa(ed. by Rehmand Reed)(IT'88) 33 Crazing of polymers Errcucl.arpediaof Polqflwr Scierce AndEngift;ering (1986) 34 Oracles Etlrlt clopedia of Relietatr {Pta6millan,rgsil 35 Celtic religion Ernaclwedla of Religion fMaamillan-,1987) 36 Tarot Encuclooediaof Ocatlttsm and Fanipsychilagy (L985)

JI Paperbacks Faculty member 38 Publishingas a business Facultymember 39 Jainism Rehgionsof lndta (Clarion Boola, 1983) 40 Stabilitytheory Srrsteflxand. C ontrol Encgclopedia " (1987) 4I Hazardsfrom lead Sqstemsand. Control Enaplopedia " n987) 42 Arabic theater McG raw-H ill Encuclorydiaof wortd Drama"ft9&4) 43 Using magnetic methods in testing Encaclopediaof Materials Science ol materials ind Engiruiering (1986) M Olfactory prychophysics Encgclop edia of Nanro scimce (1987)

45 Urbanizaflon ofbirds A Dictionary of Brrds (1985) 46 Classilication of birds A Dcti.onary of Birds (1W]5) ia Huntingtont Chorea Hand.bo ok of N atro chernistry (Secondedition. Plenum-Press, isest I The peasant commune in Russia Blorkw ell Encaclopedia of the Rtnsla.n Rtholi tio n (1988) 49 Anarchism in Russia BLackw ell hwt clope dl a of the krssian Ah: olitton (ig$) 50 Paci{icism in Ibdnrsha Erwgclopedlaof Japan Japan (1983)

51 Printing in Ibdnnslw Encgclopediaof Japan Japan (1983) 389/ LRTS . 35(4) c Lancaster, et al.

two members of the research team cases the item thus rejected covered who had studied the capabilities of the only one facet of a multifaceted topic. FBR and had become highly proft- For example, the author of an article cient in searching this tool. They per- on education of the handicapped formed each sear-chon the basis'of the might cite a book that deals with edu- title of the encyclope&a article (or cation but not the handicapped or one other source) only and did not see the that deals with the handicapped but bibliography untii after the search was not with education; in situations of completed. this kind, the item was omitted from the study. In some other cases, the item in'the bibliography had been cited by the author (e.g., for method- ological reasons) but fell clearly out- sidithe subject domain of the article. It is important to emphasize two facts about the investigation: it was not our intention to evaluate the FBR per se or to were eliminated from further consid- evaluate the performance of particular eration. searchers.The-objective was to determine 4. An analysis was performed to deter- what characteristics an online catalog mine why items presumed to be rele- would need to have in order to permit the vant to a particular topic, and iudged retrieval ofthe "most important" literature sufftciently important-to be citedbv on some topic as deftned earlier. The the authoiof an article on this topic o'r entire study could have been performed listed by a faculty member. wer? not without the conduct of any sublect retrieved in the original subject searches. That is, author/title searches search, and how the search strateg;r or could have been performed for all items in characteristics of the catalog would the bibliography, and the analpis could have to be changed to allowlhese to have been achieved by looking at the full be retrieved. Some items could have bibliographic records and the books them- been retrieved by the use of alterna- selves.The disadvantageofthis, ofcourse, tive subject headings that were in is that a decision would have to be made some wayrelated to the headings used on each subjeet heading involved as to by the iearcher. Others could have whether an experienced searcherwould be been retrieved by expanding the likely to use it. The use of an actual search to other elements in the exist- searcher in the lirst step of the process ing bibliographic record, such as title avoided this dilemma and provided a more words. However, many could only be realistic approach. retrieved by the expaniion of the #st- ing records to include the contents RESULTS pages of books and/or their indexes, and some could only be retrieved if The results of the {ifw-one searches are the full text ofthe bobk were available summarized in table Z. tn the lirst search, to be searched. In many cases, then, for example, sixty-six of the items in the the book itselfhad to be retrieved to bibliography were conftrmed to appear in allow these determinations to be FBR. but onlv fffteen of those were made. In this step of the analpis, it retrieved in the subject search, gving a was found that some of the items recall ratio of 22.7Vo.As the table shows. appearing in the bibliographies were the results varied from eight cases having not fully relevant to the subject ofthe IOOVo recall to two searches with zero encyclopedia article and, thus, to the recall. The mean recall ratio for the fifty- subject search. When members of the one searches-the average of all the indi- team agreed on this, such items were vidual ratios-i s 59.4Vo. eliminated from the search. In many On the surface. 59Vo recall could be LR?S . 35@) o ldentifyingBarriers /383

TABLE 2 Tenu 2 CONTINUED

RsceLLAcHTEvED rN 51 Snencurs Recall

Recall Search 38 13/r3 100.0 I 15i66 22.7 39 3n 42.9 2 6/t2 50.0 40 LATT 70.6 o r2,/23 52.2 4T oll 7r.4 1 0/6 0 42 6/6 100.0 D a13 t5.4 43 u6 66.7 6 M 57.r M a3 66.7 n 3/5 60.0 45 IlT 100.0 8 aL7 23.5 6 a5 80.0 9 6/8 75.0 47 a5 40.0 10 DII 7r.4 I 100.0 il 0/r 0 49 9t5 40.o t2 u8 50.0 50 rl2 50.0 I3 It/l9 57.5 5t u3 66.7 14 a5 40.0 considered a respectable, if not exactly IJ 3/4 75.0 inspiring,result. However, this is very mis- reasons: Ib 3/9 JO.J leading,for severalobvious l. Th6 searcherswere studentsoflibrary t7 3/6 50.0 sciencewho had acquired consider- 18 Itl12 91.7 able experiencein searchingthe cata- I9 %9 22.2 Ioe. The resultsthey achievedwould by a typical library 20 2A47 46.8 no"tbe duplicated user. 2I 10/10 100.0 2. They studiedI-C SHwith somedegree 22 6/2L 28.6 of intensitybefore beginning a search, 23 ra22 59.r a situationnot likely 6 be tiue for the typical cataloguser. 24 aL5 40.0 3.They were instructed to perform 25 8/13 61.5 broad searches.to achievemaximum

26 Dto 100.0 27 10/10 100.0 28 at3 30.8 29 2L/36 58.3 use of the term Ferninisrn, which 30 LA$ 93.3 retrieves bibliographic records for 3r 12/r5 80.0 close to 1,200 items, almost all of 32 6/II D4.D which are completelyirrelevant to the precise topic bf the search. If the Jd %4 50.0 search had been restricted to more 34 LL/23 47.8 speci{icterms, such *s Wom'enin sci- ttD 5/lo 50.0 enceorWomen scientists,recall would 36 8/9 88.9 have been much lower-only about 42Vo.To get a high recall'on the oa a4 100.0 Gumbel distribution (searchnumber 3W LRTS . 35(4) o Lancaster,etal,

3l), which relates to the statisticsof ject heading or headings.For example, extremes,requires use of such broad searchnumber 9, on the imageof women terms as Mothemnttcal stotlstics and in the Bible, achieved 757orecall on the Stochastic processes,which retrieve single term Womenln tlw Bible and could records for more than 1,200 items. havl achievedlOTVo recp.ll by use ofthe The same situation applies to other additional term Wunen (thiobgy), and, searches.While recall was high in a search number 21, on queuing theory, gOVo few of the fifw-one searcheslthese achieved recall on Queutig thco'iy results would riot be achievedunder alone.Such a closematch between a sub- real-life conditions becausea library ject heading and the topic of a searchwas user would just not be willing to look rare and mav well be rare in real life. through hundredsof recordsto find a The main pulposeof ttre presentstudy handful of relevantitems. was to determine what might be done to The resulb are misleading in one library catalogsto make them more effective tools for subject access.Table 3 sheds light on this by showinghow the items in thle present'study could have been retrieved. The ft fty-one bibhographiescol- lectively'FBR, contained 607 items included within and of these, 327 were There are relaUvely few searchesin retrieved in the subject searches.If we which a high recall could be achievedat an simply averagethese numbers (327/607) acceptablelevel ofprecision. This tendsto we get an average recall of 53.9%o-a occur only in situationswhere the subiect slightly &fferent ftgure from the 59vo of the searchcoincides closely with a Jub- achievedby averagingthe individual ratios.

TABLE 3 How RBsur-rsCOULD Bn Iupnovrp FoRTHE 5l SsencHts Total number of relevant items in FBR for 51 607 searches Number of relevant items retrieved in 51 327 searches Recall ratio (327/607) 53.94o AdditionalItems PossibleImprovement Retriwable Revised Recall (%) Elements in existing bibliographic record Other closely related subject headings 38 60.1 Closely related and somewhat related headliirgs 5l 62.3

Other parts of record 10 DD.D Subtotal 61 63.9 Enhancements to record Indexes ofbooks rzxt 74.5 Contents pages 86 68.0 Full text 58 63.4 Subtotal 2lr' 90.3 Not retrievable even on fuII text 8 'The categories"indexes ofbooks" and "contentspages- are not mutuallyexclusive. LRTS . 35@) o ldentifuingBarrierc /385

Had they done this, of course,precision would hive been even worse thin it r'vas with the aDproachesactually used. Unfortiriratelv, there is verv little that canbe doneto improve the situationon the headingsthat could be consideredctosely basisofexisting bibliographic recor& and related to the subiectsthev were dealing catalogingpractice. Searches performed in with, recall would only have improveil databies" ihat are the electronic equiva- aboutsix percentage points, froml3.9Voto lentsofprinted indexescan achieve better 6O.17o.The addition of sublectheadings results(i.e., a reasonablelevel of recall at considered'somewhat related" would a tolerable level ofprecision) through flex- ible capabilitiesfoi Booleansearch, but eventlie most sophisticatedof capabilities would have had little effect on the results ofthe presentstudy. The reason,ofcourse, is that a noical caialoe record hastoo few acoss poititt to makeIt likely that a search combiiine terms will get an acceptable levelof reiall: a recordhlavingtwo oithree subiect headingsis quite different from looselvconnectedtothe searchtopic. For one includine I"n oi twelve descriptors Glossolalia ** a""efted as and a 200-woid abstract.This is illustiated closely"*u*pl", related to "spirit possession" clearly in searchnumber 32, dealing with (LCSH does link them) and Pooerty- ohotosvnthesisin biotechnolont.Plwto' Gooernment policy-IJnited States x itanthel;x and Biotechnology"erc both closely related to "hunger and malnutri- ICSA headings,but not oneofthe records tion in the U.S.." while Reoelationand forthe elevenielevantitems contains both Prophe* were cnnsidered somewhat re- headings.In fact, in four ofthe sixrecords lated to "oracles" &CSH does not link for releiant itemshaving the headingPho- them) and Numerical taxonomA(a very tosrlnthesis,this is the only term assigned. 'the broad term) as somewhatrelated to It ieems likelv that most real information classificationof birds." needs are mitifaceted: censorshipin the If the searcheshad beenbroadened to Soviet Union (not all of censorshipor everythingon the SovietUnion), crazing of oolvmers-(not everythingon polymers), huiror in child developilent (nol all of humor),and soon. Suchmultifaceted topics can be handledin library catalogsas long asthey coincidewith existingsubject heidings or subject heading-subheading combinations (e.g., Censotrhip-Sooiet Ilnion andHumorln children) but there is little hopethat in other casestwo or more facetsoi a searchtopic will be represented catalogrecords (by combina- in existins "headings, tions of iubject kdywor&, or both). This study wasnot intended as an evaluation of a iarticular online catalog, and FBR hasmany limitations that makeit far usedall sublectheadings of anydegree of from an ideal tool for subject searching. relevance t6 the sougf,t topi6s ai'd had Nevertheless,with existingbibliographic extendedthe searchto keywordsin titles. records,even the mostpowerful ofsearch- 386/ LRTS . 35(4) o Lancastenetal. ing capabilitieswould offer only marginal erable levels of precision. The results improvement.Some improvementcould achieved by a less experienced searcher be achievedin a catalog that imposed would be much worse.Moreover. there is much greater structure on the sublect headingsused, allowing a searcherto bring in awholecategoryofrelated hea&ngs and subheadingsin much the sameway that a user of MEDLINE can "explode" on a term hierarchy.For example,search num- There are still those who cling to the ber 2 dealswith pre-Columbianreligions. beliefthat the useof classilicationschemes To get a highrecall here wouldrequire that can lead to signilicant improvementsin the searcherbe ableto recogrizeand enter subject accessin online catalogs (e.g., an extensivelist ofnamesoflndian groups Drabenstottet al.a). This wasnot investi- or civilizations (with the subheadingreli- gated systematically in the present gion and mgthology)as well asthe names research because it was recognized that of the countriesof Central Americawith the scatterofrelated material wouldbe too appropriate subheadings (religion and great to make this approachworth study. mythology, rites and ceremonies,and per- That this assumptionwas correct is bome haps even antiquities). Searchesof this out by the fact that the sixty-sixitems con- hnd couldbe aidedby the compilationand sideredrelevant to censorshipin the Soviet *hedges" storageof "trees" or (e.g., on Union werescattered over forly-one num- Central America.on Indians)that can be bers in the Dewey Decimal Classification. calledup and usedintact by the searcher. In summary.some records known to be A similar example occurred in the presentin thJcatalog were not retrieved search(number 23) on the sociolory of by subject becauset-he searcher did not science. The heading Science---+ocial exhaustall subject heading possibilities aspectsvuillretrievesome of this literafure, and becausethe particular catalogused but a more comprehensivesearch would offers little in the way of searching aids. require the use of the subheadngssocial However, these factors had a very minor aspectsor sociobgical aspectswith a very effect on the results. Overwhelmingly,the wide rangeof science-relatedterms (e.g., subject search failures in this study were Phystcs,Laboratories, or Biologicallabo- causedby the fact that the subject matter ratories). Searchesof this hnd would be of itemsincluded in librarycatalogsis rep- much easierif the systemstored a science resentedin a completely'inadeqiatewiy "hedge" (i.e., a table of science-related in the traditional bibliographic record. terms) to which a searchercould append The lower part of table 3 illustrates selected subheadings,but such a feature what is possibldthrough variousforms of would be an aid for the sophisticated enhancementofttre catalogrecords. In the searcherrather than the typicallibrary user. analysis,preference was alwaysgiven to There are other waysin which subject retrierraltlrorrgh the existingbibliographic searchingin conventional library catalogs records.That is. ifthe record for an item muld be improved(including more cross- could be retrieved on a further subject referencingamong subject headingsand heading or title keyword, no attempt was between subject headings and related made to determine whether it was also names-e.g., betweenCritical theory and. Freire and Habermas)but thevcould have only a very marginal effect. Tire results of this study strongly suggestthat a sophisticated and experiencedsearcher in an online catalogis unlikely to retrieve,on the retrieved using any part of the existing aver^ge,more than 50-60Voof the items bibliographicreords. appearing in subject bibliographies pre- The data that relate to the enhanced pared by experts, and that this level of records are not cumulative with the data recallcould onlybe achievedat quite intol- from existing records. For example, LRTS . 35(4) o ldentifyingBarrierc /387 searcheson terms from the book indexes could be retrieved using terms from index would retrieve recordsfor I25 items more or contentspages only throughsome inge- than the 327 actuallyretrieved (i.e., would nuityon the part of the searcher.For exam- raiserecall from 53.97oto 74.5Eo)and I25 ple, Rescher's book Scientiftc Progress, more than the 388 (327 + 6f ) potentially highly relevant to growth of the literature retrievablethrough the existingrecords. In ofscience,refers (contents page) togrovth other words, existing records plus book of the "scientilicenterprise" and to growthin indexescould raise iecall to SiSrcO7,or 'scientiftc progress,"but makesn6 explicit 84.1Vo. referenceto the literature ofscience. Note that ttre results for indexes and Of course,one could reacha different contentspages are not mufuallyexclusive: conclusionfrom the resultsof this study: records for someitems could be retrieved that the solutionto the problemlies in the using terms from either component. adoption of a detailed level of analytical Recill is potentiallygreater for theindexes sublect cataloging, with twenty or thirty than for the ontents pages,even &ough sublect headingsper item rather than the morebooks have contents pages than have two or three more tlpical of presentprac- indexes.because indexei t6nd to offer tice. This would be enormouslyexpensive. many more accesspoints than ontents Moreover,it would have lesseffect than pagesdo. table 3 might suggest,since these results Table 3 showsthat recordsfor some58 are arrivedat by hindsight.For example, of the 607items could only be retrievedon the memoirs of Shostakovichhave some words occurring in the full text of the book relevance to censorship in the Soviet and eight are not even retrievable on full Union, as well as to many other speciffc text.These items are relevant'by analogy," topics. But there is no guaranteethat a but the words neededto retrieve them d,o ca:talogeror indexer wou-ldrecognize the not appearin the turt. relevanceofthis work to all ofthesetopics The resultsshown in table3 might sug- evenif he or shewere allowedto assignan gestthat the problemsofsubject accessin unlimited number of subject headings. Iibrary catalogscould largely be solved Twenty different scholarsmight aII ftnd in were the text of contents pages and/or this work certain portions that have some indexes stored in a form-sriitable for relevanceto their areasof specialization, but it is by no meanscertain that relation- shipsof this kind would be recognizedby atty but the sublectspecialist. OT course, this is not to imply that indexersor cata- logersshould be able to recognizeevery possible context to which a publication almost impossibleto calculate how fre- may apply but, rather, that subject ex- quently a particularterm or term combi- perts can see relationships that others nation might ocrur in indexesor contents would fail to see. pagesfor a collection of severalmillion items, but it is safe to say that many fMPLrcATroNs searcheson such extendedr6cords woulil retrievethousands of itemsratherthan the hundreds that were retrieved in many of the searcheson existing records alone. Only in the caseof an atlpically speciffc search, involving a rather rare word or name (such ai Gumbel), might the enhancedrecord improve searchresults. ing lists,this seemsself-evident. The situ- In other cases,any improvementin recall ation is less clear for the bibliographies would be accompaniedby a disastrous associatedwith encyclopediaarticles. Nev- declinein precisioln. ertheless,it seemsreasonable to assume Moreover. records for some items that the itemslisted by the authorsof such 388/ LRTS . 35(4) o Lancaster,et al. articles, if they are directly relevant to the each componentcatalog provides inade- topic discussed,are considered to be quatesubj-ect access, exaEeibates the prob- important contributions to the literature lem, sincethe largerthe catalogthe more discriminatingmust be the subjectaccess points provided. But catalogshave grown much larger without any signiftcantcom- pensatoryincrease in their discriminating power.The applicationof the mostsophis- comprehensivesearches were performed, ticated of searchingsoftware to any large not becausethe typical library user will catalogof the bpe traditionally used in want such a comprehensivesearch (most librariEswould mike little differince to its will not), but to determineto what extent performance:the recordsstored are corn- the items consideredimportant by the pletelv inadeouaterepresentations of the expertcould be retrievedby the persistent iuble6t mattei with wlhich they deal. In a and diligent searcher. databaseproviding subject access to peri- The fact is that library catalogspermit odicalarticles, such as MEDLINE, a ftve- only the most superlicial oi i:biect pageitem might be representedby ten or searches.In the ftrst place,they rarely in- twelve subject headings,as well as key- clude periodical articles, which are the wordsin titles and abstracts.In contrast.a mostimportant sources of informationfor 400-pagebook on the samesublect might manytopics. Further, they tend to provide only be accessiblein the catalogofan aca- accessonly at the level of the complete demiclibrary by two subjectheadings, the bibliographic item rather than at the level title words, and perhapsa classification of the subitem(a particularchapter, arti- number. cle, conferencepaper, or paragraph).A This investigationwas begun in the book that dealssubstantially with topic X hopeof identifring practicalways in which is not necessarilya more importantcontri- onlinecatalogs could be mademore effec- bution to that topic than an article in a tive tools for sublectsearching. However, journal, encyclopedia,or handbook;a con- the results suggestthat significant im- provementsare not possiblewithin the constraintsof existingsubject cataloging practice. The conclusion that emerges most clearlvis that. if one wantsto know the bestthiirgs to readonsome topic, there for which it does provide some level of is no substitute for consulting an expert, sublect accessis not necessarilythe best either directly or indirectly (e.g.,through availablein the library on any particular an expert-compiledbibliography). topic. The library catalog,as it now exists, This conclusionshould not come as mayprovide adequate subject access for a much of a surprise. Investigationsover smallcollection-for example,in a school manv vearshavb consistentlishownthat or smallpublic libraqy-or to leadto a few seekbrsof informationftnd riruchof what items. not necessarilvthe best. on some they usefrom specializedbibliographies or topic, but it is quite iriadequatefor a large, bibliographicreferences in items already multidisciplinary library, especially one known,rather than from databases,library that attempts to support educationalor catalogs,or consultinglibrarians. More- scholarlvneeds. over,iore recentstudles (e.g., Knightly,s Despitepopular belief, the transforma- and Bayerand Jahoda3t)have shown that tion of the card catalog into an online use of online servicesseems not to have database has not signiftcantly improved much influence in changingthese tradi- subjectacress. Indeed, it may havemade tional searchingmethods. The formalsub- the situationworse because it hasled to the ject access tools are not effective in creationofmuch largercatalogs that rep- locatingall of the literatureon somesub- resent the hol&ngs of many libraries. ject and might not locate much of the Merging severalcatalogs into one, when literature that subjectspecialists consider LRTS . 35(4) . Id.entifuingBarrierc /389 most valuable. One example of this can be an intermediate level; and a more com- found in a studv bv Davison.3z which prehensive level-in essence a detailed reports on the rJsultl of searching tech- ipecialized bibliography. The items in such niques used to compile a comprehensive fdatabase could be likened to the "path- database on costs and modeling in infor- {inders" that were so popular in libraries mation retrieval. The 6,098 items judged some years ago,"" relevant were drawn from forty different The data6ase. then, could be consid- sources. Printed bibliograpliles were ered a database of subject "modules." It found to be the most productive sour@s, would be much more comprehensive than and the online searchofdatabases gave the the sum of the specialized bibliographies worst results (onlySVo ofthe relevant ref- now in existenc'e in printed fo-rm- and erences retrieved). would compensate for the fact that these At the beginning of this article it was bibliographies are widely scattered and pointed out that much research has been thus d*ifffcult to locate. It could be linked performed, and continues to be per- to the holdings of individual libraries, or formed, on wa)6 to improve subject access groups of libraries, preferably by such in online catalogs.The results ofthe pres- iniqire identifters as the Iniernational ent study suggest that the methods inves- Standard Book Number (ISBN) or an tigated, or advocated, that are intended to international standard number for journal improve acrcessto existing records (includ- articles. That is, the seeker of information ing truncation and word-fragment search- would ftrst consult this tool and then in!, whether applied to titl-es or subject switch to another database to identify headings, and other methods of matching those items that are available locally. user terms to terms in records, as well as all types of searching aids-expanded thesauri, semantic networks, entry vocabularies, or whatever) could have only a marginal effect on subject access, while methods that call for greatly enhanced records (indexes, contents pages, or both) are completely impractical, at least for cat- and special. alogs of any signiffcant size. Fi m what sources could such a It is ironic that the computer and tele- databasebe compiled? Using the reading communications technologies that have lists associated rvith recent incyclopedii greatly improved the documentdelivery articles, as was done in the present study, capabilities of libraries might actually have might be a qood starting point, perhaps ln caused a deterioration in subject access. sup-"plemente?by . the b"ibiiographies The library profession should accept the recent review articles. In the longer term, fact that catalogsproviding accessto multi- however, the compiling and updating of million-volume resources can never be such a tool could be a cooperative venture more than very crude tools when applied within the library profession, with special to subject searching. For a liner level of libraries and information centers accept- access, or more comprehensive capabili- ing the responsibility for building and ties, it would do well to look for altemative miintaining'modulei correspondiig to solutions. their areasof expertise. One possibility would be the develop- Acress to ihe database could be ment of an alternative online subiect

articles, chapters, complete books, or whatever, recommended for the beginner; 390/ LRTS . 35(4) o Lancastenet al. this referenceappears. Modules could be with Authority Control," College b Re- linked throughcross-references, and each search Libraries 49:52&-33 (1988). module could be made a gatewayto fur- 12. Alexis J. famieson, Elizabeth Dolan, and "Keyword ther sourcesof information-for example, Luc Declerck, Searching Vs. Online by pointingto other databases. Authority Control in an Catalog," Journal of Academic Librarianship L2: The developmentof a muludiscipli- 277-83 (1986). nary, encyclopedicbibliographic tool of 13. Gerard Salton and Michael J. McGill, this qpe would require the commitment lntroduction to Modern Information of considerable resources, but these Retrieoal (New York: McGraw-HilI, 1983). resour@swould be much better spenton 14.Tamas E. Doszkocs, "CITE NLM: Natu- this endeavorthan on attemptsto improve ral-Language Searchingin an Online Cat- existingtools.s alog," lnformati.on Techtwlogg and. Librar- ,es 2:364-80 (1983). 15. Gautum Biswas and others, "Knowledge- Assisted Document Retrieval: I. The Nat- REFERENCESAND NorEs ural-Language Interface," lournol of thc l. Stephen Walker, "OKAPI: Evaluatlng and American Society for lnformation Science Enhancing an Experimental Online Cata- 38:8$-96 (1987); and "Knowledge- log," Library Trends 35:63145 (1987). Assisted Document Retrieval: II. The 2. Stephen Walker and Richard M. Jones, Retrieval Process," Joumal of the Ameri- lmprooing Subject Retrieaal in Online can Sociay for Information Science 38:97- Catalogues. 7. Stemming, Automatic Spell- ll0 0987). ing Correction and. Cross-reference Tables 16. Grdgoire Clemencin, "Querynng the (London: Polytechnic of Central London, French Yellow Pages: Natural Language r987). Access to the Directory," Information Pro- 3. M. A. Lester, "Coincidence of UserVocab- cessing d.zManagement 24:63&-49 (1988). ulary and Library of Congress Subject 17. Arthui Steven Pollitt. "MenUSE for Med- Headings: Experiments to Improve Sub- icine: End-User Browsing and Searching ject Access in Academic Library Online of MEDLINE ia the MeSH Thesaurus," Catalogs" (Ph.D diss., University of Internatiorutl Forurn on Information and Illinois, Graduate School of Library and Doanmentation 13: 1l-I7 (Oct. 1988). Information Science, 1989). 18. Mary Micco and others, "Knowledge Rep- 4.lbid. resentation: Subject Analysis," Library 5. Subject Access Project, Syracuse Univer- Softutare Reoiew 6:82-37 (1987). sity, School of Information Studies, Pau- 19. F. W. Lancaster, The Measurement and line Atherton, Director, Books areforUse: Eoaluation of Library Seraices (Washing- Fi.nnl Report ofthc Subject Access Project ton, D.C.: Information Resources Pr., to the Council on Li.brary Resources (Sy,r- 1977). acuse,N.Y.: School of Information Studies, 20. F. W. Lancaster, If You Want to Eaaluate Syracuse University, 1978). Your Li.brary- (Champaign, Ill.: Univer- 6. lrene Wormell, "SAP-A New Way to Pro- sity of Illinois, Graduate School of Library duce Subject Descriptions of Boolis,",four- and Information Science. 1988). nal oflnformatton Science 3:39-4 (f981). 21. Ben-Ami Lipetz, User Requirements in 7. Alex Byrne and Mary Micco, "Improving ldzntifEing Deslred Works in a Large OPAC Subject Access: The ADFA Exper- Library (New Haven: Yale University iment," College b Research Librari.es Librarv, 1970). 49:432-41 (1988). 22.R. Ta{Jiacozzo and M. Kochen, "Informa- 8. Virgil Diodato, "Table of Contents and tion-Seeking Behavior of Catalog Users," Bool< Indexes: How Well Do They Match lnformation Storage and Retrieoal 6:363- Readers' Descriptions of Books?" Library 8t (1970). Resources b Teclmical Seraices 30:402-72 23. Lester, Coincidznce of User Vocabulary, (1e86). 24.Marcia J. Bates, "Factors Affecting Sub- 9. Marcia J. Bates, "Subject Accessin Online ject Catalog Search Success," loumal of Catalogs: A Design Model," Journal of the the Arnerican Society for Informatlon Sci- (L977). American Society for Informntion Science ence 28:16149 37:357-76 (1986). 25. Marcia I. Bates, "System Meets User: 10. Lester, Coincidence of UserYocabulary. Problemi in Matching Subject Search 11. Noelle Van Pulis aid Lorene E. Ludy, Terms," lnformati.on Processing b Man- "Subject Searching in an Online Catalog asement 13:367-75 (1977). LRTS . 35(4) . IdentifyingBarriers /391

26. It is possible that not everyone will be Elmer Michael Schloeder, "Selective Sub- willing to accept that catalog users seek the ject Cataloging: A Preliminary Analysis of "best" materials. Nevertheless, it is the a Possible Means of Reducing the Bulk of contention of the authors that even the reader seehng a single book by way of introduction to some topic would prefer one reoommended by an expert in the {ield rather than one not io recoimmended. 27. It is important to note that "broad search" here means use of all seemingly relevant terms, at any level of specificity, and not just use of the broadest applicable subject headings. Thus, a search on Pre-Colum- bian religions would include terms related to speciffc religions as well as the more general terms. 28. However, this does not tell the full story. In the present investigation a significant number of the items souqht were relevant Change in Librarianship," American Li- in part (e.g.,asingle chap-terina book) and brariis 27:844-49 t1990-l). Koenig points neither subject headings nor title words out that "Library patrons want authorita- offer useful access points to the part. This tive information" and advocates a proce- is why the results differ from those of ear- dure whereby library users can add their lier investigators (see, forexample, Ann H. evaluations of what they have read to onl- Schabas, "Postcoordinate Retrieval: A ' ine library catalogs. Comparison of Two Indexing Languages," Journal of the American Society for Infor- mation Science 33:32-37 (1982)) who found that title words do make a signiffcant Wemake difference in the subject searching of library catalogs. har cdcs Z9.Karen Markey Drabenstott and others, "Analysis of a Bibliographic Database asindivifual Enhanced with a Library Classification," Library Resources l: Teclmical Senoices asyou an1e. 34:179-98 (1990). Our customdesigned identification 30. Knightly, "Traditional Information John J. labelsare engineered qpecifically for Gathering vs. the Computer: Surprising therequirements of your application. Findings," Tennessee Librarian 3I, no.3:3248 (Summer 1979). DataComposition manufactures only "Effects 31. AIan E. Bayer and Gerald Jahoda, photocomposedbax code labels that of Online Bibliographic Searching on demonstrateexceptional sunival Scientists' Information Swle." Onlinc characteristicsand deliver 100% frst Rea ieu: 5 :323-33 ( 1981 ). scanaccufztcy. Find out what DCI can 32. P. S. Davison and others, lntemational do for you,one{o-one. Bibliographic Reaieu on Costs and. Modzl- Iingin Information Retri,eaal: A Report on Completion of Data Collection, Assess- llIIIIDATA ment ofthe Effictency of Searching, and.on Means of lnderingThis lnformation (I-an- coMPoStTtoN,tNc. don: British Library 1988). t-800,-227-2121 33. The idea that some form of subject bibli- InsideCalifornia 5lO-232-62N ography should substitute for subject Ac{uzl sizeof baf @de larles @ording to user specif@tions, access through the catalog ofan academic @ 1991, Data Conposition, Irc , Richmond, Califomia library is far from new (see, for example, SomcthingNEWfrom MARCIW, Inc.!

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A Summoryof the Treqlmenfof BibliogrophicRelqlionships in ColologingRules

BorboroB. Tilleft

logingn"rles.

Bansan.aB. Tlurrr is Head of the Catalog Department, Universityof California,San Diego' Invited paper receivedand acceptedfor pu-blicauonApril 3, 1991;rwised June 26, 1991. Edltor'sNote: Library Resources&Technical Servicesis pleasedtopresent the secondinaseries of research ,"oort, in the twrc of bib\oeraphlc relntionshtps. Thesereports are dzrioed from 'Bibkographic tlheaattnr's IilST ph.D. dissirtatilon, Relationships: Toward a Concepnnl Struc- ture of Bibliographac Aelatlorwhips Usedin Cataloging"' 394/ LRTS . 35(4) . Tillett cataloging codes and sets of rules used in related itemt nameand title. Somerules the United States,Panizzi's rules were also combine several types of relationships, included, since they have been acknowl- such as rules for serialsthat call for notes edged as the basis for cataloging codes on all typesofrelationships with other seri- used in the United States. From tfii codes als.Soine rules are not asiociatedwithany and rules identified, twenty-four principal bibliographicrelationships, such as simplb cataloging codes were selected for review. nrleson the measurementof the sizeof an Codes with well-recognized inlluence on item and omplex rules on some of the cataloging at both the Library ofCongress decisionsfor authorship. The rule review (LC) and major libraries in the United States were preferred. For codes covering only serials, Pierson's Guide to the Cata- loguingof tlw Serial Publicatiorw of Socie- ties and Institutions. second edition. was selected to represent serials cataloging at LC. The codes that were analyzed are Iisted in appendix A. The glossaries of the various catalo$ng codes were inspected alongwith the AI-A Glossaries,zto further identi! types of bib- Iiogaphic items and types of linhng Associatedfindings from an acvompanying deic6s. The AI-A Gloii'aries provided empirical study will be presentedin the additional terms for bibliographic items fourth articleofthis series. not explicitly mentioned in the codes, As a result of identifring typesof bib- terms that pioved useful in developing the liographic items and reviewing cataloging taxonomy of relaUonships.3 Once these rules dealingwith relationships,the tanon- terms for bibliographic items were listed, omyof bibliographicrelationships was cre- thev were examilned,to determine whether ate3.6 The tixonomy categorizes biblio- any natural categories for a taxonomy graphic relationshipsas follows: 1. equivalence relationships 2. derivative relationships 3. descriptive relationships 4. whole-part (or part-whole) relationships 5. accompanying relationships graphic items that could be related, cata- 6. sequential relationships shared ielationships Io$ng codes were analyzed to select rules 7. characteristic pertaining to bibliographic relationships Using thesecategories of bibliographic and linhng devices. This was a@om- relationships,we seewhat linking devices plished through a chronological reading historicallyhave been prescribedbycata- and annotation of copies of each of the logingrules. twenty-four cataloging codes, noting all rules that mentioned mahng a link be- Egurver,r,ncE RErdrroNsHrPs t'ween bibliographic records or mentioned relating an item being cataloged to some Equivalence relationships are those that ot-her item or larger work. hold betrreen exact copies of the same Cataloging rules cover a wide range of manifestation of a work, or between an original work and reproductions of it, as long asintellectual content and authorship are"preserved.The idea ofequivalenceis essentiallya mathematicalconcept. How- ever,in the mathematicalsense, an equiv- with nonrelationship information, such as alence relationship is strictly an idenUty rules calling for entry under a specific relationshipand could be used for only name and title with air added entri for a exactcopies. Ifwe requireonly intellectual LRTS . 35(4) . Treatmentof BtbltographicRelationships /395 content and authorship to be identical, original item acknowledgingthe equiva- then the idea of equivalence can be lent item; expanded for our purposes to include 3. A note on the bibliographicrecord for the item the origi- reproductions. However, in the case of equivalent acknowledging nd; reproductions,we mustbe certain that nei- 4. Notes to link separate bibliographic ther the intellectual content nor author- recordsfor the original and related items; ship is altered by the reproduction,for 5. The sameuniform iitle headingused in the when that ocrurs,the reproduceditem is recor& for both the equivalent item and no longerequivalent, but derivative.Even the original; or alterations of mlor for motion pictures or 6. A holdings annotation about the equiva- irretrievablechanges of scaleTor micro- lent item"in the bibliographic recort for Iilmed maps transform the relationship the original or on the shelflistfor the original. from equivalence to derivative, because such changescan be said to modifr the intellectual or artistic content.TConse- quently, equivalence relationships exist only betweenexact reproductions or copies of the samework from the sameprint- ing, either in the sameformat or in other formats, subject to the provisosabove. The catalogingrules have suggested six the evolution of each device. methodsusinf liihng devicesId indicate equivalentitems in bibliographicrecords: 1.A dashentryforthe equivalent item on the record for the original item; 2. A note on the bibliographic record for the

ACONTIUS KOVER (srnen,ruus), Archbishop of Shmia. Vita S. A. K. postulanteequite A. Raphael,scripta Armeniceaque Latine. 2 pr. Venetiis,1825. 8" ACONZIO. &e Acoxrrus. AQORES. See Azonns. ACOROMBONI or ACOROMBONUS (nnnoxr- r*lus). ^9aeAcconorrrBoNrus. A COSTA. ,SeeCosra. \ ACOSTA (cxnrsrover.). \- Tractado de las drogas, y medicinasde las Indias \r Orientales, con sus plantas. Burgos,1578.4" \ / Another copy. The same. nal. Yenetia,1585. 4' Another copy. $ Another coPY. Tratado en loor de las mugeres. Venetia, 1592. 4" ACOSTA (ouenrr xui'nz or). ,SecNuiBz.

Figure L Example of Indented Form, "Anot}er copy" (from the l84l British Museum catalog, p'94). 396/ LR?S . 35(4) c Tillett

ish Museum catalog based on Panizzi's Thuswe seea changefrom onceincluding rules shows the in-clusionof "Another copieson the bibli6graphicrecord with i copy" as an indentedentry (seeftgure 1), dash entry to now either citing a general essentiallya dashentry without the dash. note of a given library'sholdings or omit- To best perceiveihe inconsistencies ting copies from the bibliographic record that havecharacterized linhng devicesfor altogether. Dash entries were associated equivalencerelationships, we can system- with card and book formats. and once the atically examine bibli6graphic items in MARC format was introduced, the dash theserelationships. The items are copies entry disappeared. and impressions,issues and reissues,fac- Issuesand reisiueshave been treated similesand reprints, photocopies,micro- by the rules asdifferent editions, different forms,and other reproductions. issues,or as copies.For treatmentas dif- For copiesand impressions,early rules ferent issuesor copies,the dashentry was 'dashed speciftedihe additioir of a note employed.For motion picture films, the 'Another dashentry issue,"was used only when variationsoccurred in size, color, or otherphysical characteristics. The implica- tion was that suchvariations did not alfect content. This treatment separatesequiva- ered them to be different editionsof the lent items from thoseexhibiting a deriva- samework, to be catalogedseparately. By tive relationship,although it might be said the time of the 1978 fuCnZ-, secondor the introductionofsound and color change other subsequentcopies were usuallynot the intellectual content of a film. They mentioned at all in the bibliographic certainly changethe artistic content. record, although the rules allowed-fof the Facsimiles"and reprints are either issuedas exact duplicates or havematerial in addition to the exact copy ofan earlier item. By 1908such materials appeared in the rules and were consistentlytreated in subsequentcataloging codes. The bibliographic description of a facsimile repro- script with handwritten or typewritten duction is basedon the original with a note speci{ied)as well as the location of the aboutthe reproduction,uiless new mate- original,ifit could be readilyascertained. rial is introduced,where the bibliographic

Jobt oonlrlr cs rrbrtb o( Oifo prbb rdllfb. tt of. ^Ht Joint.cwrmittcc on vtlurrion of Obio pubtie uhlrtrr. onrJer order no, 176 ol thc Public otilitier corn: niuiou-of ()hlrD.t9l{. pClcr.rltrxl,()., .t. J. Wrli, prini. or, 'l0llr Q, a- l$

I CclmrireVrlstrq, t Olb Pu!l* utihi.. 6.h.io tct9415 bbrrry of Co3ror HDZ6,'Otar6 _Coo, Z Cogyrr;bt A !l(t

'Copy Figure 2. Exampleof a Dash Entry 2" (from the Nattonal llnton Catolog,base set). LRTS . 35(4) . Treatmentof BibltographicRelationships /397 record is made for the reproduction with a SuMuenvor DEVICESUsro ron note about the ori$nal. When not linked EeUTvALENCERulertousnlps through notes, facsimilesand reprints are linked to their originals through the useof As we can see from the review above, the sameuniform title, suchas for facsim- ilesof manuscriptsof the Bible. When photocopies were first introduced,the catalogingrules (f941) treated them ascopies by describingthem on the bibliographic record for the original. By 1949, if the photocopy had its own title page or other additional matter, it was only on a shelflist. given its own entry with a note about the it is worth notingthe disappearanceof 6rigi"ut, therebytreating them asfacsimi- the onceprominent dash entry device, We les, which is how the 1978AACft2 treats alsoobseived that althoughreproductions them. The 1967 AACR rules permitted have been treated somewhat inconsis- photoreproductionsother than Tacsimiles tently, the generalpractice, as reflected in to be viewed as copies and treated wittr a the aforementioned1981 LC policy state- dashentry. However,there is alsothe prac- ment, has been to include photb- and tice inAACR2 rule 4.7Bl of makinganote about photocopies of manuscripts or manusciipt coflections on the bibliographic recordsfor suchitems, with a note indicating the location of the origind, if such information can be readily ascer- tained. Microformswere lirst mentionedin the DERTVATIvE RELATIoNSHTPS 1949LC rules,which calledfor describing the original and making a note for the Derivative relationships are those that microftlm. The 1967 AACR allowed for hold between a bibliographic item and a either anoteabout the microformor a dash modiftcation based on that item. They are entry, but the 1978 AACR2 describesthe called horizontd relationships in the UNI- repioduction with a note for the original MARC de{initions.s One Gm is derived (tlie sameprocedure as used forphoto-cop- from another when it enlarges, abridges, ies).Of specialmention is that t,C issued or otherwise modiftes the entire item or a policy statementin its fail f981 Catalog- iigSeh:lce Bulletin reversingthe rule fdr microreproductions instead to describe the original with a note for the reproduction. For other hnds ofreproductions,such aspictures, generally the mainentry head- variations of slight modi{ication), achange ing is the sameas that for the original work; of genre, an adaptation or arrangement, or a note for the reproductionis made, andu ne* *ork based on the style or the- including indicationsof physicalchanges matic content of the original.e (microfo-rm,sound, etc.) ihdt do not aff6ct the intellectual content. When a different Suuunnvor DEVICESUsED Fon mediumis employedfor a reproductionof DE nIvATrvE RELATIoNSHIPS art, catalogingrules consider the work no longer a copy, but rather an adaptation (thirefore hiving a derivativerelati6nship, not an equivalent relationship) with an added entry link to the original artist and work. 398/ LRTS . 35(4) . Tillett

from which another work is derived, the work being described.rr However, whether in intellectual content, style, or when the deseriptionitself is emphasized, thematic content. Considering the diver- the ruleshave called for an addedentry or sityof relationships in this category,it is not sublect entry for the original *ork or surprising that an equal diversityofdevices works. For t}re reverserelationship, from has been used to express these relation- the work describedto the description, the ships in a catalog. These include refer- only applicablerulesl2 are thosefor incu- en6es. dr*h entril"esfor added editions. nabuli,'manuscripts,or mapsthat havea edition statements, notes, uniform titles, well-known bibliographic descriptionpub- subject headings, main entries held in Iishedin somereference source, with the oommon (here called common main referencesource cited in a note on the entries), ftling titles, and added entries. recordforthe item described. There is no rationale in the rules for pre- ferring one particular device over another SUMMARYOF DEVICES USTO TON for linhng bibliographic items and their DEScRIPTTvE RELATIoNSHIPS derivations, and indeed, the rules are often inconsistent. Linking devices for descriptive relationships include notes about the described item on the analytical entries for the DsscnrPTrvE RsLArroNsHns "description,"common main-entryhead- A descriptive relationship holds between a ings, notes about the description, and bibliogaphic item or w6rk and a descrip- ad-dedentries or sublect entrilesfor the tion, criticism, evaluation, or reviewofthat item or work, such asthat between an item and a book review describing it; we also include here criticisms, casebooks, annotated editions. and commentaries on other works. For our purposes, a description is a bibliographic item that gives a mental rules use notesand addedentries or sub- image of aworkthrough atextual medium. Criticisms and reviews, then, are special hnds of evaluative descriptions that reflect upon the original work. fraoieo is deffned in the A.L.A. Clossary of Library and Information Science as "an evaluation of a graphic record for the item being literarywork, concert, play, etc., -published described. in a p6rio&cd or newslpaper."lo It is rare that catalogers who make bib- WrroI.E.r,mT REI.ATIONSIilPS liographic entries for books will make an entry for a review that is an article, but occasionally a review is an important component within a larger work; for instance, in an antholory of book reviews, an individual review may be described through an andytical entry. But regardless ofwhether the review is given a bibliographic entryor not, the review still will have a descriptive relationship to the bibliographic item it reviews. Whenever a description is published ponent part of The Canteibury Toles. with the text it describes, and the text is When a librarv hasa separatelypublished emphasized, the catalog rules have consis- edition of Tlic wrf" ol Bath's-Tale and, tently recommended bibliographic entry wants to show its relation to The Canter- ofsuch descriptions under the heading for bury Tales,the relationshipmaybe under- LRTS . 35(4) o Treatm.entof Bibli,ographicRelationships /399 stoodto hold betrveena physicditem (the reprintings of a whole edition. Such re- edition the library has)aidthe work asan printinqsire considered equivalent works, abstractwhole.ra *h"t"i extracts must be 6onsideredpre- For the purpose of this discussion, three subrelationshipsof the whole-part relationship are recognized.They are categorized into those dealing with relation- s[ips betweentwo physicil items or between aphysicalitem and an abstractwork, as follows: Whole-PartRelationships PhysicalWhole ContainingRelationships (I) ExtractiveRelationships (2) AbstractWhole AbstractRelationships (3). The category"containing relationship" specificallyrefers to those relationships A separately issued article, chapter, or iivolving [h" partsof a phyii- other portion of a larger work, printed cal unit other"ornpon"nt than extracted parts. A con- from the type or plates of the original, taining relationshipcharacterizes mono- usually at the same tjme as the original' graphJand their individual chapters,and Synonymous with separate.ro published sets and their individual vol- The sameglossary defines reprint as: umes,as well asseries and their subseries. A separately issued article, chapter, or The series-subseriesrelationship typically other portion of a previously published larger work, usuallya reproductionof the original, but sometimesmade from a new setlingoftype.l6 Both offorints and reprints are Portions taken from' previously-publisheil larger works. Wherian item is not taken frori a identify this categoryconnotes actual parts particular edition or -ubitta"tphpical item, it is of somephysical unit. ionsidered part of an whole, and Whei the parts of an item havebeen therefore in-cluded in the third category of extractedand issuedseparately as individ- whole-part relationships, "abstract." ual selections,the relationshipbetween The'abstract relalionship" holds be- the extracteditems and the whole is cate- tween parts of a work and the work. Work gonznd as an "extractive relationship." here is-to be understood as an abstraction' This category obviously excludes exact The term abstraa relationship is used

Cole,Ralph Dayton, 1873-1932. Custer, the man of action; addressby Colonel Ralph D. Cole. (Ia Ohioarchieologicaland historical quarterly. Colum- bus,O., 1932. 23cm.vol. I(LI, p.63I-65.1.illus. (ports.)) -copy 2, detached.

'Detached Figure 3. Exampleof a DashEntry copy''(from the l94l A.L.A. Rules'p.2261. 400/ LRTS . 35(4) . Tillett thereforeto connotea relationshipto some when neitherpredominates, as in the case abstract whole rather than some physical of some kits. the items are said to be item.This relationshipis furtherdescribed in the discussionof the uniform title linking device in the next article in this series.

Suuuenvor Drvrcns USEDFoR WlroI-s-renr RELATIoNSHIPS item (as in updating suPPlements, continuations,or additionsto a text);

illustrations);or 4. Add in someother way to the useful- 2. Dash entries for detachedcopies of nessof the principal item, as do in- Parts; dexesand concordlnces,for example. 3. Analyticalentries for the parts; In otherwords, accompanying relation- 4. Added entries for either the encom- shipshold betweenan item and a supple- mentaryor an associateditem. n AeCnZ there are separaterules for accompaningand supplementary items- rule l.SE for actompanyingmateria! and I.9 for supplement'aryit6ms-but the work acting as the main entry head- treatment t"ili lottr is the same.Both are ings for the parts;and, included in accompanfng relationshipsas T.Explanatory references identifring long as the supplementreally augments the other work rather than continuesit; there mustbe no cpntinuingor preceding relaUonshipinrrolved. Once an elementof continuati6nis introduced,the relation- work andindicateits contentsinsomeway; here, one record is made for both the whole and its parts. However,when the parts require additional description be- iond that provided in the recprt for the whole.thehethod usedis to makemulti- ple records, so that each part is $ven a ieparate bibliographic record citing the whole.

AccoMPANYTNGREL/lrIoNSHrPs

loged. To reiterate,a "supplement"does not include a continuation of some original item: a continuation would indicate a LRTS . 35@) o Treatmentof BtbltographicRelationships/4ol

chronologicaldesignations and intended to be continued indeftnitely. Serials include periodicals; newspapers;annuals (reports, yearbooks, etc.); the journals, memoirs, proceedings,transactions, etc,, of societies;and numbered monographic the predominantitem. series.(AACR2)21 The A.L.A. Gbssary defines sequel as: "literary or other ima$native work that is SuruuenyopDEVICES Usso ron completein itselfbut continuesan earlier AccoMPANYrNcRruenoxsHtps work."z Catalo$ng codeshave always incorporated The sequential relationship is called the nrles for accompanlng materials. The chronological relationship in WIMARC. devicesused to expressaccompaning re- This is sJmewhat of a misnomer, because lationshipsare: we recognize that all works are fixed in l. AddiUon to physicaldescription, time by virtue of their date of publication 2. Notes, and cah therefore be placed in a chrono- 3. Dash entry 4. Multilevel description,and 5. Separaterecords-with linking notes. All but the dashentry havesuwived in present catalogingrules. The reader will recall that dash entries disappearedwith AACR2, which used instead a separate recordor multileveldescription.

Sngunvrrer, RELATIoNSHTPS and later components or tide changes. Sequential relationships hold between bibliographicitems that continue or pre- SuuuenvorDevrcss Usno ron cede one anotherbut are not considered REI.ATIONSHIPS derivative.IeExamples of bibliographic SEQUENTIAL items exhibiting sequentialrelationships Briefly, the devices used for sequential are series,serials, and sequels.TheA.L.A. relationshipsare: Gbssary delinesa seriesin four waysas: I. Notesofall earliertitles, l. A groupof separatebibliographic items 2. Notesof all later titles, related to one another by the fact that each 3. Notes of immediately preceding or suc- item bears, in addition to its ov"n title ceedingtitles, proper, a collective title applying to the 4. Assem6lingadded entries, and group as a whole. The individual items may 5. Uniform titles. or may not be numbered. (AACR2) 2. Successive title entry with linhng Each of two or more volumes of essays, added entries to the nei preceding and lectr.rres, articles, or other writings similar succeeding title is currentf the preferred in eharacter and issued in sequence, e.9., method tJlink sequentially relatid items. Lowells's Amongmy books, second series. (AACR2) 3. A separately numbered SHARED CHARACTERISflC sequence of volumes within a series or Rollrrousurr serial, e.g., Notes and quer,es, lst series, 2nd series, etc. (AACR2) 4. In archives, a The shared characteristic relationship record series.N holds between a bibliographicitem and A serial is delined in the A.L.A. Glos- another bibliographic item that is not oth- sary a.si erwise related but coincidentallyhas a 1. A publicationin anymedium issued in common author, title, subject, or other successive parts bearing numerical or characteristicused as an accesspoint in a 402/ LRTS . 35(4) . Tillett

catalog.Such items ftle orcollocatearound RrrrnrNcrseNp Norss a sharedheading. Other than the access points prescribed by present cataloging I. This study was documented in the author's nrles,there maybe additionalcharacteris- Ph.D. dissertation: "Bibliographic Rela- tics, suchas language, publicaUon date, or tionships: Toward a Conceptual Structure of Bibliographic Information Used in Cat- country of publication ttratwould be useful aloging." (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of California, to cluster bibliographicrecords in future Los Angeles, 1987). catalogs.Indeedlsoine online catalogs now 2. The ALA Glossaries are the Committee on provide retrieval ofrecords by languageor Library Terminolory of the American Library Association, A.L.A. Glossary of Library Terms, With a Selectlon of Terms in Related Fields, (Chicago: American Library Assn., 1943); and H6artsill Young, ed., A.L.A. Glossary of Library ond Infor- mdion Sciene (Chicago: American Li brary Assn., 1983). the LC MARC filesthat countedthe num- 3. AII of the cataloging mles focused on a ber of multiple headingsfor personal,cor- basic core of materials: primarily mono- porate, conference names, and subject graphs, but also serials, music, maps, headingsfiles.2a This is clearly a topic atlases, incunabula, and eventually all deservingfurther study. types of materials found in a library. The degree of attention given these materials reflects the predominance of the bibliographic items in the library collections REMARKS when the rules were written. For example, Panizzi's rules gave emphasis to literary As we have seen, cataloging rules have works. laws. and the Bible. Cuttert mles provided a wide variety of linhng devices had the same basic focus but mentioned a to relate bibliographic entities. Even each much wider variety of materials, including type of bibliogiaphic relationship has had epitomes, scholia, and chrestomathies, several linhng devices used over the past *hich, in turn, disappeared in modern century and a half to connectbibliographic rules. In 1941, photostats and photome- entities. The identilied linhng devices chanical copies appeared in the A.L.A. Rules, with microforms added in 1949. have been notes (including conients and These materials were followed in the 1978 holdings annotations), references, added AACR2 rules with machine-readable data entries, uniform titles and other ftling Iiles, now called computer files in devices. analvtical entries. common main AACR2R. The broad conclision one draws entry headings, dash entries, edition state- is that each set of nrles added new materi- ments, series statements, additions to the als and sometimes omitted old materials to phpical description area, subject head- reflect the types of bibliographic items ings, and multilevel description. being cataloged at the time. However, The technologr available to create and despite the changng types of materials, the types-of relationships among materials maintain a catalog has greatly influenced remained constant. the types of linhn[ deviies included in the 4. The ALA Glossaries usually reflected def- catalog and prescribed in cataloging rules, initions found in cataloging codes but on as we will see in more detail in the next some occasions provided better delini- article in this series. The omputerized tions. Thus, the comprehensive ALA Glos- environment shouldofferus still more pos- saries were most often cited as the source sibilities, and we must carefully select for delinitions in this study. those that provide the most effective links, 5. The reader is referred especially to the the best pathways to desired information comparative studies of cataloging rules (such as those by Hanson, Gorman, and Frost listed below) and the reviews of descriptive cataloging rules and principles conducted at the Library of Congress during the 1940s and 1950s, as well as Osbornt famous'Crisis in Cataloging." LRTS . 35(4) . Treatmentof BtbliographicRelationships /403

Carolyn O. Frost, "A Comparison of 11. Tillett, Bibliographic llelationshtps, p.57-8. CatalogingCodes for Serials:AACR9 and 12. In addition to the rules, the MARC format Its Predecessors,"Cataloging {: Classifi- includes a note {ield, "510," for a citation. cation Quarterlrry3, nos.2/3:27-37 (f983). This is particularly common in serial Michael Corman, "Changesin Cata- records to cite abstracting and indexing loguing Codes:Rules for Entf and Head- services that cover the title in question. ing," Librarlt (1977). Howevet AACR2 does not speci$ such a " -GormTrends 25:587401 Michael an,A Stud,gof the Rules note within chapter 12 for serials' for Entry and.Headinginthe Anglo-Amer- 13. Whole-part relationships are called verti- ican Cataloguing Rules, 1967 (British cal relaiionships in UNIMARC, p.58-59, Tert). (London: Library Association, and hierarchical relationships in Paula 1968). Goossens and E. Mazur-Rzesos, "Hierar- l. C. M. Hanson.A ConparattueStud! of Cataloging Rules Based on the Anglo- American Code of 7908: With Commznts on the Rr"tlesand on thc Prospectsfor a Further Ertension of Intem.ai.onal Agree- ment and.Co-operation (Chicago: Univer- sity of ChicagoPr., 1939). Goossens' definition follows the UNI- Seymour Lubetzly, Cataloging Rules MARC definition: "1. Vertical-the hierar- and Prtnciples:A Critique for the A.L.A. chical relationship of the whole to its parts, Rulesfor Entry and a ProposedDesign for and the parts to a whole. e.g., downward their Reoision (Washington, D.C.: Pro- link: a serial to its subseries or to individual cessingDepartment, Library of Congress, volumes of the series; upward link: the 1953). individual volume to its subseries and/or Andrew D. Osborn."The Crisisin Cat- series" (p.58). The IJNIMARC hierarchical aloging," Library Quarterlg 11:393-411 relationihip covers series, subseries' sup- (1e4r). plements. parent of supplement' issued Studies of Descriptioe Catalogi,ng: A with, set. subset,piece, and piece-andytic. Report to the Librarian of Congress by th'e 14. A work is an abstiact entity, which a phys- Director of the Processing Department. ical item embodies. (Washington, D.C.: Govt. Print. Off., I5. A L.A. Glossary of Library and lnforma' r946). ti.on Science, p.156. 6. Barbara B. Tillett, "A Taxonomy of Biblio- 16. lbid., p.192. graphic Relationships," Library Resource s lT.Webstir's New Collegiate Dictionary b Technical Serolces 35:f50-58 (199f). (Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam Co., 7. An example of a reproduction that is not equioaletrt is a map in microformat, provided it cannot be magni{ied to the original scale, because it has lost its scale characteristic, which is deemed essential to its intellectual content. In some libraries adjustments may be made to handle even slight modifications as equivalent copies of the original. more extensive than an addendurn, though 8. UN IMARC : lJniaersal MARC Format, 2d' usually issued separately. The supplement ed., rev. (London: IFLA, International has a formal relationship to the ori$nal as Office for UBC, f980), p.58. Note that the expressed by common authorship, a com- UNIMARC horizontal relationships might min title or subtitle. and/or a sta[ed inten- also include what I consider "shared char- tion to continue or supplement the ori- acteristic relationships" of siblings along ginal. S1'nonymous with continuation" the same horizontal plane ofa hierarchy of (p.222). works and manifestations that are all A continuation is defined in the same related because they are derived from the qlossary as: "A part issued in continuance same work. 6fa monographla serial, or a series" (p.57). 9. For detailed explanation ofeach of these 19. There ab6 niay be a whole-part relauon- subcategories, see Tillett, Btbliographic ship to a collective whole work when there Relationship s, p.43-56. is i collective title, or there may be no I0. A.L.A. Glossary of Labrary and tnforma- collective title and only a sequential relation Scierwe, p.194. tionship among the parts. 40A LRTS . 35(4) . Tillett

20.A.L.A. Glossaryof Llbrary and.lnforma- alog Committee, 1902, issued by the tion Sciente,p,204. Library of Congress.Washington, D.C.: 21.Ibid., 'p.203. Govt. Print. Off., Library Division, 1902. 22. Ibid. 1904Cutter, Charles Ammi. fuilesfor a Dic- 23. AII items in the I/NIMARC chronological tionarg Catalog.4th ed., rewritten. Wash- relationshipare included in the sequential ington,D.C.: Govt.Print. Off., f904. relationship. 1904 A.L.A. Rules-Adoance Edltion. Con- "3. Chronolo$cal-the relationshipin dmsed fui.Iesfor an Author and Title Cat- time between issuesof an item, e.g., the alog, prepared by the Cooperation relation of a serial to its predecessorsand Committee of the AmericanLibrary Asso- successors.UNfMARC," p.58. ciation, 1883,revised by the AdvisoryCat- alog Committee, 1902, issued by the fut. SallyH. McCallum and fames L. Godwin, "Statistics on Headings in the MARC Library of Congress.Washington, D.C.: Govt. Print. Off., Library Division, 1904. File," Journol of Lthrary Autonation 14:194-201(1981). 1905 Library of Congress. Suppl.ementary Fr.tbson Catalogtng,l-II [March 1905]. 1906 Library of Congress.Special Ruleson ArpENDrxA. CHRoNor.ocrcAr.Lrsr or Cataloging, l-21: To Supplement ALA Cerru,ocntc Rur.esExAI{rNso R/les. Advance ed. Washington, D.C.: Govt. Print. Off., Library Division, 1906. IS4IPanizzi, A. "Rulesfor the Compilationof 1908Catalog Rules, Autlnr and Title Entrles, the Catalogue;' Catalogue oi Prlnted compiled by Committeesof the American Books ln the Brttish Museum. [,ondon: Library Association and the (British) Printed by order of the Trustees,1841 v.1, Library Association.American ed. Boston: P'[v]-ix' AmericanLibrary Assn.Publishing Board, 1853Jewett, Charles Cofffn. On the Construc- r908. tion of Cataloguesof Libraries, and Tlwir I93l Pierson,Harriet Wheeler.Cuide to tlle Publicatlonby Meansof SeparateStereo- Catalngui,ngof the Serial Publications of tgped Titles, With Rulesand Examples.2d Societiesand lnstitutions,2d ed. Washing- ed. Washington,D.C.: SmithsonianInsti- ton D.C.: Govt.Print. Off., f$f. tution, 1853. 1941A.L.A. Catalog fu"tles,Author and Tltlc 1867fuiles for Catalogueing[sicfin Congres- Entries, prepared by the Catalog Code siotwl Library, May 1867. Unpublished Revision Committee of the American manuscript, Librarv Association.with the collaboration 1876 Cutter, Charles Ammi. Rules for a of a iommittee of tlre (British) Library Printed Dictlonary Catalogue.Waihing- Association.Preliminary American 2d ed. ton, D.C.: Govt.Print. Off., 1876. Chicago:American Library Assn., 1941. 1883 "Condensed Rules for an Author and 1949A.L.A. CatalogingRulesforAuthor and Title Catalog,"prepared by the Coopera- Tttle Entries,prepared by the Division of tion Committee of the American Library Catalogingand Classificationof the Amer- Association.ln Library Journat 8:251-54 ican Library Association.2d ed. Ed. by (r883). Clara Beetle. Chicago:American Library 1889Cutter, Charles Ammi. Rulesfor a Dic- Assn..1949. tionary Catalogue. 2d. ed. Washington, 1949 Rulesfor Descriptiae Cataloging in the D.C.: Govt. Print. Off., 1889. Library of Congress, adopted by the l89l Cutter, CharlesAmmi. Ralesfor a Dic- American Library Association.Washing- tionary Catalogue. 3d ed. Washington, ton, D.C.: Library of Congress,Descrip- D.C.: Govt.Print. Off., 1891. tive CatalogingDivision, 1949. 1899-1940 (approx.) [Ltbrary of Congress 1959 Cataloglng Rules of the Amertcan RulesonCards ] including Supplementary Library Associationand the Llbrary of rules, preliminary rules, .t". iih" in"o*'- Congress:Additions and Changes,1949- plete set of printed cards examinedwas 1958. Washington,D.C.: Library of Con- dated from 1902 to lg40 and included a gress,1959. referenceto earlier rules from 1899.) [1961] InternationalConference on Catalogu- 1902 A.L.A. Rules-Adnance Edition. Con- ing Principles, Statement of Principles, densedRules for an Author and T,tle Cat- adopted at the International Conference olog, prepared by the Cooperation on CataloguingPrinciples, Paris, October, Committeeof the AmericanLibrary Asso- 1961. Annotateded., with commentary ciation. 1883,revised by the AdvisorvCat- and examplesbv Eva Verona, assistedby LRTS . 35(4) o Treatm.entof BibliographicRelationships /405

Franz Georg Kaltwasser, P. R. Lewis, and Canadian Library Association. North Roger Pierrot. London: IFLA Committee American text. Chicago: American Library on Cataloguing, 1971. tusn.,1974. L967 Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, pre- 1975 Anglo-AmzricanCataloging Rules, pared by the American Library Associa- Chapter 72 Reoised: Audioaisual Media tion, the Library of Congress, the Library and Special Instructiorwl Materials. North Association, and the Canadian Library American text. Chicago: American Library Association. North American text, with Assn., 1975. supplement ofadditions and changes. Chi- L978 Anglo-Atnerican Cataloguing Rules, pre- cago: American Library Assn., 1967. pared by the American Library Associa- 1974 Anglo-American Cataloging Rul.es, tion, the British Library the Canadian Chapter 6: Separatelg PublisLed Morc- Committee on Cataloguing, the Library 'Photo- graphs, incorporating chapter 9, Association, the Library of Congress. 2d graphic and Other Repro&tctlons," and ed. Ed. Michael Gorman and Paul W reoised to arcord with the lntematl.onal Winkler. Chicago: American Libraly Assn., Standard Bibliographic Descripti.on 1978. (Monograplx), prepared by the American Library Association, the Library of Con- NOTE: Since the studg, the 1988 reaision of gress, the Library Association, and the MCR2 has appeared..

The American MonographsProgram, 1876-1949is designedto identify, fllm, andrepublish on microficheall monographs publishedin the UnitedStates between 1876 and 1949. The bibliographic baseof the program is The American Book Publishing Record Cumulative,I 876-I 949.

American Monographs Program, I87 6-1949 is supportedby full MARC cataloging.

For more information. contactMelissa Hendersonat 800 -7 52-05 | 5 .

Chadwyck-HealeyInc., 1101King Street, Alexandria,Yirginia 22314 406/

CooperqliveColologing of Lqtin-AmericqnBooks: The UnfulfilledPromise

Mork L.Glover

Thesuccess of cooperatioeactioitles bem mixed.Cooperatiue agreenent materials haoe been mnre successfu A 1983-85 studg of the cataloging that the Library of Congressprooid for these materials. The rest wer research libraries. This study also , program that inrsohsedassigned cou ities uas rnt successful.

l.-f ne of the most frequently discussed have been encouraged by the fact that no actMties of libraries during the past thirty libraryor region can collect library materi- years has been that ofcooperation in the als from all-countries and in all iubjects. acquisition and processing of library mate- The motivation for cooperation comes rials. A healthy, democratic spirit com- from researchers as well as university and bined with the complicated structure of library administrators whose goals include librarianship has resulted in a mixed bag of the development ofcomprehensive library success and failure as librarians have collections readily accessibleto U.S. schol- attempted to work together for common ars. This type of boperation suggeststhat goals. Interest in oooperation has been libraries acioss the country build basic col- higher during periods offfnarcial &fffculues, lections in order to fulftll the curriculum and commitment to national programs has needs of faculty and students while at the waned during perio& of budgetary growth sametime developingunique research col- and stability. lress-ambitious, regional pro- lections based on asslgnednational collec- grams have generally been more success- tion responsibilities. The Farmington ful than larger,*of nationalJevel attempts.-been A Plan, which divided the ollecting respon- few goals cooperation have sibilities among large research libraries in reached, while others ofequal value have the United States,was the most successful yet to be achieved in even a limited way. attempt at cooperative acquisition for as Sucress or failure of cooperation is long ai it lasted. Even though the program dependent upon several factors. Coopera- is no longer oflicially operational, commit- tive activities in collection development ments made by libraries are still being ful-

Menx L. Gnovrn is Latin-American StudiesBibliographer, Harold B. Lee Library Brigham Young University,Provo, Utah, Manuscript submitted March 25, 1990;revised November 2, 1990;accepted for publication February5, 1991. LRTS . 35(4) . CooperatioeCatalogingofLatin-AmericanBooks /407 ftlled and library materials from all over Library administratorshave sometimes the world are being added to research col- taken advantageof cooperativecataloging lections in the United States. Cooperation in the cataloging of library materials comes from similar goals, but with a signiftcantly different focus. The reason for cooperative acquisition is to ensure that at least one cupy ofany item signiftcant for research is found some- numberof itemsnot found onlinethat are where in the United States. Consequently waiting to be cataloged,which addsto the individual libraries focus on the acquisition leveloT confl ict betieen departments. of books in assigned subiect or country One areasigniftcrantly affected by coop- areas, and successis measured, in part, by the uniqueness oflibrary collections. The pu{pose of cooperative cataloging agreements is to take advantage not of the differences but of the siirilarities among collections. which in turn allows individual in the United States.While Latin America libraries to eliminate costly duplication of hadpreviouslybeen mostly ignored by the cataloging. The more similarities there are educationalestablishment, signift cant pro- between collections the better the system functions. The primary reason for belong- ing to a cooperative system is to decrease the duplication oforiginal cataloging done by member libraries. Although the concept of assigning cataloging responsibili- manuscriptswere acquired by libraries, ties to different libraries could be part of and special acquisition programs were the reason for cooperation, this aspect is of establishedto o-btainthe latist -publica- less importance than the desire to use tions from Latin America.2 other members' cataloging copy. The reactionof catalogingdepartments Because the reasons for cooperation in to the increasednumbe-rs if 6ooks was acquisitions and cataloging are different, mixed. Most libraries increased their interinstitutional conflicts often occur Spanishand Portugueselanguage catalog- between the two. Collection development irig staffs, and the larger colhai-ons relield departments in research libraries have on outside funding to processcollections increasingly become involved in building andeliminate backlogs that developeddue large foreign-language collections that include not only books but pamphlets and other ephemeral materials, which frequently do not have cataloging copy online. Cataloging departments, on the other hand, have tried to take advantage ofthe cooperative system by allowing the back- Iog to grow, waiting for those items to be This caused corsternation in ollection cataloged by another institution. Some li- developmentlibrarians and administraton, braries have eliminated selected language- who w6reconcemed that somuch effort was and area-catalogers, expecting the catalog- beingexpended to acquirethe booksonly to ing to be done by other libraries within the have"thim placed on processingshelues, cooperative system. As a result, cataloging essentiallyunavailable to patrons, departments often set their priorities aciording to the directions estabiished by SAII\LM the computer consortiums rather than the needs of their individual university com- The catalogingof Latin-American materi- muniW.r als was an important issue in the I980s 408/ LRTS . 35(4) o Grooer

among librarians concerned with Latin materialsin general. "zuage Amerlca.Members of the Seminaron the EetrveenJune aid August f983 slightly Acquisition of Latin-American Ubrary more than 300 books were selectedto be Materials(SALALM) haveperiodically ex- part of the study (298 were ultimately pressed interest in the topic, and in the irsed). Although bools from rwenty-four past few yearsthose discussionshave be- countries were part of the study, more come yearly events at the conferences. were selected from the larger countries. fr4uchofthe dlscussionhas centered on the Most of the titles came from shipments critical need for cooperative cataloging andthe assignmentoflibrary arearespon- sibilities as"a way to expedite catalo$ng and eliminate the backlogproblem. At the 1983meeting in SanJos6, Costa Rica, the SAI^{LM subcommitteeof the Research Libraries Group (RLG) determinedthat would be found in more than one U.S. there was a need to know empiricallv and library. There is also generallyless time understandexactly what washlappening in bet'w6endate of public-ationand shipment the cataloging of library materials pub- to the United States than for ordered lished in Litin Americain order to deter- books.The selectionswere madeat three mine the possibilitiesfor cooperation.The different libraries, though the majority resulting study, reported here, provided camefrom a medium-sizedlibrarv with a informationand insights into the problems small gradu*e school but a large under- and conflicts of cooperative acquisitions graduateprogram on Latin America.Itwas and cataloging.3 exoectedthat this selection'natureprocess would reiult in booksof a general related to the humanitiesand socialsciences, and Coopnnerwn Clrer.ocrNc Srupx not items found only in highly specialized The pulposeofthe studywasto answerthe researchcollections.a followingquestions: Each item was checkedat six-month L Which libraries were providing the intervals in the OCLC and RLIN data- first online cataloging copy for re- basesto determine:(l) when the item was cently published books from Latin ftrst cataloged,(2) which library provided America? the catalogingrecord, and (3) whichlibrar- 2. How quickly were books being cata- ies added th1 item to their collections. loged? Prior to the {irst checkall bookshad been 3. Were there differencesin cataloging in a U.S. library for six montis. The ftrst betweenthe OCLC Online Compirtei check wasmade in November of 1983and Library Center and the ResearchLi- brariesInformation Network (RLIN), the two largestcooperative cataloging systemsin the country? 4. Which Latin-American country'sbooks were being catalogedffrst? 5. Were tentativecooperative cataloging agreementsmade by SAI-ALM members being honored? The underlying goal of the study wasto Spesoor Cereloctttc determinethe level of need for cooperation and discoverhow cooperationcould The speedwith which items were cata- be obtained within the current librarv cli- loged followed a digression in which the mate.The studvnot onlv led to the deter- largestnumber, a little overone-third, was mination of cobperativepossibilities but catiloged during the first six months and alsoprovided information on the inherent one-twelfth during the last period. As problemsof the catalogingof foreignJan- shown in table 1, 261 total books (887o) LRTS . 35(4) . Cooperati.oeCatalogingofI'attn-AmericanBooks /409

TABLE 1 Torel Cete,locro

Nov. l98il May 1984 Nov. 1984 May 1985 Total Cataloged RLC OCLC RLG OCLC RLC OCLC RLC OCLC RLG OCLC III 51 26L were catalogedby the end of the study. from Cental Americaand Cubawere cata- There were no important differences logedon RLIN within the {irst six montlrs. betweenOCIC and{LIN. andintheend, LTBRARTESCerer,oclNc Anotherpurpose ofthe studywasto determine th6 airount of origiiral cataloging done by libraries other than the Library of Congress(LC). As shownin tables3 and4, in both systemsLC providedthe highest number 6f it"tn. catiloged: 136 in R'LIN Couurnrrs and 123'in OCLC. A-total of thirteen There were important differences in the libraries in RLIN provided original cata- cataloging priorities for books from indi- logingto the system;but only sixcataloged vidual countries. as indicated in table 2. more than ten items, the highest being The catalogingfor mostof the larger coun- thirw-three.In OCLC the total numberof tries folloied a similar pattern. A high libraries catalo$ng was much higher percentageofbooks from Argentina,Bra- (thirw-four), but only five libraries cata- zil, Chile, Colombia,and Peru were cataloged more than ten items. Severalof the loged sooner than items from smaller riords on OCLC were from public librar- countries. The two exceptionswere Mex- ies in the Soutiwest.5 ico and Venezuela. This was sulprising, The total number ori$nally cataloged especiallyin the caseof Mexico,because a is lesssigniftcant than the percentagean signi{icant amount of researchbeing con- individuai library catalogedin comparison ductedin the United Statesis on Mexican to the total owned. To determine this fig- topics.RLIN memberlibraries did not cat- ure, the number of the 298 totd titles that alog any Mexican books during the first each Iibrarv owned was compared to the year, while for the same time period, amount of'origi"d cataloging it provided bclc member libraries catalogbd 13. to the cataloging networ[s (see-tables5 This compares to {irst-year totals for and6). In ndN, the librarythatcataloged OCLC of 24 for Brazil and 20 for Argen- the most (thirty-three)also owned a large tina, and for RLIN 20 each.Even more number of th6 books (208). The library surprisingwas the fact that of the four that catalogedthe second-highest amount bodkscaEloged by OCIC libraries during (twenty-orie)owned only 123 and conse- the first six months. only two were cata- quently contributed original catalogingfor loged by university libraries while two percentageoT the totd-owned were ftrst catalogedby public librariesin "'nieh"r07d vs. iscd.rlr6ru were severallibrar- the Southwest.Not until the end of the ies in the country with signi{icant t atin- study were most of the Mexican and Ven- Americancollection development library ezuelanbooks {inallycataloged. There was programsthat provided theii networkwith obviouslya falseexfectatioi that someone i tiiited amountof original Spanish-and in the sptem wascataloging these books. PortugueseJanguagecatalo$ng copy. Of One further difference between the the sevenlibraries in RLIN with the laqgest two systemswas that books from Central number of Latin-Americanacquisitions, Americawere catalogedmore quickly on three catalogedless than 57oof the total RLIN than on OCLCT.In fact. mbstbboks owned.of the eieht oCLC librarieswith 4L0/ LRTS . 35(4) o Grooer

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TABLE 3

RLIN LIBNAnIES CATALOGING

Library Nov. 1983 May lg84 Nov 1984 May 1985

Library of Congress OD 40 20 2L r36 ,7 A t0 6 10 JJ B I 6 4 2 21 c 7 5 0 1 l3 D l0 0 2 0 12

I E J 2 D 11

F 0 1 b 0 l0 morethan 100volumes, two librarieswere guese-languagebooks meant relfng on below the SVofigare. One OCLC library the Library of Congress. that owned 136 volumesdid not provide anyori$nal catalogingto the system. COOPERATIVEACNENUENTS The primaryffndingin this sectioncon- ftrms the recognizedrole of the Libraryof The {inal purposeof the study was to Congressin providingoriginal catalo$ng. determinewfiether agreementsfbr coop- Closeto 507oof the booksin both systems erative cataloging made within the previ- were ftrst catalogedby LC. It tended to ous five yearswere being followed. Nei- catalogmore iteirs from the larger coun- ther OCiC nor RLIN had anyageement tries. LC's importanceincreases when it is on catalogingpriority for foreign-language realized that it cataloged an even higher materialsduring the time of the study; percentage of the bo6ks it owned. Four however, there had been attempts to Iibraries,two in eachsystem, owned more establish cooperative catalogng agree- booksthan the tC, yet the LC provided ments among librarians attending the cataloging copy for 76Vo of the total it annualSALALM meetings.Those agree- owned for OCLC and 66Vofor RLIN. It mentswere madein the early1980s attwo was obviousthat cooperativecataloging in different annualmeetings. Unfortunately the United Statesof Spanish-and Portu- they were made primarily by bibliogra-

TABLE 4 OCLC LlrneRIEsCATALoGINc

Library Nov. 1983 May 1984 Nov. 1984 May 1985 Total Library of Congess 47 32 29 15 123

I I o J ll I8

2 14 o 0 0 17 .7 o I 4 J l5

4 D 6 o 0 L4 5 l1 2 0 I L4

6 2 I o I 7

a I 0 0 6

8 o 0 I , 6 I 0 2 I I l0 0 2 I 0 d 41% LRTS . 35(4) o Grooer

TABLE 5 TABLE 6 RLIN LIBMnIESPERCENTAGE OCLC LIBRARIESPERCENTAGE

Total Total % Total Total % Ubrary Owned Cataloged Cataloged Library Ovuned Cataloged Cataloqed E 246 1l 4.5 I I90 I8 9.5

A 208 33 r5.9 J 189 r5 7.9 ocLc 203 136 67.0 DLC 16t 123 76.4 F. 192 l0 5.2 6 r50 7 4.7 H 179 6 3.4 ..Jt) 136 0 0.0 c 139 13 9.4 D il4 t4 12.3

B r23 2l t7.l 108 6 D.O D tzL L2 9.9 2 r07 T7 I5.9 N 7T 0 0.0 29 87 I l.l I .tD 4 IL.4 I 79 4 5.1 I u 4 ll.8 7 62 6 9.7 o 25 0 0.0 36 59 0 0.0 o/ I 4.2 37 58 0 0.0 l8 47 I 2.L 38 45 0 0.0 phers or catalogers who attended the meetings and then returned to their 39 42 0 0.0 respective libraries to implement the l0 38 J 7.9 agreements. Consequently the agee- t2 JI 3 8.1

Though logical, this intralibrary cooperation does not alwaysexist. Between 1980and 1983,nine institu- tionsin RLIN andthirteen in OCLC made at least -andpartial commitmentsto catalog ings expected the commitments to be met, Spanish- PortugueseJanglragemate: rials on a priority basis. The expectation wasthat materialsfrom the selectedcoun- try or subjectwould be processedand cataloged and that copy would be made availablefor othersin the s6tem within at Ieast three montfis froni the time of receipt. Since in all casesthe library was buildtng a research-levelcollection in the assignedarea, it shouldhave received most of the assigneditems in the study. In testing the validity of the assump- tions, two ftgureswere examined:the total cataloged by the library in the assigned to acquire c€rtain materials and was area and the percentagecataloged during expecting that a different department- the ftrstvear ofthe studv.The RLG librar- cataloging-would agree with the decision ies catal'ogedon a priority basisa higher concerning the processing ofthe materials. percentageof booksfrom assignedcoun- LRTS . 35(4) . CooperatioeCatalogingofLatin-AmericanBooles /473 tries than did the OCLC libraries. In all, with regard to foreignJanguagematerials. there were twenty-four different commit- It showedthat during the period under ments to countries or subjects by nine study,one library,the UbraryofCongess, RLG institutions. Of the total 298 books. was doing more than 50Voof the catalogin in the countryfor new Spanish-and Portu- guese-languagematerials. The other 507o was being provided by a few major researchlibraries (elevenout of the I19 membersin the Associationof Research Libraries). Other librarieswith SpanishJan- grragecatalogers appear to be rsiig them on local projectsthat do not involvecataloging ever, onlv one ofthe nine libraries could recentbooks from Latin America realisUcally be considered as doing any pri- In addition, this study suggeststhat ority cataloging in the area for which it was with the adoption of online computer assigned. This library was committed to ac@ssto catalo$ngcopy, the number of cataiioging books from Cuba and Central SpanishJanguagecatalogers in the country America and cataloged 38Vo of the total number cataloged. dne other library that had committed to catalog Panamanian books did, in fact, catalog two offtve books. The libraries within-Ocrc had a considerably lower percentage. Those libraries with commitments cataloged a total of nineteen, or 67o,ofthe total f6rwhich they were committed. Eleven of those nineteen were cataloged after one year and could not be consldered priority catalo$ng. In actuality, none of the libraries processed enough books to be considered to have cataloged on a priority basis. publishedmaterials from Latin America. This is not, however, an indication of a Coxcr,usrows limited number of libraries collecting The historyofcooperation during the past booksfrom Latin America.By 1989a total fifteen vearshas shown that libraries in the of315 librariesin the country had added United States can work together in to their collectionat leastone'ofthe bools selected areas. Cooperative acquisition includedin this study.6 agreementshave resulted in the develop-'of Even though the library representa- mlent of large libraries in most regions tives attendin! Seulvt felt that their the United States that contain excellent institutions could take responsibility for researchcollections representingall areas priority cataloging,in actuality t-hosecom- of the world.Computerized cataloging sys- mitmentswere not being met at the time tems that provide online catalogingrec- of the study.This is probably related to the ords for members have also become a often strained relationship amongcatalog- ers, bibliographers,and administrators. Although there may be a commitmentto acquirecertain materials, there maynot be a similar commitment to processthose books.Decisions concerning cooperafion and castdoubts on the future of coopera-- need to be made by at least the library tion amongU.S. research libraries. administrator supenrising cataloging in This study highlighteda seriousprob- conjunction with the librarian actually do- lem in cooperativecataloging, especially ingihe catalo$ng.The key to succissful 414/ LRTS . 35(4) o Grooer cooperative cataloging appearsto be the levelof administrativecommitment to the project. Although the number of research libraries in the country that are cataloging new foreignJanguagematerials is small, in LC decreases,the size ofthe cataloging catalogingadministrators still believe that backlogs throughout the countrywill grow the items are being catalogedelsewhere. even larger. Consequently major research libraries have developed backlogs that include REFERENCESAND NorEs thousandsof Spanish-and-Portuguese Jan- guage books awaiting cataloging.Mean- l. Ruth Hafter, Academic Librarians and while the informationin the bools is losing C atalo ging N etworks : Visibilit!, Qualltg Stafits (West- its value with each month they remain in- Control, and Professiona, port, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986), p.86, and accessible.The irony of this'problem is Henriette D. Awam, "Effect of National that, for foreign-languagematerials, li- Networking on Catalog Management De- brary acquisition lists are the primary cisions," in"Bequiemfo-r the Cird Catalog: source scholars use to become aware of Management lssues ln Automated Catalog- these materials, Researchersgenerally ing ed' Daniel Gore, Joseph Kimbrough, have informal communicationlines that and Peter Spyers-Duran (Westport, Conn: providethem with informationon what is Greenwood, 1979), p.7i-82. "Latin being done in the United States,often 2. See Mark L. Grover, American His- tory: Concerns and Conflicts," Tie History before publication.Those informal struc- Teache r 2l:M9-65 ( 1988 ). tures only occasionallyextend beyond the 3. For examples ofstudies ofcooperative cat- bordersofthis countrv.and researchout- aloging in SALALM see Carl W Deal, side the United Statesis often not known. "Cooperative Cataloging of Latin Ameri- Library cataloqing and acquisition lists can Materials," in Final Report andWork- often are the ftist i-ndicationicholars have ing Papen, Seminar on the Acqutsltion of ofpublicationsfrom other countries.Cat- Latin American Library Materials, Lato- alogingslowdowns cause the informational rence, Kansas, June 20-22, J968, Alma time lag for foreign-languagematerials to Jordon and Carmen Rovira, rapporteurs general (Washington, D.C.: Pan American be double that of United Statespublica- Union, 1969), v.13, no.Z: 257-63; Susan tions.T Russell, "Cooperative Cataloging of Latin Whyis it sodifficult for researchlibrar- American Materials: A SALALM Re- ies to reacha decisionon catalogingprior- sponse," in Tuentg Yearc of Latin Ameri- ities? Part of the answerlies in the fact that can Librarianship: Final Report and foreignJanguagematerials are generally of Worklng Paperc, Seminar on the Acqulsi- low priority in mostlibraries. More import- tion of Latin American Library Materials, ant, however, is that administrators have Bloornington, lndiana, May 24, 1976, ed. decidedthat collectiondevelopment takes l,ouella Vine Wetherbee and Anne H. Jordon (Austin, Tex.: SALALM, 1978), priority over the processingof materials. v.Zl: 249-53: and Cecilia S. Sercan, "A The numberof itemsacquired for the col- Survey of OCLC, BALLOTS, and the lection is considereda far better indicator Libraiy of Congress In-Process Files for of successthan the numbermade available 1975 Latin American Imprints," inTuenty to the patrons.Finally, the buildingofking- Years of Latin Amprican Librarianship, domsin collectiondevelopment and tech- v.2L:273-316. nical services makes worhng together 4. The selection of items to be used in the difffcult. These areasof the library are study was affected by the following factors: often in conflict when they should be l. The sample had to be of a manageable time covering all working together. In the end it is the size while at the same of Latin America. patronthat loses. 2. The items had to be selected within a As long as administratorsin our re- short period of time. A timespan of more searchlibraries are unable andunwillingto than three months would not have cooperatein cataloging,the problem of allowed for an adequate eomparison. LRTS o 35Q) c CooperatioeCatalogingofLatin-AmericanBoolcs /4lS

3. It was important that similar numbers the publishing industry. Those numbers be examined for countries with similar were 30, 10, 5, and I, with the highest sizes of publishinq industries. being for large publishing industriei and 4. Blanket- onder dialers do not send the lowest for the smallestindustries. As books at the same rate. Some batch and shipmentsof books arrived in the library send a couple of shipments a year while eachthird item wasselected for usein the others send items biweekly. Conse- study until the ceiling number was quently a purely random selection ofall reached. In this study the comparative books coming into the library from Latin aspect between countries was more America within a short three-month important than a purely random selection of boola cominginto the library. 5. The purpose of this study is io indicate general cataloging patterns among research librarie-sa--nd not to determinJ which libraries were in fact catalo$ng. Sincethe identiffcationofthe librariescat- alogingis not important to the study they are not listed. The following method was used for the 6. A study of the collecting pattern of U.S. selection -of item-s to be part of the study. Iibrariis usingthe statisti*csfrom this study The number 300 was seiected because it is presently being prepared. This new represented l0%o of the total number of study will alsoexairiire icquisition agreements madeby SALALM members. 7. A recent studyin Brazil suggestedthat the timespanfor ideas published in Brazil to get into Americanscholars' researeh is ten years.The recent problems of cataloging backlogs compounds an already serilui problem. Cited in Richard M. Morse, Brazilianists,God Bless'Em! What in the American Publications," SALALM Neus- World ls To Be Done? (Stanford, Calif.: (Mar. lener l0:5 1983). Arbitrary numbers Stanford-BerkeleyJoint Center for Latin ofbooks to be used in the study'from each AmericanStudies, 1983), p.11. groupwere established according to size of 4L6/

SeriqlsPosilions in U.S. Acodemic Librories,| 980-1 988: A Surveyof Position Announcemenls

CorolynJ. Muellerond MorgoretV. Mering

' An examination of adoertisements librartesfrom 1980through 1988 from ertinct andthat the demandfr ofseriak depariments and serials c positions adoertiseduere in librari, ResearchLibraries, and mast position announcetnerrtsirclud.ed a requirement or prefermcefor one onrnre years of serials erpedence.

I he future of the serials department Specialized serials departments evolved in and of the serialsspecialist has been the order to consolidate the various functions topic of muchdiscussion and the subjectof associated with serials control and to avoid numerous articles. Underlying this inter- duplication of effort involved in maintain- change one invariably encounters the ing several separate check-in and holdings form-versus-functiondebate: are serials- ffles.' related functionsperformed more effec- With the introduction of integrated sys- tively and efliciently when dispersed by function (i.e., into catalo$ngand acquisitions departments)or when centralizedby form in a single, integrated serialsdepartment? Ifthe former, what, if any,is the role of the serialsspecialist? The argum-entsadvanced by those ad- vocatinq orqanizationby function and the eliminaEon-of separafe serials departments stressperaeived problems of com- the era in which serials must receive spe- municadon and coordination across de- cial handling by a specialist.-3 partments and emphasizedthe role of Leonhardt,' queitioning the prolifera- automation as a decentralizing force. Ac- tion of technical services department cording to Potter: heads when a serialsdepartment is created

Canorrn J. Musr.r.rrnis Chair, ProcessingServices, Humboldt StateUniversity Library, Arcata, California. Mlnclnnr V. MERINc is Supervisor,Serials Cataloging,University of Colorado Libraries,Boulder, Colorado. Manuscript submitted March 26, 1990;revised December 3, 1990; acceptedfor publicationJanuary30, I99L LRTS o 35(4) . SerialsPositions in U.S.Academic Libraries /4I7

in addition to catalogingand acquisitions, range goals and o\ectives, as well as pri- 'solieo"ne conceded that does'need to orities, differ, and &ffer to such an extent coordinate all serials activities and all that patron service is affected adversely.r0 monographic activities as well. That person ought to be the technicd services administrator . . . ."a He concluded: As we continue to plan for and implement integrated bibliographic library sptems, the lo$c of organizing along functional lines rather thanbyform will becomemore aui:hors have attempted to collect data to obvious.... The luxuryofduplicate pro- document the continued viability of the cessingwill be . . . much harder to justify.s serials department and the serials special- 'The fean G. Cook, in'Serials'Place on ttre ist. Ez.z.ell's Integrated Serials Orgaruzfronal Charh A Historical Per- Department" presented the results of her spective," traced the importance of serials fall 1984 survev ofthe heads oftechnical and the organization of serial functions in services of 117 Association of Research libraries.o She found that as early as 1935, Libraries (ARL) members. Included were J. Harris Gable, superintendent of the Serial and Exchange Department of the State University of Iowa Libraries, had concluded that the centralization of serial activities resulted in a number of bene{its to the library, including the fact that'the work mav be more easilv and efficientlv done wh6re the records aie kept [and] thL work maybe done bytrained serialswork- ers."7 Tliese conclusions are reflected in respondents cited automation as a factor in the recent literature, as those favoring their plans to centralize a number of serial- organization by form assert that all aspects related functions.l2 Thus, although "automation . . . will have an effect on tle handling of serial material . . . the nature of that effect is uncertain."r3 Even those libraries lacking integrated serials departments often retained serials specialists: ence involved in management of the Many of the questionnaireresponses indi- unique local serial collection . . . ."8 Like- cated that wheri no serials department wise, Harrington and Kalpuk noted that exists,there is still a serialsunit within the The integrated serialsdepartment allows acquisitions department. . . . There is a for bringing of specializedknowledge to recognitionin theselibraries that the han- bear in all aspectsof serialsprocessing . . . . dling of serial material requires special It allows also for consistencyof informa- training andis bestdone by staffdedicated tion and for collective problem solving, to that activitv.14 and contributes to developinghigh-level On the basis of her survey, Ezzell con- expertisein a serialsdepartment staff.g Ezzell concurred: It is possible for communicationto take place when tlre several serials functions are separated into various departments within the library but it is not as natural Collection Development and Manage- and easyas when they arc joined into an ment in Academic Libraries in the United integrated serials department. Although States," Hensley reviewed position the samemission is sharedby these staff announcements appearing in Anprican rnembersand their long range goals may Libraries and.College b Research Librar- be identicalor similar,it is likely that short ies Neus in 197I, 1976, 1981, and 1986. 4L8/ LRTS . 35(4) o Mueller and Mering

Selectingannouncements for positionsin category each author reviewedthem, dis- academii libraries that indudd the words agreements about categories were dis- 'periodicals" "serials"or in tlreir titles, she cussedand resolved, and position delinitions relined. The final definitions were as follows: l. Serialslibrarian/head, serials department: responsiblefor a variety of serials-related functions, not limited to acquisitions/records or catalo$ng, i.e., mostor all of the following:acquisitions, binding, catalo$ng, check-in, invoice approval,collection development, and periodicalsreading room. The ad may include wordin{ to the Usingthese results as a point of depar- effect that the position is responsible for all aspectsof serialVperiodicals managem6ntand/or specifu an integrated serialsdepartment. 2.Assistantserials librarian: may be so designated in the ad, muit have responsibilitiesbroader than supervision of a single unit (asdistincifrom viewingthe literature,no discussionof the serials acquisitions/recordslibrarian numberofvears ofexperience required for or supervisor of serials catalo$ng, serialspositions was iound. Givei the fre- below). quent referencesto serialistsas specialists, 3. Serialsacquisitions/records librarian: we hypothesizedthat, with the exception the wording of the ad clearly limits of eniiJevel serialscatalogingpositi6ns, a responsibility to either or both of majority of serialspositions would require these functions. This is a combined someexperience. categoryto reflect the fact that many, if nol most, of the serialsacquisitions included serialsrec- METHoDol.ocY positionsposted ords manaqement.This cateqory in- Four publications,American Libraries, cludes libr"ariansdesignated"as' unit Colbge {s ResearchLibraries News, Li- supervisorsas well asthose not so des- brary Journal, and the "Library" category ignated. in th6 Chronicle of Higher'Aducaitoi, 4. S-upervisor(coordinator, head), serials were selected as sourcesfor advertise- cataloging:the ad specifies supervi- sory responsibilityfor serialscatalog- ing functions,whether in a serialsor catalogingdepartment. 5. Serialscataloger: no stated responsibilities for a unit; mayinclude assisting the unit head with supervision;may include cataloginganalytics and/or be tentatively was assignedto a position cate- subject/materialspecific, e.9., docu- gory (serialslibrarian/head, serials depart- mentsserials cataloger. ment; assistantserials librarian; serials Becauseof the focus on permanent serials-specilic(but not discipline-specific) positionsin academiclibraries, we excludedtemporary and part-time positions,joint positions(e.g., acquisitions of monographsand serials, split positions betweentwo departments,cataloging of all LRTS . 35(4) o SerialsPositions in U.S.Acad,emic Libraries /4L9

TABLE 1 NuMsnnor PosrrroNsAovsnrrsen

1980 1981 1982 lg8iil 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Total

Had, Serials Dept"/- Serials Ubnrien 85101019 t7 L2

A$istant Serials Librsiu 2323r o

Serials Acquisltions/ Reords

SupeRisor, Serials Cataloging 5 4 0 o 4 3 5 l0 39

Serials Cataloger l6 l3 8 l0 I5 T2 20 l5 l5 LfuL Total 44 30 L9 29 36 4 48 38 4L 329

materials),positions in 'special libraries" tion or knowledge of the authors about or branchei afliliated with a university positionresponsibilities. (e.g., business,law, health sciences),and positionsdescribed in the advertisement RESULTS as solely or primarily concernedwith traditional public services functions (e.g., A total of 329 academicserials positions serials reierence- online databaseseat l'r- were advertised between 1980 and 1988 ing). Multiple occurrencesof the samead (seetable l) for an averageofthirty-seven in a single journal (e.g., in consecutive positions each year throughout the nine- issues)were eliminatedunless later occur- j'earperlod. No attemptwis madeto iden- rencesspecifted that the searchhad been tifo positionsthat were advertisedin more reopened or extended. Multiple occur- renlcesof adsfor the sameposition in different journals are reflected in table 2 (below)but not in the positioncount. Within each category,we further classiffed positionanno,ricements by thejour- nal in which the advertisementappeared ments/serialslibrarians ( 103).DMding the and years of experience required. The nine-yearspan into two groupings,1980- number of positions in ARLmember 84 and 198il8, we found an overall Iibraries alsowas tabulated. The text of the increaseof 8Voit the numberof positions ad was the sole basisfor determining the advertlsedin the latterperiod. Speciftcally, category into which ttre position was advertisementsfor headsofserials depart- placed, regardlessof the Utle of the posi- ments increased45Vo; during the same

TABLE 2 PosrrroNsApvenrlsso BYIoURNAL 1980 l9{ll 1982 l98ii] 1984 198:t 1986 1987 1988 Arertun Ltbmdes ll t2 l0 ll 2t) 26 19 137 Chnltalof HEh6 Edtattn € ?.5 29 L4 37 2t 30 ?26 College b Rewrch Nm I 6 I l6 D 20 20 t7 r09

Ll.braryJwml 6 8 J 2 4 I J E. 40 Total AdverUsements 61 50 29 48 59 3i| 94 70 68 5t2

Note: Total number ofpositions exceeds329 becausesome positions were advertisedin two or more journals. 420/ LRTS . 35(4) . Mueller and Mering period,46Vo fewer ads appeared for assis- morevears of experienceas a requirement. tant serialslibrarians. Seventeen percent Adsfdr serialscataloger positioni most fre- more ads appearedfor supewisorsof seri- quently required no prior experience. alscatalo$ng units, with the greatestnum- Almostwithout exception,ads for all posi- ber appearing in 1988. Ads for serials tions speciffedsome experienceas pre- acquisitionVrecor& librariansand for seri- ferred (seetable 3). als catalogersremained fairly constantin Fifty-nine percent of the serialsposi- numberoier the decade. tions advertise-dwere in ARL libraries.By The 329 positions were advertised a position,ARL librariesaccounted for only total of 512 times in the four journals 30Vo of the heads of serials depart- examined.Well over half of all positions mentVserialslibrarians and for over 6OVo (697oofthe positions,44Voof the ads)were of all other categories(see table 4). advertisedin the'Library" sectionofthe Chronicle of Higlwr Edication, followed DlscusstoN by American Librartes (42Voof the positions) and College b ResearchLibraries If functional organization were supplant- News (33Voof the positions).Only forf ing organizationly form, one wouldexpect positions(127o) were advertis edinLibrary f,""i".." in the number of advertised " Joumal (seetable 2). positions for heads of serials departments. Ads for 219 positions(677a) specifted Instead, corroborating Hensley's results, that experiencewas required,withSTVo of we found that advertised vacancies for the ads for heads of serids depart- heads of serials departments increased in mentVserialslibrarians specifing one or the latter half of the 1980s. An average of

TABLE 3 PoSITloNsREQUInING OUT on MoREYEARS oF EXPERIENCE

1980 l98l 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Total Head, Serials D€pt./ Serials ljbnrian LI n 90 AssistantSerials Libruian 12

Serials Acq./Reords AcquistdonVRe@rds 3l

Supervtsor,Serials Cataloging 4 4 0 2 J 3 o l0 u Serials Cataloger 6 D I 3 4 10 I 5 8 52 Total ?5 20 I t5 ?n 36 36 28 30 219

TABLE 4 PosmroNsIN ARL LrBnARrEs

1980 l98l 1982 l9&l 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Total

Head, Serials Dept.,l Serials llbnrian

Assistant Serials Libruim I 2 I

Serial Acquisitions/ Reconds 2 2 0 J 8 4

Su1reMsor, Serials Cataloging 4 4 0 4 2 J 7 30

Serials Cataloger I l0 7 IO L2 I l4 I 8 88

Total 27 t9 r3 17 2l 27 28 t9 22 r93 LRTS o 35(4) . SerialsPositions in U.S.Academic Libraries /421 elevenserials librarian/head ofserials de- be put to rest asa result of theselindings. partment positions were advertised each Noiretheless, they do provide eviderice year from 1980 through 1988, with over that serialsacquisitions and catalogingspe- half (657o) advertised in 1985-88. Like- cialists continue to be in demand and that wise, specialistsin serialsacquisitions and seDarateserials departments continue to serials cataloging continue to be in de- be a fact of libr"rv frf". mand. The predicted leveling effect of automationtothe contrary,the demandfor supervisorsof serials cataloging units in- RETERENcES creasedITVo andrhe number ofadvertise- 1. William Gray Potter, "Form or Function? ments for serials catalogers remained An Analysisof the SerialsDepartment in constant throughout the period, with an the Modern AcademicLibrary" Tlp Seri- average of fourteen positions each year alsLlbrarion 6, no.l:91 (Fall 198f). a&ertised.half ofthem between1985 and 2. Ibid., p.92. 1988. 3. Frank D'Andraia, "Serials Discussion Because-serials librarianship . . . is gen- Group, SouthernRegional Program," Tech Notesll, no.2:9(1989). erally a in large icademic li- '"The qpecialization 4. Thomas Leonhardt, Placeof Serials braries,"lTit is not surprisingthat over half in Technical Services,"RTSD Neroslener of all serialspositions advertised were in 9:85(1984). ARL libraries. Unexpectedwas the discov- 5. Ibid., -G.p.85. 6. Iean Cook, "serials' Place on the brganizational Chart: A Historical Per- spectirre,"Adoatlces in Serials Manage' nrznt1:53-66 (1986). '"The 7. J. Harrris Gable, New Serials De- oartment," Lib rarq I ounal 60:870 (1935)' or an that seri- idrganization serialslibrarians indication 8.'l"Iitsuko Collver, of Serials alslibrarianship is not aslimited by sizeof Work for Manual and Automated Sys- Iibrary as hasbeen thought. ARL libraries tems," Llbrary ResourcesLt TechnlcalSer- are more Iikely to have larger and more olcas24:313 (1980). specializedstaffs; hence the higher inci- 9. SueAnne Harrington and Deborah Kar- '"The f. dence of assistantserials librarians, serials puk, IntegratedSerials Department: acquisitionVrecordslibrarians, and serials itr Vul te Tioda'vand in the Future," The cataloqers. SerialsLibrarian 9, no.2:60(Winter 1984). "The Seialspositions increasingly are not for 10.Joline R. Ezz-ell, lntegrated Serials Adoancesin Seriab Mar inexperienced,with or more Department," the one-third agenentf:71 (f986). ofthe advertisementsfor serialscatalogers r1. Ibid., p.74. appearingfrom 1985-88 requiring one or 12.Ibid.,p.78-79. more yearsof experience.Although a total 13.Ibid., p.79. of 110 positionsin all categories(337o) did 14.Ibid., p.79-80. not require experience,almost without ex- 15.Ibid., p.80. ception experienc€was a statedpreference. 16.Charldtta C. Henslev. "The Role of the Serials Librarian in bollection Develop- ment and Managementin Academic Li- CoNcr.usrou braries in the United States:A Commen- Adoances in Serials Management "As tary," long as serialsexist . . . there will be a 2:129(1988). division of opinion onwhether to approach 17.Ibid., p.r28. the processingof serials organizationally 18.Ruth C. Carter, "Decentralizationof Seri' by formator by function."l8Given this, the als Functions,"Adoances in SerialsMan- form-versus-functiondebate is unlikelyto agenentf:97 (1986). 424

AuthorityConlrol in o Bilinguol OPAC:MullillS of Lourenliqn

multithesaurus rnanagementsy s tern. T In a recent study on bilingual subject library in maintainingmore than one con- aut}ority control. Rolland-Thomas and trolled vocabularyin its catalog.... None Mercure describefour necessarycondi- hasyet beenemployed specifically to assist tions for a bilingud online public access patrons in retrieval from multiple the- catalog(OPAC): (1) reciprocalreferences sauri.2 in the same{ile; (2) subjector term search- The whole question of the manage- ing in either languagefrom one bilingual ment of database access points in more ttresaurus,with retrieval in either the lan- than one language, or from different ttre- guage used in the searchor the second sauri, has been the focus ofseveral articles language;(3) equivalenciesbetween forms published since the introduction of online in different languages;and (4) accessto databases and multiple, noncompatible, and retrieval from the whole collection in indexing thesauri.3The future importance either language.l Another fundamental of multithesaurus authority control is fur- criterion for the managementof multilin- ther underscored by fohnston's suwey of gual thesauri,and one, it would appear, authority-system vendors, which found, as t-hatslstem vendorshave had limite-dsuc- far as the'possible sources of authority iltt implementing,has been noted by records are concerned- that ""rrMandel. In her study prepared for the One respondent.. . ur", the National Library of Congress(LC), sheobserved: Ubrary of Medicine's Med.ical Su.bject A relativelyfew library bibliographicsp- Headings(MeSH), and onevendor reports tems have been designed to support a that Sears Subject Headrngs may be used

RoNrSt.aren is AssistantLibrarian, J. N. DesmaraisLibrary Laurentian University,Sudbury Ontario, Canada.The author would like to expresshis appreciationto K. R. Bonin and Glen J. Kelly, J. N. DesmaraisLibrary Laurentian University,foiiheir commentsand suggestions,and for their assistancein preparingthe illustrations,and to C6line Constantin,ofthe SobecoGroup, Montr6al, Qu6bec,for h6r assistancein verifring the accuracyof information presentedin this article. Manuscriptsubmitted April 19, 1991;accepted for publicationJune 19, 1991. LRTS . 35(4) . Authority Control in a Bilingual OPAC /423

as well as headings from LC and the applied sciencesare also availablein both National Library of Canada. . . . Other dtizuaees.Courses at the licole des sci- sources named were . . . Vedettes de I'Uni- ett&t Je l'6ducationand in the Co-opera- versitaire [sic] Laval, and'any source."4 tive Stu&es program are offered only in Such is the rate of development for French. A certi-ftcate of bilingudism is authoriW control systemsthat even as the awardedto graduatingstudents from any essentii criteria for subiect retrieval in a bilingual systemwere being discussed,as in the commentsabove, one majorvendor

been in use at Lauentian UniversiW, a

subiect catalog,with reciprocal dictionarv "when referenc6s.sSince 1976, Laur-entian became a member of the UNICAT/ featuresof the MultiLIS authority module TELECAT consortiumin the UTLAS net- and its current use in a bilingual i"tti.tg, ut well asits potentialin amultilingualormulti- thesaunrs environment, are described. A briefevaluationand critique ofthe authority moduleis alsopresented, principally in termsof its successin meetingthe criteria for a muldthesaurusmanagement system, asoutlined by Mandel. Founded in 1960,Laurentian Univer- sity is one of Ontario's three bilingual universities. The university'sbilingual nature

Montr6al, Qu6bec,for the installationof MultiLIS. MultiLIS is a fully bilingual

In addition, there are three afliliated cam- puseslocated in other centersof North- ware, using the VMS operating system,as iastern Ontario, one ofwhich is unilingual well as on NCn computerswith UND( (French). SystemV andon the MIPS system.It sup- The university offers most programsat pbrts a network environmentfor institu- the Sudbury campusin the humanities, iions with multiple campusesor branch socialsciences, and professional schools in libraries. Two veisions ofthe softrryareare both o{Iicial languages; many first-year available,the MultiLIS text format, in introductory courses in the pure and which bibliographic data are input into 42A LRTS . 35(4) . Slater

blank worldorm ftelds, and a MARC- BILINGUALAunTonTTT ALIERNATIVES compatible format, with appropriate tag, indicator,and sublield code prompts. In Prior to the introduction of the MulfiLIS the initial version of the cataloging mod- autiority control system, there were ule, only the text format was supported. extensivediscussions at Laurentianon pos- Laurentian decided to retain it, even after sible alternate metiods of implementing the MARC-comoatible version was intro- some slrstemof reciprocal links between ducedin 1988,p'rimarily because the text equival'ent headingi in English and format greadysimplifted training for data- French, should Sobeco'sproposed author- entry personnel. The lirst part of a pro- iW module not pro\re satisfactory.Such a posid serialsmodule, autorfratedchecl<-in sustem*a. de6med to be an'absolute and holdings, is scheduled to be intro- necessity in l,aurentian's particular con- duced intggg. The most important fea- text. Laurentian's mandate to serveboth ture, as far as Laurentian was concerned, anglophone and francophone users pre- wasthe abilityto operatein either English or French,meaning that usersand stalfcan choosetheir prefeied languageofdisplay for all menu screensand systemprompts during search, data-entry,ind circulation transactions. cophoneusers would be sewed effectively Since january f987, all new acquisi- by this method. A bilingual linking mech- tionshave been entered into the MultiUS anism was required so that anglophone, catalogingmodule. In addition,a govern- francophone, and bilingual users could ment-funded inventory and data-entry search and retrieve tides in the o{ficial project from Januaryto September1987 languageof their choice.The vast majority established the basis for Laurentian's of l-aurentian's francophone users are OPAC, which was first made availableto bilingual, and becauseof the paucity of library users in October 1987. Ongoing resouroesin Frenchfor certaindisciplines retrospective conversion is undertaken in our collection, a link to the equivalent whena documentis circulated tfuough the English headingwould direct theseusers systemfor the first time: brief circu*htion to alternate sourcesof information. In records,with title, call number,and item addition, many English-speaking users number (bar code), are subsequently would alsobenefft bybeing madeaware of upgradedto full bibliographic status. titles in Frenchon their topic. As of December 1990,approximately The proposal that received the most 250,000bibliographic, order, and circula- attentionwas a retum to a modifiedclassi- tion records were available in nine fted catalogfor subjectsearches! AII sub- databasepartitions. Ofthis total,over one- ject terms in Englishor French would be third, or some95,000 records, were gov- linked by the appropriateLibrary of Con- ernment publications;Laurentian is the gressClassification nrmber for the head- only full depositorylibrary for federal and ings;the classnumber itselfwould represent Ontario provincial publications,in both the authorizedform ofthe headingwith "see oflicial linguages, in NortheasternOn- references"from the lfurry of Congvss tario. The most recent report to the On- Sq"d Headings(LCSH) or Rdpertoircde tario Council of UniversiW Libraries, for oedettesqwtiDre(RVM) forms. the year f989-90, shows holdings of Another ideadiscussed was the upgrad- 727,606 monograph and government doc- ing of subject analysisto include a second ument titles, aswell as3,137 serial titles.e setofsubject headings, in the otherofficial In 1990-91,35 percentofmonograph pur- language,for all records in the database, chaseswere for FrenchJanguagemateri- regardless of language of publication. als;overall, the approximatepercentage of Bilingual subjectaccess would be available French-languagetitles in the main library's for al titles; descriptive catalo$ng would collectionis 30 percent. continue to be done, as already estab- LRTS . 35(4) . turthority Control in a Bilingual OPAC /425

operator can chooseto enter the heading ai a single term, or to create an authority record lor the heading immediately. The sevendictionaries are checked,both during online searchingand data entry for an dct march of al-l characters entered, includingintemal punctuation. Ifno heading corrJspondingto the entered string is foind, th6 term- is a new heading. To illustrate this point, considerthe following example,in which three headingsrefer to the sameauthor: MANN,THOMAS, 1875- MANN,THOMAS, 1875 MANN.THOMAS, 1875-1955 serveas a preliminaryBeta test sitefor the enhancedauthority rystem. A parallel databasewas mounted on the university's VAX8530,and the MultiLIS software,with

With the exception of the Personal author index, all MuhiLIS heading indexes, and the title inde& are keywond indexes. As de{ined by Chitty, keyword indexesisolate'each identiftablecomPo- terms for the bilinsual link. Manv of the software errors thai laurentian identi{ied during the test period were subsequently corre&ed by Sobeco.The revisedauthority qntem was'then supplied to all MuluLIS clienb, including laurentian, in June 1989.

ftIE MULTILIS DIC"fl ONAHES AND OPACINDE)GS In orderto understandbetterthefunction- most recentterm Iistedftrstl2; the user is 426/ LRTS . 35(4) . Sl,ater

Search the oll-LlllE catatog subject headings

Search request: IIIIA

1: (13 rec.) lrdia 2: (1 rec.) Refugees--India 3: (1 rec.) Sirkarda, (Indie) 4: (,|5 rec.) Indie--History 5: (3 rec.) Ethnotogy--India 6: (15 rec.) Irdia--Ciyilization 7: (6 rec.) Llustims--India 8: (9 rec.) India--Retigion 9: (5 rec.) [atio,nalism--lndi6 10: (1 rec.) India. PartianEnt 11: (2 rec.) l{arriage--lndia 12: (1 rec.) trdia--Biography 13: (3 rec.) India--Poputation 14: (4 rec.) Family--lndia 15: (1 rec.) Elections--tndia

(PF3 - next page) Setection: 1-5,7,9,12-14

Figure l. Kelword Subject Searchin MultiLIS OPAC.

sesrch the ol{-Ln{E catatog Authors

Search request: H)L

1: (1 rec.) EotaNn,David y. 2: (1 rec.) BoLan, Richard S. 3: (1 rec.) Botard, Eavan 4: (1 rec.) Bolard, Robert c. A. 5: (1 rec.) Botarder, Karen 6: (3 rec.) Botaria, B- singh, 1935-

Set ect i on:

Figure 2. Brmble Author Serch. LRTS . 35(4) . Au.thority Control in a Bili'ngualOPAC /427 aqainstthe subiectdictionary; if the com- stituent parts. From the aboveexample, it piete term is not found, the last subdivision canalso be seenthat it is possibleto create is dropped, and the resulting partial head- dictionary forms, as well u authority records, foi all geographical,chronological, topical, or forir s,ibdluitio* ofany subject heading. to 6larifu further the distinction between dictio;aries and indexes,assume for example, the heading "CANADA- a moment that a MultiLIS OPAC exists HISTORY-zOTH CENTURY-CON. GRESSES" is a possible new subject string added to a-bibliographic-foi record. vuldt-ts first searches the whole term. If it is not found the subdivisions pletestring, th esubjectdiaianaryconsists of three forms: UNITED STATES' HISTORY,and UNITED STATES-HIS- TORY. Each of these forms can exist as a

in subject dictionary) b.20TH CENTURY (New singleentrY for chronologicalsubdivision ) c.CONGRESSES (Existing string in

search the oll'LIllE catatog searching is done in the fottoring catatogs: )F4 ilodify this choice

LAUR

other catalogs avaitable are: UCFR,HU}IT, THOR, SUDB, HEAR, ALGO, }IIPI, I}tCO,SUAL, ARTG, GEOL CHIL, LAHO,GEHO, I.IEHO, FALC, DOCU, TEST

Specify the catalogs you rish to search: laur hult sud docu test Press Hetp key for HELP!

Figure 3a. Selection of network Databases to Search in OPAC. 428/ LRTS . 35(4) . Slater

Search the Otl-tIltE catatog Searchingis done in the fottoring catalogs: PF4ttodify this choice

LAUR,HUilT, SUDB,DOCU, TEST

Type of searches: Press Hetp key for HELP!

1 AU= Author 10 DT= Docunent type ? oc= Organizations & conferences 11 combination 3 TI= Titte 12 Record nunber 4 UT= Uniform or cottective titte t3 Item (bar code) nuber 5 K!r= KeyHords 14 ISBII 6 Cll= Catt nu$en 15 LC card nu|ber 7 sE= Series 16 I SSrl 8 PU= PubIisher 9 SH= subject headings

Enter the ilUlilBERof your search requ€st (pFl to exit):

Figure 3b. Selectionof Network Databasesto Searchin OpAC.

The linhng of dictionaryterms to bib- databasesof the network, the user limits liographic reoordsin the online catalog the search exclusively to those indexed ensuresthat blind referencesdo not occui terms usedin the partitionschosen. Indexed forms from the seven dictionar- Tnr MurrrLIS AurHoRrfi Sysrnu: AN Ownvrsw

MultiLIS supportsa network conftgu- ration, meaning that public librarv branches,special-ized disciplinary libraries

ity control menu. In addition to the tradidonal search

records in eachpartition; the user hasthe option in an online searchto accessthe overall network indexes,i.e., the access pointsfor everypartition, or a subsetofthe network,the selectionof which is a user- controlled option (seeftgure 3). In other their own collections, such as 'compact words, by restricting a s6arch to specific disc,"'microftlm," -microffche,"'pam- LRTS . 35(4) . Authority Control in a Bilingual OPAC /429

Cstatoging ard indexing module

Avaitabte functions

1 Search the oll-LlllE cstalog 2 Create ard tpdate the oll-LlilE catalog 3 Detete a bibl.iograPhic record 4 Add a ner item 5 Update 8n item 6 AuthoritY Control 7 Print labets

Function nuber:

Figure 4. Catalogingand Indexing Module Menu.

Authority controt

Avaitabte functions Authorities

Authors 1 Search - Add - ilodify (Authority Records) Corporate authors 2 Detete Authority Records Seri es 3 llerge Autho.ity Records Publi shers Docunent types Uniformtittes subject headings

Function nwber:

Figure5. AuthorityContrcl Menu. 430/ LRTS . 35(4) . Sl.ater

phlet," "folder," "Northeastem Ontario vendor to an individual order. Collection," or "Laurentian Authors Col- In a mannersimilar to the other system lection." The use of documentb?e as an dictionaries,where forms are entered fol- accesspoint in Laurentian'spublic catalog lowing guidelines established.by Anglo- will likely become more common, as an American Catalaguing fulzs, 2d,. ed,. increasingnumber of publieafionsissued (AACR2)r4or the Library of Congress, in nonprint formats, such as microlilm, microfiche,compact discs, cassettes, and CD-ROM, are being catalogedand made availableonline. In addition,the document type is usedto assigna descriptorto several specializedresearch databases that are also availableonline, such as "Mining Environ- mental Neutral Drainage Database" or "Collectionfranco-ontarienne." France" into the publisherfteld of a bib- Another sptem that includespublish- liographic-Tdwork record. ersas an accesspoint is the DOBIS/LIBIS with a specificheading in a systemat Oxford UniversiVsBodleian U- partition, the duly authorized operator btury.tt MultiLIS goesone stepfurther, in must first choosefrom the authority menu that the entry of publishersis also con- the type ofdictionaryform to be accessed, trolled by a list of forms, a dictionary, in followed by one ofthree functions, shown exactlythe sameway asauthors or subjects. at the Ieft in {igure5. The system'saut}ror- Beforeapurchase orderis generated in the ity control module permits the creation or order function of MultiLIS, the publisher reoision of an authority record, the dele- must be linked to a vendor,usually a book tion of an authority form, or the merging jobber.By havinga list of publisherforms, of similarforms. AII revisionsto or merges eachof which is associatedwithavendor, of dictionary forms take place on an inter- considerabletime is saved in assigninga active, real-time basis,with no batch pro-

Authority Control - search Add - I{odify (Authority Records) CorDorate authors Name: photoperiodisr

1: Confernece on Photoperiodism. PF2: I'lodify PF3: Create authority record

Setection:1

Figure 6. Revising a Corporate Author Heading LRTS . 35(4) . turthority Control in a Bilingual OPAC /43n

Authority Control search - Add - llodify (Authority Records) corporate authors

Conference on Photoperiodism

EDIT I,IODE

Figure 6b. Revisinga Corporate Author Heading.

transferred to the ftrst ftle and indexed as the merge is done. A heading to be changed"must be indexed in t-he ftrst databasein order to be merged with a 43% LRTS 35(4) SIater

Authority Control l4ergeAuthority Records Corporate authors

l'lame: bedford

t: (1 rec.) Canada.Bedford Institute. 2: (7 rec.) Bedford Institution of Oceanography- 3: (11 rec.) Bedford Institute of oceanography. 4: -- (0 rec.) Bedford Institute, Dartrurth, ilS. 5: (124 rec.) Canada. Attantic OceanographicLaboratory. Bedford I nst i tute. 6= (1 rec.) Canada.Atlantic OceanographicInstitute. Bedford Institute. 7= (1 rec.) Canada. Laborstoire Oc6anographiquede LrAtlantique. Institut Oc6anographiquede Bedford.

Setection:2=3

Figure 7a. Merging Duplicate CoqporateAuthor Heading.

Authority Control l4ergeAuthority Records Corporate authors

llame: internatimal tnisr

1: (1 rec.) International GeographicatUnion. 2= (1 rec.) Union of International Associations. 3: -- (0 rec.) International Paleontologicat Union. 4: (8 rec.) International Tetecomunication Union. 5: (1 rec.) International Telecofiruncation Union. 5= -- (0 rec.) lnternetional Kindergarten Union. 7= -- (0 rec.) Internation€t Astronomical Union. 8: -- (0 rec.) lnternatimat Union of Crystatlography. 9: -- (0 rec.) International Union of Geodesyand Geophysics. 10: -- (0 rec.) International Union for OuaternaryResearch. 11: -- (0 rec-) Internationat Union of Geologicat Sciences. 12: -- (0 rec.) lnternationat Union of Eiotogical Sciences. 13: (1 rec.) lnternational Union of Radio Science. 14= -- (0 rec.) International Hunanist and Ethicat Union. 15: -- (0 rec.) lnternationat AstonomicatUnion. Cottoquitm.

(PF3 - next page) Selection: 54

Figure 7b. MeqgingDuplicate CorporateAut}or Headings. LRTS c 35(4) . turthority Control in a Bilingual OPAC /433

Authority Controt l'lerge Authority Records Corporate authors

lnternationat Tetecom,mcation Union

I nternat iona I Tetecoflrunication Union

0o you stilt xant to nnrge these heedings? YES

Figure 7c. Merging Duplicate CorporateAuthor Headings.

Authority contPol llerge Authority Records sLbject headings

tlame: rnited history rerDlutidr cals€a

1: (5 rec-) United States--History'-Revolution--Causes. 2z t (11 rec.) united states'-History--Revotutiori, 1775-17E5--Causes'

setection: t=2

Figure 8a" Melging Subject Headings. 4U/ LRTS . 35(4) c Slater

Authority controI llerge Authority Records Subject headings

United States- - Hi story- -Revolut i on- -Causes

United States- - ll i story- -Revotut i on, 176- 1783- - Causes

Do you stitt Hant to merge these headings? yES

Figure 8b. Merying SubjectHeadings.

Authority Control l,lerge Authority Records Subject headings

llarne: parents hm care rnited

1: (1 rec.) Parents, Aged--Homecare--United States. 2= (1 rec.) Aging parents--Homecare--United States.

Setection:1=2

Figure 8c. Mer$ng Supeneded Subject Headings. LRTS . 35(4) . Authority Control in a Bilingual OPAC /435

Authority controI llerge Authority Records subject headings

Parents, Aged--Homecare--Unitd States

Aging parents--Ho|ttecare--United States

Do you stitt rant to nerge these headings?

Figure 8d. Merging SupersededSubject Headings.

Authority control ilerge Authority Records

[ame: liyingstorp,ri

1= (1 rec.) Livingstone, Richard ilinn, Sir, 1880-. 2= (1 rec.) Livingsto{re, Richard, Sir. 3: (3 rec,) Livingstone, Richard Hinn, Sir, 1880-, 4= " (0 rec.) Livingstone, Richard ttinn, sir, 1880-1960.

Selection: 1+2+l=4

Figure 9a Meqgingof Multiple Author Headings. 3s(4) Shter

Authority Control llerge Authority Records Authors

Livingstone, Richard Iinn, sir, 1880- Livingstone, Richard, Sir '1880- Livingstor€, Richard llinn, Sir,

Livingstone, Richard 9im, Sir, 1880-1960

Do you stitt Hant to merge these headings? YEs

Figure 9b. Mer$ng of Multiple Author Headings.

Authority control Delete Authority Records Corporate authors

Name: internotimal Frrfrct

l: (1 rec.) International conferenceon Permafrost. 2z (1 rec-) Organizing Cqrmittee of Canadafor the 2d International Conference on Permafrost. 3z (1 rec.) United States Ptaming Conmitteefor the 2d Internationat conference on Pennafrost.

Selection:1 (0476) Heading used

Figure 10. Deletion ofCorporate Author Headings. LRTS . 35(4) o tutthority Control in a Bilingual OPAC /437 iW control currentlyavailable. This means asterisk(.'). All network authority rec- t(at authority.""oid. createdby one par- or&, regardlessof the partition into which tition of the Laurentian network cannot they we"reinitially entered,will be display- yet be copied to another partition. An abl6 in the onliire catalog.Eventual-ly,'a iuthority iecord for the sime heading third level of control wiil bE introduced for must be enteredindependently into each records from source ftles, such as LC partition's authority system.Any partition's authorirytapes and CD-ROMs, or online iocal authoriw rec6rds will'slill affect authority lilis like UTI-AS. Headingswith source aluthorityrecords will be prJceded by' a triple asterisk('""). As ihown in ftgures12 and 13, typical

online display(see figure II). other fields are added to all MultiLIS In the next version of the software, a authority reoo r ds,E q uio almt h eadin g and' hisher level of authoriW control will be Local iharaaer[sffcs. The "Equivalent iniroduced, the nauo& level. Headings headind' Iield correspondsto the CAN- for which a network authority record have MARC-9rxtags, where a link canbe estab- beencreated will be precededby a double lishedbetweei Englishand French forms

Search the Oll-LIllE catalog subject headings

Search request: FOI-ITICIL SCIEICE

01-2101407 LOCAr

PotiticaI science.

Here and rith local subdivision are entered ]rorks on the discipl.ine of potiticat science. lJorks on the poLiticat processes of particutar countfies, regions, cities, etc., are entered under the nameof the ptace subdivided by: Politics and goverrrnent.

SA subdivision: Potitica ard goverrrnent under namesof countries, states, etc., e-9. Caneda--Politics and goverrment;and subdivision: Potiticat ssp€cts, urder subjects, e.g. JournaIism--Po[ iticaI aspects

UF Civit goverment.

To be contrd ... RETURIIdisptays next page

Figure lla. Authority RecordDisplay in OPAC. 3s(4)

search the oll-LlllE catalog Subject headings

search request: Fq-ITIclL SCIEICE

01-?101407 LoCAL

Potiticat science. (2rd page)

UF Goverrnent. Potiticat theory. Potiticat thought.

RT Adninistrative [ar. Aristocracy. Authori tari ani sm. Authori ty. Autonomy. Biopotitics. Bureaucracy. Cabinet system.

To be cont'd ... RETURIIdisptays next page

Figure I lb. Authority Record Display in OPAC.

Search the Ol{-tlilE catalog Subject headings

Search request: Fq-IT!GIL SCIEICE

01-2101407 TOCAL

Pol.itical. science. (6th page)

l{ationatism. ot i garchy- Opposition (Potiticat science) Fi libusters (Potiticat science) Federal goverilFnt.

ET science potitique.

(0357) Press RETURIto continue

Figure llc. Authority Record Display in OPAC. LRTS . 35(4) o tu^rthorityControl in a Bilingual OPAC /439

Authority Control Update an authority record Corporate authors Record: 18-2100973 Verified

1- Establ.ished heading: Canada- Dept. of External Affairs 2- Control nu$er (001): n 79-81352 3- Cataloging source (040): l{UCEllc 4- See from reference (4xx): Canada.Externat Affairs. Canada.Externat Affairs, Dept, of. Canada. Externat Affairs Canada. 5- See atso reference (5xx): 6- ilote (6xx): Establ,ished 1909 urder the Dept. of Secretary of State. Becamea separate d epartment in 1912. Vsriant name: Externat Affairs Canada. Absorbed Dec . 7, 1983 the trade ard cornerce functions of the former lrdustry, Tra de and Cqnrerce. 7- Equivatent heading (9xx): Canada.llinistlre des affaires extdrieures. 8- LocaI characteristics:

Fietd to modify:

Figure 12. CorporateAuthor Authority Rmrd.

Authority controt Update an authority record Subject headings Record:01-2100853 Verified trnationaln

1- Establ ished heading: Uni ted St6tes- -History- -Revotution, 1Zl5- 1783 2- Control rurber (001): sh 85-140139 3- catatoging source (040): tcsh eng 4- ceneral see reference: 5- Generat see also reference: 6- See from reference (4xx): lrar of the Anerican Revotution. Revolutionary llar, American. ArnericanRevolution. 7- See atso reference (5xx): 8- ilote (6xx): 9- Equivatent heading (9xx): 10- Local characteristics:

Field to modify:

Figure 13. SubjectAuthority Record 440/ LRTS . 35(4) o Sl.ater

Se6rch the Oll-tll{E catatog subject headings

Search request: SCIEICEPq-lTlqE

1: (43 rec.) science potiticpe 2: (4 rec.) Retated term: Histoire constitutiomette 3: (2 rec.) Retated term: Histoire 4: (26 rec.) Retated term: Etat 5: (,|91 rec.) = Potitical science 6: (16 rec.) Retated term: Federal goveFilpnt 7: (7 rec.) Retated term: Opposition (Potitical science) 8: (2 rec-) Related term: Oligarchy 9: (25 rec.) Retated term: Xationalism 10: (1 rec.) Retated term: Local goverrrEnt 11: (Ei rec.) Related term: Liberty 12: (31 rec.) Retated term: Liberatism 13: (1 rec.) Related term: Koran--Potiticat science 14: (3 rec.) Retated term: Kings and ruters 15: (3f, rec.) Retated term: Jurispndence

(PF3 - next page) select ion:

Figure 14. Equtralency Unls in OPAC.

of a heading. In the MARC-ompatible BruNcur. AurHoRrflEs Ar version, the 9nr authority fields are only IaunrNru,N availableat thosesites con{igured to accept the CAN-MARC authoritv format. Links At Laurentian, the equivalent form and betweenequivalent forms of a headingare shorvnwith an equalsign (=) (seeftgure l4). The'Local characteristic"field, which also appearsin the work form for bibliographic records,can identifi up to twenty- six characteristics,A through Z, with the digits 0 or I representingthe two possible conditionsfor a characteristic,OFF orON, respectively.The meaningsassigned to the twenty-sixcodes are entirely up to the individual librarv and canbe usedfor statistical usedonly very rarely for bilingual accessto purposes,the productionof lists,etc. Laurentian'scollection. While MARC tagsare notdispLayedin the MulUuS text format l,aurentian has AUTHOR adopted authority records arestorvd in a PERSoNAL modi{iedMARC format inwhich links are The use of equivalent forms for personal established with the appropriate dictio- authorsis very limited in scope,because naryterm (see{igure I5). Forusersofthe the establishedLC or NLC form is nor- MARC-compatible version of the soft- mally adequateas an accesspoint for both ware, the authority work form displaysall English and French users. One major MARC authority tags and sub{ield codes. exceptionis the caseof selectedclassical LRTS . 35(4) . tutthority Control in a Bilingual OPAC /Ml

Disptay existing records tlo. autorit6: 0l-2101180

1- Dernier run6ro: 2- lliveau de vdrification: 3- ilu06ro de controle: 4- Date drenregistrerEntj 89-06-15 15237228 5- Date de transaction: 89-06-16 15237228 6- ilarc 008: 7- source de catatogage: 3alcsH EilG 8.1- zones l,lARC(010-099) a) Etiquette de [a zone: b) Indicateurs: c) Texte de [a zone: 9- vedette €tabtie: v85 10.1- Renvoi nvoirtr'

11.1- Renvoi rrvoir aussir':

12.1- Formesrejet€es a) llur€ro de [a fonne: v25&6 b) coopl6ments:

(PF3 to see next psge) Ptl to exit, PFZ tor first page, PF3 for next page

Figure lsa MultiMARC Authority Record.

Disptay existing records No. autorit6: 01-2101180

13.13- Voir aussi a) ilun6ro de ta forme: V27727 b) Coopt€ments: 14.1- [otes (Zones 600-699 a) Etiquette de [a zone: b) lrdicateurs: c) Texte de [e zone:

15.1- ved. 6quivatentes a) llun6ro de [a forme: V165948 b) coflptdments: 16.1- Liens vA: U?7727 16.2- Liens vA: v433 15.3- Liens vA: v99088 16.4- Liens vA: v155175 16.5- Liens vA: V25287 17- caract. tocates:

(Last page) PFI to exit, PF2 for first page, PF3 for next page

Figure lsb. MultiMARC Authority Record. 44% LRTS . 35(4) . Slnter

search the ox-LlllE cstalog

search request: PLATil

1: (2 rec,) Platon 2: (5 rec.) = Ptato

Setecti on:

Figure 16. English-French EquivalencyLink ClassicalAuthor as Main Entry.

Latin and Greek authors.where forms of governmentdepartment, ministry, agercy, name differ sieniftcantly in the two lan- or branch.The useof the authoritymodule guages.It wasJecided nbt to establishthe to upgradeCODOC headingsto LC forms French form as a rejected form of the hasb6en describedelsewheie.16 establishedLC heading, becausemost Linkageswill be created,principallyfor francophoneusers looldng for tides by Canadianfederal agencies,between the these authorswould be more familiarwith English and French forms of a corporate the French-languageheading. Figures 16 author heading.For example,where LC and 17 illustrate online displays for two establishes"St-atistics Canada" as an offt- suchauthors, Platon (=Plato) andAristotle cial heading with the FrenchJanguage (=Aristote),in the author and subjectdic- form, 'statistiques Canada," as an alter- tionaries, respectively.lsAnother possible nate rejected form, l,aurentian will create e)ception is Russiannames, due to the dif- a link between the two forms using the fereice betweentransliteration schemes of "Equivalent form" field of the autliority Russianto English and Russianto French, worldorm. The user is automaticallv e.g., Solzhenitsynrs. Solj6nitsyne,or Gorbachevvs, Gorbatchev.

CoRPoRATEAUTHon At Laurentian, the primary application of bilingual accessfor corporate authors is in the dse of government'publications.Since the early 1970s,the systemused for the oqganization of offfcial publications is alsobe put into effect for agenciesofthe CdDoC, in which the pirincipalaccess Ontario- govemment, which- has recently point, aswell asthe basisior shelfarrange- undertaken to upgrade its servicesto the ment, is the document'sissuing body-a province'sFrenchJanguage minority. LRTS c 35(4) . Authority Control in a Bilingual OPAC /M3

search the oll-l-IllE catatog sLbject headings

search request: InISTOTLE

1: (2 rec.) Aristotte 2: (1 rec.) = Aristote

selection:

Figure 17. English-French Equiralency Link, Clrosical Authoras Subject.

Search the oll-LINEcatalog Corporate authors

search request: SIATISTTCSG tatD

1: (l rec.) Statistics Canade 2: (1 rec,) = Stetistique Canada

selection:

Figure 18. English-French Equivalency Link, Corporate Author 444/ LRTS . 35(4) . Slater

search the oll-LlilE catatog Corporate authors

Search request: CllllDA EXTERIL ArFAIRS

1: (379 rec.) = Cansda-Iinistere des affaires ext6rieures 2= (2941 rec.)Canada.Dept. of External Affairs 3: (72 rec.) Use: Canadian Internstionel DevetoFnent Agency 4: (3 rec.) see also Canads.Externat Aid Office 5: (18 rec.) = Agence canadienne de d6vetoppenrnt international 6: (1 rec.) see also Canada.Bureau de Ltaide Ext6rieure 7: (15 rec-) Canada.Dept- of External Affairs- International Trade Comunic6tions Groqp

(PF3 - next page) Selection:

Figure 19. RelatedHeadings English-French Equilalency Link, CorporateAuthor.

Another type of Iinkage applies to EXTERNAL AFFAIRS" has resulted in related headings,i.e., precedingor suc- the postingof a seeminglytotally unrelated ceedingaccept6d formsbf nameTora gov- heading.While manydisparate co{porate ernment agencyprior to or as a result of headings have been brought together in reorganizationor a changein responsibili- one online display, their arrangement is ties. In the caseof Canadianor interna- likely to generateconfusion among users, tional bodies with both an English and in that the relationship between the terms Frenchform of heading,otherestablished retrieved and entered by the user is not forms can be linked to the current head- explainedadequately. ing, English or French; in an online search,the user will be directed to these 'See DoCUMENT TYPE headingswith the indented phrase also:"(see figure 19). Policiesfor bilingual aceessby document type, aswell as guidelinesfor a standard- ized list of bilingual form and collection descriptors,are currently under review.A choice-willbe madebetween two options: the entry ofa documenttype basedon the Languageof the item, with Frenchlan- guagetitles assigneda documenttype in erences.It is possiblethat terms usedin French andtitles in all other languagesone rejected headingscan refer to several in English,or, alternately,alltitles assigned establishedterms. which. in combination a singlebilingual documentform. Figure with equiralency links, lead to displays 20 illustratesthe former case,two docu- similarto thosein ligure 19.It is not sufli- ment q?e headings having been linked *Use: ciently clear in the thfrd Isting, Cana- throughuse of the "Equivalentform" Iield dian Intemational Dwelopment Agency," in the authority record. why the entry of the sequence'CANADA For both mediaand specialcollection LRTS o 35@) o Authority Control in a Bilingual OPAC /445

Search the oll-LlllE catatog Docunent tyPes

Search request: S(LHI nEO(nDIIG

1: (3 rec.) sourd necording 2: (2 rec.) = enregistreflpnt sonote

Setecti on:

Figure 20. Engtish-FrenchEquivalency Linlq Document Type.

are suDplementedby the bilingual list Canadiin SubjectHeadings (CSH-),Ie Pro- ducedby NLC, for terms uniqueto Can- ada, where variations from LCSH ate erences to a locally established form. A appropriate, e.g., GOODS AND SER- userloohng for recordedperformances by vIbE-S TAX-CANADA, instead of the tenor Luciino Pavarotti ofVerdi ariascair LC heading VALUE-ADDED TAX- enter the following combination search CANADA. (Boolean): "au=Pavarotti a1d a1=Verdi Fiwre 22 showsthe online equivalent and dt (Documenttype)= enregistrement hnk bEtweenan LCSH and anRVM head- sonore-. The link between English and French terms for documenttyPe ensures that items assignedthe English-language descriptor"sound recordind will be combined-with the two authoisearches,and the resulting title posting will exactly matchthe user'sinitial request.

Sur;rcr The full impact of the bilingual capability 446/ LRTS . 35(4) . Slater

Authority Control Update an authority record Docunent types Record: 19-2104417

1- EstabLished heading: sound recording 2- Contfot nuber (00'l): 3- Catatoging source (040): 4- See from reference (4xx): LP. tong-ptay recordiqgs. 5- See also reference (5xx): 5- llote (6xx): 7- Equivatent heading (9xx): enregistrement sonore. 8- Local characteristics:

Field to modify:

Figure 21, DocumentType Authority Record.

Search the Oll-ullE catalog Subject headings

search request: qEBEC IISTfiy atr(xfty

1: (4 rec.) Qu6bec(Province)--History--Autonomy and indeperdence movenents 2: (5 rec.) = au€bec (Province)--Histoire--Autonomie et mouvements i id6perdant i stes

Selection:

Figre 22. LCSH|RVM Subject EquivalenceUnk. LRTS . 35(4) . tutthority Control in a Bilingual OPAC /M7

Authority control update an authority record srrbject headings Record: 19-21(x411 unverified

1- Estabtished heading: Qu6bec(Province)'-Histoire--Autonomie et nowelRents i nd6perd6nt i stes 2- control nuber (001): 3- Catatoging source (040): vlill FRE 4- General see reference: 5- General see atso reference: 6- see ffom reference (4xx): 7- See atso reference (5xx): 8- Iote (6xx): 9- Equivatent heading (9xx): Qu6bec (Provi nce) -' History- -Auto{rolTtyand i ndeperdence movements- 10- LocaI characteristics:

Fietd to modify:

Figure 23. ReciprocalRVM|IfSH SubjectAuthority Link. titles indexedwith the equivalentterm in caseswhere the only difference between the other language,as shown in ftgure 24. equivalent Enelish and French headingsis In a bilingualcatalog like l,aurentian's, th'e presence;f a diacritic in the French where publications cataloged ln English heading e.9,., EVOLLITION versus and French are in the same{ile, conflicts EvolUuoN. Sinceacrents are stripped occur when a term in one languagealso exists in the second but with a different meaning.An exampleis the LCSH term PAIN andthe RVltrheadingPAIN; identical in spelling,these two headingsrefer to two difibreniideas, asthe Frenc-hheading means"bread." Such cases,however, are the online display. Again, such instances extremelyrare and are resolvedas encoun- nre very rare. There arq also certain RVM tered.Where an English anda Frenchhead- terms,iuch asLfGUMES SECS,literdly 'drv rng are totally identical,eg., FRANCE, no translated vegetables," where no equivalencyis made; howevel the user is equivalent'The has Leen established in English. a6le to do a secondarylimiting searchby fact that links are made onli be- lnngunge on the retrieved tide listing. Another possible,but relativelyrare, conflict occunswhen the heading'inone lan- guageis a rejectedterm in the other. For example,the RVM term PORTS (=Har- bors), is a rejec'tedform for the LCSH term. In order to createan equivalencyfor resources.Therefore, negotiationsare cur- suchcases, certain rejected terms are sim- rently under way to load Laval University's ply omitted from the appropriateauthority RVd authoriry ,"p"t into Laurentian's record. We have also experienced some database.Lavai's su$ect authority recor& 4481 LRTS . 35(4) . Slater

sesrch the ot{-LlllE catatog

#1 = Subject headings: Gn DE-BRETIGilE (2 records)

1= TinF sni tide Hait for no man Spender, Dale, 198/.. 2= Security : cen He retrieve it? Satter, Arthur, Bsron, 18 1939.

PF1: other search PF4: print PF5: d8te, language

setecti on:

Figure 24. Indexed Equivalent Link in OPAC.

include the LCSH term as an equivalent In the MultiLIS authoriW record, form in the appropriateMARC tai, aswell cross-referenceffelds, includingihe equiv- as all cross-rlTer6ncesand relate"dhead- alencylink, are repeatable,meaning there- ings for FrenchJanguageheadings. Once fore that an EnglishJanguage subject thisfile isloaded, anyRVMorLCSHhead- headingcan be linked to equivalent terms ing in Laurentian'sdatabase will be linked in more than one language.In the three to its equivalentin the other language,and examplesshown (see figures 25-27), an theselinks will be reflectedin the online LCSH heading has been linked to its catalog, provided, of course, that the equivalentsin Spanish,French and Ger- equivalentterm appearsin at least one man, and Italian, respectively.Again, as bibliographic recoid. Tests are also under long as an equivalent headingappears in a way for the uploadingof LCSH authority bibliographic'reoord, the online catalog recordsfor EnglishJanguagecross-refer- will indicate the relationship of the head- encesand relatid termi fr6m CDMARj ings with the equal sign. The upper limit Subjects2oand, C DM ARC Names,zr a pro- for the number of equivalentheadings in cesssimilar to the existingability to trans- other languagesthat can be linked hasnot fer bibliogaphic records-frombo-nOu been explicidystated in Sobeco'smanual sourcessuch as Biblioffle. for the authority module. It would appear that the MultiLIS authoriw svstemis ide- ally suited for libraries in countriesor insti- MULTILINGUAL AND Murrrrnnslr,rRusSuBJEcr tutions where multilingual catalog access is factor, AurHoRIIIEs a primary e.g., Switzerland, the United Nations,and the EuropeanCom- It is in alsoin the contextofsubject access munity. that the potential of the MultiLIS author- For large North American university iW module asa control svstemfor multilin- library systems,where branch libraries for gyal or multithcsanrzs bntrolled vocabu- medicineor law mayuse altemate subject lariescan best be viewed. thesauri,such as Medical SuQec.tHeadi.ngs LRTS o 35(4) . Authority Control in a Bilingual OPAC lMg

search the oll-[t]lE catatog subject headings

search request: SPAII od-(tlEs

1: (1 rec.) Spain--Cotonies--America--Adtlinistration 2: (1 rec.) = Espafi8--cotonfas'-fir€rica--Adninistraci6n

set ect i on:

Figure 25. English/SpanishEquivalency Unk in OPAC.

search the oll-LIxE catatog Subject headings

Search re(8iest: GEmUIY llISI(nt

1: (7 rec.) Germany--History 2: (1 rec.) = Deutschtand--Geschichte 5: (3 rec.) = Attemagne--Histoire

Setection:

Figure Zi. English/French/GermanEquivalency Link in OPAC. 450/ LRTS . 35(4) c Slater

search the oll-tl[E cstatog Subject headings

Search reqrrst: IT LIAI F(ETRY

1: (1 rec.) Itetian poetry--History and criticism 2: (1 rec.) = Poesieitatiano--Historia e critica

SeIect i on:

Figure 27. English.4talianEquiralency Link in OPAC. (MeSH),nthe problem of linhng special- wheretle link wascreated is one of the izedterms to moreqeneral LCSH termsin filesbeing searched. thesame catalog hi representeda signiffcant challenge.Within limitations, certain Tnr Mur-rrLISAuuronrrr Mopur-B: the MultiLIS aut}oriw module can link AN EvALUAfloN AND Cnrrrqun equivalentheadings frdm differentsubject thesauri.Figures 28,29, and30 showlinks While the MultiLIS authoritymoduledoes betweenan LCSH term and terms from representan advancein online authority CSH, MzSH, and.Sears,% respectively. controlfor multiplesubject thesauri, there The authoriW module veriftes a re- is room for improvementin selectedareas. jected term during entry and warns the Of the elevencriteria for singleor inde- operatorifthe term matchesa reference pendentthesaurus management listed by to an alreadyestablished heading. Conse- Mandel, the MultiLIS authority module quently,for example,the use ofin LCSH satisftesonlv three fullv and anolherthree term that is a rejec-tedterm in MeSH, or partially or to a signiftcant degree, con- vice-versa,means that the two thesauri ftrming her assertionthat "[n]o existing cannotcurrently coexist in the sameftle.% systemsupports all of these features."s However, since each database partition MultiUS supportsonline input and edit, within Laurentian'snetwork conft'guration the creation of authority records for is completelyindependent as far asauthor- rejectedterms, and the abilityto link terms ities are concerned,it would be theoreti- to records for subdivisions. In addition, cally possibleto use LCSH in one ftle, MuIULIS authority recor& meet the requirements for the contenfsof authority records, acrording to ANSI standard Z3L.I9, eventhough Laurentian'srecords arestored in a modiftedMARC format;the MARC-compatibleversion stores the full MARC authority record. Three of four LRTS c 35(4) . Authority Control in a Bilingual OPAC /451

sesrch the oN-Ll]'lEcetalog Subject headings

Search request: l1{lIT

1: (3 rec.) Inuit--Canad6 2: (1 rec.) Retated term: Indians of llorth Anerica--canada 3: (3 rec.) = Eskimos--Csnada

Setection:

Figre ?3. LCSH\CSH Equivalency Link in OPAC.

search the oll-LINEcatatog Subject headings

search request: DRUG^nsE

1: (5 rec.) Drug abuse 2: (3 rec.) = substance abuse 3: (1 rec.) Drug abuse--coflptications and sequetae

Setecti on:

Figure 29 LCSH/MeSHEqriwlency Link in OPAC. 45A LRTS . 35(4) o Slater

Search the Ol{-LlllE catalog Subject headings

Search request: FIRSTAID

1: (3 rec.) First 8id 2: (1 rec.) Related term: Accidents 3: (4 rec.) = First aid in itl.ness and injury

Select i on:

Figure 30. LCSHlSecrsEqutualency Link in OPAC,

recommendedfeatures for linkagesto ref- includesa list of sixrecommended features erences in other records-veriftcation of for multithesaurus management.2eCur- BT, NT, and RT; creation of reciprocal rently,MultiLIS supportsthree ofthese: sep- references;and display of linkages--are aratethesaunrs mdr'rigement, veriftcauon bf supported. new terms againstall thesauri,and cross-lile relationships. Compatibility codes with LCSH, copyrngterms betweenthesauri, and user-specifiedsearches and displays betweenlists are features notyet available. Johnston's 1988 survey of vendor rently not available.This tendsto support authoritysystems ranked MultiLIS eighth the low ratings scored by Multit tS in overallof the eighteensystems suweyed. ]ohnston'ssurv=ey for products and admin- Above-averagescores were $ven for essential,desirable, and peripheralitems.s As we havealready demonstrated, Multi- LIS' principal strengths, and highest scores,are for the links betweenauthority and bibliographicrecords (third overall)3r ject. Figure 3l showsa part of sucha list and "svndiU6 structure.' i.e.. the refer- for the sublect dictionary. ences between related headings (first, As cited by Mandel, Lancaster and scoring22 of a possible24 points).32Given Smith describefive approachesfor multi- the current ability to modify, display,add thesaurussupport in an online environ- or delete individual authority records or ment.27uutfillS uses a form of "map- individual ftelds in the records, as well as ping," inwhich thereis a "directtranslation the verypowerful global changecapability, ofterms in one vocabularyto correspond- the relatively low scoregiven for "database ing terms in another.-h Mandei also dynamics,"(t+tn)* i.e.ithe needto keep LRTS o 35@) . Authority Contral in a Bilingual OPAC /453

6ermany--Civi I i zati on--Hi story 3 recoros Germany--History 7 records Germany--History, tli 1itary. I recoro Gemany--History-- 1806-181 5 1 recoro G'lassEottle Blowers'Association of the United States and Canada--History--Sources record Glass Bottle Blowers'Association of the United States and Canada--Archives recoro Gouvernementf6d6ra l --Canada--Hi stoi re. record 6reat Britain. records Greek philosophy record 6roup work in education. recoro Hiking--Accidentsand injuries. recoro Humanimunodeficiency vi ruses recoro Hygiene, Sexua'1. recoro Indians of Mexico--Mexico,Valley of record Indians of North America--Canaoa record Indians of North America--Canada.Northern recoro Indians, Treatment of--Canaoa recoro Industry and state--Germany--History record Industry--Uni ted States--1890-1920. record International cooperati on. record Inui t--Canada records Italian poetry--History and criticism record Johnston, Frances Eenjamin, 1864-1952. recoro Journa l i sts record Leagueof Nations. record L€vesque.Rene, 1922-1987 record l4edical emergencies. Menta] i l I ness--Chemotherapy recoro l4exico- -Hi stori a- - 182 I - 1861 record Mexico--History--To 1810 recoro l;linnesotamultiphasic personality inventory. recoro Minori ti es--Canada. recoro Music, German recoros Narcotic habit record Narcotics, Control of recoro l{ational characteristics, Gennan records t{ati onali sme--Qu6bec( Province) --Hi stoi re--20e si ecl e. record Nati onal -soc i al i sme. recoro Northwest Territories, Can--History record 0peras record 0peras, Ital ian--Excerpts record 0peras- -Excerpts record 0ratori os--Excerpts record Parent and child. records Parti qu6b6cois. recoros Pearson, Lester B. recoro Personali ty. recoro Philosophie ancienne record P]ato. record

Figure 31. Subject Heading List, Test Partition. 454/ LRTS . 35(4) o Slater the authority ftle current by the ad&tion or rentlv. modiftcations to dictionary forms modiffcationof records,is'surprising. Per- *uri b" done on an indMdual baris.For hapsthis can be partiallyexplained by the large ftles, e.g., I-ABOR AND LABOR- current lack of a workableinterface with ING CI,ASSES, each indexed heading outsideauthority sources, such as LC tapes must be accessedand revised.Laurentian or CD-ROM. The lack of authorityprod- requestedan enhancementto the global ucts and administrativestatistics. where changecapabilities to allow a revisionto MuIULIS ranked 17th and 12th respec- the idenUcllstnnginmuhiple headings. In tively,samay alsoexplain the slighdy lower 1991,two new functionswill be addedto but certainly very respectable rating achievedin this survev. MultiLIS, asa centrallydeveloped and distributed system,is very dependenton continual and effective communication between clients and vendor for system numberedheadings in which the element enhancements.Since 1986, Laurentian occurs. Each headingselected from the and other clientshave made many sugges- postedlist can be oerified,in which case tions for improvements,including several the heading as it will appear after the for the autfiority system.One iriportant changeappEars in a separiie box. Modili- concern will be at leastpartially addressed cationsmust then be conftrmedand made in the nextversion. Currentlv. for siteswith one headingat a time. A globalmodifica- the non-MARC version of the software, tion to a/l teadings contining the string "see also"references are enteredinterac- can also be performed without veri{ica- tively into the samelield of the authority tion.s With this method,for example,the workform, MARC fteld 5xx;however, the subdivision HIST. can automaticallybe onlinedisplay for broaderterms (BT), nar- changedto the full form HISTORY in all rower terms (NT), and relatedterms (RT) headingsin which the abbreviatedstring all appearin the online displaypreceded occurs"andin a fraction of the time rel by "Relatedterm:". Iaurentian, a Multi- quired to modify eachheading. These im- LIS (non-MARC) site, has requestedan provementswill greadyreduce the amount improvedsystem for the displayof hierar- bf u-e requiredlo revisela.qge {iles. chical relationships of headings. ldeally, Overall, after almost two years of in- BTs,NTs, and RTs should be eachassigned tenseuse ofthe enhancedauthority mod- their own field in the authoritv rec6rds. ule, Laurentian is very pleasedwith its with the correspondingonline &splays operationand capabilities,especially with revised to "Broader term:", "Narrower the ability to link terms in English and term:", or "Relatedterm:'to assistusers in French.The speedofcurrent procedures placingsearched terms in a hierarchy.The current system in the MultiLIS version does show a relationship between two headings but fails to specify its exact nature.The vendorhas indicated that this feature is already availablein the MARC- hancements,there is still room for signiff- compatibleversion, where the tlpe of "see cant improvement.Laurentian has iden- also"hea&ng is codedin the "$w" subfteld tifted s6veralother areaswhere further of the 5xxaulhoritytag. In addition,Multi- developmentis either necessaryor highly LIS siteswill receivethis information in recommended.The following brief list uploaded authority records. For non- representsour outstandingcomplaints. MARC siteslike Laurentian.the abiliw to ll As recommendedby Mand6l.37some interactively specify the relationship indication of sourcethesaurus would betweentwo heidingswill alsobe availabli be of great assistanceto usersin the at a later date.s online displayof both equivalentlinks A secondenhancement simplilies some and authority records, especially in ofthe proceduresfor globalchanges. Cur- those partitions of our network that LRTS . 35(4) . Authority Control in a Bilingual OPAC /455

mav eventuallv use alternate thesauri. Coxcr,usrox ru"'h * uesrt. while desirable,this improvement is not absolutelyneces- sary in Laurentianb present strictly bilingual configuration, as the vast majority of our usersare able to dis- tinguish between an English LCSH term and a French RVM heading. 2. An improved method of linking rejected terms for a heading to other lanzuaqes, as well as the ability to support headingsthat containthe samebase is *ul"ltipi"independentcollectionsor-alft li- needed.For example,the subjecthead- ated libraries, was an absolute necessity.In ing UNITED STAIES-HISTORY- terms of authority control, several lan- REVOLUTION. 1775-1783has as one guage environmenls had to be supported, rejectedform AMERICAN REVOLU- i-n tf,e event that all of Laurentian's feder- TION. Other sublectstrings, with sub- ated or afftliated colleges decided to con- divisions.use the establishedform as tribute records to the network database. their base,e.g., UNITED STATES- In terms of meeting users' expecta- HISTORY-REVOLUTION, 1775- tions, the choice ofthe preferred language I7$-CAUSES. Becauseeach unique of system displays and prompts is a two- subject term is a separatedictionary keystroke, user-controlled option, per- entry, the use of a rejected term will foimed directly at each OPAC itation, ivith direct the luseronly to thoseheadings no effect on other stations or system oPer- where this cross-referencehas been added and not to other similar headingswith subdivisions,as illustrated in Iigure 32. The useris obligedto perform a secondsearch, with terms from the postedaccepted heading, in order to retrieveother headingson the same from layterms foratopictoLCSH or RVM topic. standaidized headingi means that, more 3. The MultiLIS authority products and more, an OPAC with an integral user- must be enhanced.Partial printouts of transparent authority system can become the systemdictionaries, for example, aninilependen tool ioritem retrieval from would reduce the need to generate a librarv's collection. with no recourse nec- and print a l,400-pagesu\ect dictio- io extemal printed subject guides. - nary list for the largestpartition ofthe "r.urySomewhat .,rrfrising is th-e number of network. Listings by ftrst letter or by papers delivered over the last few years in a speciftcstring would assistin the which libraries with other automated sys- verificationand revision oflarger Iiles. Other potentially useful partial lists should be developedby languageor sourcethesaurus. For ongoingauthor- ity control of headingsfrom recently enteredbibliographic records, a printout, by date of-initial entry,of speciftc accesspoints or new dictionaryforms would prove far more manageable than a larger,more comprehensivelist ofauthorsor sublects.Included in any partial printout of dictionary forms shouldbe someindication of whether an authority record has been created svstems cannot vet offer all the features for the heading. currently supported by MultiLIS, a fact 456/ LRTS 3s(4) Sl.ater

search the oll-tIllE catatog subject headings

search request: tflITEL llIsT(nY IEUII-UrIfl

1: 19 rec.) United States--History- -Revolut ion, 1775'17&l 2: 16 rec. ) United States--H story- - Revotut i on, 1775- 1783-- Causes 3: 2 rec. ) United States--H story- -Revotut iof]., 1775"l.783--Sources 4= 3 rec. ) United States--H story- -Revotut i q, 1775- 1783-- Hi stor i ography 5: rec. ) United States--f story- - RevoI ut i on, 1775- 1783-- Bi bt i ogrsphy 6: rec. ) United St6tes--H story- -Revotut iorl, 1775-1783--llomen 7: rec-) United States--H story- -Revotution., 1775-1743--congresses 8: rec. ) United Stetes--H story- -Revotut i orr, 1775- 1783-- I nf luence 9| rec. ) United States--H story- - RevoI ut i ort, 1775- 1783--Af ro- Ameri cans 10: rec. ) United States--H story- - Revot ut i otr, 1Tn' 17a3" cot I ected Horks 11= rec-) United States--H story- - RevoI ut i on, 1775' 1783-- Pr i soners ard Prr sons 12: (2 rec.) United States--History- - RevoI ut i on,'l.775 - 1783-- canpai gns ard batt Ies 13: (1 rec.) United States--History- -Revolut i on, 1775- 1783-- RegimentaI hi stories

(PF3 - next page) Selecti on:

Figure 32a. Search by Rejeted Tem.

seerch the oll-tIilE cetstog Subject headings

search request: llcllGll REtrx.ltTl(t

1: (19 rec.) Use: United States--History--Revotution, 1775-1783 2: (2 rec.) Use: United States--History-'Revotution, 1775-178:l-'sources 3: (15 rec.) Use: United States--History"Revotution, 1Z/5-1783--Causes 4: (3 rec. ) Uni ted states- -History- -Reyotut i on, 1275-I 783' -ReginentaI h istories- -ArErican loyaI ist

setect ion:

Figure 32b. Searchby RejectedTerm. LRTS . 35Q) o Authority Control in a Bilingual OPAC /457 conlirmedby the top ratinggiven byJohn- 5.'MultiLIS Introduces New Authority ston for syndetic structure support. Given Capabilities," Teclmlcal Senslces Qunr- the particular circumstancesof Laurent- terlg7,no.3:76(lN0). University, Calertdnr (Snd- ian, a bilingual, multilibrary operation, the 6. Laurentian bury Ont.: laurentian University, 1990), choice of MultiLIS for catalogmanage- P.13. ment does seemvery appropriate,We are 7. C. C. WongandloanMount, "The Classi- confident that, in cooperation with both fied Catalogue, LU Style," Ltbrary Re- the svstem vendor. S-obeco.and other sources 6 Technlcal Selices 15:359-63 MultiLIS mostnotablyl'Universitd (1e71). clients, 'Demise Laval and other bilingual users, future 8. foan E. Mount, of a Classified enhancements to the authority control Catalogue:Victim of Progress?'Ltbrary module will be introduced that can only Resourcesb Teclmical Sensices23242L25 (1979). serveto improvethe positionof MultiUS 9. Ontario Council of University Libraries, in the library automation marketplace. Annual Statlstical Report : Laurentian Uni- oersitttLibrary (1989/90),p.6. I0. A. B. bhitty, "indexing for the Online Cat- REFERENCESAND NorEs alog,"lnfo rmation Techrclngy and.Lib rar- l. Paule Rolland-Thomas and Gdrard Merc- ,es6:300 (1987). ure, "Subject Access in a Bilingual Online 11. In all ffgures,user input appearsin bold- Catalogue," Cataloging b Classtflcation face type. A after user inPut is Quarterly 10, no.l/2: f4f-$ (1989). understoodbut not shown. 2. Carol A. Mandel, Multlpb Thzsaatt ln 12.According to a Sobeco rePresentative, Online Library Btbhographtc Systerns subject searcheswill be alphabetizedin a (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, forthcoming version, to 6e released in r987). 1991. 3. For a brief listing of articles on multi- 13. Ned lrwin, "The Bodleian Library of the thesaurus control and vocabulary switch- Universityof Oxford," CollegeU Research ing published since 1976, consult Mandel, Libraries 51:100-106 ( 1990). p.bi-sa. The need for a user-friendly 14.Anelo-Arrcrican Cataloguing Rltles, 2d "super-thesaurus" is also discussed in Mar- ed.lfSAA rev. (Chicago:.Ameican Library cial. Bates, "Rethinhng Subject Catalog- Assn..1988). ing in the Online Environment," Llbrary 15. For the purposesofthis section,all exam- Resources {: Techntcal Seroices 33:400- ples are taken from a test databasein 412 (f989). For an evaluation ofthe recent i,aurentian's network. Approximately change in Library of Congress Subject eighty records were copied from the main Headings to thesauri codes, consult Mary network Dartitions to the test environ- Dykstra "LC Subject Headings Disguised ment, and the appropriate authority as a Thesaurus," Library Journal I 13,-no.4: recordswere create,i.'fh^etest databaseii 42-46 (Mar. 1, 1988). A recent study on accessiblein the online catalog,with the access to related databases at Bell l,abora- result that authority recordscreated in test tories can be found in Robert K. Wald- mode are linked to the network indexes; stein, "SLIMMER-A UNIXTM System- however,normally only six or sevenof the Based Information Retrieval System," partitionsare accessedin Laurentian'sonl- RSR:Refermce Seraices Reoleu 16, no.I- ine catalog,meaning tlat users are rarely, 2:69-76 (f988). The importance of a sim- if ever. even aware of the existenceand pliffed mechanism for transfer between creation of recor& in the test database. ilifferent database thesauri is noted briefly While everyeffort hasbeen made to verify in a recent study on controlled thesauri fior that subje;t headingsfrom different the- nine humanities databases: Geraldene sauri are equivalent terms, the author Walker, "Searching the Humanities: Sub- wishes to emphasizethat the examples ject Overlap and Search Vocabulary" chosen are intended for illustrative pur- Database 13, no.5:37-46 (Oct. 1990). oosesonlv. Examnleswere selectedfrom 4. Sarah Hager fohnston, "Current Offerings ihe latest'availableedition ofthe thesauri. in Automated Authority Control: A Suwey 16. GIenJ. Kelly and RonaldSlater, "CODOC of Vendors," lnformation Technology and to MARC Conversionin a Bilingual Uni- Librartes 8:244 ( 1989). versity Library: Developing a Methodol- 458/ LRTS . 35(4) o Slater

ory to Reduce Data Entry Revision" Headtngs, IIth ed. (New York: Wilson, (unpublished; accepted for publication in 1977). Gooerwrmt PubllcatiotrsReoieuo). CODOC 24. Sobecohas indicated that in the next ver- was the Cooperative Documents Consor- sionof MultiLIS, availablein 1991,the use tium. of a rejected term from one subjectlist as 17. Library of Congress,Subject Catdoging an acceptedform in another will be per- Division, Llbrary of Congress SubJect mitted in the sameffle. Headi,ngs,12th ed. (Washin4on, D.C.: 25. Mandel, Muluplz Thesauri,p.7. Cataloging Distribution Service, Library 96. fohnston, "Current Offerings in Auto- of Congress,1990). mated Authority Control," p.250-5i. LS.Repertoire dc Vedews-Matiire, 9th ed,. 27. F. Wilfrid Lancasterand Linda c. smith, (Qu6bec, QuC.: Bibliothdque de I'Uni- Cornpatibility Issues Afecting lnfomw- versit6 Laval, 1983). tion Sustems and. Servdces (Paris: 19. National Library of Canada, Canadlan UNESCb General Information Program, SubJectHead.ings, 2d ed. (Ottawa, Ont.: 1983),cited in Mardel, MultapleTh.esauri. Minister of Supply and ServicesCanada, 28. Mandel, MuIupIe Thzsauri,p.8. r985). 29.Ibid., p.9-10. 20. Library of Congress,Cataloging Distribu- 30. Johnston, "Current Offerings in Auto- tion Service, CDMARC SubJects(Wash- mated Authority Control," p. fo4|-43. ington, D.C.: CatalogingDistribution Ser- 31. lbid., p.248. vice, Library of Congress,1989). 32. Ibid., p.249. 21. Library of Congress,Cataloging Distribu- 33. Ibid., p.247. tion Service,CDMARC Namas(Washing- 34. Ibid., p.250-5L ton, D.C.: Cataloging Distribution Ser- 35. Private communication from vendor, vice, Library of Congress,1990). March22. 1991. 22. National Library of Medicine, "Medical 36. Telephone conversation witlr C. Con- Subject Headings," lnd.er Mediats, v.3I, stantin,Sobeco Group, March 26, 1991. no.l, pt.Z (Jan.f990). 37. Mandel, Muhtple Thesau.ri,p.IO. 23. BarbaraWestby, ed.., Searc List of Subject Full-text databases for the humanitiesscholar

The Patrologia Latina Database a complete, machine-readableedition of J. P. Migne's Patrologia Latina from the Patrologiae Cursus Completus. The English Poetry Full-Text Database an electronic version of the complete works of 1,350 poets from the Anglo-Saxon era (600 AD) to the end of the 19th century. Both databasesare SGMl-encoded in accord with emerging Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) standardsand published with a liberal networking structure. For more information. contact Melissa Hendersonat 800-752-0515,or write to Chadwyck-HealeyInc., 1101King Street,Suite 380, Alexandria,Virginia 22314. /459

Noleson Operqtions RussiqnMonoqrophic Records in lhe OCLCDqtqbqSe: A Crisisin Shored Cqtologing

KonsfonlinGurevich

Bibliographic recordsfor all new Souietmonographs receioed'by the-Uni- oersiti oiTex.asat Ausiinduringaperiodoffiae montfu in thespmngof-1990 were'se'archedin the dntabasTo7 tne 64rc Online Computer Library Center.The typesof copyfatnd are describedand categorized.

A""d".i" librariesincreasingly are rely-

United States.

Rnsur-rs OCLC searchresults showed that there were no hits (i.e.,no bibliographicrecords located, thus original cataloging is required)' for 37.SVo (189) of the books. For 62.7Vo(318) of the books,hits were made(i.e., at leastone recordwas located). Of these,lI2 (35.2Vo)had Library of Con- gress(LC) call numbers,and 206 (64.8Vo) Jid not. The hits were broken down into the followingsubcategories. counted. The topics were literature . Full-leve-i LC records with LC call (includingftction), history sociolory,eco- numbers(can be handledby coPycat- 460/ LRTS . 35(4) . Gureoich

alogers) were found for twenry-one many member records are plagued with @.Ia/o)of the books.This represented certain misinterpretationsof the Anglo- 6.67oof all hits. American Cataloguing Rules, 2d. ed. Full-level member records with LC (z{ACn2)with respectto Russianimprints, call numbers(can be handledby copy as well as by typing errors, particularly catalogers)were found for 9I (I8Vo)of when it comes to the diacritics. Such the books, representing 28.6Voof all records can only be improved by libraries hits. that are authorizedto permanentlychange Member reoordswithout LC call num- full-level masterrecords in the OLUC in bers (usually handled by professional order to share the improvementswith catalogers)were found frjr iZs (25.2Eo) other memberlibraries.f of the books,or 40.3Voof all hits. As a result, Slaviccatalogers across the LC sublevel records (minimallevel country are busy improving each other's cataloging or preliminary on-order recordslocally, o?ten withoul being able to records), and NaUonal Coordinated sharethe improvementswiti other mem- CatalogingProgram (NCCP) records ber libraries.This lea& to an enormous without LC caIInumbers (usually han- duplication of effort-the effort that could dled by professionalcatalogers). Sev- havebeen spent on catalogingnew mate- enty-eight (l5.4Eo) of the books fell rialswithout putting them "on hold" (and into this category, representing 24.5Vo thus generating more copy for copy cata- of all hi*. logersat all memberlibraries), or on pro- Ofthe 507monograpls searched, only I 12 cessingthe backlogs,which often contain (22.IVo)could be handledby a copy cata- older and more rare materialsthat require loger, 189 (37.3Eo)required oriqinal cata- originalcataloging.a lo[lng, and 3I8 (62.7%)also nEededthe attention of a professional cataloger (at Concr,usroNs leastto assignan LC call number). Theseftndings agree with the resultsof In recentyears,the roleofLC in supplying a much more comprehensivestudy de- RussianJanguagemonographic records to scribedbv Reid.which demonstratedthat the OLUC on a timely basis has been LC wasresponsible for only one-ftfth of all essentiallvtaken over bvbther insdtutions. new recordsadded to the OLUC in 1989.t mostof which do not useLibrary of Con- gress Clossificafion. Consequently,fewer recordscan be handledby copy catalogers, DrscussroN which effectivelyreduces the usefulnessof The distinction made here between copy OCLC for catalogingpuposes, especially catalogersand professionalcatalogers'is for smallerSlavic collections with few or somewhat arbitrary. In many academic no Slavicori$nal catalogers. libraries,paraprofessionals are to a varying This situation adverselyalfects many extent involved in catalo$ng above'thE member libraries and the'fteld of Slavi'c level of simply e&ting completerecor&. studies in general, and there is an urgent However,a suweyof fofly academiclibrar- need to discusspossible wap to improve ies conductedby Eskoz in 1986-87has it. The following stepscan be suggested: shownthat 65 percentof them were still 1. Slavic catalogersacross the country should be encouraged to improve existingrecords. The new OCLC system, PRISM,makes it possiblefor all member librariesto add call numbers and subiect headings to master At present, most of the Russian-lan- records, and this new possibility guagemember recordsare addedby sev- shouldnot be ignored. eral libraries that are not usingthe Library 2. OCLC needs further to encourage of CongressClassification. Furthermore, original fulllevel input by all member LRTS . 35(4) o Noteson Operations /461

institutions through its fee structure eventuallyieopandize the whole conceptof and other means."Somesteps in this sharedcitilofing using bibliographic util- direction are alreadybeing taken. ities.An automatedsystem does not gen- 3. Fulllevel records should be made erate cataloginqcopy by itself. Automation more open to improvementsby other openstremindous'new possibilities, but its member libraries in the ftel& other eifectivenessis heavily dependentupon than those for call numbers and sub- the quality of human input. At present, ject headings. goodtata6ging is asessential as it hasever 4. Organizing specializedworkshops and been. preparinga manualfor Slaviccatalogen could signilicantly improve the quality REFERENCESAND No[Es of catalo$ng by member libraries and help to uphold cataloging standards l. Marion T. Reid, "Is There a Crisis in Copy No Relevant Indicator Found with respectto Slavicmaterials. Cataloging?: Yet," ALCTS Newsletter f :f f-I3 (1990). '"The Finally, the findings of this survey under- 2. Patricia A. Eskoz, Catalog Librar- score the cnrcial role of universal stan- ian-Change or Status Quo? Results of a dardsin bibliogaphic control.The lack of Survey of Academic Libraries," Library uniformity in just one singleaspect of cat- Resources 1,'technlcal Sensices34:38G-92 alogrng,namely the use of two dilferent (r990). classificationsystems (Library of Congress 3. Suchlibraries are called "enhanceJibrar- and Dewey Decimal Classiftcation),is re- ies," after the OCLC "Enhance" quality- sponsible for the fact that approximately control Drogram, Only sixty-two institutions e;ha;ce monographic one-half of hits in survey,or ur" a,tthoriled to all the the records in languages other than Chinese, nearly one-third of all the monographs, fapanese and Korean, and not many of were representedby copy that might be ihese Iibraries are involved in large-scale unacceptableto most academiclibraries. processing of Slavic materials. See Nita Another compromise of the standards- Dean, "Enhance Libraries Improve the minimallevel catalo$ng at the Library Database Q""lity," OCLC Newsletter of Congress-hasaggravated the problem no.l87:17-19 (Sept./Oct. 1990). still further. Standardschange with time, 4. See, for instance, Sally A. Rogers, "Back- but they should remain stindards. The log Management: Estimating Resources Eliminate Arrearages," Library trend toward lowering standanils Needed to cataloging Resources b Teclmical Seroices 35:25-32 unilaterallyand revertingto varioushnds of ( 1991). less-than-compl*ecatal"oging locally might 462/

ALCTSAnnuol Reporls, 1990-91

REPoRToF THE PRESIDENT Blossas chair. It is on target to hold the ftrst of its institutesin the fall of 1991.A plan- Energr! Outreach! Services!Vision! En- ning meeting chaired by Debra McKern thusiasm! Teamwork! Building on our started preparation for a 1993institute on Past!Shaping Our Future! The wordsand the care and preservation of magnetic phrasesthat characterizethe Association me&a. Institut6sand worlahopsplanned for Library Collections & Technical Ser- for the yearwere: vices'(ALCTS) year fit my goalsof build- r New Directions in Library Binding, ing on ALCTS' strengthsand convefng scheduled for September I4-I5, the fun, excitement,and opportunitiesof l990-canceleddue to low registration worhng with library collectionsand tech- o Businessof Acquisitions, June G-7. nical services. 1991 With the name-changeyear behind us, o Abridged 12 and DDC 2O:A Dewey ArcTS membersturned to organizingthe ClassihcationWorkshop, March 23- associationto meetcurrent needsandpre- 24, t99r pare for the future. The dMsion voted to ALCTS' initiativescontinued in publi- iename the ResourcesSection (RS) the cations.At its springmeeting, the Execu- Acquisition of Library Materials Section tive Committee moved to establish the (ALMS), and the CollectionManagement ALCTS Neftoor* Neros(ANZ), the {irst and Development Section (CMDS) was division news issuedin electronic form. established.The boardestablished an Out- AN2 wiil supplementbut not replacethe of-Print DiscussionGroup, a Scholarly ALCTSNaiilexer.It will be staff-edited CommunicationsCommittie, and a Pro- with assistancefrom the ALCTS Newsla- gramInitiatives Committee. The Boardof ter editor and an editorial board. Directors also authorizedthe establish- ALCTS' ftrst venture into electronic ment of a Task Force on Organizational publishing, the Newslolter on Serial Pric- Struchrre chaired by Charlotta Hensley ing Issaes(NSP/), continued as a division andchargedwith developing a recommen- publicationuntil May 1991.At that time dation for the reorganizationof ALCTS in ArcTS' ExecutiveCommittee and Marcia time forthe spring1993 ballot. The review Tuttle, editor ofand creativeforce behind of AICTS' structureencomDasses exami- NSPI, agreed that timing was good for nationofthe role ofdiscussiongroups and NSPI tofu publishedindependently by its the needto establishgroups with flexibility e&tor. The ExecutiveCommittee expresses as well as the ability to presentprograms ib deep appreciationto Marcia Tuttle and and other substantiveactivities. the taik itlr"" on Serid Pricing Issuesof ArcTS hastra&tiondly providedser- the Publisher/Vendor-Library Relations vices to its members and others in the Committeefor their energr and commit- library communitythrough re$onal insti- ment to mahng NSPI a valuableresource tutes and preconferenceworkshops. This to librarians throughout the world. year the executive committee brain- In a more traditionalpublishing initia- stormedideas for a newinstifute series and tive, ALCTS begana monographicseries, establishedthe SerialsManagement Insti- ALCTS Paperson Ldbrary TechnicalSer' tute Planning Committee with Marjorie oicesand Collectiorw,Edward Swanson is LRTS . 35(4) . ALCTSAnnual Reports,1990-91 /463 the serieseditor. The ftrst seriespublica- ResearchLibraries (ACRL). The AICTS t.on, Subjea Authorities in tlw Online En- AwanilsBrealdast feah:red keynote speaker sironment: Papers from a Confermce ProfessorWinton Solbeqg,a historianat the Prograrn held in San Francisco,June 29, Univenity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. I98Z edited by Karen Markey Draben- The ALCTS Endowment Fund was stott, appearedin March 1991. establishedwith a beginning balance of In additionto the fint publicationin the $10.000.ALCTS will ftnishfiscal year 1991 series,new AICTS publicationsin 1990- in tire black. However,the future is less l99l included certain as there has been a slight loss in o 1989National ShelJlistCount membershipcombined with more limited o Cataloging Correctly for Kids: An successin provi&ng profitablecontinuing Introduction to the Tools, rev. ed., educationopportunities. e&ted bv SharonZuiderveld ArcTS iJ actively engagedin legisla- . Cuide ti Reoiewof Library Collec'tions: tive concernsthroug.:h a rEfr'talizedt-lgis- Presensotion,Storage, and Withdrawal, lative Committee. ALCTS' concernsre- l-enore Clark, editor gardingpreservation and access have been . Guide to BudgetAllocation for lnfor- Incorp6ratedinto the ALA'sstatements for mation Resources,Edward Shreeves, the White House Conferenceon Library editor and InformationServices (WHCLIS). c Guideto the Library Bindinglnstitute ArcTS wasblessedwith a full comple- Standnrdfo r Library Binding, by lan ment of staff this year.The capable,pro- Menill-Oldham and Paul Parisi ductive stafTare: Karen Muller, executive . ALA Targa Packetfor Usein Presensa- director; Alex Bloss, deputy executive tian Mcrofilming by Debra McKern director; YvonneMclean, programassis- and Sherrv B'vrne tant; Marie Rochelle,administrative secre- Also this year,t\e Library Resources{t tarv: and BeatriceCalvin, administrative TechnicalSeruices (LRTS) editorial board assistant.Karen Muller and BeatriceCal- drafted and circulateda statementof edi- vin are sharedby ALCTS and I-AMA. The torial policy.The ALCTS Boardof Direc- shared-staffingarrangement is working tors approvedLRTS' editorid policyat the well andwas made permanent by the exec- AtlantaAnnual Conference. utivecommittees oTALCTS and LAMA at Conferenceprogramming, a traditional theirjoint meetingin November1990. Any basicservice to ALCTS members,contin- membershiporganization requires time uesto be strong.The 1991Presidentt Pro- from manyvolunteers,As importantas the gram wasentided "Collection Management volunteersare, however, the staffis essen- in the Online Environment:A Sampler."In tial to ALCTS'vitaliw. Bvthe time we learn all, twenty-eighthours of programmingwere our jobs it is someoneelse's turn t9 cgry plannedfor the I99l AI-A Annual Confer- the iorch. The continuity is provided by enceinAdanta. Preconferences were held the staff. on AACR2 Revisedand The Collection AsIpass ALCTS'torchto mysu@essol DevelopmenVPublicSewices Librarian: I belie; that my goalshave'been met. The Challeneeof Dual Roles. Working with technicalservices and col- In 1991 distinguishedcontributors to lectionslsfun andsatisfiing. Worhngwith library collectionsand technicalsewices otherswho sharesimilar values is Person- were honored at the ALCTS Awards Breakfast.In addition, the &vision presented the Hugh Atkinson Memorial Award to Donald Riggs (University of Michigan). ArcTS @sponsorsthe award with t[e Librarv Adminisnation and Man- vital componentof the AmericanLibrary agementAssociation (t AMA), the Library Associati6nand facestomorrow with keen Information and Technolory Association anticipation and enthusiasm.-Ruth C. (LITA), and the Associationof Collegeand Carter. 4W LRTS . 35(4) . ALCTS Annual Reports,1990-91

Ceru.ocrNc Atp The Committee on Education, Train- CLAssrFrcATroNSpctrox ing, and Recruitment for Catalo$ng continues to draw manv observers at its The Catalogingand ClassificationSection meetings and had good attendanceat its (CCS),in all of its areasof concern,con- Annual Conferenceprogram,'Practical tinued to be veryactive andhighlysuc'cess- Practica: Graduate Librarv School Stu- ful in 1990-91. dents in the Catalog Dep'artment.- The Interest in subjectanalysis continues to committee experienced an injection of be particularly higtr. the Subiectendpis new energ/ through an increase in size, Committee (SAC) came forward with fu- both in new membersand intems, to cope ture program ideasran$ng fromthe Art Ct with the quantity andvariety of project and Architec'ture Tlwsauraus to implementa- program ideason its agenda tion ofthe-guidelines for providing subject The Committee on Catalo$ng: De- acc€ssto liction. scription and Access(CC:DA) continued Meanwhile, this year saw two gather- as one of the most active participants in ings indicative ofthe creative concEptual- maintenanceof the Anglo-American Cat- ization taking place in the lield of sribiect aloguing Rules, and iponsored a pre- *AACR2 analpis. At the ALA Midwinter Meeting conference in Adanta. Revised." SAC held a forum on issues to bE which wasvery well received,judging from addressed by the Library of Congress attendees'evaluations. invitational co nferenceon Libraru of Con- The Committee on Cataloging:Asian gressSubpa Headings(LCSHidbdM- and African Materials (CC:AAM) ap- sion practice in May. The attendance at proved severalstandards for romanization and length of the forum showedthe level and word &vision. Identiftcation of indi- of inter6st and concern among catalogers vidualswith expertiseto serveon this com- and other librarians. SAC chair Brad mittee continuesto be a challenge. Young,ALCTS participantin the Maycon- The CCS Self-Studv. submitted to ferenie, noted lhat th-econference iepre- ALCTS during 1990-91,'affirmsthe good sented a historic turning point for LCSH. health and smooth operation of the sec- At the Annual Conferencein Adanta SAC tion. In addiflonto the committeeactivi- 'Rethinking sponsoreda program, the Sub- ties mentioned above.CCS's manv task ject Catalog:Time for a ParadigmShift," forces; discussiongoups, including the which attractedan overflorvau&ence. new Researchin Catalogingand Classifi- SAC alsobrought forward two publica- cation DiscussionGroup; and operational tions for approval,one on displayof multi- committeesenjoy high participationand ple sublectheadings in onlinecataloqs and productivity. This successis due to the lhe oth-eron subielctaccess to audio.-visua] eners/, ideas,enthusiasm, and persever- materials-respondingagain to the need ance of the CCS memberswho serveso for information and guidance in these well asmembers andchairs ofourcommit- zueas. tees-and in no small measureto the very Similarly,the Catalogingof Children's able support and guidanceprovided by thb Materialsiommittee (CtMC) sponsored ALCTS nfr ,-M arily n McC laskey, Clwi r 'Dewey the program Discoveied: The New Abridged Edition" and had more CouNCrr,oF REGIoNALGnours attendeesthan anticipated. A springPublic Library Associationpostconferenc6 on the The Council of RegionalGroups (CRG) D*ry Decimal Classification ori$nated hashad a productiveyear during 1990-91, with CCMC andwas the {irst in a seriesof providing the essential communication planned regionalinstitutes. The commit- link between ALCTS and the state and tee is also exploringprogramming cooper- regional member groupsthat afftliate with ation with the American Association of ArcTS through CRG. It is through CRG SchoolUbrarians. A revisededition of Car- that the state-and regional grouls learn qlogrrg Corcectlyfor Kids also emerged about ALCTS activities that can be useful from CCMC. to them, andbythe sametoken, ArcTS is LRTS . 35@) o ALCTSAnnual Reports,1990-91 /465 made aware of the interesb of these strenethenedits role in ALCTS. At the groupsthat can be addressedprogrammat- Mid#nter Meeting the ALCTS board ically. voted to add CRG representationto sev- in this year'sspring election, a change eral divisionJevelcommittees. CRG now to the elcrs bytai* was passed Io has representatives on the Legislative increasethe effectivenessof eRG. The Committee,the NominatingCommittee' offtcersof the councilwere expanded from the Oqganizationand Bylaws Committee, the vice-chair/chair-electand the chair to the Planning Committee and the Program include a past-chairand a secretary'Dou- Initiatives Committee, as well as contin- bling the riumberof oflicerswill makethe ued representationon the Budget and prod=uctionof the CRG Nerpsletter and the Financ6Committee, the IntemationalRe- haintenanceof the CRG Drectory more lations Committee, the LRTS Editorial eflicient, and there will be more opportu- Board,the MembershipCommittee, and and StatisticsCommittee. nity-For for participationby afffliatemembers. the Research lhe past two years,CRG has had With the council fully participating in two ad hoc c'ommitteesthat havebeenvery ArcTS, additional oppottitttlu"i for ilftl- have been provided' -mitteeproductive. The Speakers'Bureau Com- iate participation . hasworked to compile and produce CRG continues to demonstratethe a list of ALCTS' memberswho ar6ulling to speakat stateand regionalmeetings in return for the reimbursementof expenses onlv. The list will be mailed with the CRG Infbrmation Packetin the fall and alsowill be availablefrom the ALCTS offfce' The list is especidlyuseful, as it includessub- ject and-geogiphicalindexes. PnrsnnverroN oF IJBnAnY The Affiliate RecruitmentCommittee MATERIALSSBCTTOX has been actively contacting state and regional groupsdevoted to col-lectionsand An important focus of the Preservationof tdhnical- serrricesthat are not currently Librarv MaterialsSection (PLMS) during afliliated with CRG. As a result, CRG has 1990-91continuedtobe to makethe oper- ationsof its subcommitteesand discussion

Dakota Librarv Association's Technical ServicesRoundtable, and the Mississippi Committee Structure, worked throughout Library Association'sTechnical Services the year to clariS the language-ofthe task Round Table.This increasesthe number forde repon to piep"re it for sfrbmissionto of af{iliated groups to forly-two. the ATCTS Organization and BYIaws Becausethese two ad hoc committees Committee.Also currendy under way is an were deemed essential to the work of examinationof the role of the Preservation CRG, it wasdecided to makethem stand- of Library Materials Dis-cussionGroup ing committeesimmediately following the now that eachcommittee hasone or more Ainual Conference in Atlanta. The Affili- correspondingdiscussion grouPs' In addi- ate RecruitmentCommittee becamethe tion, a cooperativepresewation progr.rms A{Iiliate RelationsCommittee and broad- discussiongroup hasbeen set uP to meet years ened its charge to provide a more direct once a 'vear for the next two on a trial link to afliliatesto help with programming basis. information and advice, as iell-is continl Sectionmembers also devoted a great ued recruitmentof new afffliates. deal of thought, time, and enerry to the In addition to strengthening the link 'progt"ris,planning and- organization of educational from the councllto its afliliates,CRG has precoiferences,and institutes. 466/ LRTS . 35(4) . ALcTsAnnualReports,lgg}-gL

Careful management and coordination will be requirdd to avoid duplication of effort as well as to ensure the dissemination of accurate preservation information in such a diffuse operational environment.-M a rgaret Chll d, Ch air.

RprnooucrroN oF LJBRARy Mernnrels SrcrroN 1990-91was an atypicalyear forthe Repro- duction of Libiirv ivlaterials Sedtion (RLMS). In addition to its committee activities, the section participated in a five- managem-ent,which would take the very year review as required by the ALCTS successful199-0 preconference sponsored Board of Directors. by PLMS and the ResourcesS6ction on The review, which included an exhaus- the road as an instifute. tive inventory of RLMS' accomplishments PLMS membersSandy Nybeqg and Bob from 1986 to 1991. benelitted from ttre DeCandido, along *ittr CL"" Ann internal review conducted by the Polictr DeCandido, wrote the tip sheetPresensa- and ResearchCommittee (chingedto foi- tion, A Comnwn Ground. which will be icy and Planning Committee in 1990) and used,among other pulposes,to briefdel- the active input of committee chairs and egatesto WHCLIS on preservationissues. {ive past section chairs. Information qath- Also published during the year was the eredshowed that RLMS s.rlidly sew6s its ALATarget Packetfor tlse in Presensation stated functions. Microfilming sponsored by the ALCIS In committee activities there were Preservation Microfilming Committee quite a few accomplishments. The Biblio- and written by PLMS members Debra graphic Control of Microforms Commit- McKern and Sherrv Brrme with advice tee is ready to analfze the data gathered in from severalof their fellows.It shouldbe its recent survey of Iibraries rilth micro- notedthat the specialpreservation issue of form-set cataloging experience. Itwas also The American Archh:ist, vol. 53, no. 2, pleased to see tfie acceptance of its pro- Spring1990, which appearedin the spring fosal to the National Iilormation Sian- of 1991,contained articles and a review dards Organization (NISO) that a com- essayby severalPLMS members.PLMS cooperation with and support of other

ence. Moreover, it formed a subcommittee Finally, work is currentlywell advancedon to focus on issues related to reprographics new editionsof the Core nlbllography and, equipment-a need identiffed b/parUci of &re Continuing Edacatian Dlreaory . tt pants at the Public Service Managers of seemsclear that; PLMS succeedsii its Microform Facilities Discussion Group. missionto makethe entire librarycommu- The Standards Committee continued [o nity awareof the importance of preserva- monitor the status of standards work by tion to the full rangeoflibrary functions, U.S. and international agencies (e.g., the section'sactivities will be increasingly NISO, Association for Information and involvedwith thoseof other AICTS sJd- Image Management (AIIM), and the tions as well as of extemal organizations. International Standards Organization) and LRTS . 35(4) . ALCTSAnnual Reports,1990-91 /467 to provide input as appropriate. Such Library MaterialsPrice Index Committee, effdrt contribritedto the 6stablishmentof and "Collection Dwelopment Librarians a Library Ad Hoc Group by AIIM in Sep- tember 1SSO,the.eby iisututing a formal channelfor communicationand-collaboration with the library andinformation com- muniW.In addition.the committeeis close 'speciftcations to a ft'nalversion of its for PresewationMicrolilming-Microftche." The Electronic Imaging Technologies Committee is planning to presenta pro- AcquisitionsInstitute was held June 6-7, gramon scanningtechnologies at the 1992 199f. The Mid-Atlantic Institute is being AnnualConference. The EducationCom- plannedfor 1993.The Florida Collection mittee formulateda concretework plan to Managementand DevelopmentInstitute is beiig planned for late 1992 or early r993. The ALCTS PublicationsCommittee libraries to considerin contract negotia- tions with publishers. Asidefiom the work of its committees, the Reproduction of Library Materials guidescompleted by the CollectionMan- Discussion Group, the Public Service agement and Development Committee Managersof Microform FacilitiesDiscus- riere publishedprior tb the 1991Annual sionGroup, and the RLMS-PLMSDiscus- Confe-rence:Guidc to Reoiewof Library and sion Group-forums continued to serve as well- Colleaioru: Preseruation, Storage, attended for discussion and WitMrawal and Guid'eto Budget Alloca' reporting on a ftnge of topics related to reprographics.They alsohelped to gener- at6 idEdfor RLMS commitieestoTollow up in a more focusedmannet asexempli- {ied by the establishmentof a subcommittee to addressreproduction equipment needsby the CopyingCommittee. sion to tlre ALCTS Neusletter The Acqui- Given the strong performanceof its sitions Committee's draft "Guide to committeesand discussion groups in 1990- 91, RLMS is expected to continue an active coursein the coming year.-Shidey Leung, Chair

lishedin the ALCTS Newsl.etten REsouRcEsSrcrroN The ResourcesSection (RS) sponsoreda number of successfulprograms. A pre- conferenceon'"The Collection Develop- menVPublic Services Librarian: The Challengeof Dual Roles"was cosponsored with th6 Reference and Adult- Services winter Meeting. With the approvalof the Division(RAS D) CollectionDevelopment ResourcesSection membershipthe sec- and Evaluation Section (CODES). Two tion's name and chargewere ehangedfol- programs were sponsoredat the 1991 lowing the 1991 Annual Conferenceto Annual Conference:"Pricing Issueswith refleci its newlv defined responsibilityas the New Media," sponsoreilby the RS the Acquisition'sof Library iliaterialsSec- 468/ LRTS . 35(4) . ALcTsAnnualReports,l99l-9l

tion (ALMS). Both RSand CMDS carried quisitiotu of Serials Unit and the Syllabus out a two-tiered review of committee for Colleaion Management,Records Sys- structure and planned to make committee terns,and Preseruation.The committee is appointments immediately following the also monitoring the Preliminary Draft of l99l AnnualConference. A list ofthe new tlw Accreditation Standards and has also committeesand their chargeswill appear urgedtheExecutive Committee to appoint in the ALCTS Neusbtter.-Gay N. Dan- a task force to review the draft and create nelly, Chair. a list of competencies. The Poliry and ResearchCommittee took severalimportant initiatives in 1990- Srnrer,s SncrroN 91. It passeda-recommended revision to The dominant theme of activitiesof the the Bowker/Ulrich's Serials Award Com- SerialsSection (SS) during 1990-91was mittee charge,monitored the statusof the "cooperation."This was accomplishedin a First StepAward, and discussedthe role of number of wa1n,but most signilicantly by research as it relates to the committee the 1991 Annual Conference program: itself and to the section as a whole. The 'serial Linla That Bind: Serialsaird I-nter- committee is alsoworhng on the creation of an orientation guide for the section. The Committeeto StudvSerials Cata- loging reported on a meeting attended by more than sixty guestswho leamed of recent developme-ntsfrom the Ubrary of the reportingof serialsholdings. Congressand CC:DA, Issuesof concern The majoraccomplishment for theyear included merged bibliographic records in wasthe approvalof the First StepAward. the OCLC OnlineComputer Library Cen- The purpose of the grant is to provide ter Online Union Catalog (OLUC) and librarians new to the serials field with an their impact on holdingsand union lists, opportunity to broaden their perspective and the implicationsofCD-RoMs, elec- and to encour€e professionaldevelop- tronic joumals, and computer {iles for ment by attendanceat Annual Conference serial catalogers.This committee was re- and pafocipation in SSactivities. All ALA viewedand recommended for retention.It members with five or fewer years of pro- sewesas an excellent forum for serial cat- fessionalexperience in the serialslield who alogersto identifr and discusscurrent con- have not previously attended an ALA ceris and to gain awarenessofhow others Annual Conference are eligible for the are dealing with similar problems. The award. Cashawards are applicabletoward committeewillpublish its minutesso those round-trip transportadon, lodging, regis- unable to attend ALA will have accessto tration fees, etc. the topics that are discussed. The Committeeto Studv Serial Stan- dards reported that the committee was instructed in the ramiffcationsof using the MARC holdings format and its relationship to the 739.M standard and the andSerials Acquifitions Glossary.In addi- Library of Congresst role in maintaining tion, the committee is also worhng on a older formats and advancing new ones. Guidcfor PerformnnceEoaluatlon oj Sern- The committee is alsoworking on an arti- alsVmdors. It will alsoosponsor with the cle that will report the results of an auto- ALMS AcquisitionsCommittee the 1992 mation survev that is to be sent to serials program "European Acquisitions after vendors. 1992:East and West." The Committeeon Union Listsof Seri- The Education Committee reviewed ds discussedtape loadingofserial recor& for the ftnal time the Syllahs for Seriak into the OCLC OLUC, the project to CatalogingUnit.lt alsoreviewed the Sqr- mergethe NISO standardsfor serialshold- labusfor eolleaion Deoelopmentand Ac- tngs'(zes.aa1986) with the nonserialhold- LRTS . 35(4) c ALCTSAnnual Reports,1990-91 /465

mendedfor retention. In the hope of at-

tinue to be a centerfor discussion,support, and cooperationfor all serial librariansand those dncerned with senals.-Elaine K Rast,Chair.

Timeto orderyour newDewey. Expandedtofourvolumes, up{o-dak, the DeweyDecimal Classification organizestoday's information with cunent topics and terms. Newfeatures: . a manualt0 guidethe clasifier o a revisedindex for easier subject acces o moreinstruction notes . morcsunmary schedules for quicksublectovewiew Makeyourworld a littlemore orderly, and order today DeweyDecimal Classification and Relative Index, Edition20. 4 volumes,printed 0n permanent pap€r. rsBN0-91060&37 -7. $225.00. Sendyour order hday to Forest Press OCLC, 6565r rwn noaA,Dublin, 0H 43017 -3395. A!illlllForest trcillllPress DDC20, now in its thirdprinting Publisher of the DeweyDecimal Classificaion@ A divisionof 0CIf OnlineComputer l,ibruy Cente! klc. 470/

Decimol Clqssificolion EdiloriqlPolicy Commiltee AnnuolReporl

Jur-r l, 1989-JuNr30, 1990 ofthis edition had beenapproved in principle at the previousmeeting. The remain- The ninety-seventhmeeting of the Deci- in! portioniof theseitems were presented mal Classiftcation Editorial Policy Com- for discussion at this meeting. Parts mittee (DCEPC) was held at the-Library returnedto the editorsat the spring 1989 of Congress,Washington, D.C., on Octo- meeting for additional work or revision ber 12-13,1989. At this meeting,the com- were resubmittedfor examination.After mittee welcomeda new member,Patricia thoroughdeliberations and a lengthy dis- M. Thomas,Head Catalogerat the Stock- cussion]all parts of Abridged Ei[ti6n fz ton San foaquin County Public Library, were approvedfor publication.The com- who replaced Liz Bishoff as the liaison plete index was to be preparedafter the between the Catalogingand Classiftcation schedules,tables, and manualnotes were Section(CCS) of the Associationfor Li- ftnalized. brarv Collections& TechnicalServices and the'DCEPC. Also during this meeting MARC Fonuer pon Cl-lssrrrcertotl DCEPC badefarewell to Liz Bishoff,who resignedfrom the committeeafter serving The Subcommitteeonthe MARC Format nine years(198049) as a member and as for Classilication,chaired by JoanMitch- liaisonbetween CCS and DCEPC. ell, continuedits work by closelymonitor- Discussionsand actionstaken during ing the developmentof the format and by the 97th meetinginclude: reiponding wiih comments and suggei- tions representingthe needsof the Dewey DecimalClassification (DDC). In prepara- Corupurrrn BuslNESs tion for the meetingof the Machine-Iiead- Lois Mai Chan was reelected asthe chair- able BibliographicInformation (MARBI) person of DCEPC for a two-year term Committee at the AL,A Annual Confer- beginningin January1990. encain June1990, the subcommitteemet at LC on May 8, 1990,to discussthe pro- posedMARC formatfor Classiftcation(re- DnerrTenles eNo ScHnnuLESFoR visedApril 15, 1990).Discussion focused Asnrpcrp EprrroN 12 on the following areas: As this was the last meeting before the o Revisionof the Iixed lield publication of Abridged Edition 12, its . Simple and complexreferences contentsbecame the focalpoint ofdiscus- t 75X and 76X (subftelding and field sion. Approximately40 percent of the order) schedules,tables, manual notes, and index . 6XX (option 2 vs. option 3) LRTS . 35(+) .pgBPC Annual Report /471

The subcommitteetmain concernre- was established to draft a policy statement lates to the tracing of the history of the on meeting international needs, including numbers and display of the hierarchical removal of Western bias from standard structure, features that would aid greatly English- languageeditions, role oftransla- in online retrieval and databasemainte- tiois, optiois, ind "local" publication of nance,DCEPC's recommendationswere e:rpansions. presentedat the MARBI meetingduring the ALA Conference. Jur.r 1, l99o-juNn 30, l99l With the completion and publication of PT.ANNTNGFoR THE Furuns on DDC Edition 20 (19SS;and ebridled E&tion 12 With the publicationof Edition 20 andthe (1990), the DCEPC is now turning its completion of Abrideed Edition 12, attention to the long-term goalsandoblec- DCIiPC is loohng towird the future de- tives of DDC aswel'i asto t[e areasin n-eed velopment of the DDC. The next two of revisionfor Editions 21 and 13. These meetingsof DCEPC will be devoted to discussionof the immediateneeds of Edi- tion 21, aswell aslong-term prospects for DDC.In preparationfor thesetwo meetings,a pla-'nnilngmeeting was held at lC's Decimal ClassiftcationDivision on March 15, 1990,to discussthe agenda.The major topics for DCEPC'Sconsideration were PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE OF DDC identilied asfollows: A. Publicationmatters: nature and scope of the standardEnglishJanguage editions,frequency of publicationof edition, format, and ttr-"concept of con- tinuous revision B.Contentsof Edition 2l: extent and storage of information, the print and elec- frequency of complete revisions,pri- troni6 formats of DDC, and increasing ority areasfor improvementand revi- internationaluse of the system.With re- sion gard to theselong-term goalsand obiec- C. Editorial rules for Edition 2l tves, the folloiing rJcommendations D. Poliry on index were proposedbyDCEPC: E. Meeting internationalneeds A. Complete revisionsof maior areasor F. Electronic DDC disciflines will continue io be made One ofthe topicsofcontinuing concern when deemednecessary. to DCEPC and the editors has been the B. Priorities for compleie revision in form and content of the index. The fall future editionswere &scussed and the 1990meeting will offer the opportunityfor following areas,in order of priority, structured and thoughtful considerationof were identified asthose most urgently this topic. A submmmittee, chaired by needed: 350-354 Public administra- Arnold Wajenberg,was established for the tion, 370 Education,570-590Life sci- purposeof drafting the policy statement ences,510 Mathematics,200 Reli- irn indexing as baikgrorind inaterid for non, 700-770 Arts, 800 Literature, discussionby the full committee. The ind 100Philosophy. From this list, the issuesto be examinedinclude the scopeof areas for complete revision to be the index, criteria for inclusionof terms, included in Ediiion 21 will be chosen. impact of the DDC databaseand elec- A list ofareasin needofless-extensive tronic formats on the print index, and revisionidenti{ied bv the editors was whether the index shouldbe viewed as a alsodiscussed book indexor a svstemthesaurus. Anotler C.With the ever expandinguse of DDC subcommittee,chaired bv BarbaraBrarson, worldwide,the c6mmitteeconsidered 47% LRTS . 35(4) . DCEPC Annual Report

meansto improvethe systemfor inter- Orurn BusrNnss national us-e, including removing Com.mitteeBusiness Anglo-Americanbias from the sched- Atthe fall 1990meeting, Anderson ule and index. Joanne was electedvice-chairperson of DCEPC D. In an effort to improve the index,the for a two-year term beginning in DCEPC Subcommitteeon Indexing |anuary 1991.Also at this meeting,the cnmmittee made recommendafionsrelating to bade farewell to Lucia Rather, who has the nature of the index (i.e., it should served as the alternate representativefor be an index to a systemrather than to LC since 1987 and whose term on the a book), content and scope,terminol- committeeexpired upon her retirementin ogr, form of entry, andthe inclusionof early 1991. synthesizednumbers.

Edition 20 Ple,uNrNcron EDrrroN2l eNo Changesond. Correctiorw for rid.ge Editio n 72 ABRTDGEDEornoN 13 and Ab d A list ofcorrections and changesfor Edi- Publication of the twenty-ftrst unabridged tion 20 andAbridgedEdition 1-2,compiled editionof DDC is scheduledfor 1996,and bv the editors, was considered and ofthe thirteenthabridged edition for 1997. approvedfor inclusion in the next issueof With thesedates in m-ind,the committee Deb: Ailditions. Notes and Decisions. considered and approved the following Many of the errors in Edition 20 were documents:the fv?l-yearwork plan develi detected in tle course of preparing the oped by the editors of DDC and the edito- abridged edition. Numerous notes were rial rules for schedules,tables, index, and added in order to assistfurther the users manual. of the schedules,tables, and index. Many The committee also identi{ied 350-354 ofthe changesresulted from an effort to Public administration and 570590 Life make the numbers in the unabridged and sciences as areas to be considered for abridged editions compatible. In drder to extensiveorcomplete revision. The educa- keepsuch corrections to a minimum,it was tion schedule(370) is beingconsidered for decidedto publishin DC{r only thosecor- extensivebut not completerevision. Ot}er rections thit would affect the'application areasthat will receivespecial attention are of classnumbers. Minor errorsin spelling 290 Comparative religion and religions or punctuationhave been corrected in the other than Christianifo (especially296 mdchine-readabledatabase butwill not be Judaismard297 Islam and religionsorig- publishedin print until the nextedition.- inating in it) and 368 Insurance. Lois Mai Chan. /473

1991Division qnd Seclion Awqrds

Trm EsrnnnJ. PrERcYAwARp, l99l: with the profession,especially to improve Cenol Prrrs lllwxs aoolications of automation to library ser- vi'cis. Shehas done so in her teaehingfor The achievements of lea&ng librarians who are honored in mid or late career mav be more easilyjudged than those of nominees for the Esther f . Piercy Award. Pierry nominees must be iecognized as much for their potential contribu[ions to the profession is for their achievements in their lirst decade of service as technical seryices Iibrarians. In Carol Pitts Hawks, this year's jury has identi{ied a thoroughgoing profes- in-chief of Library Acquisitions: Prac'tice sional (some call her the "acquisition li- {: Theont. brarian's acquisition librarian"), a proven The rLcordof Carol'saccomplishments library leader whose already-extensive rec- cannot be fully appreciated, however, ord of accomplishments exempliffes the without understinding more about her as best in the {ield and shows t}re clear prom- a person.She is proofthatwe arelong past ise of a stellar career. thletime when Iohn F. Kennedymight use Evidence provided by librarians from his wit to conhast Southern'charmand across the nafion shows ihat Carol Hawks Northern efficiency: it is evident in all that Carol Hawks is and does that she carries with her the sensitivityand poiseof a Lou- isianaupbrin$ng andthe high qualityof a Texaseducation! But her successesalso havecome because of her commitmentto ment with great verve and sensitivity to principle and purpose. These qualities provide model service. Since 1987 she has frurr" iuon caril iapid professio-nalad- ierved with distinction as head of acquisi- vancementand a h6st oT admiring col- tions at The Ohio State UniversiW, where leaguesand loyal friends acrossthe United she has been an important leader not only States. within technical services and the library Having worked closely with Carol for but also in university service and in the several yJars and having attended more pioneering statewide OhioLINK project. than a few library outinpp,I can attest that Her professional association committee she hasa ftne ear for country music.She servici in Texas and Ohio, and especially in AL.A, has been substantial and highly praised. Carol Hawks has always sought to learn from others but also to ihare"knowledge 47A LRTS . 35(4) . l99l Dioision and SectionAwards

enjoyment of people makes Carol Pitts dent of the Louisiana Library Association. Hawksone of this generation'smost promis- Additionally, Perrault is a doctoral student ing leadenin librarianshipand a mostworthy in the School of Library and Information recipient of this presti$ous award-Wesley Studiesof Florida State University.She L. Boomgaarden,Prcsenntion ffiorfln earned the M.L.S. from LouisiranaState Ohia Stntethtoercity, Coluntb.n. Universityin 1969: Both PaskoffandPerrault have numerous awards,conference presentations, and BESToF LRTS Awenn, I99I: Brrrr M. PASK0FFAND ANNI H. PennAULT The Best of LRTS Award for 1991 was presentedto Beth M. PaskoffandAnna H. Perrauhfor their article"A Tool for Com- parativeCollection Analpis: Conducting a expandedprojectare presentedin a mono- ShelflistSample to Constructa Collection graph entitled Colleaion ProfiIes of Aca- Profile." thii article, which appearedin aaib Libraries : Comparatioe ColJection the April 1990issue ofLibrary Resources Analysi^sfor Cooperation, Final Report, b TechnicalSeruines (LR?S), was selected Council on Library ResourcesProject as the outstan&ng article published in #4041 (Baton Rouge, La.: Schoolof U- brary and Information Studies,Louisiana State University, 1990).-Roxanne Sell- bery Head, IO'Catalog ManagementDe- partnent, Indiana Uniaersity Libraries, Blaonington. ing style. In *A Tool for ComparativeCollection MARGARETMIIvN CT:rETTOru,I99I: Analysis," Paskoff and Perrault place the Mencensr F. Me;rwnr,r, descriptionofa localresearch project in an interestingmethodological context. They Margaret F. Maxwell, professor at the clearly anil carefully explain how informa- Grailuate Library Schoolof the University tion gatheredfrom a shelflistsample was ofArizona Tucson,is recipientofthe 1991 used to construct a meaningful proftle of Margaret Mann Citation, awardedin rec- Louisiana State Universityt library collec- ogniion of outstandingachievement in tions. Paskoff and Perrault iugue persua- catalogingand classificationthrough pub- sivelvthat similarstudies would be useful lication, teaching, service in professional else*here.The authors'shelflist sampling organizations,or practice. technique and collection profile concept In a mannerthat reflectswell t}rename- are signiftcantcontributions to the studyof sake whose illustrious career this award library collections. memorializes, Margaret Maxwell has Paskoffreceived her M.L.S. fnrm SUNY- made extraordinarycontributions in all of Albanyin 1972and her Ph.D. in Library'State and these areas of endeavor, First and fore- Information Studies from Florida Universityin 1989.Currently Paskoffis an assistantprofessor at the Schooloflibrary and Infoimation Studies.Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. She is also serving a two-year term on tfie board of directors of the SpecialLibraries Association. Perrault is headof Interlibrarv Services andReference Collection Development at the l-ouisianaState University Libraries in Assn.,1980), and its sequel,Handbookfor Baton Rouge.She is currently the presi- AACR2, 1988 Revision:Explaining and LR?S o 35(4) . 799l Dioisi,on and Section Awards /475 lllastrating Anglo-American Cataloguing won that institution's Five-Star Teaching Rules (American Library Assn., 1989). Award, a universigwide honor usually be- The publication of the ftrst of these stowed or, *"*b"., of large faculues works was greeted with enthusiasm and whosestudents number in thJthousands. intense gradtude by the cataloging com- A former studentwrote: munity. At thattime, the impendingimple- [Her] students graduate with the skills mentation of AACM was viewed with necessary to create cataloging. . . ' Thanks apprehension by catalogers and Iibrary ad- to her hands-on approach, [I received] a ministrators alike. Maxwell's Handbook (as foundation in the practicalities as well as it has come to be known) laid out in an the theory of cataloging and classification' understandable and thorough manner the She imparts a sense of the ever-evolving major points of the new edition, mahng it nature of the cataloging code, classiffca- tion and subject thesauri. [She] teaches her students, including those whose careers take another direction, to appreci ate catalo$ng as both a science and an art. Born in Sclienectady, New York, Mar- garet Maxwell spent her early childhood in attend and could be permanendy ready to Fitts{ield. Massichusetts, home to such lit- help with training and retraining in every erarygiants as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Her- catalog department. man lilelville, and Edith lVharton. At age Practitioners may agree with the pub- ll. she moved west when her father, a lishers of the Handbool

^Englishpracticing as a librarian and instructor in atrd Ubrary Science at Upper Iowa UniversiW in Fayette until 1968, when she set ofito Ann Arbor to continue her education. Library Association and the Arizona Li- brary Association, she has participated in acuviues that have broughi awariness of national concerns and issuesto the grass- roots practitioner, alongwith her penetrat- ing an-alysesofhow thoie issuesaffect local her dissertation research, under the fute- standards ofservice. lage of then-director (later dean) Russell As a professor of the University of Bicllack. She accepted appointment to the Arizona's Graduate Librarv School. she faculw of the Uni"ersiw of Arizona Grad- earned a campuswide reputation, having uate iibrary School afier graduation, ris- 476/ LRTS . 35(4) . 1991Dioision and SectionAwards ing from assistantto full professorin only eight years.In addition to teaching,she guided the school through a period of changefrom 1984to 1986,serving as its acting director. It maysurprise those who know Marga- ret Maxwell primarily through her work in the School of Information and Library Sci- cataloging and classiftcationto learn that ence of the Universityof North Carolinaat shehas a profoundlove ofhistory andthat sheis a scholarof Soutlwest historv aswell as of Arizonawomen and of thosdhbrari- ans,such as Lawrence Clark Powell,whose inspired leadership,determination, and visionwere an essentialforce in the development of our profession.Recently, in a brief paper titled "From Columbus to Computers" (Library Resou.rces{.r Techni- cal SeruicesM:23I-34, 1990), Maxwell combinedher lovesof catalogingand history in tracingthe BodleianLibraryi leap which academic research libraries can avoid into the world ofstandardonline catalog- the "approaching t'agedy. " ing in the 500th year of its existence.As The authori talent as a writer and scholar come through in his admirable analpis of a crisis about which many have writien but few have explained in iuch a clear and instructive manner. This article provides a maior step in the critical explo- iation of scho'larly journal publishing and Intner, Professor Gradaate School of Li- brary b lnformation Science,Simmorx College,Boston.

BLAcKwELT^/NoRTHAMERTcA SCHoLARSHIPAwenn, l99l: tion and Library Science at the univer- GmvDenrrr,r, Bvno sity.-Frank D'Andraia, Director The Blackwell/l{orthAmerica Scholarship Libraries, Unioersity of North Dokoti,"f AwardCommittee has selected Garv Dan- Grand.Fo*s. iell Byrd to be the recipientof the'award for 1991.Byrd was selectedfor his essay SERTALSSscnoN Bowxrn /Ur,nrcn's 'An Economic 'Commons' Tragedy for SERTALsIJBnARTANsHp Aweno, l99l: Libraries:Scholarly Pub- Research Journal DEANA L. ASTLE AND lishing and Pricing Trends" (CoIIege{t Crunr,rs A. HAMAKER ResearchLibraries 5l :184-95, 1990). The BlackwellA.lorthAmerica Scholar- The AICTS Serials Section Bowker/ ship Award, which was ftrst given in 1976, Ulrichs Serials Librarianship Award is honors the author or authorsofthe out- awarded, for the first time, to-two individ- standing monograph, article, or original uals, Deana L. Astle and Charles A. Ha- paperin the fteldofacquisitions, collection maker. According to Sue Anne Harrington, development, and related areas of re- chair of the award committee, Astle and sourcedevelopment in libraries.In addi- Hamaker, tion to honorin! an author,Blackwell/North working both together and separately, Americadonates a $1,000scholarship to the have gone far beyond the daily commit- LR?S I 35(4) o 1991 Dtuision and Sec'tion Att:ards /477

ment to serials librarianship by raising the LDS Church Historical Departmen! and awareness of the entire librarycommunity Brieharn Young UniversitY. of European serials publishers' pricing Lstle and Hamaker hive collaborated practices. Their efforts have led to international attention to the pricing potcies of journals and publishers' practices. In addition, they continue to encourage other efforts to research pricing and scholarly communication studies and let publishers lssl.tes. know that the issue of unfair pricing will not disappear. Asdehas master's degrees from the Uni- venity of Califomia los Angeles,and Brig- ham'Young Univenity, an'd a bacheloi's degreefrom Brown University.She is head of technicalservices at the R. M. Cooper Library,Clemson University, and hash-eld positions at the University of Missouri- bolumbia andthe Universityof Utah. Hamaker has a master'sdegree from ment of tools and methods to enhance BrighamYoung University anda bachelor's ac@ssto and managementof serials,and degree from Eastern Illinois University. other advancesleading to a better under- He is assistantdirector for collectiondevel- standing of the field of senals.-Michael opment for the louisiana State University H. RaidnV, AssistantHead., Seriak De- Iibr"ti"r and hasheld positionsat the Uni- 'IJnioercitgpartment, Unioercity Research Library, venity of Missouri-St.Inuis, YaleUniversity, of Califurnia, LosAngeles.

~~INDEX TO N)VERTISERS~~

AI,A 376 Archival Survival 375 Baker& TaylorBooks 358 CambridgeUniversity Press 3d cover Chadwyck-Healy 405,458 Columbia 2d cover Data Comp 39r EBSCO 353 Marcive 392 OCLC 469 Roth Publishing 4th cover H.W.Wilson 354 BookReviews

~~Richord D. Johnson,Edifor~~

~~487 489~~

~~490~~

~~495~~

~~501 501~~

~~502 503~~

~~504 504 LRTS o 35(4) o Book Reoiews /479~~

Subject Analgaia in Online Catalog*. retrieval,especially ifused in coniunction By Rao Aluri, D. AlasdairKemp, and with verbal ietrieval tools (a state6faffairs fohn J. Boll. Englewood, Colo.: not yet achieved in any current real-life Libraries Unlimited, 1991. 303p. application). Going from theory to prac- $37.50, $45 outside Norttr America tic'e, Chapter 8 is-devoted to the D-aoey (rsBN 0- 87287-670-5).LC 90-49786. Decimal Classification (DDC) and the The title chosen bv the authors--two Library of CongressClassification (LCC), Americansand one B'riton--does a disser- neithei oiwhiclh *as eueiittt"t ded to be vice to this book. Ir scopeis muchbroader: usedin an online mode and which,there- it coversnotonlythe topicalanalrnis ofworks fore, are woefully inadequate when so and the indexirigp-citr, but fuo the lan- employed.Still, DDC faresmuch better in guagesand sptems usedfor this purpose,as this respect than LCC, whose structure well asthe methodsofretrieval andthe eval- does ndt lend i*elf to any useful online uationof online catalop. The authors discuss ftrst the various files that constitute the database,focusing on the MARC format with due regard to its inherentlimitations. Chapter 3 on lan- guageis a lucid expositionof fundamental linguistic notions underlying natural as alreadybeen demonstratedin a pilot proj- well asall indexinglanguages-a topic select, is much easierto adapt as an online dom.ifever. treated in textbookson index- retrieval tool, although some structural ing but quite rightly put hereahead ofthe faults need to be {ixed. It is regrettablethat discussionofindexing languages.The dia- the Unioersal Decfurwl Classification gramcomparing all subjectindexing meth- (UDC),which is basedon DDC but whose ods on a linguistic basis (p.38) will be particularly helpful to students of this topic. The sublectindexing process itself (to which the bookistitle refers) is discussedin Chapter4,demonstrating indexing accuracy,ionsistency, exhaustMry and specificity with the help of (somqtimes hilariously wrong) examples.Chapter 5 examinessubiect heading systems, mainly the Library of CongressSubject Headings (LCSH) and. Medical Subpa Head.ings insultto iniury,the bibliographicreference (MaSH),critically evaluating their perfor- to it lists air dbsolete 19611ddition instead mancein an online environment.The syn- of the current 198H8 Medium Edition. detic structureof LCSH is iustly deemed Chapter9 is devotedto that unpredict- to be confusingfor the usei.Kqnvords as able variable.the usersand theii needs, a meansto subject acc€ssare dealt with in their multifarious and often inscrutable Chapter 6, which also considerscitation indexing and the integrationof back-of- tte-book indexes into online catalogsas potentialfuture developments. Chapter 7 on bibliographicclassiffca- tion (evidentlywritten by Mr. Kemp, the British coauthor) eschewsthe "marking and parking approachof most American textbookson that topic, discussinginstead the theoretical basis of classiftcation,the ter ll, andthe lastchapter summarizes the pros and consof enumerativeversus fac- conclusions. eted schemes,and the -onlinepotential of the Throughout the book, extensiveandfor classiffed approach to subject the most part recent referencesare given 480/ LRTS . 35(4) . Book Reoiews that will enable readers to delve deeper exercises,because not enoughinformation into any ofthe topics treated. Regrettably, is furnished.(For instance,it is not known the reference to the BriUsh Standard on how many pagesare in a book, whether it indexinghas a misleadingtypo (BS 6529 is illustraie'il'or how tall it is.) To do the insteadof 6519).Otherwise, there are very exercises,one must have accessto the SearcandLCSH lists and to the DDC and LCC schedules. Some of the authors'attempts to be comprehensiveare awkward. For instance, the t-extrefers to both the full and concise hastily cobbled together by an undergrad- uatestudent on a Mondaymorning after a raucousparV A second edition of this work, whichwill undoubtedlybe calledfor Canada in a fewyears, will need the extensiveana- Standardizationis a prevalent theme. The authorsfavor the useofstandardtools and methodsand discussthe implications of deviatingfrom them. There is much discussionof automation,and the latest tools are cited (suchas the 1988revision of Uniaercityof Maryland, CollegePark. AACR2). Standnrd Catalnging for Sclwol and Public Libraries gets high marks for Stand,aril Catalaging for School and curTency. Public Libraries. By SheilaS. Intner Akh;ugh the title refers to both school and Jean Weils. Englewood, Colo.: and public libraries,there is an emphasis Libraries Unlimited, 1990. 208p. on sc^hoollibraries. Some ofthe discuisions $26.50, $32 outside North America refer repeatedlyto the "mediacenter" and (rsBN 0-87287-7 37 -X). LC 90-21996. to the "iredia sirecialist."Elsewhere in the Stand.ard Cataloging for Sclnol and. text, public librariesare mentioned,but it Public Libraries is wide ranging. It covers is almostas though the public libraryau&- descriptive cataloging (based on the enceis an afterthought. An glo1 Ame ric an Cit afogu in g Rules,2d ed. I like the booli's treatment of various 6ACn2) and concentrating on the ftrst media.Instead ofrelegating nonbook cat- and secondlevels ofdescription); subject aloqing to a separate chapter, there are headings (including chapters on Sears e*r6lp'i"s throuihout the t-extfor formats suchis hts, sou-ndrecordings, and videos. (The indexto the exampleslists the types of mediacovered.) Wtll Standard Cataloging for School and Public I'ibranes, by itself, teach a tems,and the MARC formats).There are briefchapters on cataloginghistory decision makng, and poiicie"s.thi book includesbibliogaphies, a glossary,and two indexes(ageneral indexandan indexto the examples). In some wavs.this book resemblesa Paper-and Preaeroation: Current Issues textbook. Ther6 are numerous cataloging Recent Deoelopments. Ed. bY examples and exerciseswith answers. Philip Luner. Atlanta, Ga.:TAPPI Pr., However,the readercannot complete the 1990. 150p. papea $88 (ISBN 0- physicaldescription area for maiy of the 89852-500-4).LC 90-46550. LRTS c 35(4) . Book Reoieus /481

This volume contains a selection from technical and historical discussion of among the papers delivered in October deacidiffcationby RichardSmith. Descrip- 'To tions follow of the trseof Wei in Can- ada, the diethylzinc (DEZ) process,the Book PreservationAssociation process, the Bookkeeper Process,the Austrian method of aqueousdeacidiftcation, paper strengthening using parylene, and strengthening by g"ft copolymerization. Becausethe afliliations and qualilications ofauthors are notgiven, readersunfamiliar with the fteld may not realize that dl the The thirW-live DaDers have been authors have connections with the pro- gouped into'five ."du6*, the frst con- cessesthey report. The only evaluation taining expressionsof concern for preser- and comparison of the processesis by vation of our written heritaqe bv Oye, who reports test results for DEZ 'To. CongressmenOwens and Brown, ita tn'e ,tid wei text ofthe Pellpermanent paper - resolution Also in this ftnal section is a report on (nowPublic Gw 10I-4$). the successfuluse of microwaverfriation Part 2, PreservationConcems, pres- to kill insect infestations;it lacls investiga- ents overviewsof the problems and exist- tion into anylong-term effectson volumes. ing solutions, along with descripUonsof In the final paper Jonespresents the pros preservationprograms at severalAmerican and consof lamination and encapsulation, and foreign institutions. The viewpointsof although omitting to point out that most the NationalEndowment for the-Human- cgnservators now {ind lamination unac- ities and the Commissionon Preservation ceptable. and Accessare presented,including ratio- Overall this volume provides a good nalesfor microftlming and di$tization. dealofinformation on paperpreservation In Part 3, Testing and Monitoring of and the state ofdeacidiftcation and paper strengtheningas of 1988.As such it also servei as a Senchmark against which to measureour progressin meetingthe preservation challenge. In keeping with its dreme,the volumeis printed on acid-free paper.-Janet Gertz, Colunibia Unioer- sity, Neu Yod

Porck reports on the effects of pollution The Serfuls Directory: An Interna- before and after aging, and the damage tdonal Reference Book, Sth ed., causedby poor enviiroimental controls dn 1991. Birmingham, Ala.: EBSCO, volumes in the New York Public Library 1991.3v. $319 U.S., Canada, and Mex- compared to identical volumes in thb ico; $369 air mail other countries Dutch Roval Librarv. (ISBN 0- 913956-5-1;ISSN 0886- Alkalinepaper ii the sublea of Part 4. 4179). Two reports describe permanent durable The lifth edition of the SerialsDirectory paper;iS placein the paper-makingindus- lists more than 130,000serials published try, and conversionof acidic paper mills. around the world, Information for more Two further reports describestandards for than 80,0fi) titles hasbeen updated in this permanentpaper, and Scaggs discusses the edifion. The Directory lists more than 240 realitiesof alkalinepaper useby the Gov- serialsavailable on CD-ROM, reflecting ernment Printing Oflice and why it is of that medium'sincreasing role in the pub- limited effect. lishing industry. Sourcesof information for The last section, Book Preservation the Directory include the CONSER Technolo$es, is introduced by a useful database,EBSCO'S own internalsubscrip- 482/ LRTS . 35(4) c Book Reoiews tion database,and responsesto publisher Annual reporVthe Council of State questionnaires. Governments(p.3679) The Directory is in three volumesand QueenslandDept. of Agriculture and consistsof four major sections.The ftrst section(comprising volumes I and 2) lists the serialsalphabetically in 285 categories ( 147majortopics and 138 subtopics). Here is foundthe completeinformation foreach 'title serial-its key title and/or statement,"variant titles, publisher and/or sub- scription address,frequency, price, vol- uming, relatedearlier or later titles, etc., alone, but follows the term with the name and the tides of indexing and abstracting servicesttrat cover it. The remainingsec- tions, found in volume3, are an alphabetical tide index, an index of serialsthat have ceased,and an ISSN index. The Directory therefore provides access to an individual serial by subject, ISSN, and tide, but usuallynot by issuing body, even if the title proper is solely a g"n"tic term. The devristalingimpact of the lackof suchaccess is immediatelyobvi- ous when one examinesthe alphabetical title index,where, in general,each serial is listedonly once-by "primarytitle," which is either the key title (from fteld 222ofthe MARC record) or the "title statement- (from MARC field 245, which often includes a statementof responsibilty in additionto atide but maybelimitedto just the tide proper evenif it is generic).The Other sources of similar information indexalso contains references from earlier for many serials include the CONSER or later serials(from MARC lields780 and database itself, accessible online via the 785).These references are found under a bibliographic utilities, and Ulrich's lnter- corporate heading rather than title if a national Periodicals Drectory. Ulrich\, a colporatename is containedin subfteld$a directory with a long tradition, has an easy- of the MARC fteld.Thus.one finds in the to-unde'rstand and lredictable method of alphabeticaltitle index entries such as the entry. following: ihe Sertals Dreciory gives extensive, Annualreport (p.3650; fffteen entries valuable, and up-to-date information for are found here-thirteen "title state- the myriad seriat it lists. It is indeed un- ments" and two references) fortunate that because of the extreme dif- Annual reporVDepartment of Employ- {iculties in locating items in the alphabeti- ment and Industrial Affairs, Queensland cd title index, one might not be able to (P.3650) utilize that information.-,/im E. Cole, Annual report of Departrnent of Fish- lowa State Unioercity, Ames. eries (Halifax) (p.3666) of Annual report of the Department REFmENcE Business Regulation (Helena) (p 3668) Annual report - Queensland Dept. of I. Giinter Franzmeier has demonstrated the Cornmercial and Industrial Development need for accessby corporate name in /SDS (P.367s) as well. See his "Can ISDS Replace LRTS o 35(4) . Book Reoiews /483

ISBD(S)P' Interndional Cataloguing M. t-ee;Television andVideo by Margaret 12:41-44(1983). E. Chisholm and K. Michael Malone: TeletextandVideotext and CD-ROM and Itormation Technology: Dedgn and MultimediaPublishing by Nanc'),D. Lane; Applicatiora. Ed. by NancyD. Lane Micrographic and Opiicil Disc Technolo- and Margaret E. Chisholm. Boston: giesfor DocumentManagement by Dun- "Andrew- Hall, 1991; 354p. $39.95 (ISBN 0- i* MacKenzie and Link; 8161-1908-2);paper, $24.95 (ISBN 0- Personal Computer Softrvare by Linda 816r-1909-0). LC 90-43577. Main; DatabaseManagement Systems by When Nancy D. Lane was askedto teach TerrenceA. Brooks;Artificial Intelligence an introductory oourse for the University and Expert Systemsby Donald E. Riggs; of Washington'sContinuing Education Researchon InformationAccess by Raya Certificate Program in Ubrary Automa- Fidel; and Information Poliqt and Infor- tion, shewas unable to ftnd a text available mationTechnolory: An InternationalCon- "that covered a wide range of information technologies, giving bief background informationwhile concentratingon applicationsin librarianshipand related ftelds such as education,communication, jour- nalism,and publishing."To fill the need, she teamedup with MargaretChisholm, and envision what the future portends. and togethertley compilddthis very use- Suggestedreadings are included it the end ful volume. of each chapter. An excellent index is Althoughthis book is to be considered included.The intent ofthe book. asmen- an introductorytext, there are somtlpur- tioned earlier,is to supplythe very obvious poseful omissions.There is no introduc- need for a library automationtext. In spite tion to computingin general.Basic auto- of this, the chaptersdo not read like a mationterms and concepts,such as input, textbook.I found eachcontribution to flow CPU, RAM, and ROM, are not treatedin the textbut aredeffned in the glossary.The glossaryis very comprehensive,covering forty-ftve pages. It includes frequently encounteredacronyms and abbreviations, such as AI (Artificial Intelligence), and ETV (Educationaltelevision)llt alsolists the more obscuresuch as ITAP (in the and doesnot get boggeddown in automa- United Kingdom, the Information Tech- tion jargon. I{ot onliwould I highly rec- nolog, Advisory Panel reporting to the ommend this as a very useful text for a Cabinet Office), and VINITI (in the library automationcourse, but I would also USSR,the All-Union Institute for Scien- endorse its addition to any librarv collec- tiftc and TechnicalInformation). In addition as an overall excelleni introduction to tion, the glossaryalso deftnesterms, in- the world of llbrary automation.-Elaine cluding aspect ratio (the relationshipof K Rast, Northem Illinois Unioersity, horizontal to vertical units in a television DeI(aIb. image)and parity (a measureof the number ofbinary ls in a digtal character;parity Begond the Book: Extend.ing MAfuC can be used for verilication and control for Subject Acceas. Ed. by Toni puqposes). Petersen and Pat Molholt. Boston: There are twelve chapterson special Hall, 1990. 275p. $39.95 (ISBN 0- topics that have been contributed by thir- 8 161-1924-4)LC 90407 t7 . teen specialists,most of whom are librari- This looselyorganized medley of articlesis ans.These include Data Communications an unevenand unusualmixture that often byJosephFord; Networksby KerryWebb; makesfor stimulating,thought-provohng TelecommunicationsApplications by Joel reading.The referencein the subtitle to 4W LRTS . 35(4) o Book Reoiews

'subject acrcess"does not allude to tradi- the instructive articles succeedin provid- tional subject indexing but to providing ing a highly readable and enlightening acc€ssto tlre content of a wide varietv of introduction to MARC applications for nonbookmedia, i.e., accessto the oonient nonbookmaterials. ofmaterials often lachngtide pages,tables The most provocative articles in the of contents. or even words. The MARC collection are thosethat touch on the tech- format, intended initiallv as a means for nical and political issuesdrat confront the communicating bibliogiaphic data be- feasibility-and acceptability of MARC as tween computersystems, has become the the basis for information svstemsin the basis for information retrieval in librarv multimedia environment df the future. bibliographic s)4stems.As library informa- Deirdre Stam provides an entertaining, tion s;ntemsexpand to extend ac,oessto an although somewhatdistressing, account of ever-wideningarray ofresources, can the the lack of standardizationin the museum MARC format continue to serve ade-

consider the use of MARC for a variety of that the politics of standar&zation is an media: slides, archives, moving and sull issueas potent asthe databasetechnology. images,art objects,music, and museum David bearman confronts both issu6s artifacts. Authors write of using MARC in head-onin his essayon MARC for muse- a variety of nonlibrary venues: art muse- ums and archives.Pat Molholt closesthe ums, thesauruseditorid offices, university collection with a thoughdul piece on the artifact collections, government agencies. designof information systemsfor retrieval Some of the articles are descriptions of aided by artific.ial intelligence; she notes speciftc projects and applications of that if ri,e do not begin building informa- MARC, suchas feanne Keefe's account of tion on concephralrelationships into rec- a project at RensselaerPolytechnic Insti- ords(i.e., creatingthe knowledgebase), we tute to incorporate records for slides into are not preparin{for a future ^f,Ifront end the online catalog and Christine Hen- that could retrieve this information in pow- nessev'sdiscussion of the Inventorv of erful ways. American Sculpture. The project desbrip- The ioose organization of the varied tions can serveas usefril source material for contributions does not aid the reader in otrhen coping with similar objectivesand making connectionsand pulling together intrroduceissues in handlingqpecial material. threadi. The themes highligtrted in the Other articles are instructive, such as introduction are only a partial character- Linda Evans' illustration of using MARC ization of the rich content of this oollec- for realia (clothing in her example) and tion. One {inishesthis volumewishing for Martha Yeet carefully organized,informa- a different book, one that used these arti- tive explicationof issuesinvolved in apply- cles assource material and then pulled the ing MARC to moving-imagematerials. issuesand themestogether into i vision of The best of the instructive essaln is the future information syntems and a clear excellent piece by lache Dooley and Helena Zinkham presenting the theory and use of MARC lields 655 and 755 for terms describing genre and physicalchar- acteristicsof materials. Doolev and Zink- ham present a clear, thorouih, state-of- the-art description of the usebf {ields for content description and raise unresolved issuesin a constructivemanner. As a group, thoughdul catalogers and anyone inter- LRTS o 35(4) o Book Reoiews /485 ested in the MARC fomnt.--4arol Man- on the use of optical disc technoloevwith ilel, Colunrbia tJnioersity,Neu Yot* City. 'manyprints and phitopraph collectioril; and others' forg6tt6n perhaps because "Intellectual Access to Graphic Infor- they came before hlpertext and the Mac- mation.o Ed. by Mark Rorvig. intosh. Library Trends 38, no.4 (Spring Lunin's comprehensivesearch for the 1990):639-836.Champaign, Ill.: Univ. vocabularyterms neededto describeftber of Illinois Pr., 1990. papea $18.50 art'smaterials andobjects, techniques, cre- (rssN0024-2594). ators,and usersresulted in averycomplex Nine contributors report on their current work of 'listing and linding" graphicalob- jects-i.e., pictures, line drawings, and imagesof pages.Only one paper(by Har- old E. Thiele, Jr.) is theoretical.Four report work in progress at such diverse placesas NASA-ISC ImageArchives (Gary i. Selof0, National Libiarv of Medicin'e (Frank L. Walker and GeoreeR. Thoma), Rensselaer Architecture If,brarv's Slide Collection (JeanneM. Keefe),'and the Canadian Centre for Caricature's optical disc ima$ng system (Gerald Stone'and Phillip Sylvain). Toni Petersen describes MARC record and Library of Congwss the unfolding of the tut ls Architecture SuUect Head.ingshare changed or will Thesauns (AAT); Lois F. Lunin confronts haveto changetd rernainuseful As neither the descriptive challenges of {iber art; Lunin nor Petersenwill have the force of Howard Besserat the Universityof Cali- fornia, Berkeley,offers a prototype visual browsing tool; and William G. Beadey details how the Department of Defense CALS (Computer-Aided Acquisition and Logistical Support)has enforced standards papers are very instructive, especially in on the electronic publishing hardrvareand Keefe, Seloff, Lunin, Walker and Thoma, softwarevendors.- and Besser.Unhappily, the referenceswith Rorvig in his introduction describes each and every piper are inadequate,and these contributionsas "the great revolu- the index included (which coversthe en- tionarv transfer of ideas oncd confined to tire volume, not just this number) is little documents, to the universe of nonlin- more than an alphabetizedtable of con- guistic knowledge; a great stripping away tents. Little attention has been $ven to of the'biblio' portion of bibliographyfrom the graphic component" (p.639).To this revidwer the revolution so described did not begin with these contributors butwith many researchersand developerswho are not even mentioned in the referencesof an exception, where three PaPersare re- any of these papers:J. C. Gardin, who ferred to, but under "image"the scatteris worked on lexicographicproblems in han- very aDDaxent. dling archeologicalspecimens; K. Markey Th-iicollection of papersmakes for in- Drabenstott,who wrote a historical review teresting reading on-the subject, but it on the classi{ication of art obiects and must be seen for what it is, a collection of imagesup to andincludingautomaticclas- work in progress,not a historical review or siftcation efforts; B. Parker at the Library a trend-settingsymposium. It will be ex- of Congress,who did the pioneeringwori< tremely valuable for anyonewith current 486/ LRTS . 35(4) . Book Reoiews interest in the subject, but cannot be resouroes,compare media feafures,con- expected to provide a tutorial or general sider mediain bntext, and, finally,select perspectiveon all the work presentlygoing the media. Case studies are presentedto on.-Puiline A. Cochrane,Professor Env erihn, Syraatse Unioercity.

Teaching Technologiesin Libraries: A Practical Guiila. By Linda Brew MacDonald and otheri. Boston:Hall, designof sptem-providedonscreen help 1991.275p. $34.95(ISBN 0-8161- screens.The index rates user friendliness 1906-6);papea $24.95 (ISBN 0-8161- from +4 (The User Intimate System) 1907-4).LC 90-43579. through pointssuch as -l (The UserCrabby Automated information-retrieval systems Svstem)dorvn to 4 (The User ViciousSys- not only are quite different from frinted tdm),and it is a humorousbut effectiveguide sourcesin their format and organization, in helpingto undentandthevarious levels of but also inspire a different reaction from effecdrre-onscreenhelp. Help screensfor users and librarians than those generated both online and CD-ROM systemsare by computers and automated systems. included in this chapter. Emphasis is Thus teaching how to use a computer- placed on the princip-les that librarians based information source cannot be the must be familiarwith ihe help facilitiesof sameas teaching how to useprinted refer- the systemsin the library, that librarians ence materials.A discussionof how this direci usersto good help facilities, and that instrucdon can be effective forms the basis librarians take an assertiverole by telling 'a for Teaching Technobgies in Libraries, systemdesigners when weakhelp facil- which explai-nsoptions Tor technologr in- iiv needsto"be reworked." struction. Library instruction requirements for Computer-basedsources offer no idea CD-ROM sourcesand online servicesas of the sizeof the information coveredor of well as the renaissanceof audiovisualin- the stepsinvolved in searchingthesources, struction (AV combinedwith microcom- unlike a printed sourcewhich you can see and feel'andwith which vou vourselfcon- struct the search strategr. Standards of userinterfaces do not existfrom one computer-basedsourc€ to another,and each user approachesan automated source from a multifacetedpersonal perspective. the ffnal chapter is reached,which con- Thus rather than de6reasingt-he nted for tainsdetails oln the needsof specialusers, instruction as might havebeen assumed, those users in public, school, academic, automatedinformation systemshave actu- and medicallibraries. allyincreased the needfor teachinghow to Overall, Teaching Technologiesin U- usethese various technologies. braries is a collection of detailed informa- Various options for teaching technolo- tion on various approachesto providing $es in libraries are discussedin detail in instruction in the useof computer-assisted separatechapters. Caution is advisedwhen information sources.Each chapter con- deciding among the options (such as tains a qoodbibliography offurther read- CAl-computer-assistedinstruction, arti- ings. Ti'is work is ilso-, liorveuer,an excel- ffcial intelligence, hypertext, video, or leit sourceof basicinformation on both handouts),since no oneoptionwill be best the computer-assistedsources themselves for all computer-basedsources. The lo$cal and the irarious approachesto instructing stepslisted to follow in order to makethe howto usethe sources.Recommended for besi option selectionpossible are: identify public and technical services staffs.- the problem, stategoals and skills,deter- benise ,L Garofalo, Mid-Hudson Library mine learner characteristics. review the Systern,Poughkeepsie, Neu York. LRTS . 35(4) . Book Reoi,ews /487

Conoergence:Proceeiling* of the Sec- ond.National Conference of the Li- b r ar g anil Info rm ation Techn ologg Aatociation, October 2-6, 1988, Boxton. Ed. by Michael Gorman. Li- brary and Information Technology Series, no.3. Chicago: American Li- brary Assn.,1990. 283p. papea $45 (rsBN 0-8389-3382-3).LC 90-797.

Yid,eotechnologg and Libraries. Pa- pere prewnted at the Second Na- tional Conference of the Library and lnformation Technologg Atto- Technology is changing the structure of ciation, October 2-$, 7988, Boe- libraries arid enhancingthe role of librari- ton. E,d. by Michael Gorman. LITA ansas "information engineers"' Suprenant Guides,1 Chicago:American Library contendsthat technical=servicespeople are Assn.,1990.30p. papea $10.50 (ISBN 0-8389-7429-5).LC 90- 803.

MARC Format Integration: Three Perapectioea.Papers preaented at the SeconilNotional Conference of the Library and,Information Tech- nology Aatociation, October 24, 7988, Boeton Ed. by Michael Gor- man. Chicago: American Library Assn.,1990. LITA Guides,2.Chicago: American Library Assn., 1990. l9p. mentioned,as well asthe dilficulty in train- papea $9.50 (ISBN 0-8389-7430-9) LC 90-804.

man. LITA Monographs,l. Chicago: American Library Assn., 1990. 90p. papea$18.50 (ISBN 0-8389-7437-7). LC 90-800. The Library and Information Technologl Association(LITA) has releasedthe pro- ceedingsofits secondnational conference, abstracts. held iriBoston in 1988.in a seriesof four We are reminded again of our service publications-one a generalset of papers and three smaller volumes that include 'papers -Theon specializedsubjects. the^meof the "Effec- tive Technolory,Excellent "onT"tenc", Service: Put- ting the Pieces Together," is well representedby the papers in the general 488/ LRTS . 35(4) o Book Reoiews

dont provide service,we do. Your collection of the Anglo-American Cataloguing tion might look mawelous,but doyou pro- Rrrleswith thoseneeded to implementfor- vide marvelousservice? mat integration. Anne Highsmith $ves the This is a line collection of articles with librariant perspective on format integra- broad appeal.Our commitmentto service tion. Uppermostin the librarian'smind are seemsto be alive and well. Librarv school the wa;n that format integration will studentswill lind it a useful resource and so should jaded, tradition-bound librarians. Readingthis volume makesme look forward to the third national LIIA conferencein 1992. Videotechnologyand Libraries gives a the catalog user from arbitrary format brief introduction to such applicationsin decisionsrequired by current MARC stan- libraries. The articlesinclude i description dards(Is it a^musicitem or a serialitem? by CarolHenley of the DEC VAXVTX user- Can't be both!) and shouldstreamline the friendly interFaceto the DEC Library net- catalogingprooess. The local systemper- work. AngelaGiral writes aLrlutAWAbOB, spective is presented by Karen Coyle. Aoery Videodisc lndm of Ar&ercatml Retrieval enhancements are addressed Drauings, available on ttre Research Li- here as well as some potential problems braries Information Network (RLIN). with integration. For example,ambiguous JoanParkerandAlice Litdejohn of Califor- data elementswill haveto be dealt with as nia State University,tong Beach,describe well as the problem of reconciling "old.' bibliographic instruction aids developed style recordswith "nef style records. with Hypefiard, Pilot, and Qridz software. Littlejohn alsowrites about interactive video reference servicesusing Datapoint's MultimediaInformation Network Exchange (MII\D(). In the last section,three videodisc projecb are dercribed: the Forest Service Standardsfor Library Automation Com- photograph collection at the National mittee (TESLA) of LITA presentedtwo Agricultural Ubrary, image databasede- sessionsat the SecondLlldNational Con- velopment at the University of California, ference;the eight papers included here Berkeley,and the ProjectEmperor-I mul- cover the standardsdevelopment process timedia project. These "articles" were andthe implementationprocess. The stan- probably more effective as presentations dards development process is succinctly where visual aids were no doubt used to described by Patricia Harris, executive great advantage.They lose something in &rector of the National Information Stan- the translation to paper; those looking for dards Organization (NISO). Katherina in-depth information about videotechno- Klemperer describeswork on the Com- logr iright want to look elsewhere for a mon Command Languagestandard. The comprehensivetreatment. USMARCstandard for holdingsand loca- MARC Format lntegration presents a usefuloverview of issuessurrounding the planned integration of the various MARC formats into one format. RichardGreene

sion to USMARC. Use of USMARC for law materialsis coveredby Naomi Ronen. StephenSalmon writes of the need for standardsfor circulation systems.The standardsguru, Walt Crawfoid, tells about LRTS e 35(4) . Book Reoiews /489 technical standards that have failed. If you're just realizing how important standards are to librarianship, this publication is a good starting point.-lanet Woodtl, Virgilria CowrwrioZalth Uiioersltg, Rich- mond..

Librarie4 Erotica, Pornography, Ed. by Martha Cornog. Phoenix, Ariz.: Oryx, f99f. 314p. papea $39.50 other essays.I would not classifr most of (rsBN 0-89774-47 4-8). LC 90-46102. the contributors as intellectual' freedom How a library collects and makesaccessi- ble materiali that are sexuallyexplicit is a prominent professionalconcern because iuch materfrls are inherently value laden and controversial.No other topic, with the possibleexception of reli$onihas a litera- cumulative impact of all the essap that lure with sucir a wide range of quality and makesthe collection worthwhile. Gershon the ability to evokesuch strong emotion. Libraries, Erotica, Pomographyis a col-

knows"(p.51). The editorandherhusband attempt to deal with the meanings attach-edto the words erofica and,pomog- tributors provide a well-written summary of how thLy seethis conJlictworhng itseif out-primarily over the last three decades. Reading Ubraries, Erotica, Pomogra- phy reminiisone of someofthe basicprin- ciples of life and librarianship.This reviewer is alsoreminded of an incident in 1968 while having coffee with a library schoolstudent at the Universityoflllinois. The studentcomplained that a classassign- ment requiredhih to readClaude Brown's Manchild.ln ThePromised Land (Macmil- lan, 1965),which he describedas'abso- lutely {ilth/ and inappropriate for library selection.While I have forgotten the rest of our conversationthat day, I do remem- ber that about one week later t}re same student observed that Manchild. had an importantmessage andwas fairlywell writ- teri. Perhapsred6eming qudities really do inlluence acceptablelimits-regardless of whether the librarian is dealinfwith pro- fanity, erotic4 etc. In the introduction to the book the editor and her husband (Timothy Perper) 490/ LRTS . 35(4) . Book Reoi.ews

(p.14f). There are chapterson "Erotica lively set of paDerson a wide variety of ResearchCollections" and "Homosexual- topi6sgiven by riationallyrenowned spLak- ity Research Collections," and chapters ers.This collectionofpapers from the con- providing bibliographies on various as- ferencediscusses four'issues for the new pects of the issueof "Libraries, Erotica, decade":-exchangepreservation, pressures on the Pornography."Robert Rimmer (authorof scholarly (a librarian/publisher The Harad kperimmt) contributed "A discussionof the serialspricing contro- Connoisseur'sSelection of X RatedVideo- versy),the role of the pulilic lib-rary,and tapesforthe Library."His selectionofsixty fedtjral and state legisliuve agettdat.Th" videos compareswith three thousand he presenters are all recognized experts in *85vo has reviewe'd-of which . .. belong iheir fields. and each of the in?lividud inthe categoryofsick sexor are just boring to watch"(p.241). Timothy Perper concludesthe book with a long, almostrambling, essay on librarian aftitudes toward sex books. His imageof librarians is outdated,in my opinion. Particularly interesting, however,are his insights regarding any connection be- article to put them in the context of the tween sexualitymaterialsand sexualcrime. increasednational awareness ofl,he essen- Alsoworthwhileis his commonsenseques- tial natureofinformation access,the expo- tion, "Do you meanto assertthat rapistsgo nential growth of information available, to the library before attachng womenP' and the -entrality of the profession'srole. (p.291)I found the bookto be helpful asI It is alsosurprisilg that thire is no detailed reevaluatedmvown commitmentto intel- discussion6f coirmunicationsand elec- lectualfreedom. It helpedme realizeagain tronic accessas issues forthe 1990s,except for a reference to the National Research and EducationNetwork (NREN) in Gary Strong'sSamuel l-aznrow Memorial Lec- ture aid EileenCooket sectionon federal legislation pertaining to informaUon issu"es.More6ver, I woiuldconsider the current grim budgetpicture, both in termsof libraf' dlocationsind the shrinking sizeof the aiailableresource base, as soiething REFEnENcE l.John Berry "Drawing the Line," Library J ournal 104:2385 ( 1979).

Iwuea for the NeruoDecade: Tod.ag'* Chall.enge, Tomorroro'a OpWra+ nitg. A Conferenne Sporaored bg thc with information accessin one respect or Flarida State llnioenity School of another. and a more focusedintroduction Ubra,ry and Information Studies would have helped tie together seemingly end tlw Cefier for Profewioml disparate-Th"r" topics. Deoelaryefi and Public Sentice. *6 someexcellent articles in this Ed. by Alphonse F. Treza. Boston: volume.For instance,the readerwill lind: Hail, r99r. 177p.paper, $22.50 (ISBN a succinct overview of preservation from 0- 8161-1939-2).LC 90-28391. the national perspectiveby Pat Battin, the The participants at the eighth annual Li- -andpresident of the Commissionon Access brary Conferenceat Florida State Univer- Preservation;a thrilling accountof tle sity in March 1990must havecome away fire-bombing of the loliet Public Library fe6hng invigorated and stimulated by i and its subsequentrecovery by the director LRTS . 35(4) . Book Reoiews /491

JamesJohnston; a clearly organizedand meeting curricular needs. The need to well-documenteddiscrxsion of the current evaluat6policy and goals is addressed. serialspricing crisis by Duane Webster, Practical suggestions for carrying out Associationof ResearchLibraries execu- weeding -andprocedures include removal, retentioin. discard of materials.The techniquesare described in termsof manual and computerized operations.One chapteris devotedto preparingthe collection for automation. Throughout the work the practical applicatio-nsused by librariansant media sociation's Washington D.C. oflice-to specialistsenhance and explain the more mention just a few of the contributions. theoreticalaspects ofthe work. Termsare Thesepapers could be especiallyuseful for clearly deffned, with illustrative applica- library schoolstudents or new entrantsto tions and directionsfor using the forms the piofessionbecause several ofthe arti- presentedin the ftgures.All the forms are cles-providethumbnail sketchesof where ieprinted in one oT the appendixes.The we are and what we have done on certain adviceis sound and reflectsthe authors' issues. knowledgeof the realitiesof working in In summary,this collectionof papersis schoolsand public libraries.For example, not essentialreading, but ifone happened readersare encouragedto limit the size of to stumbleonto it- ihe time wouldblewell reports to administrators(an actual one spent perusing its contents.-Gillian M. pagereport is displayedas a {igure). Ref- McCombs,State Unioersity of NewYorkat erencesto related works and bibliogra- Ahany. phies provide additionalsources forlhe interestedreader. Collection Attalgeis for the School Li- Investingin this work will savelibrari- brary IWeiIia Center: A Practical ansand me-diaspecialists money that can Approach. By Carol A. Doll and be used to replace items in the collec- Pamela Petrick Barron. Chicago: tion.-Phyllis Yan Ord.en, Wayne State American Library Assn.,199I. 73p. (Jnia ercity, D etroit, Michi gan. paper, $9.95 (ISBN 0-8389-3390-4). LC 90-40208. Subject Authoriti.ea in the Online This practical'how-to-do-it" guide is de- Enoironment. Papers from a Con- signedto introduce school Iibrary media ference Program Held. in San Fran- specialistsand youth services public librar- cisco, June 29, 7987. Sponsoredby iansto a techniquefor gatheringinforma- Resources and Technical Services tion about the collectionthat canbe used Division, American Library Associa- in decisionmahng. Collectionanalysis as tion, Library and Information Tech- a meansof measriringthe quality bf the nology Association, Association of collection is presente-din t6e oontextof Collegeand ResearchLibraries, Pub- mana$ng resourcesto achievea desired lic Llbrary Association.Ed. by Karen Markey Drabenstott.ALCTS Papers on Library Technical Services and Collections,no.l. Chicago:American Library Assn.,1991. 84p. papea $20 (rs BN 0-8389-0558-7).LC 90-20824. The programfrom which this publication ing sources. deriv-est-ook place in a very large andvery Data analysisis described in terms of crowdedroom. For thoseof us who spent sampling techniques, qualitative and time stan&ngor sittingon the floor in-that quantitative methods for collection evalu- room, the new volume offers a welcome ation,ways to estimateupdating costs, and chance to return to the topic in comfort, ways to assesswhether the collection is dthough it cannotconvey the atmosphere 49% LRTS . 35(4) . Book Reoiews of keen interest and excitementthat ftlled tions.-Steplwn H eam, Unioercityof Min- the hall,prompted bythe April 1986debut nesota,Minneapolis. of the machine-readableLibrary of Con- gresstubject Headings (LCSH-mr). Still, Automation Seroicesfar Librarie* A most of what was said remainsfresh and Recource Eanilbook. By Ernest A. pertinent. Muro. Annandale,N.!.: VendorRela- Lois Mai Chant paperdiscussesthe use tions Pr. (One Bellaggio Place, P.O. of LCSH-mr to support cataloging, Iile Box 40, Annandale,NJ 08801),f99f. maintenance,thesaurus maintenance and 295p.papea $47.50 (ISBN 0-879491- 00-1). This latest addition to library automation literature is intended to assisiin the development of requests-for-proposals(RFPs) h* serreril strengthi: the breadth of its"ird directorv-stvle coverageof automation such a ffle be built to assistwith automatic servicesaviihdle to libraies, a selectionof heading validation. (This proposal was essaysproviding both hlstoricd and state- scheduledfor discussionat the May 1991 of-the-art information, and extensive in- conference on LC sub.lectsubdivision dexing. The handbookconsists of trhree -practice.) majoi sections including essayson live IoannaRood andWilliam Garrisondis- industry categories (hardware, software, .nri thu use of LCSH-rnr in UTLAS and network serdces, communications,and NOTIS, respectively.Rood offers a cau- value addedvendors);colporate and prod- tionary tale of UTLAS' efforts to provide uct profiles; indexesand a bibliogaphy. LC-basedonline authority files, repeat- This is not a handbook for the neo- edly outflankedby I,C'sown releases.She phyte.Written by industryspecialists, the also has words of wisdom for those con- L.Juyr *" to undentanding the templatingbatch processingof controlled clasii{ication"*"i"1scheme used bv Muro ilnthe headingsand enhancementsto LCSH-zlr. Garrisonfocuses on what NOTIS learned from processingupdates to LCSH-mr, and on blind reference problems resulting from LC's useof headingsin complexref- erencesand explanatorynotes, and as pattern headings. Issuesrelating ttre useof LCSH-mr as nications bv larrv l-eam of the OCLC a public accesstool are addressedby Liz Online Corirputer'LibraryCenter. A glos- Bishoff and Carol Mandel. Bishoff notes sarywould complementthis sectionquite differences in the attitudes of public and nicely. technical servicesstaff toward cpntrolled The meat of the handbookis the curpo- vocabularies,and calls for further investi- gationinto the designofauthority ftlesfor fublic display. car6l Iraandel'sdiscussion of strategiesfor displaying multiple controlled vocabularies identiftes problems with each approachin this emerging fteld of research. As Karen Markey Drabenstott notes in her introduction,research into theseareas address,phone, contact person, sales, and 'development.promisesa new stage of online catalog target markets.The product profile infor- Meatr-:while,this volum6 ma:tion includes apillications; hardware, doesan excellentjob offraming the gen- software, and communication require- eral issuesdrivlng this developmentand ments; information products; and stan- outlining problems and possible solu- dards supported.Ndt all eolporate and LRTS . 35(4) . Book Reoiews /493 product proftles provide complete infor- Librurg and. lnformation Sciewe fue- mation in every category due to the seaich: Penpectioea end Strde- amount of information submitted by the giec for Improoemcn. Ed. bY respondingorganizations. Charles R. McClure and Peter Her- Ttre nid iection of the handbook is non. Information Management,Pol- icy, and Services[Series]' Norwood, N.f.: Ablex,199r.4@p. $69.50 (ISBN 0-8939r-73r-l);papea $32.50 (ISBN 0-89391-732-X). LC 90-25018.

Statistics: A Contponent of the Re- search Proceaa. By Peter Hernon. Information Managdment,Policy, and The bibliographic list is eclectic in its sub- Services[Series]. Norwoo4 N. l.: ject coverage,concentrates onjournal arti- Ablex, 1991. 198p. paper, $28.50 cles (and consequentlymisses such stan- (rsBN 0-8939r-759-r).LC 90-25781. dardsas ]oseph fr. Matthews'Clwosingan These recently published books in the Automated Ldb*ry System (American Ablex Information Manaqement,Policy, Library Assn., 1980) and John S. and Services series are iit"ttded to af- Quarterman'sThe Matrix (Digital Press, 1990)),and unfortunatelyneeds updating. A phone interview with the auttror revealed that At tomntion Sercicesfor Libraries: A ResourceHandbook is one

stand-aloneresour@ for evaluating automation servicesfor libraries. It does not ad&ess the general questions such as ment. The editors'objectives are to'Pro- 'How do I begin to locate the har&vare vide a state-of-the-artassessment, dis- and software needed to automate my cussion,and overview ofresearch in library librarv?" or "\Mhy is RISC architecture and information science;. . . Offer speciftc important and how doesit affect mylibrary recommendationsand strategies for re- auttmafion decisionsP' Ubrariars ani vendorswith enoush computer sawy to understandthe essalsfully and to be ible to relatethe useofthe differentplatforms, standards,hardware, and softw-arelisted will find the handbook helpful as a reference tool for quick look-ups.The hand-

companionvolumes and annual updates, it might well grow into the "authoritative reference"claimed by Muro in his preface.- indexes,and information about the thirry- Frase4 Failure AnalysisAssoclates, one authors. Jeanie 'Overview Inc., MenlaPark, Califumia. Part l. of Research in 49A LRTS . 35(4) o Book Reoiews

Library and Information Science," has ther. It is in this debatethat I find the book eleven essaysaboutthe nature ofresearch: most interesting and &sappointing.Unlike resour@s; national agendas; the role of the M"ry Io Lynch! Acad.emic Libraries: ResearchPercpectioes (American Library Assn., 1990),where authors almost uni- formly reflectthe prevalentassumption in librarianship throughout the past thirty vears that researchis the varietv of data- tion of library education. Part 2, "Practical collection and analysistechniques com- Context of Research in Librarv and Infor- mon to the socialsciences, essayists here mation Science," focuses on ihe roles of do discussmoving beyond that rirodel but suggest that we follow yet again other socialor expert paradigms.-acknowledgngWhat cause for celebratiori worild be that librarians'optionofchoosing from a variety of methods for adding to knowledge hasbeen and is our strength.Why arent we our own model instead of attempting le$timacyby imitation? This book should appeal to anyone interestedin library researchbut speciftcally to educators,siudents, and pracfition- erswho hopeto makesignilicant contribu- ical foundations. The concluding chapter tions to the literature of librarianship. is by Beverly Lynch. Members of the Associationfor Library It is appropriate that librarians assess Collections& TechnicalServices (AI,CTS) shouldparticularly note Joe Hewitt's ele- gandy written chapter about the role of administratorsin improvingresearch. Hernon'sintent in St4fistics:AContpo- nent of the ResearchProcess is to meet a perceived"need for a basicwork that pre- authors with differing experiences offer sents the researchproc€ss and different perspectives about research in librarian- statistical techniques clearly, sueinctly, ship; identiS, issues, constraints, and op- andas simplyas possible" (p.xiv). In eleven portunities; and suggest improvement chapters,he givesan overviewofresearch, strategies. They present an ilTay ofideas evaluation, and statistics; identifies jour- for our consideration, meeting the editors' nals in library and information science objectives. most likely to publish research(although Consistent themes throughout the es- one wonderswhat pulpose is sewed by saysare (l) establishing the proper role of pointing out that College b Research research in a ffeld dominated bypractition- Ldbrariesuses "research" in its title); dis- ers and (2) ftnding the appropriate model cussesreference tools that provide access to inform research in library and informa- to research literature: demonstratesthe tion science. The editors and many of the use of microcomputersin data analysis; authors share the general angsi about introducesbasic siatistical concepts, de{i- librarianship: Is it a profession? Is it a dis- nitions,and terminolory;presents statisti- cipline? Without an unequivocal answer, cal proceduresthat appearmost often in liErarians apparently havda difftcult time library literature; discussestheir applica- constructing a theoretical base for re- tion to library decisions;and summarizes search endeavors. Several essayistshere decisionsreiearchers make in selecting propose that it is both a discipfine and a statisticaltechniques. The authordoes not profession, while others aver that it is nei- intend this book to be a completesour@. LRTS o 35(4) . Book Reoiews /495

The most logicalcompanion is Hernon et In a broad sweepthe introduction sets aJ.,Statistidfor Libriry DecisianMaking: the scenewith a baclgroundpiece on IBM A Handbook (Ablex, 1989) because,he and the development-Background of the DOBIS/ notes, it provides the conceptual founda- LIBIS software. continuesin tion missinghere. There is alsoduplication chapterI with Polytdhnic's implementa- betweenthese two books,as well aswith tiori history-from specificationlto system other of Hernon'sworks. choice, to hardwarecon{iguration, to con- Hernon doessucceed in his objectiveto version of records to michine-readable provide a basic overview of the research form (done online directly into DOBIS/ '"ndDrocess. emphasizins quantitative analysis LIBIS), to preparationof the staff for the th. use of descfipiive and inferential new system. Separate chapters describe statistical methods for "library school stu- the variousDOBIS/LIBIS functions:i.e., dents, academic librarians new to the OPAC,acquisitions, periodicals and serials expectationsof faculty status,and librari- control, catalogingand maintenance,circulation, ete. In a concluding chapter on doingbusiness with IBM, the authorsnote that fBM seemsunaw.ue of what a good product they have. IBM marketing and iupport of the systemhave been eiratic, installationshave been sold in the "nd'fe*United States. (Reviewer'snote: there were no reportedU.S. salesof the system in 1990.) Chapter3, perhapsthe mostimportant Bwlder. in the 6ook, piovid6s a good overiiew of the DOBIS/LIBIS software, in terms DOBISILIBIS: A Guiil'e for Librari' readilvunderstood by the layperson.The atw and Syatems Managera. By chapt6r describes the uni{ueness and Peter Brophy and others. Brookfteld, strongestassets of the DOBIS/LIBIS sys- Vt.: Gower,1990.229p. $58.95 (ISBN tem-its integrated lile structure, per- 0-566-05590-2).LC 90-37019. muted indexis, and the flexibility of In the preface of this guide to IBM's options availablefor installing and running DOBIS/LIBIS integratedlibrary system, the software. the authors state that they are attempting The chapter dealing with cataloging, to give a generaloverview ofthe functions catalog maintenance,and bibliogaphic and operationof DOBIS/LIBIS. (In the data conversionleaves questions unan- Uniteii States the s)zstemis marketed sweredas regards dataconversion, MARC under the name DOBIS/LEWEN.) The format supp.-on,and the importing and observations made are based on experi- exporting f,'f tecordt. The airthors*state encethe authorsgained in the mid- to late thit gristol Polwechnic staff lacked 1980simplementing and operating DO- MARC expertise..Theywere happy and BIS/LIBIS Version1.4 at BristolPol*ech- sausfted#th the catalo!'ingmoduie ind its nic in the United Kingdom. The authors "hidden" MARC. Ubrarians steeped in report on Version2.0 changesthroughout worhng with MARC records and accus- the text. tomed[o thinking in MARC tagswill more The authors provide an easy-to-read, ttran likelv be vErv dissatislidd with the broad overviewofthe systemthat is honest catalogingmodule'as delivered. Further- in reportinq not only the system'sstrong -ote,"r"id catefullyor you might missthe pointi but aTsoits limitation;. Although nol information that programmingis neces- alwaysfully comprehensiveand not up to sary to translate data being loaded from date in that somefeafures are not covered, e*tLrnal sourcesinto DMIRC (DOBIS the reader can gain a basic understanding MARC). Such programmingis available of the sptem. from DOBIS/LIBIS sites,such as Emory 496/ LRTS . 35(4) o Book Reoiews

UniversiW.Comprehensive discussions of agement,with the pupose of helping "a these issues*ouid itr"reasethe relevance college or university identifr the adminis- ofthis chapter. trative conliguration most suitable for its Throughout the chapters detailing campusculture" (p.6).This purposemight DOBIS/LIBIS functions. reference ii have been achieved, for the report does provide a choiceof oqganizationalperspec- tives asfood for thought, but surely it is not so thorough that, fr6m its ftndirigs, 'the elementsneeded for successfulcoordina- tion and integration of [information tech- noloryJon cinpus will unfold'(p.niii). Few academiclibrarians would debate The book is recommendedfor those the idea that the managementof informa- libraries wishing to maintain a oompre- tion technoloryoncampus is averytimely hensive collecti6n of titles deding ilith subjectof study and discussion.But it is library automation systems.Those librar- such a fast-movinqtarqet that the validitv ies that have ah6ady purchased tfie of this snapshotofthe-way things were in DOBIS/LIBIS (DOBIS/LEWEN) svs- 1986 and 1987 is questionablein 1991. tem will be tempted to purchasethis ti'tle This potential wea]

the documentation is that many of the is devoted to collection development and examplesare outdated.Althoughmany of materialsselection policies for machine- the documents are from 1989 and later, readabledatafiles (MRDFs), also referred some are also dated as early as 1984.It to as electronic resources,or computer would have been more ef6ctive (when ftles.The reasonfor inclusionis the impact possible)to includethe mostcurrent doc- of MRDFs on financialplanning forlibrar- umentation. ies. Relateddirect and indirect costssuch Followingthesections on facilities,col- asstafftng, training, equipment, and secu- lectiondevelopment, reserve policies, etc., rity constitute substantiveconsiderations is a list of selectedreadings. The list is in the budgetingprocess. brief, consistingof six entries, and cites Other factorsreceiving attention in the books aswell asjoumal articles. materials selection policies are whether In general,SPEC Kit 162 providesa MRDFs provideimproved access to infor- clearoierview of the maiorissu6s involved mation if it is alreadyavailable in some in the establishmentani managementof other format, the nurnber of users,and an audiovisualcollection. However.narra- whethera commonvendor is chosen,thus tive and explanation (in ad&tion to the facilitatingthe useof similarsearchingpro- introduction) would have enhancedthe tocols. All policies adviseemploying ex- ht's effectiveness.In addition, although treme cautionwhen substitutingMRDFs the libraries included in the survey are for printed information. medium-sizedto largeacademic research The Allocation Principles from the libraries, the kit will be useful for any State Universityof New York at Buffalo Iibrary wanting to establishan audiovisual provide an interesting exampleof a guide collection.The documentationincluded in for the distributionof acquisitionsfunds. the kit is clear and of good quality and Goals,process, and ffscal contingencies are coversall aspectsofestablishing and man- clearly delineated.Other budget proce- agrng an audiovisual collection.-Mary dures include the Universityof Toronto's Beth Fecko, Rutgers Unioersity, Piscat- "A Mechanism for the Protection and auay, New Jersey. Establishmentof Library Acquisitions." This is noteworthybecause it attemptsto Materiah BudgeB in AKL Librariea. protect the acquisitions budget from ByPegryjohnson. SPEC Kit 166(july reduction in real purchasing power each 1990).Washington, D.C.: Ofllce of ManagementServices, Association of ResearchLibraries, 1990. 119p.paper,$30 (ISSN0160-3582). SPEC Kit 166 gapples with several weighty issuesfacing acquisitions librari- versityofMiami anda detailedpreliminary ansand other library administratorstoday. estimateof the l99l-92 serialscommit- The budgetingproc'ess is a{fectedby rising ment from Brown University round out costs,shrinking budgets, and new technol- the collectionof budget proceduresand ory. Managingfunds for maximumbeneftt is a challengingresponsibility. To that end, equitable distribution of funds (lncluding allocationformulas), monitoring fund bal- ances, and accountability are becoming increasinglyimportant. The results of a Fall 1990 SPEC suwey of 108 academic a policyand one ofthe lirst to be published library members of the Associationof ariywhere.A current list ofselected read- ResearchLibraries are presented in this kit ingscompletes the volume. as an aid to dealingwith these manage- SPEC Kit 166 is an essentialpurchase ment concerns. for acquisitionslibrarians, collection de- The scopeof this publicationis broader velopment coordinators, and library thanthe title indicates.Considerable space administratorsinvolved in the budgetand LRTS o 35@) o Book Reoiews /499

allocation prooess.The only flaw, a few materialsfor remotestorage include: con- blurred lin6sofprint on page38, is negli- dition,use or lackof it, agelformat,limited gSble.-Nancy Myers, Unioersityof South holdings(less than a run of two years),and Dakota,Vermillion. value (used by the Smithsonian).Docu- mentsreprcduced cover most of tle consid- Remote Storage : Facilitieq Materials erations needed for decision making and Selection, and. (Jser Sercicea. By speciftcations- for planningand execution. Virginia Steel. SPEC Kit f6a (May From a technlicalpo['rt, sincethe doc- 1990).Washington, D.C.: Offfce of uments have been copied as received, ManagementServices, Association of appearanceof some is-not the best and ResearchLibraries, 1990. 110 p. pa- there are some intemal inconsistencies. per,$30 (ISSN0160-3582). For example,letters at the beginningsof This report is the result of a suwey of paraqraphsare missing;there are manu- Associationof ResearchLibraries (ARL) icripl cliangesfor updalesand corrections, member libraries and is an update of especiallyfor numbers,but alsofor added SPECKit 39, publishedinL977. Libraries information;the date of 1850on page77 wereasked whether they had or wereplan- wassurely intended to be 1950.Th6 kit has ning to useremote storage. There is little limited usage,and the price of $30 could changefrom the earliersurvey. ln 1977,45 deter all but those still planning for stor- of 97 libraries respondingused remote age.However, for thoselibraries needing storage.In 1990,45 of 90 store materials this hnd of information,the detaileddoc- in a facility awayfrom the rest of the col- umentsincluded should be very useful.- lection; I0 more are planningfor storage; AmbroseEastedy, D rxoelltoum,Tenness ee.

Computer Files and. the Research Li- brary. By MargaretJohnson and others. Ed. by Constance C. Gould. Mountain View, Calif.: ResearchLi- ies from the samecampus with different braries Group, 1990. 59p. papea reportinglines, some from the sameinsti- $3.50 (prepaid). (Availablefrom Dis- tution but with different campuses,some tribution Services Coordinator, Re- with libraries from other institutions, and search Libraries Group, Inc., 1200 somewith organizationsthat are not librar- Villa St., Mountain View, CA 94041- ies. The 40 of 50 (68 percent) using or rr00.) planningstorage are in the processofadd- This work resulted from a ResearchLi- ing addiUonalspace, but evenso L7 of 4l braries Group (RLG) project begun in (39 percent) sayadditional space will not 1987for the purposeofdeveloping models havean impact on remote storagearrange- for collecting and providing accessto what ments. Factually,34 of 50 (68 percent) were then called machine-readabledata ARL libraries indicate that remot6 storage ftles (MRDF). In 1989RLG conveneda is an acceptable long-term solution to workshop for MRDF project members spaceproblems in their library buildings. (Dartmouth, Cornell, New York Univer- The surveycovered planning, selection sity, Northwestern,University of Florida, of materials.and user servicesat remote and University of Pennsylvania)and other facilities.Most of the kit is a reproduction interestedparties. The papersdelivered at of planningdocuments supplied by some this worksfiopconstitu[e ihe body of this ofthe librariesusing remote storage. Steel work alongwith the discussionresults and concludes,'Whilethe useof remotestorage project summariesfrom the participating facitties is corsidered to be an acceptab-le libraries. solutionto long-termspace problems, librar- RLG brokeimportant newground in its ies will want 6measr-,ieth6 effectivenessof project and the subsequentdiscussions. the storagearrangements in order to mini- Many libraries that were not involved in mizeinconveniences to usen" (p.2). collecting in 1987 what are now called Some of the criteria for lelection of computeililes arelinding their collections 500/ LRTS . 35(4) . Book Reoieu:s includea varietyof thesematerials such as fewer titles are purchased. As Gould and CD-ROMs, softrvare,textual {iles, and Pearce point out, most scientists rely heav- data liles. Some of these materialshave ilv on tire periodical and serial literature, been deliberately selected. Other ftles niuch of rn'hi"h *."r from abroad. The have arrived withjournal subscriptionsor asa resultoffaculty requests.The issuesof selection,acquisition, control, and access have become the concern of many rather than an elite few. The paperswere written by practitioners in large researchlibraries, but the issuesthev discussare the concem of manytypes of libraries,like it ornot. The authors, for the development of collabora- tive efforts at all levels. For each discipline, the authors discuss the nbture ofresearch and information and servicesuch materials. The basicconcepts, however, of collection development, access,and service are equally applicable to manysmaller and more oommoncom- puter liles. Suchfiles are rapidly becoming a standardpart oflibraries' programsin the at one's desk or in one's laboratory, ls a I990s. thread that runs through all eight chapters. The four papers are aimed at different Different hnds of literature are im- aspectsof computer-filemanagement, but portant in different areas. Each hnd of exceptfor the Marko paper there is signif- information generates problems in loca- icantoverlap in the issuescovered. Never- tion and accession. Many scientists need theless,this slim work shouldbe required reading for all librarians aswe face aworld increaslngly lilled with computer ftles.- SaraHeitslu^t, Unioenity of Arizona, Tncson.

InformationNeeds in the Scietwes:An Assessmrznt,Bv Constance C. Gould and Karla Peirce. Mountain View, works seems to increase use. In each Calif.: Research Libraries Group, section, *rere is a fairly extensive list of 1991.79p. papea $1 (prepaid).(Avail- print and electronic services, as well as able from Distribution ServieesCoor- soecidized databases. Althoueh not every dinator, Research Libraries Group, iiformation tool available ht been in- Inc., 1200 Villa St., Mountain View, cluded, the important ones are listed. In cA 94041-1100.) addition. the authors discuss a number of This book is one of a seriesprepared for the proiects that attempt to provide access to Programfor ResearchInformation Manage- i *ttot" spectrum bf infbrmauon from a ment (PRIMA) of the ResearchUbraries terminal on a scientist's desk. Group (RLG) andis basedoninterviervs with This book contains a fair discussion of scholarsand librarianscloselv inrrolved with the problems of scienti{ic information, but teachingand researchin eght scientlftcdis- it serves as a prescription for the future. ciplines:phpics, chemistry,biologr', geosci- While the ne-eds of'scientists for older en@s,astronomy, engineering mathematics,and computerscience. These are di{ftcult days.The purchasing powerof the librarydollar is dwindling rapidly. Although more money is spent, LRTS . 35(4) . Book Reoi,etps /5OI

acoessing,and delivering information.- Gui.dzto Reoiewof Library Collec,tiotts Kntheriie Pofter, Duke iJniaersity, Dur- coversthe relatedtopics of preservation, lum, North Carolina. storage,and deselection.It openswith a discussionof why suchreviews are needed, Guidc to Builget Allacationfor lnfor- e.g., widespreaddeterioration of materi- mation Reaourcee.Subcom mittee on als, spacelimitations, budget constraints, Budget Allocation, Collection Man- and changing needs and goals. Next the agementand Development Commit- guide covers sta{ffng considerations and tee, ResourcesSection, Association possibleprocedures. It then treatspreser- vation, storage,and deselectionin successive sections.Each of these sectionsis subdividedinto discussionsofbasic principles andpossible methods of implementation. The deselectionportion includesa timely discussionof criteria and methods for deselectingperiodicals and standing Guid.e to Reoieu of Library Collec- orders. tione: _ Preaettsation, Storage, and, Theseguides will be usefulto anyone Withdratoal. Subcommitteeon Re- involvedii collectionmanagement, 6spe- view of Collections,Collection Man- ciallythose new to the field. Becauseof tle agementand Development Commit- frequent referencesto other volumesin tee, ResourcesSection, Association the series (to avoid duplication of mate- for Library Collections & Technical rial),they are best usedinconjunctionwith these.-Fred W. Jenkins, Unioercity of Dayton, Ohio.

MARC Manual: Und.erataniling anil Using MARC Records, By Deborah Theseadditions to the CollectionManage- J. Byrne. Englewood,Colo.: Libraries ment and DevelopmentGuides series fol- Unlimited,r99I. 260p.papea $29.50, low the formatoftheir predecessors.Each $35.50outside North America(ISBN is in outline form. with a detailedtable of 0-87287-813-9).LC 90-13413. contentsfor easeof reference.Each has a The MARC (Machine-ReadableCatalog- glossaryof technical terms and a helpful ing) formatrevolutionized many aspects of bibliography. library service,although it is now taken for Guide to Budget Albcatian begins by ganted by most librarians(and patrons, reviewing the puiposes of a budgel docri- even though they are probably unawareof ment, its audiences,and its generalchar- it) . Few,however, are very familiar with the acteristics. It then proceeds to cover evolution and principles of the current allocation principles, the actual processof MARC format, which has its roots in the allocation,choice of allocationunits (for- pre-MARC systemsof the mid-lg60s. UenC Manuil proides the readerwittr a solid worhng knowledge of the history rationale, and usageof MARC in libraries. Although the internationalimplementa- tion of-MARC is discussed,the manual concentrates on the USMARC standard for the allocation of funds. The guide and its variation, OCrc-MARC. Exam- stressesthe needfor clarityand intelli-gibil- ples of practicesfrom the OCLC Online ity in budeet documenti and for car"f"t Computer Ubrary Center predominate, plannlng,do*"nr* building, and contin- presrimablybecause OCLCIs the largest uous review in regard to allocationcriteria MARC-basedbibliographic network. and methods.An appendixlists sources of Following a concise and informative price inlbrmationabout library materials. treatmentoFUenC theory and develop- 50? LRTS . 35(4) . Book Reoiews ment, the manual givesan overviewof the three different typesoflibraries provides structure of the MARC s)6tem, including a sood {inal analvsisof the value of MARC' " a helpful chapter on patterns with MARC Eachchaptei is supplementedby a bib- that makeit easierto use (suchas repeti- Iiography o"""tio"ul notes, but the tion of codes and numerical order of inJex'and glossary"tid are rather sparsefor a ftelds). A large portion is devoted to a manual.Thls volumeis to be pdised for its detailed chapter on the maior biblio- excellent organization.The presenceof graphic MARC codesused forbooks and consistent iubheadings within chapters ieldcted nonbook materials.intended to facilitates anal;nis and readability. The MARC Manual is useful for anyonewish- ing to qain an understandingof the struc- tri" *t"du*tages of MAPi=Cand MARC products-librarians (even cataloglibrari- ins could benelit from its generaloverview approach),programmers, vendors, library (title statement)field, for example,is the sihool stud6nts-(thiswould be an excellent commonproblem of inaccurateliling indi- sourceofreading for automationcourses), catorsforlnitial articles.The potentialuses and library board members.--4hristina described for each ffeld might clarify for Sokot, WLN Bibliographtc lnformation many readers the reasons for including Sercices,Incey, Washinglon. suchtechnical information asthat found in the 008 (commonlyknown as the {ixed Librari,es, Netuorka and OSI: A fteld of a MARC bibliographic record). Reoieo toith a Report on North Arnerican Deoelapments, BYLorcan Dempsey.Bath, England: U.K. Offtce for t ibriry Networling, The Library, Universityof Bath, 1991. 232p' paper, 828.$60 U.S. (ISBN 0-9516856-0-0). In any explosivelyexpan{ing profession suchas information technology, it becomes technicalsection on commonlyused bib- impossibleto keep up with ilbvelopments liographicftelds. on'all fronts. one ii forced to Secome "Tlie second half of the book revolves selective,focusing upon initiatives that will around MARC-related issuesand their havedirect bearingon one'sparticular spe- imDacton automatedsystems. Here the cialW' or areaof interest.However, it often author's background as libtury automa- ,ularproject or devel- tion consulta;t is demonstrated" to advan- ,ly assutireincreased tage. Emphasisis placedon featuresthat ome directlYrelevant ne"edto bi consideredwhen selecting an therebYcreating the automatedsystem. The nuts and bol6 of Lup. This is not alwaYs MARC record storage mechanisms and :the lagtime between reirsu6sequent docu- traditional literature sources. Open SystemInterconnection (OSI) is a casi in ioint. OSI is the exchangeof information among systems ttrat are "oDen"to one anotherby virtue of their *itu"l useof applicableitandards. It has movedfrom beingjust anotler acronym_to an indispensablepiece ofthe 1990stele- commutricationsiiqsaw puzAe, and this systems.The chapter on MARC use in publication is ari 6xceiltint resource for LRTS c 35(4) . Book Reoiews /503 tlose who both need to {ind out about current developmentsin networhng and needsome historical background. This report,commissioned by the Brit- ish Library Researchand Development Department(BLRDD), examinesaspects succinctly; specific network applications of the use of networksbv libraries,with are discussed;and there are chapters on special emphasis on North American document delivery, Interlibrary loan developments.It describesthe application (ILL) protocols,and the localsystems/end and developmentof OSI standardswithin userinteraction. the North Americancommunity and is an If the subsequentreports that result excellentoverviewof developments in net- from the BLRDD'S review of networking working among research and academic activiW live up to the standard set by this library systems.Concerns that the genesis reporg the piofessionwill have gaineda ofthe report indicatesa transatlanticbias superior body of literature in an area are needless.The basisfor the report was where not enouqh time has previously a twenW-live-dayfact-linding missionin beenspent on acciuatelydocumenting and l,tarch iggo, during *hich th"eauthor vis- descriBingchange. Th; BLRDD is io be ited twenty-six institutions or organiza- commendedfor its commitment to "fos- tions, ranging from the Library of Con- gressto Educom,from the OCLC Online Computer Library Center and the ResearchLibraries Group (RLG) to Car- negieMellon andthe RensselaerPolytech- nic Institute. This report should be recummended primarily to academicIibrarians and library schoolfaculty. It explains,very sim- NewYo* at Nbany. ply and usinga minimum of technological termsjust what OSI is and why the future lntegrateil Online Librarg Catalage. of networking in libraries is dependent Ed. by JenniferCargill. Supplements upon protocol suites such as OSI and to Computers in Libraries, no.2l. TCP/IP. This is a very well-organized Westport,Conn.: Mecklea 1991. 96p. "snapshot"of networkingdevelopments as $35 (rSBN 0-88736-675-9).LC 90- of March 1990.Naturally, as with anyfast- 449LL. developinglield, there'have been'many The diverse material contained in this changessince then, and there will continue monographrepresents eight papersdeliv- to be manymore. RLG is positioningitself eredat thi Computersin Librariesconfer- for a new role in the provisionof informa- ence held March 1989 in oakland, tion services;the National Researchand Califomia. The dominant theme of the Education Network (NREN) is coming conferencewas how to meet"the changing closer to a realitv: and institutions are information needs of twentieth-century resolvingthe poli6y issuesthat have pro- society."fennifer Cargill, who edited this vided stumblingblocks when technologi- text, statesin the introduction that the cal barriers have been overcome.The basiconline catalog, which hasbeen avail- report comeswith a variety of bonuses, ablefor severalvears. has Ied librariansand such as an introductory overviewthat tells patronsto expectand, in manyinstances, you how to get the best out of the book hemanda tn6t" efffcient product able to iccording to-yourneeds and levelof tech- offer additionalservices that expandour nical expertise;a selectlist of acronymsin information needs.The papersdelivered library automation and networking, the at the conference, althoirgh prepared length of which belies its descriptionas mainly for organizationsthat are already "select":a list of relevantstandards: a com- involved with online catalogs,also offer 504/ LRTS . 35(4) o Book Reoiews relerrant guidelines for the organization just be$nning ttre processof obtainingan

~~The editor and severalofthe contribu-~~

it may serve a useful role in encouraging the reader to read more widely on the topic. A well-researchedbibliography at the broader library constituency,especially re- end of the book to supplementthe rather gardingthe changinginteractions between uneven chapter bibliographieswould have technicalservices and referenceservices,

~~automation. An excellent annotatedbibliography of~~

~~servicespersonnel in any library organization at aiy stageof automation.4arol T. Lagasse,bapiial Dstrict Library Council, Schmectady,New Yo*.~~

Librarg Sgstemt Migration: Clwng- Thornas Lahman, Uniaercity of Notre ing Autom,ated Sgstemt in Librar- Dame, Notre Danw, lnd,iana. iei anil lnformation Centert Ed. by G"ry M. Pitkin.Supplements to Com- Etsaluation atd Library Decision puters in Libraries, no.30. lVestport, Makine,. By- Peter Hernon and Conn.: Meckler, 1991. 142p. Sa2.5O Charlei R. McClure. Information (rsBN 0-88736-738-0).LC 90-19920. Management, Policy, and Services This book containsnine papers,eight of [seriei]. Norwood,N.I.: Ablex, 1990. which were presentedat the "Changing 266p. $47.50(ISBN 0-89391-640-4); Svstems"session of the fifth annualCom- pap6a$24.50 (ISBN 0-89391-686-2). plters in Libraries Conference in March LC90-40478. LRTS o 35(4) o Book Reoieuss /505

Evaluation of library services has become sufffciendyto serveas guidesto conduct- a critical managem'ent function with the ing an eviluation proj6ct, while general growing emphasis on accountability and chapters on planning an evaluation study planning, as well as the need to set priori- arehore adequateas guidesto the initial ties in a period oftight budgets. ln Eoalu- stagesofevaluation. ation and Library Decision Making, fn terms of its statedobiectwe, Eoalu- Hernon and McClure have produced a ation and.Libraru Decision Making rnust clearly written, practical introductory text be acknowledgedasa successfulfork. It that concentrates on evaluation as a pro- effectively promotes a realistic apprecia- cess to provide management data for deci- tion of the role of evaluation in manage- sion mahng in libraries. Their stated goals ment. It is especiallyuseful as a source of are to introduce readers to the relationship information fbr readers at be$nning and between planning and evaluation, to dis- intermediatelevels of knowledgeof evalu- cuss the-cpmpo-nents of an evaluation study, to foster an attitude that recogrizes the importance ofevaluation for the devel- opmeni of library programs and services, to offer examples of the evaluation process that can serve as models for those conducting similar studies, to identt writings on evaluation in libraries and information centers, and to encourage organizational change and undersore the importance of evaluation to library decision making. Among topics covered are an overview ofthe evaluation process, the literature on evaluation, steps in conducting an evaluation study, evaluation designs and data collection techniques, samfling, improving not exist in most libraries. The frequent the evaluation process with a library man- andfacile use of the term "decisionmaker" agement information system,performance as if it had an unambiguousreferent in measures in the evaluation process, com- libraries in which decisionmaking is a communication of study findings, barriers to -cessplex organizational and institutional pro- evaluation and the'poliucal- context, and oversimplifies most organizational organizational change. Reports oftwo sam- settinss.Ifthe eoaloflibrary managersis ple studies are also included along with an n en#ed erraluoYtionin the decision--mak- ixtensive and well selected bibliogfaphy. This work is an organized presentation of information on the process and techniques of evaluation from awide varietyof sources held together by its focus on decision-oriented applications in library contexts. Its coverage is broad; thus the strengths of the work are as an introduction and overview, as a justification for the leadone there. Nonetheless, it is a valuable role of evaluation in decision mahng, and work, asthere remainmanylibrarians who as a guide to other sources for the mastery needto be convincedofthe valueofeval- of the techniques of evaluation. Chapters uation.-loe A. HerDitt, Unioercity of on sampling, dvaluation designs, and lata- North Carolina at Chapel Hill. collection techniques, for example, are rudimentary and iimply deftne and de- Automation anil Organizational scribe various concepts and techniques. Change in Librarier. By PeggY These chapters are primarily suggestive fohnson.Boston, Mass.: Hall, 1991. for the begnner attd ate not dei6loped 2otp. $es.os(ISBN 0-8161-1919-8); 506/ LRTS . 35(4) . Book Rersiews

papea$27.50 (ISBN 0-8 16r- r920-r). ]ohnson's, yet the ftndings are similar. Both LC90-26147. found that although changes in formal Peggr]ohnson examines the impactof organizational structure are not yet preva- automation on the structure and environ- lent, other changes are taking place, as ment of academiclibraries. She begins evidenced bythe increased use ofcommit- with a fascinating history of changesthat tees and tasli forces to address mutual con- have occurred in academiclibraries from cerns. In addition, Johnson concludes that the colonialperiodtothe present.She then automation has led to more communica- turnsto a discussionofchanging processes tion among staff, wider disnibution of de- andservices. As one reads her accormt,one cision-making responsibilities, requiremenb is struck by how rapid changehas become for geater andytical skills, and broader in recentyears. This ii a scholarly, and heavily documented,work. The arithorprovideiathor- ough review not only oflibrary literature bul also of literature from ttie ftelds of organizationalbehavior and management information systems. To test her own the studied libraries have dealt with tech- assumptionsabout the effectsof automa- nological change in relation to approaches tion and the theoriesset forth in the liter- recommended in the literature. ature,|ohnson sent a questionnaire,a copy Althoughthe focus ofthe book is clearly of which is in the appendix,to headsof on acaderiic libraries. the discussion of technicalservices of all II9 membersof implementation strategies should be use- the Association of Research Libraries ful to administrators of any type of library that is either undergoing,'i,r plans tb undergo, automation. The chapters on historical background and analysis of the impact of automation on library organizational structure make interesting reading for anv librarian or student of librarv sci- .nn.j ^, P Ntsclwlcr Arnold and Por- ter,Washingon, D.C.

REFERENCE effects of automatingdifferent kinds of l. Association of Research Libraries, Azio- functionsvaried. The numberofresponses mation and Reorganiaatlon of Technical from the ARL surveywas eighty-wo (a 70 and Publnc Seroices, SPEC Kit 112 (Wash- percent responserate) as compared to ington, D.C.: ARL, Office of Management ftfty-four (a 45 percentresponse rate) for Studies. 1985).

Connnctroru 'The Errors occurred in jana Lonbeqger'sarticle Risein Consumerism:The Year's Work in Serials,1990," which appearedin the July I99I issue.On pages323 and 330, Geraldine F. Pionessa'sname is misspelled.I,RTS regrets thefu errors. /507

~~Letters~~

From Birdie Maclennan, Serials Cata- LIBADMIN, which is aforum for issuesin Ioger and SERIALST Listowner, Buley/ libraryadministration. She does not "edit" Howe Library,Universityof Vermont SERIALST. SERIALST is an unedited and unmoderated open forum that does, I writing to to call attention to 'a am you your indeed, relay wide range ofquestions on error in the issueof LRTS (vol. 5, an July serials,including both acquisitions andcat- no. 3). On page 250, under the section by "listownerj' "Electronic alo$ng." It is administered a heading Communications," Birdie Maclcnnan, in conjunction with Karen A. Schmidt, in her review of the technical support finm Computer Opera- literature of acquisitions,1990, cites "an tions at the UniversityofVermont. electronic bulletin board, SERIALST, [which] is edited by PamelaBluh of the UniversiWof Marvland.' . . ." This information is incorrect! PamelaBluh of the Universitvof Marv- land set up the electronicbulletin boar8,

~~In MruonHu CITARLES W. BUFT.UM DECEMBER14, 1900-Aucusr 18, 1991~~

~~years.-Editor 508/~~

~~Index Volume35, l99l~~

~~Compiled by Edword Swqnson~~

General ProceduresUsedin Compilingtlw Index The following types of entries are included: a, authors----ofarticles, reviews,and letters b. titles----ofarticles and of articles about which Ietters were pubhshed c. subjects----ofarticles and of booksreviewed Subjectentries for individualsare identiffedby "(abou.t)";letters are identiftedby "(c)." Reviews are indexed by name of reviewer and by subiect of the work reviewed, *Books identiffedby "(r)." Theyalio are listed by title under the heiding reviewed.- Entriesare arranged word byword followingthe "{ile-as-spelled"principle. Numbers are arrangedbefore alphabeticalcharacters; acronyms without internal punctuation are arrangedas words. Pagingof Volume34: Pages l-128 = Number I (January) Pages L29-24O= Number 2 (April) Pages 24I-352 = Number3 (July) Pages 35H12 = Number4 (October) " illili$ill';ffi,'i1,"n, AACR2: L35-4O;123-?t lr), 230{r (r) Analpis of Catalo$ng Copy; 65-75 'Analpis 'AACR2 Rules Used in AssigrringAccess Points for of SelectionActivities to Supplement Books in Tlvo Subjects" 13540 Approral Plans" 202-16 Abbeg Neusleaen lO4-8 Anfu-Amertcan Catalogung Rules,2d ed..,see: Abstmcts and abstracting:231.i2 (r) AACR2 Directories: 344-45 (r) Approvalplurs:202:16 Academiclibrarie* N-30 lr) Archi l materials;33839(r) Infomation services:119 (r) Area studies materials Accesspoints, w Descriptive cataloging-Access Selection:336-37(r) points Arimna State University: 87-103 Accounting researchmaterials: 57-62 Armistead,Sally J.: a95-96(r) Acquisition of library materials:24554; 3i!7-38 (r) Arrearages:25-32 Automation:346-47(r) Astle,Diana L.:47617 (obotfil Bibliography:25154 Aul4 l,awrence W S.: 229-30 (r) Budgets:87-103, 49tl-99 (r) 'AutJnrity Control in a Bilingual OPAC' 42258 Budgets-Allocation: 87-l0il; 501 (r) Authority control: 125 (r) Study and teaching: 7-22 Nameheadings:217-28 Acquisitions librarians Subiectaress; 109-13;491-92 (r) Education:7-22 'Automated Systemsand SubcollectionDesigna- Acquisitionslists: l4l-47 tions" 170-75 'ALCTS Annual Reports, 1990-91"462-69 Automatic catalogingr135-40 Alkaline paper Automationof libraryprocessesr lL+L5 (rl, M6-47 Periodicals:lM-8 (r), 492-93(r),505-6 (r) Nkallm PaperAd,oocate: lO48 LRTS . 35(4) . Index /509

B How to Catalogue(Chapman): 230-31 HM to lnter?ret Statlstiul Daa (Simpson):348-49 "BacklogManagement": 2532 lmmth's Gulde tn tlw Lhrary of CongressClasslfi- Backlogs,see Arrearages catton (Chan): M3 Benson,Mary Margareb350.51 (r) ln Celebratim of Betlsal TS0(Wtsten, comp.): 34O "BestofLRTS Award. lSgI" 474 The hda and Abstract DlrecIory. 2d ed.:344-45 Bibliographic rehtionships: 150-58,3i93-405 lnfotmtlon Nuds ln the Hcnces (Gould ard Bishop,Nancy:377-91 Pearce):5ffi-501 "Blackwel7North America ScholarshipAward, 1991" lnfonnntlon Techrclog : fuslgn and,,Applbdtots 476 (Laneand Chisholms,eds.):483 'Bools Aren't Us?' 2{iit€3 Intcgrazd Odlrw llbrary Caalogs (Caqgill,ed.): Bools rwiewed 503-4 Abdd4ed Deuq Dulmal C lasslfbatbn md Relatfae lntellectual Aoczs to Grapldc Infonwtlon (Rowig, lndzr, lzth ed. (Comaromi, et aJ.,eds.): 3i19-40 ed.):485€6 AcademtcLibrades (Lynch and Young ed-): 229-30 lntmdtrctton of lndzxlng ard Abstrrctlrrg (Cleveland Adoatwesln Llbrary Autornttm and,Naworktng. andCleveland): 231-32 Vol.3 (Hervitt ed-.):lI4-15 ISBD(CF): htenwtlonal Statdard Bililiogrephic Ad,oarcestnLhrary BesourceSlanlrrg. Vol. I (Car- Desa'tpton for Convpuwr Ftles: 23233 $ll and Graves,eds.):350-51 Issvu for tfu Neu Decadz(Trez.a, ed.): 490€l kreriun Arehloal Analysls (Cox): 33839 Innguagz D*ntb&bn ln Databases(Whitney): 233 /r;dtoolsrnl Poltdes tn AF.l-Ltbrades (Brancolini): LC Rmwfizhlot Tablzsand Caaln $ng Polle,tes 497-98 (Tseng,comp.):340-41 Atnhotlty Cootrcl ln Mutc Llbrartcs (Tucker, ed.): The Llbradan, the Sdwlaa andthe F*ure of the tz' ResearchLlbrary (Smith):ll8-19 Autoflmted,Aqulslirtons (Dykeman and IGtz, eds.): Ilbrutles, Erotiu, Pmgmphg (C,ffnog,ed): 4{19-90 34G47 Llbratb, Nawor*g and OSI (Dempsey):502-3 Aunmafion and,Orgailznttonal Charge in Llbrarles Library ard. Infornntbn Sctawe Research (Johnson):5056 (McClureand Hernon,eds.): 493-95 Autotmtlon Senstcesfor Llbmrles (Muro): 492-93 Libmry atd, lnfonnalon Techalng St4ndrrds Behtad,theSurcs atthz Dgmrntc Llbrary (Fu)t (Gorman,ed. ):,1€i7-89 r?2-23 Llbmry Percpctloes oa NflEN (Parkhurst,ed.): 23lt- BegondtheBook (Petersonand Molholt, eds.):+&l- 34 85 Llbrary SystentsMlgratlon (Pithn, ed.):5(X Buglng Sertals(Buch and McQreen): 496-97 Ltnked Systansfor ResourceSlwdng (Slmn): 347-48 The Cataloguer\Way thrmgft AACR2(Piggott): MARC Fonnd lntegralon (Gormrn, ed.): 487-89 12.3-24 M ARCM amnl (Byne): 501-2 Colleaton Analgslsforthe SchoolLhrury Medta Motedds Budgetstn ARL Libradu (Johnson):498- Cmter (Doll and,Barron): 491 99 ComnorcanseCdabglng (Miller and Terwillegr): Mrcrographic SVstaw (Saffady):f2f25 I2G2L Mustc Codrngatd Tagglng(lVeicl: 23535 Cornputcr Filzs and tlp Rneardt ltbrary (lohnson, Neu Hodmrc ln ln.]fomwtonnerfuual (Ellis):349 et al.; Gould, ed.):499-500 Neuxpoper Presentalnn and ,{ca'ss (Gibb, ed-): 116- Conwrgence(Cnrman, ed.): 487-89 L7 Thc DedsfobMaktng Processfor Library Collcalots Non-BookMaedals ln Llbrartes.3d ed- (Fothergill (Koracs):117-18 and Butchart):345-46 D eoelopment s I n M icrocunptt in g (l2th lntema- Orgoilzl*g ond Monaglng Infonnntion Resourceson tional EssenSymposium; Helal and Weiss,e&.): Canpts (Hawhns,ed-): ll9 llt16 Os P6t Presertd (Higginbotham): 235J6 DOBIS|LIBIS (Brophy, et al.): 495-96 Paper Preseftotlatt: Current lssaesand Recent Edtttonof Ore:335-36 Deoebpnents (Itner, ed.): 480-81 Eumpean Lhrary Nawortcs (Neubauer and Dyer, Panerc atd Optlorc for Morc$ng lnfomwtlon eds.):342-4i! Teclvnbgg on Carnpas(Woodvorth): 496 Etsalwtlon and,Ltbrary Declslan Ma*dng(Hernon PresemdlonOrgantzatlon and Sffiflg (Reed- and McCIure):504-j Scott):334-35 Erpert Sgstm ln Ltbrades (Alurjutd Riggs,eds.): Remte Storage(Steel): 499 34I-42 Sc-lentlficandTechdcal Ltteroatre (Wdker and TheGreat Dotdz (Kennedyand Stockton,eds.): Hurt):347 351-52 Sebaton of library Matzraalsfor Area Sail.les. Part Gulde to BudgetAllocalonfor Infonnatlon l, Asta,lhtla,the CarlbbeanatdLatlo Amer- Raszroe (Subcommitteeon Budget Alloetion, lca, Eutern Europe and,tlw SooU Unton, and, CollectionManagement and DevilopmentCom- the South Pac,lfic(lohns, ed.): 3i|6-37 mittee, Resoures Section,ALCTS; Shreeves, The Sedal$Dreaory, ioilr ed.: 48l-83 ed.):501 Standnrd,Cataloglttgfor Schooland. Public bbrades Gulde to Redew of Lihrary Callecaons(Subcommit- (Intner andWeihs):410 tee on Review of Colletions, Collection Man- Stddsfics( Hemon ): 493-95 agementand DevelopmentCommittee, Srblect Arulysfs fn Onltre Catalngs(Aluri, Kemp, ResourcesSection, AI,CTS; Clark, ed.):501 and Boll): 479-80 510/ LRTS . 35(4) c lnd,er

SulrJec-tAdlnftles lnthc Onlhe hwaroflflvnt Cmperative cataloging:406-15, 46840 (Drabenstott ed.): 491-92 "Coopemtive Catalogingof latin-Americm Bools" Su\ect Cortrcl ln Onltne Cotalogs (Holley, ed.): 40&15 r19-20 "A Cost Model for Presenration"&354 Tmchlng Technologlcsh Ubradcs (Macdonald,,et 'Crisis in Catalo$ngRevisited": 265{2 al.):486 TechntcalSentces TodayandTomororo (Gormm D and associates):l2l-22 D'Andraia Frank:476 Thm Handbook of Qultty Control for the Micro- Dannelly,Gay N.:467S8 film lndustry (Thomu): 349-50 "Data SourcesUsed in Financial Research"57$2 Understandtngthe Buslnessof Library Aqurs,t ons Databroesr23iil (r) (Schmidt,ed.): 3il7-38 'Decimal Classi{icationEditorial Policy Committee Uslng OCLC (Warwick and Jenson):33334 Annual Report" 470-72 USMARCFonnat for Holdtngs Data (Network Decision-making:f f7-18 (r), 5045 (r) Development and MARC Sbndards Office, Descriptive cataloging:257 $4 Library of Congress):23&3tl Aress points: 135-40 Vtdeotechnolog and,Llbratles (Gorman, ed.): 4ti7- Bibliography: 26241 89 Deutsche Staatsbibliothek:159-69 Boomgaarden,We sleyL.: 473-7 4 Derveydecimal classi{ication:359-74 , 470-72;339- Bourke,Thomas A.: 307-18 +0 (r) British Library: 177-85 Muic materials:340(r) Browrson,Charles W: 87-103 Dewey Online Retrieval System:359-74 Burbank,Richard D.: I25 (r), 23a-35(r) DOBIS librarysystem: 495-96 (r) Burger,Robert H.: 236-38(r) "DORS: DDC dnline BetrievalSlstem" 359-74 Buxton,David T.: UL-42 (rl Byr4 Gary Daniell: 476 (about) E Erterly, Ambrose:351-52 (r), 499 (r) c "Editorial Policy"357 Callahan,Patrick F.: 116-17(r) "The Educationof the AcquisitionsLibratan"7-D, Card catalogs 158(con ) Userstudies: 19l-201 'EnhancingSubjmt Arcessibilityin the Online Cata- Cargll, Jennifer:347 (r) lod'109-13 Carter,Ruth C.:462-63 Epple,Margie: 170-75 Cataloglibrarians: 76€6 Erotic materials:a89-90 (r) "CatalogLibrarians and Public Seruices-A Chang- Eskoz,Patricia A.: 76-86 tng Role?"7636 "The EstherJ.PiercyAward, IffiI" 473-74 'The Catalosofthe DeutscheStaatsbibliothek as a Experts)stems BibliogriphicalResource" 160-69 Library applications:341-42 (r) Cataloging:120-21 (r),230-31 (r),

Ilemon, Peter:348-49 (r) lnsse,Carf Ll.;122-Lf (rl Hewitt, JoeA.r 504-5(r) [oup, JeanL.:202-16 Hill, Swan:114-16 (r) "LRLS 1990 Referes": 133-34 'HistorvJanet ofthe AbbevPublications" 104{ lloldings records:23ii38 (r) M Holley, Robert P.: 34243 (rl Mandel,Carol: 3354, 483-85(r) Hopkins,fudith: 123-2rl(rl MARC formats:501-2(r) Horny, Karen L : 3474a tl Format inteqration: 4€17-89(r) l{orrocks, Normanr332 (c) Holdinqs:ZSO+S (") Muic iraterials: 234-35(r) I Subjectaccess: lS3-85 (r) "Identifiing Barriersto EffectiveSubject Access in "MargaretMann Citation,1991" 474-76 Library Catalogs"37-9 I Mavell, Margaret F. 474-76(about) "ImprovingAccess to New InterdisciplinaryMateri- McCabe,Gemrd B.:332 (c) als" l4l-47 McClakey, Marilyn:4&1 Indexesand indexing:23132 (r) McCombs,Gilliam M.: 233-34(r), 490-91(r), 5023 Directories:344-45 (r) (r) Informationretriwal McCowan.Sherrv:377-91 Research:349 (r), 493-95(r) Mccrady, ellen, i0+8 lnformationretrieml systems Mccue, JaneL65-75 Studyand teaching:486 (r) Meador,Roy, III: 135-40 Informationseries Mering, Milgaret Y.:4lG42l Academiclibraries: ll9 (r) Microcomputeru Informationtechnolory: 468-69 (r),496 (r) Libmry use:115-16 (r) "Instructionsfor Authors"239-40 Microfiche Intner, SheilaS.: 474-76 Standards:186-90 Microforms:Lfol-25 k) J Qualitycontrol: 3+9-50 (r) Jackson,Mary E.:332 (c) "Modeling Library MaterialsErpenditue" 87-103 Jakrbs,Deborah: ff7-f8 (r) "More than Ten YearsAfter" 294-306 Jmper,Richard P: 34647 (rl Mueller,Carolyn J.: 4lG2l Jenhns,Fred W.: 501 (r) Multil-lS:422-58 Johnson,Richard D.: l14-25, 229-38,333-52, 478- Musiclibroies: 125(r) 506 Music materials Jones,Maralyn: 294-306 Cataloging:m+-35 (r) Clrosiffcation:340(r) K Myere, Nancy:+9&99 (r) Kruger,Kathleen 230-31(r) Joyce: N L Nameheadings, Personal: 217-28 Lagasse,Carol T.r S(lil-4 (r) National bibliography L,ambrecht,Jay H.: 257-64 Germany: 159-69 Iancaster,F. W:377-91 NationalBsearch and EducationNetworlc 233-34(r) Ianier, Don: 489-90(r) Networfs, Library, seeLibrary netrvorks Latin American materials Nelwpapers Cataloging:406-15 Presen'ation:l16-17 (r) Iaurentian Universig (Sudbury,Ont.): 422-58 Newton,Frank 160-69 I-ehman,Thomas: 5(X (r) Nonbookmaterials: 34546 (r), 497-98(r) Icung, Shirley:46667 Nonromanlanguages: 340-41 (r) Libraries 'Notes on Operations"IM-8, 109-13,459-61 Organization:5056(r) NREN, seaNational Resereh and EducationNet- Library collections work Subcollections:170-75 Library networls: ff4-f5 (r),502-3 (r) o Europe:342-4il(r) OCLC:3ilil-34 (r) Library of Congress:177€5 OCLC database:459S1 Catalogingrecords: 65-75 Ohio State University: 2532 Library ofCongress classiftcation:34il (r) O'Neil,Rosanna M.:33334 (r) Library processes;122-23 (r) Onlinecatalogs: f70-75,503-4 (r) Library science Autlrority controf; 217-213, 4?2-5& 49L-92(r) Research:493-95(r) Changng:504(r) Standards:4tI7-89 (r) Multilingual: 422-58 Linked slatems:347-4tl (r) Retriwal systems:359-74 Lisbon,Peter: U9-20 (r) Subjectroes: 10$13, 377-91;II$20 (r), 47940 (r), Liu, Songqiao:&59-74 48385 (r), asr-92 (r) Inberger, Jana:319-31 Userstudies: l9l-201 krsse,Arlvle Mansfield:122-23 (r) Open SlstemIntermnnection: 502.3 (r) 512/ LRTS . 35(4) o Index

Osburn,Charles B.: ll9 (r),496 (r) Acquisition:49G97(r) 'Ours Should Be to ReasonWhy'257S4 Bibliography:3273I, 482 (r) Oven, Will: 160-69 Serialslibrarians: 416-2I "Serials Positionsin U.S. AcademicLibraries. 1980- P 1988"4lG2r Paper 'serials Sectim Bowker/Ulrichs SerialsLibruim- Preservation:480-81 (r) ship Award, L9SL"476-n Pakoff, Beth M; 474 (abmt) Sharedetalo$ng, seeCmperative etalo$ng Penault,Anna H.: 474 (ahoutl Slater.Ron:422-58 'Pereonal Name Variations"217-28 Smith.Eliabeth H.: 109-13 Pikoff, Howard: 14I-47 Smith,Philip M.: 120-21(r) Pitti, Daniel V:340-41 (r) Snoke, Helen Lloyd: 202-16 'Pfease, Sir, I Wilt Some Mor€':?tI5-54 Sokol,Christina: 501-2 (r) Pontius,Jack E.: l%t-Zi lrl Sommerfield,David: 340 (r) Pomographic materials:4tl9-90 (r) Stalker,Dianne: 3il8-39 (r) Porter, Katherine: 500-501(r) Stam,David H.: ll8-19 (r) Pofter,Wlliam Gmy: ll4l5 State University of New York at Buffalo: 14147 Pwer, EugeneB ,:335-ffi (abou, r) Statistics:34&49 (r), 4193-95(r) 'hesewaHon Microffche" 186-90 Storageof library materials:50I (r) Presevation of library materials;294-306; 501 (r) Remotestorage:35f52 (r),4Sg (r) 'A Bibliography: 303-6 Studyoflndexing Consistencybetween Libraryof Costs:llll54 Congressurd British Ubrary Catalogers'177-85 History:23$36 (r) Subjectcatalo$ng: 265-82; 119-20 (r) Perlodicajs:lM-8 Bibliography: 27732 Personnel:334-35(r) Sullivan. David S.: 2&l-93 'A Standards:186-90 Summaryof the Tfeatment of Bibliographic Rela- Publiclibraries tionshipsin CatalogingRulef 39&405 Catalogngin: ,180(r) Svenonius.Elaine: 359-74 Publicseruices in libruies: 7686 Swanson,Edwd:508-12 Swartzell,Ann: 335-36(r) R Randall,Michael H.: 476-77 T Rast, Elaine: 46tl-69, 483 (r) "A Taxonomyof BibliogruphicRelationships" 15058 Remote storageof library materials,sae Storage of Technical materials:347 (r) library ma:terials-Rbmotestorage Technical rervies: l2l-22 b) Reproductionof library materials:307-18 Thompson,Christine E.:34i1 (r) Bibliognphy:314-18 Tillett, BarbaraB.: 15058,398-405 "The Reproductionof Library Materialsin 1990" Tonta. Yrear: 177-85 307-18 Tramlitention and romanization of nonroman alpha- ResearchLibraries Information Network. seaRLIN bes:340-41 (r) Researchlibraries: ll&19 (r) Resourcesharing: 35G5f (r) U Automation:347-,l[}(r) Universities and colleges Richmond,Phyllis A.:349 (r) Automation:496 (r) 'The Risein Consumerism"319-31 Univereity Microfilms International: 3i15.36(r) RLIN: &5-75 'User Acceptanceof Library Catalog Results" l9l- Rogers,SallyA.:2532 201 Romanizationof nonroman alphabets,se? Tiansliter- UsoviczE.ileen F.;349-50 (r) ation md romanization of nonroman alphabes Russianmaterials: 459-6I v "Rusian Monogaphic Recordsin tlre OCLC VanOrden, Phyllis:491 (r) Databme"45961 Videotechnolory: 487-89 (r) Rudedge,John; 160-69 w s Walton, Terence:3[]7-38 (r) Saunders,Iavema M.: l2l-D, (rl,126 (c) Weintraub, TamaraS.: 2I7 -28 Schmidt,Kten A.: 7-D, 158(corr.), 245-54 Weiss,PaulJ.: 65-75 Schoollibruies Wellisch,Ham H.: 23f.32 (r), a7940 (r) Catalogingin: 480 (r) Wilson,Marijo:6475 Collectiondevelopmenu 491 (r) Wthdrawal of library materials:501(r) SchwarA"Candv: 232-33 (r) Wittig, Glenn R.: 13540 Sciencematerials: 347 (r) Wolven, nobert 33-54 Sciences Woody, Ianet 4tl7-89 (r) Informationservices: 500-501 (r) Wriglri, erthuree Mctaughlin: 336-37 (r) Sellberg Rome:474-76 Y Serebnick,Judith: 126(c) Serialpublications: 3l9.3l Young, JatnesBradford: 265-82 The The Cambridge Cambridge Encyclopedia Encyclopedia of Ornithology of China Mlchael Brooke and SecondEdition Tltn Blrkhead,Editors Brlon flook, The essential,compre- Editor hensive referencebook and Denls on all aspectsof birds. Twltchett, How doesan owl AssiociateEdlitor seein the dark? Why do seabirds This edition coversevery lay fewer eggs? aspectof Chinesehistory How is a penguin life, and culture from adaptedfor life in ancient times through the the coldesttem- momentous eventsof the peratures,and an past decade.It is thoroughly ostrich for life in revisedand updated to take the hottest? How full account of the most did feathers evolve and how recent developmentsin doesa bird fly? China, ftom the economic How doesa homing pigeon find its reforms and increasedfreedoms of way? Do birds mate for life? These the early 1980sto the crisis of 1989 are iust someof the questions and its aftermath. answeredin the Encyclopedia. 0-521-35594-XHardcover $49.50 0-521-36205-9 Hardcover$49. 50

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~~For further information, pleasecall Joan Schwartzat I-8OO-221-4512. ln New York State call collect 1.-212-924-3900Ext. 352 Pricessubiect to change.~~