Index

Acheson, Dean, 586 Bagley, Lt. Cmdr. Worth H., 30-32, 84n Agency for International Development Baker, Col. Basil L., 68, 622 (AID): Ball, George W.: Commercial Import Program, 360n , 432, 451-452 Reassessment of assistance program, Agreement of June 16,426 proposed, 546n Control operations by government, Rural development program, 62 553 Air Force, Vietnamese: Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, Change of government and, 577 557-558 Escort aircraft for helicopter missions, U.S. disassociation from Vietnamese 10-11 policy, threatened, 433-434, 443- Force structure, 41-42 444,448 Improvements in, 77 Coup against Diem: Joint Air Operations Center, 85-86 Generals’ plan, U.S. support for, 628- Training for, 268, 293, 298 629,635,639,646n,659,675n Algeria, 674 Nhu as planner of, 488n An, Cal., 273 Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 215-216, Anderson, Burnett, 354, 672n 259 Anderson, Brig. Gen. Norman J,, 74 Lodge’s appointment as ambassador, Anthis, Brig. Gen. Roland H., 15-16, 189n, 415-416 268-269 Lodge’s relations with Washington offi- ANZUS Council meeting (June 1963), 358. cials, 604 359 Ap Bat, battle of, 1-3, 98 Martial law, 604-605 Army of the Republic of (ARVN): Nhu’s removal from power, U.S. de- Change of government and, 576-578 mand for, 627, 628-629 Force structure, 41 Nolting, meeting with, 466-467 Psychological warfare, 239 U.S. information programs and policies Reluctance to fight, 8-9 in Vietnam, 313 Reorganization of, 119-120 Bandaranaike, 392n Tactics of, 77 Barnes, Gen., 186n Weapons captured and lost, 568-569 Bamett, Leo, 148n Arnett, Peter, 470, 471 Bamett, Robert W., 259n, 280n ARVN. See Army of the Republic of Viet- Barwick, Sir Garfield, 358 nam. Beech, Keyes, 113,170,530 Arzac, Daniel N., 404n Belgium, economic assistance to Vietnam, Australia: 25 Economic assistance to Vietnam, 24, 25 Bell, David E., 29 Military assistance to Vietnam, 358 Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 302 677 678 Index

Bell, David E.-Continued Buddhist crisis-Continued Special Group for Counterinsurgency, CIA assessments of, 344-346, 424-425, 28, 29, 103, 150, 201, 279, 280, 473-478,481 315,389,390 Commission on (see also Negotiations Bigart, Homer, 170 below), 338, 339, 372, 561n, 563- Blick, Milton H., 333n 564 Boggs, J. Caleb, 68n Appointment of, 353 Bowles, Chester A.: Meetings with Buddhists, proposed, Laos, proposed partitioning of, 519-521 546-547 Reassessment of U.S. policy in Vietnam, Communist involvement issue, 379, 429 proposed, 136-140 Thuan’s position, 351 Vietnam, Republic of: U.S. position, 348 Change of government, possible, Communist propaganda re, 346 482-483, 518-519 Conciliatory policy of government, 348, Vietnam visit, 480, 482-483 376-377,525,526 Brent, Joseph L., 156, 186, 225, 254 Abandonment of, reasons for, 662 Honolulu Conference, 270 Diem’s endorsement of, 561, 563. Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 214, 564,565-566 Nhu’s support for, 556 301,302 Nolting’s position, 528-529 , 256 Conciliatory speech by Diem, 479-480 Vietnam, Republic of, economic situa- Broadcast of, 514-515 tion, 270 Buddhist response, 517n Browne, Malcolm, 370, 374n, 470, 471, Diem’s agreement re, 494-496 472.473,540 U.S. response, 515-516, 518,522, 523 Brubeck, William H., 237n Control operations by government (see Brui, 106 also Pagodas, raids on below; Buddhist crisis: Poison gas issue below), 3 11-3 12 Agreement of June 16 (see also Concilia- Arrests of demonstrators, 426 tory policy of government below; Leaflet dropping, 367-368, 370 Negotiations below): Repressive measures, 277-278, 343. Implementation issue, 413-414, 422, 344, 346-347, 494n 423n, 424-425,426,429-430, Repressive measures, halt to, 546 466,486 Repressive measures, resumption of, Misunderstandings, possible, 400 553 Sabotage by Nhus, 409-413, 429, 431, Security measures, focus on, 368 433, 441-442, 444, 446, 448, 450- Special forces for, 376 451,452,477 U.S. arms used in, 342-343 Text of, 397-398 U.S. assessment of, 379-380 Trueheart’s assessment of, 398-399 U.S. blamed for, 650n U.S. position, 403 U.S. involvement in, 351-352,367 Violations by government, 476 Counterinsurgency operations, impact Background report on, 366 on, 460-461, 496, 551-552, 661 Buddhist motives and tactics, 365, 378. Coup against Diem and, 405,406-408, 379,476-477 473-476,483-485,523-524,554- Buddhist request for U.S. assistance, 555 492,493n Decree Law 10 issue, 357, 364, 371-372, Buddhist request for U.S. protection, 388,39ln, 397 478-479 Demonstrations by Buddhists, 340-341, Burial of Buddhist martyr, 391n, 393- 429,492,493 394,396,425 Countrywide demonstrations, plan- Cambodian-Vietnamese relations and, ning for, 310-311 375 Initial demonstrations at Hue, 277. Cambodia’s position, 392, 404, 560 278,283,284-286,312,336 Index 679

Buddhist crisis-Continued Buddhist crisis-Continued Demonstrations by Buddhists- Nolting’s personal involvement, Continued Vietnamese desire for, 449-450 Pagodas, demonstrators in, 367, 370, Nolting’s statement on religious perse- 372 cution, 550 Suicides, 374, 375, 386, 430,432, Pagodas, raids on: 553n, 652 Buddhist anticipation of, 478-479 Demonstrations by students, 396-397 Defense Intelligence Agency reports Diem’s assessments of, 314,445.446 on, 600-601 Diem’s efforts to keep his promises, Diem’s decision to undertake raids, 661-662 595.597,616 Diem’s meetings with Buddhists, 340, Don’s account of, 616, 617-618 342,345,356,526 Military’s loyalty oath re, 614 Diem’s speeches on (see also Concilia- Nhu’s role in, 612, 613, 616, 620 tory speech by Diem above), 360 Nhu’s threats re, 553, 554, 556 Divisions among Buddhists, 423n, 430. Nolting’s assessment of, 662-663 431 Report for Kennedy on, 597-598 Exploitation by government opponents, State Department reports on, 598-599 337-339, 342 U.S. response to, 599 Five demands (see also Negotiations be- VOA broadcasts on, 618,619,629n, low), 287-288 635,636 Government-Buddhist meetings re, Poison gas issue, 348n 288n, 309.310,311 Commission to investigate, 352 Flag law, 278n U.S. position, 349 Hughes’ assessment of, 405-409 U.S.-Vietnamese discussion re, 350- Krulak’s assessment of, 460-461 351 Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, Political motives of Buddhists, 365, 476- 553, 556-557, 559n 477 Government’s response, 560-563 Radicals and activists in leadership Tho’s defense of, 564-565 roles, 493-494 U.S. response, 557-558 Refugee priests issue, 599,610-611,618 Media coverage of, 370, 488, 492 Religious freedom issue, 335-337 Balanced reporting, 525-526 Resolution of crisis, U.S. recommenda- Buddhist leaders’ use of press, 537- tions re, 335-336, 364-365,380, 538 381.383,517-518,521-523 Government’s attitude toward, 538 Diem’s response, 385-387 Harassment of reporters by govem- Truce agreement of June 5,356-358, ment, 470-473 359-360 Negotiations, 393, 395 United Nations and, 392n, 560 Suicides, 374n U.S. disassociation from Vietnamese Vietnamese press releases, 512-513 policy, threatened, 442-443, 452, Military’s attitude toward, 345,377. 553,559-560,565 378,596 Diem informed of U.S. position, 446- Negotiations: 447 Buddhist position, 388-390 Forrestal’s report on, 447-449 Conclusion of, 39511, 396, 397-398 Initial proposal of, 433-434 Government’s approach to, 383-384 State Department instructions re, Media coverage of, 393,395 443-444 Progress of, 391 U.S. officials’ contacts with Buddhists, Timing of, 387 547 Nhu’s meeting with Buddhists, 350 “Vacation” for Diem and, 565 Nolting’s assessments of, 487-488, 662- VOA broadcasts on, 618, 619,629n, 663 635,636,651-652 680 Index

Buddhist crisis-Continued Cambodia: Women’s Solidarity Movement resolu- Buddhist crisis, 560 tion on, 362-364, 367, 368, 369, Relations with Vietnam and, 375 371,372,397 Support for Buddhists, 392, 404 Bui Dinh Dam, Lt. Col., 576, 580 Communist infiltration through, 31 Bui Van Luong: Communist sanctuaries, 92 Buddhist crisis, 309, 426n Neutrality issue, 13 Agreement of June 16, 477 Soviet arms for, 197 Commission on, 353 U.S. bilateral guarantees for, 6 Conciliatory speech by Diem, 480 Vietnam, Republic of, relations with, Pagodas, raids on, 596, 597 326, 375 Truce agreement of June 5, 359 Can. See Ngo Dinh Can. Bunce, Ralph, 672n Canada (see also International Control Bunce, W. Kenneth, 144n, 152n Commission), economic assistance to Bundy, McGeorge, 142n, 221,447n, 660, Vietnam, 25 665n Cao. See Huynh Van Cao, Gen. Buddhist crisis, 451-452 Cao Van Vien, Col., 579, 656, 669 Counterinsurgency operations, 189n Cao Xuan Vy, 613 Coup against Diem, U.S. support for Carroll, Lt. Gen. Joseph E, 600-601 Generals’ plan, 664, 667n, 675~1 Carter, Lt. Gen. Marshall S., 638, 659, Crop destruction and defoliation, 237n, 675n 245n, 274n Central Intelligence Agency, U.S. (CIA): Krulak report, 455n Buddhist crisis, assessments of, 344- Media coverage of Vietnam, 531n 346,424.425,473-478,481 Special Group for Counterinsurgency, Civilian Irregular Defense Group pro- 28 gram, 62 U.S. information programs and policies Communist insurgency, assessment of, in Vietnam, 263n 20-21 U.S. official visits to Vietnam, 63 Counterinsurgency operations, assess- Vietnam, Republic of, change of gov- ments of, 19.20,551.552 ernment, possible, 481, 518 Coup against Diem: Bundy, William I?, 638 Assessments of, 473-476,575.583, Buddhist crisis, 432 602-603 Commercial Import Program, 283n Generals’ plan, reports on, 614-620, Counterinsurgency operations, 189~ 633.634,642-643, 647,653.655, Crop destruction and defoliation, 226n, 671 232n Nhu as planner of, 489-491 Montagnards, arming and training of, Montagnards, disarming of, 6 104 Political reforms, assessment of, 423- RVNAF paramilitary force levels, 131. 425 132 U.S. military involvement in Vietnam: Special Group for Counterinsurgency, Force reductions, proposed, 246-247 103,104,315 Vietnam, Republic of: U.S. military assistance to Vietnam: Change of government, possible, Funding for, 275n, 333n 569-583 Jets, provision of, 26, 28n, 102n, 260 Political situation, assessment of, Burchinal, Lt. Gen. David A., 74 423-425 Burma, 190,673 Central Intelligence Organization, Buu, 58 Vietnamese, 238 Buu Du, Dr., 370 Ceylon, 560, 674 Buu Hoi, 273,314,546,547,666 Chapman, Lt. Col. Harry M., 74 Chau, Co]., 353 Ca Mau Peninsula operation, 12 Chieu, Lt. Col., 525 Index 681

Chieu Hoi (Call to Return) program, See Communist insurgency-Continued Communist surrender program, Coup against Diem, possible response China, People’s Republic of, 71-72 to, 407 Communist insurgency, policy on, 80, Decline in activity, 119, 150 421-422 Front groups, use of, 109 Diem, criticism of, 673 Future developments, 108-109 Laos, policy toward, 420-421 Helicopters used in, 199 Soviet Union, dispute with, 416-422 Infiltration, evidence of, 104, 11 l-l 12, Vietnam, Democratic Republic of, rela- 202-203 tions with, 416-422 Jorden’s report on, 165-168 U.S. propaganda re, 271-272,354- Infiltration capabilities, 90-91, 109-110 355 Infiltration routes, 30-31, 51, 454-455, Vietnam policy, 109 463 China, Republic of, economic assistance to Laos, drive to conquer, 327-330 Vietnam, 25 Massive intervention, possible, 112, Chuong. See Tran Van Chuong. 137-138 CINCPAC. See Felt, Adm. Harry D. Military development, 21-22, 50-51 Civil Guard: Mobile warfare, 20 Force structure, 42, 131-132 Montagnards and, 166-167 Improvements in, 78,297 Morale problems, 104 Training for, 266 NIE on, 233 Civilian Irregular Defense Group (CIDG) Political activities, 21, 239 program (Switchback), 21, 36, 37, 38, Sanctuaries in Laos and Cambodia, 92 134 Shortages of food and medicine, 80-81 Absorption into army and police, 181 Sophisticated weaponry, 168 Air support for, 146-147 Soviet policy on, 421-422 Force structure, 42 Special forces, 327-328 Funding for, 47,331 Strategic hamlets, targeting of, 439 Improvements in, 298 Strategy changes, 71 Recruits for, 331 Terrorism, 200 Strategic concept of, 40, 331-332 Thompson’s assessment of, 199 Training for, 62 Troop strength, 5-6, 20, 51, 194, 464 U.S. policy on, 330-333 Villagers’ attitudes toward, 51-52,53 Clifton, Maj. Gen. Chester V., 2, 606 Villages controlled by, 21 Co Son Mon sect, 409.410,411-412 Communist surrender (Chieu Hoi) pro- Coffin, Frank M., 201, 315 gram, 55,390 Colby, William, 327,569, 660 Krulak’s assessment of, 461-462 Martial law, U.S. response to, 601, 602 Loudspeaker operations, 266 Montagnards, arming and training of, Mansfield report and, 153 104 Number of returnees, 462 Special Group for Counterinsurgency, Plan for, 18-19 103,104,279,389 Proclamation on, 229 Collins, Gen. J. Lawton, 143n, 623 Redefect issue, 461-462 Commercial Import Program (CIP), 360- Thompson’s assessment of, 194,200 362,544 Comprehensive Plan for Communist insurgency (see also Counter- (CPSVN): insurgency operations): Costs of, 181-182 Aerial flights, 168 Country Team assessments of, 148-149, Ap Bat, battle of, l-2 178-183 Attacks in 1963, number of, 568 Felt’s assessment of, 35-37 Buddhist crisis and, 346 Honolulu Conference discussion re, Casualties, 20 267-268 Chinese policy on, 80,421-422 JCS assessment of, 133-136 CIA assessment of, 20-21 Text of, 37-49 682 Index

Comprehensive Plan for South Vietnam- Counterinsurgency operations- Continued Continued Wheeler Mission endorsement of, 93 Civilian casualties, 174, 175, 177, 187, Conein, Col. Lucien, 642, 643, 653-654 249-250, 253 Congress, U.S.: Clear and hold operations, 9, 12, 21, 55 Acts and resolutions: Communications system, 61.62,297 P.L. 480, 216, 236 Economic and social projects, funding Conlon, Thomas E, 589-590 for (see also Joint Counterin- Cooper, Chester L., 202 surgency Fund), 280-281,289-290 Council on Foreign Relations, 467 Explosion Plan. See National Campaign Counterinsurgency operations (see also Ci- Plan below. vilian Irregular Defense Group pro- Government’s hindrance of, 21 gram; Communist insurgency; Com- Guerrilla tactics, 191 prehensive Plan for South Vietnam; Harkins’s assessments of, 118-122, 186- Crop destruction program; Defoliant 189,296-300 operations; Joint Counterinsurgency Hit and withdraw operations, 55 Fund; Strategic hamlet program; U.S. Infiltration, actions against, 110-l 11, military assistance to Vietnam; U.S. 112 military involvement in Vietnam), Thompson’s assessment of, 201 291~1 Intelligence capabilities, 296-297 Air power used in (see also Farmgate op- Krulak’s assessment of, 103-104 eration), 4 Large-scale operations, 56 Anthis’ assessments of, 189n, 268. Long-range patrolling, 56, 202 269 Mackaday Zone D operations, 14 Bombing of populated places, 131 “Maginot Line” defensive measure, 225 Casualties caused by, 249-250,253 Martial law and, 608 Country Team assessment of, 247- Mekong Delta situation, 584, 589-590 253 Military and civilian activities, coordi- Flare missions, 268-269 nation of, 55 Harkins’ assessment of, 186-189 Mobility concerns, 297 Helicopter operations, support for, Movement and population control 10-11 measures, 129-130, 141-142, 194, National Campaign Plan and, 33, 146 568 Political consequences, 56-57 Napalm use, 12-13 Pros and cons of, 175-177, 188, 250. National Campaign Plan (NCP), 13, 16, 252 118,120,121,134,267,552 State Department assessment of, 173- Air support for, 33, 146 178 Date advancement, proposed, 328, Strikes, types of, 15 329 Tactical missions, 195, 200 Delta strategy, 590 Target selection, 15, 248-249, 251. Phase II implementation, 468-470 252 Progress reports, 458-460 Airlift and air logistics, 87-88, 92 Strategy of, 39, 84 Ap Bat, battle of, 1-3, 98 Thuan’s assessment of, 463-464 Attacks in 1963, number of, 568 Wheeler Mission report on, 83-86, 92 Border control and surveillance, 167- NIE on, 233-234 168,267 Overall plan, lack of, 53-54 Buddhist crisis, impact of, 460-461, 496, Patrol-type operations, 460 551-552,661 Plei Mrong operation, 14 Ca Mau Peninsula operation, 12 Political activities, 20-21 “Cautious” approach of Vietnamese, Progress made by, 49.50,306.307 113 “Security for villages” strategy, 189-192 CIA assessments of, 19.20,551.552 Strategic concept of, 52-53 CINCPAC control of, 7-8, 11 Success, measurement of, 202 Index 683

Counterinsurgency operations- Coup against Diem-Continued Continued Generals’ plan-Continued Sweep-type operations, 4, 12 U.S. role, concealment of, 664, 672 Tactical operations, 459 U.S. support for, question of, 628. Task Force assessment of, 568569 631,633.635,638.641, 657-660, Tay Ninh operations, 12, 14 663-665, 667-670,675 Thompson’s assessments of, 199, 201 Inevitability of, 671-672 Timespan for, 70 Loyalties of the armed services and, Typical operation, 8-9 475-476,574-578 Victory, prospects for, 608-609 Nhu as planner of, 488-491, 572 Weapons captured and lost, 20, 50,568. Nhu’s expectation for, 603 569 People involved in, CIA assessment of, Weapons systems for, 298 582-583 Coup against Diem (see also Change of Tuyen group, 474-475 government, possible under Vietnam, U.S. evacuation planning, 560, 648, 655 Republic of): U.S. policy re, 322, 449, 452-453, 523- Assassination as element of, 583 524,528,529,555 Buddhist crisis and, 405, 406-408, 473- U.S. prevention of, proposed, 192 476,483-485,523.524,554-555 U.S. response: Chuong’s position, 143, 665-666 CIA position re, 577-578 CIA assessments of, 473-476, 575-583, Implications of, 408-409 602-603 Vietnamese public support for, 650n Civilian plan for, 658 Coup against Diem (1960), 480 Communist response, possible, 407 Couve de Murville, Maurice, 215 Generals’ plan, 474, 475, 491, 653-655, Crop destruction program (see also Defoli- 658 ant operations): CIA reports on, 614-620, 633-634, Authority over, 164, 242, 245-246, 274 642.643,647,653-655,671 Chemicals used in, 226 Combat, possibility of, 671 Compensation program, 239-240 Don’s account of, 618-620 Continuation of, U.S. decision re, 241- Forces in Saigon area for, 667, 668- 243,245-246 670 Future operations, 163-164 Lodge-Harkins position, 664, 667, Guidelines for, 274-275 668-670 Military effectiveness of, 238-239, 241- Military support for, 663-664 242 Reliability and alignment of military Political repercussions, 164, 231,239- leaders, 640, 646, 648, 650-651, 241,242 656-657,660 Reductions in, proposed, 304 Stalemate, possible outcome of, 667, Results, reports on, 149-150, 162-163, 670 164-165,230-232,548 Success, chances of, 663, 664-665, State Department assessment of, 237- 667,668 243 Successor question, 641, 646, 648, Target selection, 231 654,657 Test operations, 226 Unpreparedness of Generals, 647, Thompson’s assessment of, 199 649 U.S. information policy on, 144-145, U.S. assistance to Generals’ families 240-241 in case of failure, 647, 655 Vietnamese requests re, 403 U.S. contacts with Generals, 642-643, 647,653-655 Dang, Province Chief, 278, 284, 285, 286, U.S. “direct support” issue, 629, 640, 311 646,648,656 Dang Due Khoi, 471,530,572 U.S. evacuation planning, 648, 655 De Gaulle, Charles, 392n 684 Index

Defense, U.S. Department of (see also Joint Duong Van Minh, Maj. Gen.-Continued Chiefs of Staff, U.S.; McNamara, Coup against Diem-Continued Robert S.; Military Assistance Com- Generals’ plan, 643, 651, 653, 654, mand, Vietnam): 656,657,668 Farmgate operation, augmentation of, Diem’s death, possible response to, 321 34n Martial law, 616 Montagnards, arming and training of, Succession crisis, possible role in, 581 104 Durbrow, Elbridge, 480n U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, jets, Dutton, Frederick G., 124 provision of, 26-27 U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, Economic assistance to Vietnam. See Third force reductions, proposed, 244. country economic assistance to Viet- 245 nam; U.S. economic assistance to Vi- Defoliant operations (see also Crop de- etnam. struction program): Eisenhower, Dwight D., 137, 586, 587 Authority over, 164, 242, 245-246, 274n Ely, Gen. Paul, 137 Chemical warfare issue, 272-274 Engle, Byron, 10771 Chemicals used in, 226 Ethnic specialist teams, 203-204 Compensation program, 239-240 Continuation of, U.S. decision re, 241. Farmgate operation: 243, 245-246 Air interdiction missions, 247, 250, 251, Future operations, 163-164 252 Guidelines for, 274-275 Anthis’ assessment of, 15-16 Military effectiveness of, 237-238 Augmentation of, 4, 11, 15-16, 32-34, Political repercussions, 164, 231, 239. 61 241,242 JCS position, 145-147 Railroad security and, 231 Media coverage of, lOln, 116 Reductions in, proposed, 304 Reductions in, proposed, 304 Results,reports on, 149-150, 162-163, Felt, Adm. Harry D. (CINCPAC), 3~2, 509, 164-165,230-232,548.549 632 State Department assessment of, 237. Air Force, Vietnamese, training for, 293 243 Ap Bat, battle of, 3 Target selection, 231 Buddhist crisis, 352n Test operations, 206-207, 226 Civilian Irregular Defense Group pro- Thompson’s assessment of, 199 gram, 330-333 U.S. information policy on, 144-145, Communist insurgency, 330 240-241 Comprehensive Plan for South Viet- Denney, George C., 434-441 nam, 35-37 Diem. See . Counterinsurgency operations: Dingeman, Maj. James W., 30, 105, 151, Air power used in, 186 203,280,316,390 Detailed control of, 7-8, 11 Dinh. See Ton That Dinh, Brig. Gen. Harkins’ assessment of, 122n Dinh Trinh Chinh, 582 Coup against Diem, U.S. support for Do Cao Tri, Brig. Gen., 490, 582, 616 Generals’ plan, 630, 631, 639, 648 Do Khac Mai, Lt. Col., 377 Farmgate operation, augmentation of, Dobrynin, Anatoly, 140 32-33 Don. See Tran Van Don, Maj. Gen. Honolulu Conference, 267 Drachnik, Capt., 265 Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 215 Due Ngiep, bonze, 391,430,616 Laos, communist drive to conquer, 330 Dulles, John Foster, 586 MACV, command autonomy for, 7-8, Dungan, Ralph A., 28, 66 196 Duong Van Minh, Maj. Gen., 608 Martial law, 601, 607 Buddhist crisis, 476 Press briefings issue, 1Oln Coup against Diem, 474,49171,583 RVNAF force structure, 267 Index 685

Felt, Adm. Harry D. (CINCPAC)- France-Continued Continued Criticism of Diem, 673 U.S. military assistance to Vietnam: Economic assistance to Vietnam, 24, 25- Funding for, 268, 276n, 292-293, 333 26 Jets, provision of, 26n Frankel, Max, 393n U.S. military involvement in Vietnam: Force reductions, proposed, 276n, Gard, Richard A., 366 293,591.594 Garvey, Paul, 173 Peak military strength, proposed, General Accounting Office (GAO), report 135n on Vietnam, 161-162 Flowerree, Charles C., 375~1 Germany, Federal Republic of: Forrestal, Michael V., 94-95, 97-98, 112n, Criticism of Diem, 673 193,43ln, 569n, 665n Economic assistance to Vietnam, 24, 25 Buddhist crisis, 432, 451-452 Gilpatric, Roswell L., 2 Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, Counterinsurgency operations, 4n 557n Coup against Diem, U.S. support for Negotiations, 393n Generals’ plan, 630, 638, 659, 675n U.S. disassociation from Vietnamese Special Group for Counterinsurgency, policy, threatened, 443n, 447- 28, 103, 150, 201, 279, 315,389, 449,559-560 390 Chuong and, 142-143 U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, Counterinsurgency operations, 189n 590n Bombing of populated places, 131 Gore, David Ormsby, 198 Mekong Delta situation, 589~ Greenfield, James L., 144 Progress made by, 306n Gregory, Gene and Ann, 410n Coup against Diem: Gullion, Edmund A., 133, 140 Generals’ plan, U.S. support for, 628n, 630,631,633n, 634-635, Halberstam, David, 329n, 335n, 470, 472- 646n, 647n, 649-650,658-659, 473,530,557,584,589,622,638 675n Hannah, Norman B., 122n U.S. policy re, 453 Harkins, Gen. Paul D.: Crop destruction and defoliation, 149- Air Force, Vietnamese, training for, 298 150, 226, 245-246, 274n Ap Bat, battle of, 2-3 Krulak report, 455n ARVN reorganization, 119-120 Martial law, U.S. response to, 601-602 Buddhist crisis, 352n Nhu’s removal from power, U.S. de- Civil Guard, 266, 297 mand for, 625,627,628n,634-635 Civilian Irregular Defense Group pro- Special Group for Counterinsurgency, gram, 298, 330 103, 150,201,279,315,389 Command autonomy for, 7-8, 11, 95, Trueheart, attitude toward, 482 97,113n, 114, 195-196 U.S. ambassadorship, 291 Communist insurgency: U.S. information programs and policies Decline in activity, 119 in Vietnam, 128n Infiltration routes, 463 Vietnam, Republic of: Laos, drive to conquer, 327,328,329 Change of government, possible, Communist surrender program, 266 481-482 Comprehensive Plan for South Viet- Opposition parties, U.S. contacts nam, 37-38 with, 105-106, 132-133 Congressional testimony, 280 Police services, 107-108 Counterinsurgency operations: Vietnam visit, 3n, 11, 14, 49-62 Air power used in, 186-189, 247n Wheeler Mission, 63-64 Assessments of, 118-122, 186-189, Forsythe, Cal. George I., 74 296-300 Fowler, James, 259n Border control and surveillance, 267 France, 220 Ca Mau Peninsula operation, 12 686 Index

Harkins, Gen. Paul D.-Continued Harriman, W. Averell-Continued Counterinsurgency operations- Buddhist crisis-Continued Continued Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, “Cautious” approach of Vietnamese, 557n 113 Nolting’s statement on religious per- Clear and hold operations, 12 secution, 550 Communications system, 297 Resolution of crisis, U.S. recommen- Intelligence capabilities, 296-297 dations re, 381n Napalm use, 12-13 U.S. disassociation from Vietnamese National Campaign Plan, 13, 118, policy, threatened, 443n, 448 120,121,267,328,329,468,470 Chuong and, 142,143.144n Victory, prospects for, 608-609 Communist insurgency: Weapons systems, 298 Infiltration, evidence of, 165 Coup against Diem, U.S. support for Infiltration routes, 454n Generals’ plan, 642, 648, 655-657, Troop strength, 194 668-670, 675 Counterinsurgency operations, 189n Crop destruction and defoliation, 163, Air power used in, 173n 164 Movement and population control Farmgate operation, augmentation of, measures, 194 33 Coup against Diem: Honolulu Conference, 265, 266, 267 Generals’ plan, U.S. support for, Initiative, lack of, 9-10 628n, 635,638,657-658,675n Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 186, Nhu as planner of, 488n 214,301 Crop destruction and defoliation, 149, Laos, reconnaissance missions into, 12 232n, 237n,274n Martial law, 607-610 GAO report on Vietnam, 161 Press briefings issue, 1Oln Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 221 Press relations, 90, 533 Lodge’s relations with Washington offi- Rowny’s assessment of, 9-10 cials, 604 RVNAF paramilitary forces, training for, MACV, command autonomy for, 113n, 266 195-196 Self Defense Corps, 266, 297-298 Mansfield report, 68-69, 70 Strategic hamlet program: Martial law, 604n Assessment of, 298-299 Media coverage of Vietnam, 34n Growth of, 118 Diem’s relations with press, 193 Overextension of, 316 Nhu’s removal from power, U.S. de- U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam, mand for, 625,627,628n 225 Special Group for Counterinsurgency, U.S. information programs and policies 201,279,315,389 in Vietnam: Strategic hamlet program, 130 “Confiding in newsmen” policy, 263. Thompson, meeting with, 193-195, 205 264 U.S. ambassadorship, 133 Military-press contacts, 68 U.S. information programs and policies U.S. medical program for Vietnam, 266 in Vietnam, 96, 169 U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, jets, Combat activities, media coverage of, provision of, 26n, 27 116n, 128n U.S. military involvement in Vietnam: Crop destruction and defoliation, Advisers, 462 144n, 145n Weapons systems, value of, 265 Feature articles, encouragement of, 69 Vietnamese officials, relations with, 87 Military-press contacts, 68-69 Harriman, W. Averell, 112-113 Press briefings by officials, 66 ANZUS Council meeting, 358-359 Vietnamese restrictions on press and, Buddhist crisis, 432, 451-452 67-68 Index 687

Harriman, W. Averell-Continued Heavner, Theodore J, C.-Continued U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, jets, Vietnam, Republic of-Continued provision of, 26, 27n, 28n, 260~ Political situation, 261-262 U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, Heinz, Rear Adm. Luther C.: 117n Crop destruction and defoliation, 274n U.S. official visits to Vietnam, 63 Honolulu Conference, 270 Vietnam, Republic of: Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 195n Change of government, possible, U.S. information programs and policies 394n, 481 in Vietnam, 116n Opposition parties, U.S. contacts U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, with, 65, 105, 126, 132, 133 proposed force reductions, 294n, Political allegiance of people, 193 295n Harwood, Ralph, 256 Helble, John J,: Heavner, Theodore J, C.: Buddhist crisis: Buddhist crisis: Control operations by government, Agreement of June 26, 426n 343-344, 346n, 367-368 Control operations by government, Demonstrations by Buddhists, 277- 553n 278,284-286,340, 341n,367 Demonstrations by Buddhists, 283n, Poison gas issue, 348n, 349n 348n Mansfield report, Vietnamese reaction Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, to, 124 557n, 564n Helms, Richard, 279, 569, 638, 659 Poison gas issue, 349n Herald Tribune, 566n, 567n Resolution of crisis, U.S. recommen- Herz, Gus, 130 dations re, 518n,522n Hieu. See Ngo Trong Hieu. Commercial Import Program, 281-283 Counterinsurgency operations: Higgins, Marguerite, 566n, 567n Hill, Amb., 566 Air power used in, 173n Economic and social projects, funding Hilsman, Roger, Jr., 112n, 235n, 527, 529, for, 280-281 569,661n Coup against Diem: Buddhist crisis, 342n, 366, 432, 451-452 Nhu as planner of, 488n Agreement of June 16,426n U.S. policy re, 523n Background report on, 366n Crop destruction and defoliation, 237n, Cambodia’s position, 404n 274n Control operations by government, Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 185n, 553n 195n Coup against Diem and, 554-555 RVNAF, political tendencies within, Demonstrations by Buddhists, 348n 262-263 Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, Special Group for Counterinsurgency, 557n, 564n 315 Nolting’s statement on religious per- U.S. information programs and policies secution, 550 in Vietnam, 116n,125n, 313n Poison gas issue, 349n U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, Resolution of crisis, U.S. recommen- 102n, 197n dations re, 381n U.S. military involvement in Vietnam: Truce agreement of June 5, 356,359 Diem’s endorsement of U.S. pres- U.S. disassociation from Vietnamese ence, 309n policy, threatened, 433n, 443n, Force reductions, proposed, 294n, 448 303-306 Women’s Solidarity Movement reso- Vietnam, Republic of: lution on, 363n Change of government, possible, 262 Communist insurgency: Opposition parties, U.S. contacts Laos, drive to conquer, 327 with, 65 Troop strength, 5-6 688 Index

Hilsman, Roger, Jr.-Continued Hilsman, Roger, Jr.-Continued Counterinsurgency operations: Vietnam, Democratic Republic of, possi- Air power used in, 173n ble U.S. attacks on, 191-192 Economic and social projects, funding Vietnam, Republic of: for, 280 Change of government, possible, 316, Mekong Delta situation, 589 394n, 481 “Security for villages” strategy, 189. Opposition parties, U.S. contacts 192 with, 105n Task Force assessment of, 568 Political situation, 6, 402n Coup against Diem: Vietnam visit: Generals’ plan, U.S. support for, Anthis, meeting with, 15-16 628n, 631, 633n,635, 638, 639, Conclusions and assessments, 16 640, 641, 646n, 647n, 657-6.58, Country Team meeting, 12-13 664,667n, 675n Diem, meeting with, 14 U.S. policy re, 452, 453, 523n First impressions, 3-5 U.S. prevention of, proposed, 192 Nolting and Trueheart, meeting with, Crop destruction and defoliation, 237n, 5-7 274n Report on, 49-62 Honolulu Conference, 265n Rowny, meeting with, 7-l 1 Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 185n, Hilsman-Forrestal Report, 49-62 195n, 215,259n Ho Chi Minh, 156,271,418 Mansfield report, Vietnamese reaction Ho Tan Quyen, Capt., 475,577,580 to, 124 Ho Tieu, Maj., 579,582 Martial law: Hoang Van Lac, Col., 257 Control of government issue, 604n, Holyoake, Keith, 358 605 Honolulu Conference (May 1963), 264- U.S. response to, 601,602 270 Montagnards, disarming of, 6-7 Krulak’s report on, 279 Nhu’s removal from power, 611n, 613n, Summary report on, 590-594 625,627,628n,640 Strategic hamlet program, 4, 7 Hughes, Thomas L., 405-409, 614n, 633n, 647n Thompson and, 205 Huyen Quang, bonze, 391 U.S. ambassadorship: Lodge’s appointment, 415n Huyhn Van Le, bonze, 553n Replacement of Nolting, proposal for, Huynh Huu Hien, Col., 580 291 Huynh Ngoc Diep, Maj., 579 U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam: Huynh Van Cao, Brig. Gem, 573, 576, Commercial Import Program, 360 580,584,654 Madame Nhu’s criticism of, 225 U.S. information programs and policies India (see also International Control Com- in Vietnam, 169n, 313n mission), 674 Chinese People’s Republic-Demo- International Control Commission (ICC), cratic Republic of Vietnam rela- 197,260 tions, propaganda re, 271-272, Chemical warfare issue, 272-274 354,355n Iran, 674 U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, jets, : provision of, 197, 260-261 Criticism of Diem, 672, 673 U.S. military involvement in Vietnam: Economic assistance to Vietnam, 24 Diem’s endorsement of U.S. pres- ence, 309n Jackson, Rear Adm. Andrew McB., 73 Force reductions, proposed, 243, Janow, Seymour J., 25,107,150,201,283, 294n,295n,303 301-303 U.S. official visits to Vietnam, 63n Jantzen, 279 Index 689

Japan: Joint Counterinsurgency Fund- Criticism of Diem, 673 Continued Economic assistance to Vietnam, 24, 25 NSC meeting on, 221 John XXIII, Pope, 364 Priority Piaster Program, 159-161 Johnson, Robert H., 390n Sources of financing, 157, 236 Johnson, U. Alexis, 26n U.S. initial proposal, 156-161 Coup against Diem, 488n Vietnamese contribution, 159, 180 Farmgate operation, augmentation of, Vietnamese control, proposed increase 34n in, 216, 219 MACV, command autonomy for, 196n Joint Operations Center (JOC), 76 Special Group for Counterinsurgency, Jorden, William, 104, 201, 271n, 354 28,30,103,150 Communist insurgency, report on, 165- U.S. medical program for Vietnam, 29. 168 30 Media coverage of Vietnam, 169-171, U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, 203 260n Special Group for Counterinsurgency, Joint Air Operations Center (JAOC), 85-86 meeting with, 202-203 (JCS): U.S. information programs and policies Ap Bat, battle of, 2 in Vietnam, 171-173 Civilian Irregular Defense Group pro- Judd, Walter, 137 gram, 330 Junior Country Team, 6 Comprehensive Plan for South Viet- Junk Force, Vietnamese, 131-132, 265 nam, 35,37n Kalischer, Peter, 472-473 Assessment of, 133-136 Karamessines, 150 Crop destruction and defoliation: Kattenburg, Paul M., 517n, 522n, 523n, Results, reports on, 230-232 527-528, 529n, 553n, 554n, 557~~ Test operations, 206-207 564n, 568-569,62On, 661n Farmgate operation, augmentation of, Kaysen, Carl, 132, 142n 32,33, 145-147 Kennedy, John E, 94,97,264 MACV, command autonomy for, 113n Ap Bat, battle of, 2 RVNAF paramilitary force levels, 131- Buddhist crisis, 451-452, 559 132 Cambodia’s position, 392, 404 U.S. military assistance to Vietnam: Counterinsurgency operations, im- Funding for, 292 pact on, 496 Jets, provision of, 261n Diem’s efforts to keep his promises, U.S. military involvement in Vietnam: 661 Force reductions, proposed, 590-591 Media coverage of, 472 Helicopters, rules of engagement for, Nolting’s statement on religious per- 117 secution, 550n Wheeler Mission report, 73 Pagodas, raids on, 597 Joint Counterinsurgency Fund: Poison gas issue, 352n Compromise agreement, 254-256, 259 Resolution of crisis, U.S. recommen- Announcement of, 307-308 dations re, 386n Criticisms of, 301-303 U.S. disassociation from Vietnamese Diem’s reconsideration of, 216-218, policy, threatened, 447 227-228 Counterinsurgency operations: Diem’s rejection of, 183-184, 207-213 Air power used in, 4n Nolting’s reaction, 213-214 Buddhist crisis, impact of, 661 U.S. response, possible, 214, 215-216, Mekong Delta situation, 589n 218-219 Progress made by, 306n Expenditures, 158 Coup against Diem, U.S. support for Fund Agreement, 157-158 Generals’ plan, 628n, 631, 634, Implementing agreements, 158 638, 639, 640, 641, 649, 658, 663, Negotiations, 185, 186, 195 664,665 690 Index

Kennedy, John E-Continued Krulak, Maj. Gen. Victor H.-Continued Crop destruction and defoliation, 149, Communist insurgency-Continued 199,226,245 Troop strength, 464 Diem, foreign criticism of, 672 Communist surrender program, 461. H&man-Forrestal Report, 49 462 Krulak report, 455n Counterinsurgency operations: Lodge, briefing for, 567 Assessment of, 103-104 Martial law, 606, 608~1, 610, 626 Buddhist crisis, impact of, 661 Media coverage of Vietnam, Manning’s Mekong Delta situation, 584, 589n report on, 531 National Campaign Plan, 458-460 Nhu’s removal from power, U.S. de- Coup against Diem, U.S. support for mand for, 625,627,634,640 Generals’ plan, 630-631, 633n, 638, Nolting, attitude toward, 453 647n, 675n Nolting’s return to Vietnam, 486n Honolulu Conference, 270, 279 Thompson, meeting with, 198-200, Martial law, 601-602 204-205 Media coverage of Vietnam, 465 U.S. ambassadorship, 291 Special Group for Counterinsurgency, U.S. information programs and policies 150,279,315,389 in Vietnam, 66 Strategic hamlet program, 457-458 “Confiding in newsmen” policy, Thuan, meeting with, 463-464 263n U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, 333n 185n U.S. military involvement in Vietnam: U.S. military involvement in Vietnam: Advisers, 462 Force reductions, proposed, 295 Force reductions, proposed, 464-465 Helicopters, rules of engagement for, Vietnam visit, report on, 455-465 117n Wheeler Mission, 73 U.S. official visits to Vietnam, 63 U.S. policy in Vietnam: La. See Nguyen Van La, Maj. Gen. Bowles’ recommendation re, 136 Lam Son. See Phan Dinh Thu, Cal. Mansfield’s views on, 585 Lansdale, Maj. Gen. Edward G., 527-528, Vietnam, Republic of, commitment to, 647n 503,504 Coup against Diem, 665-666 Wheeler Mission, 63, 73n Laos: Kennedy, Robert E, 103, 117n, 201, 279, Chinese policy toward, 420-421 315,389,659 Communist drive to conquer, 327-330 Kent, Col. J. R., 148n, 235n, 259n, 275n, Communist infiltration through, 30-31, 333n 166,454-455,463 Khiem. See Tran Thien Khiem, Gen. Communist sanctuaries, 92 Khmer tribe, 250 Partitioning of, proposed, 519-521 Khoi. See Dang Due Khoi. Reconnaissance missions into, pro- Khrushchev, Nikita S., 454n posed, 12,94 Kim. See Le Van Kim, Brig. Gen. Soviet policy toward, 420, 421 Kirk, Alan G., 196 Vietnam, Democratic Republic of, and, Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of, 417,420-421 673 Vietnam, Republic of, relations with, Korea, Republic of, 673 326 Koren, Henry L. T., 26n, 28, 150, 185n, Le Nguyen Khang, Lt. Col., 579 201,279,315,389,390,404n Le Quang Tung, Cal., 224,376,580,597, Krulak, Maj. Gen. Victor H., 263, 569n 606,617,654,657,669,671 Buddhist crisis, 460-461, 661 Le Van Kim, Brig. Gen.: Communist insurgency: Coup against Diem: Decline in activity, 150 Generals’ plan, 653, 656 Infiltration routes, 463 Nhu as planner of, 489, 490, 491 Index 691

Le Van Kim, Brig Gen-Continued Malaya, 673 Martial law, 616 Manell, Abram E., 116n, 152, 308n. Nhu’s removal from power, support for, 313n,522n 613-614 Manfull, Melvin L., 247n, 375n Succession crisis, possible role in, 581, Defoliant operations, 272-274 582 Farmgate operation, augmentation of, Le Van Ty, Gen., 468,469 32-34 Lebanon, 674 Manhart, Maj. Gen. A. H., 206-207 Lend-Lease program for Vietnam, pro- Manning, Robert J., 66, 152n posed, 501-502 Diem, meeting with, 511-514 Levy, Cal. Robert M., 74 Media coverage of Vietnam: Liem, Lt. Cal., 352 Expulsions of reporters, 506 Lockhart, Frank I’., 34n Harassment campaign against report- Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 467 ers, 504,513,539-540 Appointment as ambassador, 414n, 415, Press conferences by Vietnamese offi- 416,453 cials, 512, 513 Arrival in Vietnam, 606n Report on, 531-543 Buddhist crisis, 611 Reporters, caliber of, 512,532-535 Coup against Diem, U.S. support for Nhu, meeting with, 496-510 Generals’ plan, 628, 634-635, 642, Nhu’s press relations, 505, 506 646,650-651,668.671 U.S. information programs and policies Diem, initial meeting with, 644-645, in Vietnam, 313n 649 “Confiding in newsmen” policy, 529- Kennedy’s briefing for, 567 530 Mansfield’s support for, 585 Government’s press relations, efforts Martial law: to improve, 530 Control of government issue, 604, Political perspective on media cover- 605-606,620.621 age, 503-504, 510, 511-512 U.S. response to, 601 Positive media coverage, methods to Mau’s resignation, 610 obtain, 507 Nhu, initial meeting with, 651-653 Recommendations for, 541-543 Nhu’s removal from power, 611-612, Vietnam, Republic of, U.S. public atti- 613-614, 621,627,636-637 tude toward, 502-503,504, 509 Press relations, 623-625 Mansfield, Mike (see also Mansfield re- U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam, port), 68n, 136, 564n 544 U.S. policy in Vietnam, premise of, 585- U.S. information programs and policies 588 in Vietnam: Vietnamese attitude toward, 155 “Confiding in newsmen” policy, 530 Mansfield report, 68-69 Credibility crisis in, 621 Chuong’s assessment of, 142-143 Press involvement in reassessment of Principal points, 122-123 Vietnam situation, 541-542 Vietnamese reaction to, 124, 152-156 Press relations, responsibility for, 567 Wood’s assessment of, 70-72 Washington officials, relations with, 604 Marine Corps, Vietnamese, 77-78,576 Loikow, Sgt. Maj. George E., 74 Martial law: Luong. See Bui Van Luong. Control of government issue, 602,604. Luu Van Tinh, 582 608, 609, 614-615, 620-621, 626, 628 Ma Viet Bang, Capt., 580 Counterinsurgency operations and, 608 Mackaday Zone D operations, 14 Declaration of, 595-597, 600, 616 Macmillan, Harold, 392~ Diem’s justification for, 645 Maechling, Charles, Jr., 17n, 129n, 201, Don’s assessment of, 608 315 Harkins’ assessment of, 607-610 Mai Huu Xuan, Brig. Gen., 580-581, 616 Military chain of command, 616-617 692 Index

Martial law-Continued McNamara, Robert S.-Continued Nhu’s strategy re, 612 Vietnam, Republic of, economic situa- Reports for Kennedy on, 610, 626 tion, 270 U.S. response to, 601-602 Mecklin, John, 10, 11, 144n, 173, 374n, Martin, Edwin M., 330 511 Martin, Pepper, 530 Buddhist crisis, media coverage of, 471 Martin, Robert, 170 Coup against Diem, 642 Mat Hien, bonze, 288 Manning’s attitude toward, 537 Mat Nguyen, bonze, 286,288,383n Mansfield report, Vietnamese reaction Mau. See Vu Van Mau. to, 152-156 Maynard, Len, 256 Media coverage of Vietnam: McCloskey, Robert J,, 34n, 116n Expulsions of reporters, 508 McCone, John A., 189n, 625 Nhu’s press relations, 505 Special Group for Counterinsurgency, Reporters, assessments of, 534, 624- 28,103,150,201,279,315,389 625 McGann, Eleanor G., 550n U.S. information programs and policies McHugh, Gen. Godfrey T., 2 in Vietnam: McNamara, Robert S.: “Confiding in newsmen” policy, Air Force, Vietnamese, training for, 268 263n Buddhist crisis, 600 Credibility crisis, 621-625 Communist surrender program, 266 Press briefings by officials, 64 Comprehensive Plan for South Viet- U.S. Lend-Lease program, proposed, nam, 133 502 Counterinsurgency operations, 189n U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, Air power used in, 269 117n Mekong Delta situation, 584,589n Media coverage of Vietnam (see also U.S. Coup against Diem, U.S. support for information programs and policies in Generals’ plan, 640, 641, 659, 660, Vietnam; under Buddhist crisis): 664,665,667n Ap Bat, battle of, 2-3, 98 Crop destruction and defoliation: “Bad rumors,” sources of, 498,499-500 Results, reports on, 230 Crop destruction and defoliation, 240- Test operations, 206 241 Farmgate operation, augmentation of, Diem’s assessment of, 511-514 145 Diem’s press relations, 58, 193, 326, Honolulu Conference, 264-270 532,535 Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 302 Editorials, 170-I 71 Krulak report, 455n Expulsions of reporters, 506-507,508, Nhu’s removal from power, U.S. de- 535,540 mand for, 640 Government’s press relations, 89-90, Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces: 93,99-100, 101 Force structure, 267 Complaints about press, 220 Paramilitary forces, 131, 132n, 266 Press conferences, 512, 513 Thompson and, 205 U.S. efforts to improve, 96, 171, 313, U.S. medical program for Vietnam, 266 530 U.S. military assistance to Vietnam: Harassment campaign against reporters, Funding for, 268, 275-276 470-473,504.505,513,539-540 Jets, provision of, 26, 27, 261~1 Helicopters, rules of engagement for, U.S. military involvement in Vietnam: 117n Advisers, 269-270 Jorden’s assessment of, 169-171, 203 Force reductions, proposed, 193, 243, Krulak’s assessment of, 465 244, 245, 268, 276~1,590 Lodge’s press relations, 623-625 Helicopters, rules of engagement for, Manning’s report on, 531-543 117 Mekong Delta situation, 584, 589-590 Weapons systems, value of, 265 Nhu’s assessment of, 498-501, 505-508 Index 693

Media coverage of Vietnam-Continued Momyer, Maj. Gen. William W., 74 Nhu’s press relations, 505-506, 508, Montagnards, 250 535536,540 Arming and training of, 49-50, 104-105 Nolting’s assessments of, 34-35, 98-102 Border control and, 167 Political perspective on, 503.504,510, Communists’ use of, 166-167 511-512 Diem’s assessment of, 14 Reporters, caliber of: Disarming of, 6-7 Manning’s assessments of, 512, 532. Government programs for, 82-83 535 Strategic hamlet program and, 440 Mecklin’s assessments of, 534, 624- Thompson’s assessment of, 194 625 U.S. assistance for, 390 Reporters’ suspicions re U.S. officials, Montgomery, James M., 17n, 259n, 262, 533 274n,280n U.S. combat activities, lOln, 116, 128. Moore, Daniel E., 96 129 Murrow, Edward R.: U.S. officials’ attitudes toward reporters, Coup against Diem, 664 536-537 Crop destruction and defoliation, 144- U.S. public opinion, impact on, 89 l45,237n, 274n Vietnam story, approach to, 98-99 Diem, foreign criticism of, 672-675 Wheeler’s assessment of, 113 Special Group for Counterinsurgency, Mekong Delta military situation, 584, 589- 28, 103, 150, 151, 201, 279,315, 590 389 Melvin, George, 256 U.S. information programs and policies Meyers, Howard, 17n in Vietnam, 65 Michaud, 370 Chinese People’s Republic-Demo- Military Assistance Advisory Group cratic Republic of Vietnam rela- (MAAG), 85,92,246 tions, propaganda re, 271, 354- Military Assistance Command, Vietnam 355 (MACV) (see also Harkins, Gen. Paul Crop destruction and defoliation, D.; U.S. military assistance to Viet- 144-145 nam; U.S. military involvement in Vi- Single spokesman in Vietnam, pro- etnam): posed, 151 Buddhist crisis, control operations by VOA broadcast capabilities, 355-356 government, U.S. involvement in, National Campaign Plan (NCP). See under 351,352~ Counterinsurgency operations. Civilian Irregular Defense Group pro- National Intelligence Estimates: gram, 330,332- 333 NIE 53-63,232-235 Command autonomy for, 7-8, 11, 95, National Security Action Memoranda: 97, 113n, 114, 195-196 217 (Jan. 25,1963), 63 Command control situation, 85-86, 92 National Security Council (NSC) meet- Counterinsurgency operations, air ings: power used in, 251-252 April 10, 1963,221 Credibility crisis, 622 Navy, Vietnamese, 77, 298 Farmgate operation, augmentation of, 4, Change of government and, 577 32-33 Force structure, 41 Press briefings, 100-101 Junk Force, 131-132,265 Public Information personnel, 172 Nepal, 560 Research and development, control of, New York Times, 240, 335, 393, 510n, 93,94 557% 558n, 565,584,589,622,635 Military assistance to Vietnam. See Third New Zealand: country military assistance to Viet- Economic assistance to Vietnam, 25 nam; U.S. military assistance to Viet- Military assistance to Vietnam, 358 nam. Newsweek, 506 Miller, R. H., 247n Nghe, Gen., 328 694 Index

Nghiep, bonze, 492 Ngo Dinh Diem-Continued Ngo Dinh Can: Death, possible consequences of, 321. Buddhist crisis, 285, 347, 477 322 Diem’s death, possible response to, 321 “Defeats,” attitude toward, 9 Nhu and, 573-574 Delegation problem, 13, 58 Ngo Dinh Diem (see also Coup against Elections, 229 Diem; Change of government, possi- Foreign criticism of, 672-675 ble under Vietnam, Republic of): Hilsman, meeting with, 14 Advice from Americans, problems with, Joint Counterinsurgency Fund: 154-155 Compromise agreement, 307 Buddhist crisis: Reconsideration of, 216-218,227 Agreement of June 16, 398,411-412, Rejection of, 183n, 184, 207-214 422,477 Lodge, initial meeting with, 644-645, Assessments of, 314, 445-446 649 Commission on, 353 Manning, meeting with, 511-514 Conciliatory policy of government, Mansfield report, reaction to, 124, 154 37771, 525, 561, 563-564, 565-566 Martial law: Conciliatory speech, 479-480, 494. Control of government issue, 607, 495,514.515 608,609,614-615 Control operations by government, Declaration of, 595,597, 616 367-368, 546 Media coverage of Vietnam: Demonstrations by Buddhists, 386 Assessment of, 511-514 Five demands, 309,310 Harassment campaign against report- Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, ers, 513 560-561,562,563 Press conferences by Vietnamese offi- Media coverage of, 471n, 512, 513 cials, 513 Meetings with Buddhists, 340, 345, Relations with press, 58, 193, 326, 356,526 532,535 Negotiations, 389~1 Reporters, calibre of, 512 Nolting’s personal involvement, Vietnamese desire for, 449-450 Madame Nhu: Defense of, 644 Pagodas, raids on, 595, 596, 616 Personal impact, 487 Relationship with, 615 Promises to U.S., efforts to keep, 661- Reprimand of, 612 662 Montagnards, 14 Resolution of crisis, U.S. recommen- Nhu, relationship with, 615, 663 dations re, 335n, 385-386 Nhu’s removal from power, U.S. de- Speeches on (see also Conciliatory mand for, 640 speech above), 360 Nolting’s departure, 566 U.S. disassociation from Vietnamese Personal life, 615 policy, threatened, 433, 446-447 Political prisoners, 229 Women’s Solidarity Movement reso- Political reform and, 234-235, 262n, lution on, 363n, 367, 369, 371, 411,427-428 372 Province committees for dispensing of Chuong’s assessment of, 143 government funds, 217-218 Communist surrender program, 18-19, Provincial tours, 306-307 229 Retirement, possible, 320 Counterinsurgency operations, 14 Strategic hamlet program, 209, 438 “Cautious” approach of Vietnamese, Thompson’s assessment of, 198,202 113 Tung and, 224 Economic and social projects, funding U.S. ambassadorship, Lodge’s appoint- for, 280 ment to, 414 Harkins’ assessments of, 118, 296 U.S. contacts with opposition parties, Crop destruction program, 403n 106 Index 695

Ngo Dinh Diem-Continued Ngo Dinh Nhu-Continued U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam, Martial law, 605, 610, 612, 615, 626, 228 628 U.S. loss of confidence in, 444 Media coverage of Vietnam, 101 U.S. military involvement in Vietnam: Assessment of, 488-501,505-508 Advisers, 209-210, 213, 217, 227-228 Expulsions of reporters, 506-507, 508 Endorsement of U.S. presence, 308- Harassment campaign against report- 309 ers, 504-505 Force reductions, proposed, 246-247 Relations with press, 505-506,508, U.S. military officials, relations with, 87 535-536,540 U.S. “Protectorate” concern, 208, 212 Military’s attitude toward, 573 Ngo Dinh Nhu, 58 Presidency for, possible, 262, 320, 321, Advice from Americans, problems with, 323-324,485 154-155 CIA assessment, 571-574,582 Buddhist crisis, 356 Psychological and political warfare con- Agreement of June 16, sabotage of, sciousness, 223 409-410, 411, 429, 431,433, 444, Public relations policies, 497-500, 502 446,448,450-451,452,477 Removal from power: Conciliatory policy of government, Diem’s resistance to, 640 526,556 Kim’s position, 613-614 Conciliatory speech by Diem, 494 Lodge’s position, 621 Control operations by government, Thuan’s position, 611-612 553 U.S. position, 452, 625, 627, 628-629, Demonstrations by Buddhists, 652 634-635,636,665 Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, VOA report of U.S. demands, 636- 556.557‘561 637,640,649 Meeting with Buddhists, 350 “Revisionist” thinking in government, Pagodas, raids on, 553, 554, 556,595, 222 597,612,613,616,620 Strategic hamlet program, 5, 257, 464, VOA report on, 651-652 652,653 Can and, 573-574 Tung and, 224 Chuong’s assessment of, 143 Communist insurgency, 327-329 U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam: Communist leader, contacts with, 327 Advisers, 325 Counterinsurgency operations: Assessment of, 223 Economic and social projects, funding Lend-Lease program, proposed, 501. for, 280 502 “Maginot Line” defensive measure, U.S. military involvement in Vietnam: 225 Advisers, 210,324-325,462 National Campaign Plan, 328,329 Force reductions, demand for, 223- Coup against Diem: 224,246,294-296,303-306,309 Expectation for, 603 Rotation program for personnel, 509 Possible involvement in, 488-491, U.S. officials, cooperation with, 329 572 U.S. “Protectorate” concern, 224 Diem, relationship with, 615, 663 Vietnamese self-sufficiency, promotion Diem’s death, possible response to, 321, of, 324-325 322 Ngo Dinh Nhu, Madame, 58,89,153 Don’s opposition to, 619 Buddhist crisis: Educational system in Vietnam, 223 Agreement of June 16, sabotage of, Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 184,208 409, 411,429, 431,433, 441, 450, Lodge, initial meeting with, 651-653 452,477 Manning, meeting with, 496-510 Attacks on Buddhists, 553, 556-558, Mansfield report, reaction to, 124, 153 559~ 560-561.563.564 696 Index

Ngo Dinh Nhu, Madame-Continued Nguyen Dinh Thuan-Continued Buddhist crisis-Continued Change of government and, 581 Women’s Solidarity Movement reso- Communist insurgency, 327 lution on, 362, 363-364, 368, Counterinsurgency operations: 371,372 Economic and social programs, fund- Can and, 573 ing for, 289 Coup against Diem, expectation for, 603 National Campaign Plan, 463-464 Diem, relationship with, 615 Elections in Vietnam, 414 Diem’s defense of, 644 Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 156, Diem’s reprimand of, 612 159n Nolting’s assessment of, 466 Compromise agreement, 254-256 Press relations, 535 Diem’s reconsideration of, 216-218 Secret police squad, 563 Diem’s rejection of, 183-184, 208 U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam, Krulak, meeting with, 463-464 criticism of, 225-226, 228 Nhu’s removal from power, position on, U.S. removal of, possible, 452 611-612 U.S. reporters, attacks on, 377 Political reforms in Vietnam, 401 Women’s Solidarity Movement and, Province committees for dispensing of 225, 228, 427-428 government funds, 217-218 Ngo Trong Hieu, 18,309,310,340,369, U.S. ambassadorship, Lodge’s appoint- 372,376n, 530,538 ment to, 414 Nguyen Cao Ky, Lt. Col., 580 U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, 26, Nguyen Dinh Thuan: 103,115 Buddhist crisis, 311, 337-338, 486 U.S. military officials, relations with, 87 Agreement of June 16, 409-410,413- Nguyen Khanh, Maj. Gen., 609 414,422,429-430,441-442,477 Coup against Diem, 583,603 Commission on, 339,353,372 Generals’ plan, 633-634, 642, 643, Communist involvement issue, 351, 647,649,653,654,656 429 Nhu as planner of, 489,490-491 Conciliatory policy of government, Martial law, 616 376-377,525 Nguyen Ngoc Khoi, Lt. Col., 579, 582 Conciliatory speech by Diem, 479- Nguyen Ngoc Le, Maj. Gen., 491,616, 480,494,495 653 Demonstrations by Buddhists, 370, Nguyen Ngoc Tho: 372,386,493 Buddhist crisis, 309,339-340, 350,486 Diem’s meetings with Buddhists, 340, Agreement of June 16,400,429,477 526 Commission on, 353, 372,546-547 Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, 561, 562-563 561,564n Media coverage of, 370,47ln, 525. Negotiations, 387, 391n 526 Truce agreement of June 5, 359 Negotiations, 383-384, 388-389, 391, U.S. officials’ contacts with Bud- 395 dhists, 547 Nhu’s meeting with Buddhists, 350 Coup against Diem, 654,657,670-671 Nolting’s personal involvement, Diem’s death, possible response to, 321 Vietnamese desire for, 449-450 Laos, proposed partitioning of, 520 Pagodas, raids on, 595 Mansfield report, reaction to, 124 Poison gas issue, 350-351, 352 Nhu’s quest for presidency and, 571, Truce agreement of June 5, 356-358, 572 359-360 Political reforms in Vietnam, 400-401 U.S. officials’ contacts with Bud- Presidency for, possible, 323-324, 394, dhists, 547 407-408,467,474-475,532,574- Women’s Solidarity Movement reso- 575 lution on, 362, 371, 372 Regional programs, 325-326 Index 697

Nguyen Ngoc Tho-Continued Nolting, Frederick E., Jr.-Continued U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam, Communist insurgency: 326 Future developments, 108-109 Nguyen Ton Hoan, 184,618 Infiltration, evidence re, Ill- 112 Nguyen Van Ba, Maj., 579 Infiltration capabilities, 109-110 Nguyen Van Binh, Paul, 396 Communist surrender program, 18-19 Nguyen Van La, Maj. Gen., 657,669 Comprehensive Plan for South Viet- Nguyen Van Thien, Col. (Buddhist), 579 nam, 36,38 Nguyen Van Thien, Col. (Catholic), 580 Country Team assessment, 178-183 Nguyen Van Tinh, Capt., 580 Counterinsurgency operations: Nhu. See Ngo Dinh Nhu. Air power used in, 178n, 186n, 247- Niebuhr, Reinhold, 430~ 253 Nitze, Paul H., 275, 333-335 Buddhist crisis, impact of, 661 Nolting, Frederick E., Jr., 4, 5, 112n, 203 CIA assessments of, 551 Ball, meeting with, 466-467 Economic and social projects, funding for, 289-290 Buddhist crisis: Infiltration, actions against, 110-l 11, Agreement of June 16466,486 112 Assessments of, 487-488,662-663 Movement and population control Buddhist request for U.S. assistance, measures, 141-142 492 Napalm use, 12 Commission on, 546-547 Progress made by, 306-307 Conciliatory policy of government, Coup against Diem: 525,528-529, 556, 561, 563-564, Generals’ plan, U.S. support for, 641, 565-566,662 663-664,665 Conciliatory speech by Diem, 494- U.S. policy re, 453,528,529 496,515-516,522 Crop destruction and defoliation, 162- Control operations by government, 165,548-549 311.312,546 Departure from Vietnam, 566 Demonstrations by Buddhists, 310- Diem’s delegation problem, 13 31 1,492,493 Diem’s press relations, 58 Diem’s assessment of, 314 Diem’s provincial tours, 306-307 Diem’s efforts to keep his promises, Farmgate operation, augmentation of, 661-662 32-33 Diem’s meetings with Buddhists, 526 GAO report on Vietnam, reaction to, Five demands, 309-310 161-162 Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, Honolulu Conference, 269 556-557,560.563 Joint Counterinsurgency Fund: Media coverage of, 512-513,525-526 Compromise agreement, 254-256, Pagodas, raids on, 556, 662-663 301,307 Persona1 involvement, Vietnamese Diem’s reconsideration of, 216-218, desire for, 449-450 227-228 Radicals and activists in leadership Diem’s rejection of, 183-184, 207-214 roles, 493-494 Diem’s rejection of, U.S. response to, Religious persecution, statement on, 214, 218-219 550 Negotiations, 186 Resolution of crisis, U.S. proposals U.S. initial proposal, 156-161 for, 521-522 Vietnamese control, proposed in- U.S. disassociation from Vietnamese crease in, 219 policy, threatened, 433n, 448 Kennedy’s endorsement of, 453 U.S. officials’ contacts with Bud- Madame Nhu, assessment of, 466 dhists, 547 Mansfield report, Vietnamese reaction VOA broadcast on, 652 to, 153 Cambodia, 6, 13 Martial law, U.S. response to, 601 698 Index

Nolting, Frederick E., Jr.-Continued Pakistan, 674 Mau and, 326-327 Parker, Lt. Gen. Theodore W., 73 Media coverage of Vietnam, 34-35, 58, Pell, Claiborne, 68n 98-102, 511 Perruso, Dolores P., 657n Montagnards, disarming of, 6 Perry, John, 256 Nhu and, 324-325 Pham Huy Quat, 581 Nhu’s removal from power, U.S. de- Pham Khac Suu, 582 mand for, 665 Pham Ngoc Thao, Lt. Col., 474 Press relations, 623-624 Pham Van Binh, 474 Replacement as ambassador, 61, 64, Pham Xuan Chieu, Gen., 653 133, 140, 291, 414n,415 Phan Dinh Thu, Col., 581,582 Request for replacement, 196 Phan Van Tao, 18,154,471 Return to Vietnam, 432, 448, 453, 486n Philippines, 673 Rowny’s assessment of, 10 Phillips, Richard I., 651n Strategic hamlet program: Phillips, Rufus, 10, 11, 62, 113, 255n, 256. Corruption in, 209 258,301,611-612,613-614 Military funds shifted to, proposal Pike, James A., 430n for, 214 Plei Mrong operation, 14 Tho and, 325-326 Poats, R., 235n, 259n Thompson’s U.S. visit, 203 Press problem. See Media coverage of Vi- U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam: etnam; U.S. information programs Madame Nhu’s criticism of, 225-226, and policies in Vietnam. 228 Province rehabilitation program. See Stra- Reassessment of, proposed, 544-546 tegic hamlet program. U.S. information programs and policies Pushkin, Georgi M., 31 in Vietnam, 67, 69, 100-102 Quang Due, bonze, 374n, 375 “Confiding in newsmen” policy, 263- 264 Radford, Adm. Arthur W., 137 U.S. military assistance to Vietnam: Radhakrishnan, 392n Jets, provision of, 26, 34, 115 Ranger Companies, 297,576 Phase-out plan, 182 Read, Benjamin H., 531n U.S. military involvement in Vietnam: Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces Advisers, 227-228, 269 (RVNAF) (see also Air Force, Force reductions, proposed, 295x Vietnamese; Army of the Republic of Vietnam, Republic of: Vietnam; Marine Corps, Vietnamese; Change of government, possible, Navy, Vietnamese): 316.317,466,467,481 Buddhist chaplains, 364 Elections, 660 Command and control situation, 86 Opposition parties, U.S. contacts Criticisms of, 1 with, 126-128 Force structure, 40-42, 76, 267 Province committees for dispensing Intelligence program, 78-81, 92 of government funds, 217-218 Joint Operations Center, 76 Nuttle, Dave, 203 Leadership, quality of, 78 Multiplicity of separate armies, 54-55 Oai. See Tran Tu Oai, Gen. National Campaign Plan and, 468-469 Odom, Maj. Louie W., 74 Paramilitary forces. See Civil Guard; Ci- “Open arms” amnesty program. See Com- vilian Irregular Defense Group pro- munist surrender program. gram; Self Defense Corps. Operation Farmgate. See Farmgate opera- Political tendencies within, intelligence tion. re, 262-263 Operation Sunrise, 8, 457 Psychological and political warfare con- Operation Switchback. See Civilian lrregu- sciousness, 223 lar Defense Group program. Ranger Companies, 297,576 Index 699

Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces- Rusk, Dean-Continued Continued Joint Counterinsurgency Fund: Training for, 42-44, 47, 76 Funding sources, 236 Republican Youth Organization, 194, 409, Negotiations re, 185, 195 425,427,428,613 Mansfield report, 122-123 Rice, Edward E., 26n, 102n, 128n,130n, Martial law, 606 169n, 185n, 195n, 197n,235n, 243n, Mau, meeting with, 219-220 260n, 271n, 283n,342n, 393n, 402n, Media coverage of Vietnam, 34-35, 220 415n, 488-489, 517n,522n Nhu’s removal from power, U.S. de- Richardson, John H., 327,329 mand for, 637n, 640 Riddleberger, James W., 23 SEATO Ministerial meeting, 215 Riley, Adm. Herbert D., 630, 631 Thompson and, 205 Robinson, James, 506,508, 530, 535, 540 U.S. information programs and policies Rostow, Walt W., 390n, 454-455 in Vietnam, 96, 169n Rowny, Maj. Gen. Edward L., 7-11 Combat activities, media coverage of, Rusk, Dean: 116, 128-129 Buddhist crisis, 342-343 U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, 26, Background report on, 366 102-103 Burial of Buddhist martyr, 393-394 U.S. military involvement in Vietnam: Conciliatory speech by Diem, 518 Advisers, 235 Control operations by government, Diem’s endorsement of U.S. pres- 342-343 ence, 308-309 Demonstrations by Buddhists, 283, Force reductions, proposed, 294-296 348 Vietnam, Republic of: Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, Change of government, possible, 564-565 394-395 Negotiations, 393 Opposition parties, 220, 394 Poison gas issue, 349 Political reforms, 402-404 Political motives of Buddhists, 365 Russell, Bertrand, 240 Resolution of crisis, U.S. recommen- dations re, 335- 336, 364-365, Salinger, Pierre, 65, 66, l44,263n, 531n 381-383,517.518 Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 133 “Vacation” for Diem and, 565 Self Defense Corps: Women’s Solidarity Movement reso- lution on, 363-364 Force structure, 42, 131-132 Improvements in, 78,297-298 Communist insurgency, 454 Comprehensive Plan for South Viet- Training for, 266 nam, 148-149 Serong, Col., 315-316 Counterinsurgency operations: Sheehan, Neil, 2,370,377,470,472-473 Air power used in, 173-178 Shepard, Capt. Tazewell T., 226n Buddhist crisis, impact of, 661 Sihanouk, Prince Norodom, 153,326 Mekong Delta situation, 589n Buddhist crisis, 375n, 392, 404 Movement and population control Laos, proposed partitioning of, 520 measures, 129-130 Silver, Solomon, 156n “Security for villages” strategy, 189 Smith, Benjamin A., 68n Coup against Diem: Smith, Lt. Col. Bill G., 73 Buddhist crisis, relation to, 523-524 Smith, Bromley, 221, 226n, 659 Generals’ plan, U.S. support for, 640, Sorensen, Thomas C., 144n 641, 646, 663, 664, 665, 667-668, Southeast Asia, regional programs in, 325- 675n 326 Nhu as planner of, 488 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization U.S. policy re, 523-524 (SEATO) Ministerial meeting (April Crop destruction and defoliation, 274- 1963), 215 275,403 Souvanna Phouma, 30-31,220 700 Index

Soviet Union: Strategic hamlet program-Continued Cambodia, arms for, 197 Progress reports on, 256-258, 267, 439- China, People’s Republic of, dispute 440, 457-458 with, 416-422 Reinforcement for hamlets under attack, Communist infiltration through Laos 57 and, 454-455 Serong’s assessment of, 315-316 Communist insurgency, policy on, 421. Strategic hamlet kits, 42 422 Strategy of, 39-40, 435 Diem, criticism of, 674 Sunrise operation, 457 Laos, policy toward, 420,421 Typical hamlet, 436-437 Vietnam, Democratic Republic of, rela- U.S. direction of, 6 tions with, 416-422 U.S. economic assistance, 458 Vietnam policy, 109 Villagers’ attitudes toward, 51-52, 53 Special Forces, U.S., 246-247 Wheeler’s assessment of, 113 Special Group for Counterinsurgency: Sullivan, William H., 193 Meetings, 28-30, 103-105, 150-151, Sully, Francois, 535 201-203,279-280,315-316,389- Sunrise, Operation, 8,457 390 “Surrender” policy. See Communist sur- Third country economic assistance to render program. Vietnam, report on, 23-26 Switchback, Operation. See Civilian Irreg- Special National Intelligence Estimates: ular Defense Group program. SNIE 14.3-63,416-422 Sy, Maj., 284-285, 311 SNIE 53-2-63,483.485 Sylvester, Arthur, 66, I44n, 263n Springsteen, George S., 466 Szulc, Tad, 557,565 Sprouse, Phillip D., 392n Stephens, Orem, 672n Tam Chau, bonze, 391,474,478-479, Stoneman, Walter G., 129n, 148n, 550n 195n,235n Tao. See Phan Van Tao. Strategic hamlet program, 49, 134, 194, Tay Ninh operations, 12, 14 652,653 Taylor, Barney, 128 Administration of hamlets, 130 Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D., 30 Communist reaction, 438-439, 440 Comprehensive Plan for South Viet- Corruption in, 209 nam, JCS assessment of, 133-136 cost of, 130-131 Counterinsurgency operations, 84n Democratization plans and, 427-428 Coup against Diem, U.S. support for Denney’s assessment of, 434-441 Generals’ plan, 628n,631, 639, 640, Elections in hamlets, 82 641,648,655,658,664,667n, 675 Funding for (see also Joint Counterin- Crop destruction and defoliation, 230- surgency Fund), 213-214,301-303 232 Government’s approach to, 257-258 Farmgate operation, augmentation of, Growth of, 118,315-316 145-147 Harkins’ assessment of, 298-299 Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 221 Inadequacies of, 4, 54 Krulak report, 455n Interministerial Committee on Strategic MACV, command autonomy for, 195- Hamlets, 464 196 Krulak’s assessment of, 457-458 Martial law, 606-607 Local control issue, 438 Special Group for Counterinsurgency, Military funds shifted to, proposal for, 28,30, 103, 150, 201, 279, 280, 214 315,389 Montagnards and, 440 U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, 26 Nhu’s support for, 5 U.S. military involvement in Vietnam: Origins and development of, 437-438 Force reductions, proposed, 590-591 Police forces, 4, 7,54 Helicopters, rules of engagement for, Political impact of, 82 117 Index 701

Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D.-Continued Times of Vietnam, 433n, 441,450, 477, U.S. military involvement in Vietnam- 480,559n Continued Ton That Dinh, Brig. Gen., 603,606, 669 Rotation program for personnel, 509 Coup against Diem, 474,576, 580,597, Thailand: 608,647,654,657,671,672 Criticism of Diem, 673 Martial law, 616-617 Vietnam, Republic of, relations with, U.S. advisers, complaints about, 224 326-327 Ton That Xung, Col., 576 Thien Hoa, bonze, 359 Tran Kim Phuong, 582 Thien Minh, bonze, 356,357,358,359, Tran Kim Tuyen, 474,475,580,583,603, 368,383n, 391,474 611 Thien Sieu, bonze, 288 Tran Le Quang, 582 Thiet, Maj., 370 Tran Le Xuan. See Ngo Dinh Nhu, Ma- Third country economic assistance to Viet- dame. nam, 23-26, 29 Tran Quoc Buu, 581,658 Third country military assistance to Viet- Tran Son, Gen., 328 nam: Tran Thien Khiem, Gen., 327 ANZUS and, 358-359 Coup against Diem, 634, 642, 643, 647, U.S. Embassy’s views on, 17 653-655, 656 Thompson, Brig. Robert G. K., 185 Martial law, 615, 616, 617 Communist insurgency, 199 Tran Trung Dung, 581 Terrorism, 200 Tran Tu Oai, Gen., 18, 612, 653 Troop strength, 194 Tran Van Chuong, 142-143,56ln, 619, Communist surrender program, 18n, 665-666 194,200 Tran Van Dinh, 666 Counterinsurgency operations, 199 Tran Van Don, Maj. Gen., 223,606,634 Air power used in, 195, 200 Buddhist crisis: Infiltration, actions against, 201 Pagodas, raids on, 616,617-618 Long-range patrolling, 202 Poison gas issue, 352 Movement and population control Refugee priests issue, 618 measures, 194 Cabinet “house cleaning,” 632 Success, measurement of, 202 Coup against Diem, 474,491,583,607 Crop destruction and defoliation, 199, Generals’ plan, 618-620, 642, 643, 241 653-654,656,657 Diem, assessment of, 198,202 Diem’s personal life, 615 Diem’s press relations, 193 Martial law, 608 Harriman, meeting with, 193-195, 205 Control of government issue, 614-615 Kennedy, meeting with, 198-200, 204- Declaration of, 616 205 Military chain of command, 616-617 Montagnards, 194 Nhu, opposition to, 619 Special Group for Counterinsurgency, Officers’ loyalty to, 613-614 meeting with, 201-202 Tran Van Huu, 220 Strategic hamlet program, 5, 194 Tran Van Khiem, 563 U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, Tran Van Lam, 581 193,201 Tran Van Minh, Maj. Gen., 580,581 Vietnam, Republic of: Tran Van Tu, 617 Civil service personnel, 194 Tri Quang, bonze, 284,285-286,288,341, Police services, 107 344,347,383,431,473-474,476,618 Political allegiance of people, 193 Trueheart, William C., 4 Thuan. See Nguyen Dinh Thuan. Buddhist crisis: Thuong, Lt. Col., 310-311 Agreement of June 2 6, 398-399,400, Tien Hoa, bonze, 391 409-414,422,429-430,431,441- Tien Khiet, bonze, 359, 55On 442,446,450-451 Time magazine, 558 Background report on, 366n 702 Index

Trueheart, William C.-Continued Trueheart, William C.-Continued Buddhist crisis-Continued Counterinsurgency operations: Buddhist motives and tactics, 378-379 Economic and social programs, fund- Buddhist request for U.S. protection, ing for, 289n 478-479 National Campaign Plan, 468-470 Commission on, 338, 339, 353, 372 Coup against Diem, 642 Communist involvement issue, 351, Honolulu Conference, 267 429 Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 254 Conciliatory policy of government, Martial law, 595-597 376-377 Montagnards, disarming of, 6 Conciliatory speech by Diem, 479. Praise from superiors for, 482 480 Strategic hamlet program, 6, 267 Control operations by government, U.S. information programs and policies 343-344, 346-347, 367-368, 370, in Vietnam, 125 379-380 Vietnam, Republic of: Control operations by government, Change of government, possible, 399 U.S. involvement in, 351-352, Elections, 414 369 Opposition parties, U.S. contacts Demonstrations by Buddhists, 340- with, 399 341,367,370,372,374,375-376, Political situation, 6,400-401, 402, 386,429,430 411 Demonstrations by students, 396-397 Truman, Harry S., 586 Diem’s assessment of, 445-446 Trumbull, Bob, 170 Diem’s meetings with Buddhists, 340 Truong Buu Khanh, 497,511 Divisions among Buddhists, 430-431 Truong Vinh Le, 571 Tu Dieu, 474 Exploitation by government oppo- nents, 337-339 Tuch Khiet, bonze, 383n, 391, 396 Media coverage of, 370, 470-471 Tull, James N., 34 Tung. See Le Quang Tung, Col. Military’s attitude toward, 377-378 Tuong Van, bonze, 288 Negotiations, 383-384, 387-389, 391, Tuthill, John W., 23 395,396 Tuyen. See Tran Kim Tuyen. Nhu’s meeting with Buddhists, 350 Ty. See Le Van Ty, Gen. Nolting’s personal involvement, Vietnamese desire for, 449-450 U Thant, 392n Pagodas, raids on, 595-597 United Kingdom, 204 Poison gas issue, 350.351,352 Criticism of Diem, 673-674 Refugee priests issue, 599 Military assistance to Vietnam, 24 Religious freedom issue, 336-337 United Nations, Buddhist crisis and, 392n, Resolution of crisis, U.S. recommen- 560 dations re, 380, 385-387 Unna, Warren, 184, 185, 205, 294, 309 Truce agreement of June 5,356-358, U.S. ambassadorship: 359-360 Lodge’s appointment, 414-416,453 U.S. disassociation from Vietnamese Arrival in Vietnam, 606~ policy, threatened, 433, 442-443, Replacement of Nolting: 446-447 Proposal for, 61, 64, 133, 140, 291 Women’s Solidarity Movement reso- Nolting’s request for replacement, lution on, 362-363, 367, 369, 196 371,372 U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam (see Commercial Import Program, 360-362 also Joint Counterinsurgency Fund): Communist insurgency: Advisers: Laos, drive to conquer, 327-330 Nhu’s attitude toward, 325 Troop strength, 5-6 Tho’s attitude toward, 326 Index 703

U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam- U.S. information programs and policies in Continued Vietnam-Continued Commercial Import Program (CIP), Positive media coverage, methods to 281-283, 360-362, 544 obtain, 28-29, 59, 65-67, 102, 507 Lend-Lease program, proposed, Sol- Press briefings by officials, 64, 66-67, 502 96,313 Madame Nhu’s criticism of, 225-226, Press involvement in reassessment of 228 Vietnam situation, 541-542 Nhu’s assessment of, 223 Single spokesman in Vietnam, pro- Piaster support, 48 posed, 151 Reassessment of, proposed, 544-546 U.S. officials’ press relations, improve- Reductions in, proposed, 304 ment of, 543 Rural development program, 62 Vietnamese Government’s press rela- Strategic hamlet program and, 458 tions, efforts to improve, 96, 171, U.S. Information Agency (USIA) (see also 313,530 Voice of America): Vietnamese restrictions on press and, Chinese People’s Republic-Democratic 67-68 Republic of Vietnam relations, Vietnamese soldiers, improved image propaganda re, 354-355 for, 126 Communist surrender program, 229 U.S. Information Service (USIS): Crop destruction and defoliation, 237n, Communist surrender program, 19 241 Manning’s assessment of, 537 U.S. information programs and policies in U.S. medical program in Vietnam, 29-30, Vietnam: 266 Balance in stories, emphasis on, 172. U.S. military assistance to Vietnam (see 173 also Military Assistance Command, Casualty information, handling of, 542 U.S.): Chinese People’s Republic-Democratic Communications systems, 75-77 Republic of Vietnam relations, Construction program, 46-47 propaganda re, 271-272,354-355 Cost data on, 45-49 Combat activities, media coverage of, Funding for: lOln, 116, 128-129 1964,268 “Confiding in newsmen” policy, 279. 1964-1969,276-277,292-294,333- 280, 313, 529-530 335 Country Team support for, 263-264 Intelligence program, 78-79 Formulation of, 263n Jets, provision of, 26-27, 34 Credibility crisis, 621-625 U.S. decision against, 102-103, 115, Crop destruction and defoliation, 144. 197-198, 260- 261 145, 240-241 Lend-Lease program, proposed, 501. Embassy handling of press, 172,536- 502 537 Phase-out plan, 182-183 Feature articles, encouragement of, 69 Positive impacts, 50 History of, 531 Reductions, proposed, 185n, 214,215- Interdepartmental group for public rela- 216,218 tions, 541 U.S. military involvement in Vietnam (see Jorden’s recommendations, 171-173 also Military Assistance Command, Lodge in charge of official press rela- Vietnam): tions, 567 Advisers: Manning’s recommendations, 541-543 Diem’s criticisms of, 209-210, 213, Military-press contacts, 68-69, 100-101, 217 113, 125-126 Improvements in advisory system, National Campaign Plan and, 126 227-228,235 Political perspective on media coverage, Increase in number of, 75 503-504, 510, 511-512 Local-level advisers, 59 704 Index

U.S. military involvement in Vietnam- Vietnam-Continued Continued Martial law Advisers-Continued Media coverage of Vietnam Nhu’s attitude toward, 324-325, 462 Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Reduction of, proposed, 235, 269-270 Montagnards Vietnamese attitudes toward, 462 Self Defense Corps Vietnamese military’s complaints Strategic hamlet program about, 224 Third country economic assistance to Air interdiction missions (see also Farm- Vietnam gate operation), 175, 177 Third country military assistance to Vi- Ceiling on forces, 135n, 244-245 etnam Cost data on, 45-49 U.S. information programs and policies Diem’s endorsement of U.S. presence, in Vietnam 308-309 U.S. medical program in Vietnam Domestic U.S. opposition, 430, 510 U.S. military involvement in Vietnam Force reductions, proposed, 243-245, Vietnam, Democratic Republic of 268,276n Vietnam, Republic of Comprehensive Plan and, 44-45 Vietnam, Democratic Republic of (DRV): Felt’s plan, 591-594 China, People’s Republic of, relations Krulak’s position, 464-465 with, 416-422 Limiting factors, 293 U.S. propaganda re, 271-272,354- Nhu’s demand for reductions, 223- 355 224,246-247,294n Communist insurgency, support for, 31 Nhu’s demand for reductions, U.S. Crop destruction and defoliation, prop- response to, 294-296,303-306, aganda re, 240,242 308-309 Diem, criticism of, 673 Thompson’s position, 193,201 Domestic situation, 417 Helicopters, rule of engagement for, 88, Laos, policy toward, 417,420-421 117 Soviet Union, relations with, 416-422 Mansfield’s warning about, 587 Strategic hamlet program, propaganda Media coverage of combat activities, about, 438-439,440 lOln, 116, 128-129 U.S. attacks on: Performance of personnel, 93 Hilsman’s position, 191-192 Rotation program for personnel, 509 Wheeler Mission recommendation Vietnamese attitude toward, 175-176 for, 73n, 91-92, 94 War footing, possible, 71 War objectives, 417 Weapons systems, value of, 265 Vietnam, Republic of (see also Buddhist crisis; Counterinsurgency operations; Van Thanh Cao, Brig. Gen., 489-490 Martial law; Republic of Vietnam Vann, Lt. Col. John P., 1 Armed Forces; U.S. economic assist- Vien. See Cao Van Vien, Col. ance to Vietnam; U.S. military assist- Viet Cong. See Communist insurgency. ance to Vietnam): Vietnam. See: Cabinet “house cleaning,” 632 Civil Guard Catholics in government, 467 Civilian Irregular Defense Group pro- Change of government, possible (see gram also Coup against Diem): Communist insurgency Bowles’ endorsement of, 482-483, Communist surrender (Chieu Hoi) pro- 518-519 gram CIA assessment of, 569-583 Comprehensive Plan for South Vietnam Constitutional provisions, 569-570 Coup against Diem Crisis indicators, 319-320 Crop destruction program Nhu as possible successor, 262,320, Defoliant operations 321,323-324,485,571-574,582 Farmgate operation Nolting’s views on, 466, 467 Index 705

Vietnam, Republic of-Continued Vietnam, Republic of-Continued Change of government, possible- Self-sufficiency for, 324-325 Continued Trade union movement, 106 Persons likely to be involved, 3 1 B- U.S. ambassadorship, 414-416, 453, 319,578-583 606n Scenarios for, 320-322 U.S. criticism, government reaction to, SNIE on, 483-485 161-162 U.S. contingency planning, 262, 316. U.S. influence with government offi- 324, 394-395, 399, 481-482, 555, cials, 87 574-578 U.S. public attitude toward, 502-503, Civil service personnel, 194 504,509 Defense agreement with U.S., pro- Village cult committees, 365 posed, 293 Vo Van Hai, 620n Economic situation, 544-545 Voice of America (VOA), 241, 354, 355, Budget deficit, 181 561n Improvements in, 83 Broadcast capabilities, 355-356 Piaster shortage, 270 Buddhist crisis, broadcasts on, 618, 619, Planning, need for, 55-56 629n, 635,636,651-652 Educational system, 83, 223 Nhu’s removal from power, broadcast Elections, 229, 414, 660 of U.S. demand for, 636-637,640, Foreign policy, 57, 60, 326-327, 375 649 Importance to U.S., Mansfield’s assess- Vu Van Mau, 547 ment of, 585-588 Buddhist crisis, 396n Imports, 281-283,360-362 Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, Kennedy’s commitment to, 503,504 561 Opposition parties, government attitude Refugee priests issue, 599 toward, 220 Diem’s relations with press, 326 Opposition parties, U.S. contacts with: Resignation, 610, 660 Contingency planning and, 319,394, Rusk, meeting with, 219-220 399 Vietnam’s foreign policy, 326-327 Forrestal’s position, 105-106, 132-133 “No contact” policy, 65 Washington Daily News, 117n Nolting’s position, 126-128 Washington Post, 2, 113, 184, 294n, 301, Police and security services, 107-108, 309n, 558n 577 Weede, Maj. Gen. Richard G., 327 Political allegiance of people, develop- ment of, 81-83, 193,234.235 Wheeler, Gen. Earle G., 3, 29, 96, 270 Political prisoners, 229 Counterinsurgency operations, 113 Political situation, 31 MACV, command autonomy for, 113n Alienation within government, 6, 57- Media coverage of Vietnam, 113 58 Mission report, 73 CIA assessment of, 423-425 Strategic hamlet program, 113 Democratization plans, 82, 427-428 U.S. information programs and policies Diem as obstacle to reform, 234-235 in Vietnam, 113 U.S. promotion of reform, 261-262, Wheeler Mission, 30,31-32, 63-64 400.404,411 Appointment of, 3 Province chief-government relation- Report of, 73-94 ship, 222-223 White, Lincoln, 367n Province committees for dispensing of Williams, Ogden, 107 government funds, 217-218 Wilson, Charles, 137 Public relations policies, 497-500, 502 Wilson, Donald M., 28, 65-67, 96, 201, Regional programs, 325-326 279-280,315,672n Religious Council, proposed, 314, 365, Women’s Solidarity Movement, 194,225, 382-383 228, 427-428 706 Index

Women’s Solidarity Movement- Wood, Chalmers B.-Continued Continued Media coverage of Vietnam, 34n, 1OOn Buddhist crisis, resolution on, 362-364, RVNAF paramilitary force levels, 131n 367,368,369,371,372,397 Special Group for Counterinsurgency, Wood, Chalmers B., 129n, 193, 198, 28, 103,201 235n,428n, 429n, 466 Strategic hamlet program, 130-131 Buddhist crisis, 342n, 442n, 487n,488n Thompson’s U.S. visit, 203-206 Agreement of June 16, 451n U.S. information programs and policies Background report on, 366n in Vietnam, 169n Cambodia’s position, 404n Chinese People’s Repub- Demonstrations by Buddhists, 348n lic-Democratic Republic of Viet- Media coverage of, 472n nam relations, propaganda re, Negotiations, 393n 271n, 355n Poison gas issue, 349n Combat activities, media coverage of, Religious freedom issue, 335n 116n, 128n Resolution of crisis, U.S. recommen- Military-press contacts, 125-126 dations re, 381n U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, pro- U.S. disassociation from Vietnamese vision of jets, 26-27, 102n, 197-198 policy, threatened, 433n, 443n U.S. military involvement in Vietnam: Women’s Solidarity Movement reso- Ceiling on forces, 243-245 lution on, 363n Force reductions, proposed, 243-245 Comprehensive Plan for South Viet- Helicopters, rules of engagement for, nam, 148n 117n Counterinsurgency operations, 131, Vietnam, Republic of: 173n Change of government, possible, Crop destruction and defoliation, 150 317-324,394n Farmgate operation, augmentation of, Political reforms, 261, 402n 32,34n Woolf, Donald L., 259n Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 195n, Wright, Adm. Jerauld, 196 212n, 215n,255n, 259n Wright, Marshall, 497,511 Lodge’s appointment as ambassador, 415n Y, Col., 546 Mansfield report, 70-72, 122n Yuen Tse Kien, 566