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Malasia Malasia OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Malasia Malasia La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comuni- cación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios no oficiales. La presente ficha país no defiende posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. SEPTIEMBRE 2014 hinduistas, así como minorías animistas, taoístas o shikhs. Malasia Moneda: Ringgit = 100 sen. Forma de Estado: Monarquía constitucional. División administrativa: El país se divide en 13 Estados y los tres Territorios Federales de Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya y Labuan. TAILANDIA Golfo de Tailandia 1.2. Geografía Tanto la Malasia peninsular como el territorio situado en Borneo tienen una for- Ipoh BRUNEI mación geográfica similar, consistente en zonas montañosas en el interior, que descienden hacia plataformas costeras. La cordillera Titiwangsa recorre Malasia Kuala Lumpur peninsular de norte a sur. Las montañas de Malasia insular son más elevadas, destacando el Monte Kinabalu que, con 4.100m., es la montaña más alta del Kuching Sudeste asiático. Esta configuración hace que en el país abunden los ríos, cau- dalosos, aunque no muy largos. La vegetación es típicamente tropical y gran parte del país, especialmente la Malasia insular está cubierta de selva. En la par- INDONESIA te peninsular, la selva se intercala con extensas zonas de cultivo (especialmente plantaciones de caucho natural y palmeras). © Ocina de Información Diplomática. 1.3. Indicadores sociales Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. Densidad de población (hab./km²)(2013): 89 PIB per cápita: US$ 10.270 1. DATOS BÁSICOS Coeficiente GINI (2009): 46,2 Esperanza de vida (2012): 72 (hombres); 76 (mujeres) 1.1. Características generales Crecimiento población % (2012) 1,65 IDH (Valor numérico/nº orden mundial) (2012): 0,769 / 64 Nombre oficial: Malasia. Tasa de fertilidad (2012): 1,98 Superficie: 330.252 km². Tasa de natalidad (2012): 18 Límites: Malasia se encuentra situada en el Sudeste asiático, justo encima del Tasa de mortalidad (2012): 8 Ecuador, entre Indonesia, Tailandia, Filipinas y Singapur. Consta de dos territo- Fuente: Dpto. de Estadística de Malasia (Mysidc). rios divididos por el Mar del Sur de China: Malasia peninsular (que supone un 40% del territorio y concentra el 80% de la población) y Malasia insular, formada 1.4. Estructura del PIB por los estados de Sabah y Sarawak, que ocupan el norte de la isla de Borneo (isla que Malasia comparte con Brunei e Indonesia). DISTRIBUCIÓN POR SECTORES % PIB TOTAL 2011 2012 2013 Población: 29.840.000 habitantes aprox. (agosto 2013). AGRICULTURA Y PESCA 7,6 7,3 7,1 Capital: Kuala Lumpur (1.890.000 habitantes) es la capital oficial y legislativa y MINERÍA Y EXPLOTACIÓN DE CANTERAS 8,8 8,4 8,1 Putrajaya (86.000 habitantes) es la capital administrativa y judicial. MANUFACTURAS 25,1 24,9 24,5 Otras ciudades importantes: Johor Bahru (1.420.000 hab.), Kajang (795.000 CONSTRUCCIÓN 3,2 3,5 3,7 hab.), Ipoh (765.000 hab.), Klang (745.000 hab.), Subang Jaya (710.000 hab.), ELECTRICIDAD, GAS Y AGUA 2,5 2,5 2,5 Kuching (615.000 hab.), Petaling Jaya (615.000 hab.), Serembam (555.000 COMERCIO 14,3 14,2 14,5 hab.), Georgetown (520.000 hab.) y Malacca (500.000 hab.). HOTELES, BARES Y RESTAUR. 2,5 2,5 2,5 Idioma: Malayo (oficial), inglés, chino (mandarín) y deviersos dialectos, iban, TRANSPORTE Y ALMACENAMIENTO 3,7 3,6 3,6 tamil y otros hablados por minorías étnicas. COMUNICACIONES 3,7 3,8 4,0 Religión: El islam es la religión oficial según la Constitución, aunque se reco- FINANZAS Y SEGUROS 9,2 9,4 9,1 noce la libertad religiosa y se permite la práctica de otras religiones. Más de VIVIENDA 5,4 5,5 5,6 la mitad de la población es musulmana, pero también hay budistas, cristianos, SERVICIOS GUBERNAMENTALES 7,7 8,0 8,3 2 FICHA PAÍS MALASIA OTROS SERVICIOS 5,1 5,0 5,0 40. Caucho y manufacturas 10.291 9.083 4,0 8.292 3,6 DERECHOS DE IMPORTACIÓN 1,2 1,3 1,3 39. Plásticos 7.008 6.885 3,0 6.834 3,0 TOTAL 100 100 100 90. Instrum./ap. óptica, foto 5.999 7.456 3,3 6.673 2,9 Fuente: Banco Nacional de Malasia (Bank Negara). 29. Prods. químico orgánico 4.552 4.506 2,0 4.419 1,9 Actualización 03/03/2014 44. Madera 4.490 4.372 1,9 4.370 1,9 38. Prods. industría química 3.919 3.567 1,6 3.886 1,7 1.5. Coyuntura económica 74. Cobre y susmanufacturas 3.669 1.492 0,7 3.368 1,5 71. Perlas, piedras preciosas 2.976 3.438 1,5 3.158 1,4 INDICADORES ECONÓMICOS 2011 2012 2013 73. Hierro o acero 2.956 3.131 1,4 3.058 1,3 PIB miles mill. $ USA 287,935 303,507 312,426 94. Muebles 2.893 3.140 1,4 2.848 1,2 PIB % crecimiento real 5,1 ,6 4,7 76. Aluminio y sus manufacturas 2.674 1.736 0,8 2.057 0,9 Tasa de inflación 3,0 1,2 3,2 EXPORTACIÓN TOTAL 228.060 227.319 87,5 228.440 87,7 Tasa de paro 3,1 3,0 3,1 Balanza c/c miles mill. $ USA 40,600 30,697 22,414 Notas TIPO DE CAMBIO Reservas miles mill. $ USA 133,610 139,715 134,911 2011 1US$=RM3,06 Déficit público (%PIB) -4,8 -4,5 -3,9 2012 1US$=RM3,09 Tipo cambio por $ USA 3,06 3,09 3,15 2013 1US$=RM3,151 Fuente: Dpto. de Estadísticas, Malasia. Última actualización: 26/02/14 1.6. Comercio Exterior PRINCIPALES IMPORTACIONES 2011 2012 2013 ESTRUCTURA DE LA BALANZA COMERCIAL (MILLONES $) (Datos EN MUSD) VALOR VALOR %S/TTL VALOR %S/TTL 2011 2012 2013 85. Material eléctrico 50.719 50.242 25,6 51.183 24,8 Importación FOB -177 -196,6 -190,3 27. Combustibles minerales 22.059 27.871 14,2 33.340 16,2 Exportación FOB 225,6 227,4 224,0 84. Máquinas 22.738 23.423 11,9 23.192 11,3 Saldo 48, 5 30, 8 33, 73 87. Auto. y componentes 5.874 7.313 3,7 7.158 3,5 Cobertura % 127,4 115,7 -- 39. Plásticos 6.057 5.971 3,0 6.364 3,1 72. Fundición, hierro y acero 6.297 6.066 3,1 6.001 2,9 1.7. Distribución del comercio por países. 2013 74. Cobre y manufacturas 3.669 3.391 1,7 5.551 2,7 71. Perlas, piedras preciosas 5.066 5.159 2,6 5.487 2,7 PRINCIPALES CLIENTES % DEL TOTAL 88. Aeronaves, vehículo esp 3.498 4.256 2,2 5.487 2,7 1. China y Hong Kong 17,8 90. Instrumentos, ap. óptica 5.355 5.503 2,8 5.194 2,5 2. Singapur 14,0 40. Caucho y manufacturas 4.202 4.571 2,3 4.375 2,1 3. Japón 11,1 73. Hierro o acero 3.532 4.017 2,0 4.358 2,1 4. Estados Unidos 8,1 29. Pdts. químicos orgánicos 3.965 3.832 2,1 3.981 1,9 5. Tailandia 5,5 38. Otros pdts. químicos 1.726 1.948 1,0 2.401 1,2 18. Cacao y sus preparaciones 1.2998 1.165 0,6 2.159 1,0 Notas TIPO DE CAMBIO IMPORTACIÓN TOTAL 187.460 196.622 79,8 206.026 80,7 2011 1US$=RM3,06; 2012 1US$=RM3,09; Notas TIPO DE CAMBIO 2013 1US$=RM3,151 2011 1US$=RM3,06 Última actualización: 26/02/2014 2012 1US$=RM3,09 Fuente: Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Malasia. 2013 1US$=RM3,15 Fuente: Dpto. de Estadísticas, Malasia. Última actualización: 27/02/14 PRINCIPALES PROVEEDORES % DEL TOTAL 1. China y Hong Kong 18,0 2. Singapur 12,4 2. SITUACIÓN POLÍTICA 3. Japón 8,7 4. Estados Unidos 7,9 2.1 Política interior 5. Tailandia 6,0 La Federación de Malasia se constituyó en 1963 al unirse la Federa¬ción de Malaya Notas TIPO DE CAMBIO (independiente desde 1957) con los territorios de Sarawak y Sabah (ambos en 2011 1US$=RM3,06; Borneo), así como Singapur. Este último territorio, sin embargo, abandonó la Fe- 2012 1US$=RM3,09; deración en 1965 para ser independiente. La Federación comprende 9 Sultanatos 2013 1US$=3,151. (Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan y Última actualización: 26/02/2014 Johor) más cuatro Estados regidos por un Gobernador General (Penang, Malaca, Fuente: Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Malasia. Sarawak y Sabah), más tres territorios federales (Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya y Labuan). 1.8. Distribución del comercio por productos. 2011 La Constitución actualmente en vigor data de 1957 y define a Malasia como una mo- narquía constitucional, inspirada en el modelo británico, si bien con la particularidad PRINCIPALES EXPORTACIONES 2011 2012 2013 del carácter rotatorio de su monarquía. Actualmente reina el XIVº Rey de Malasia y (Datos EN MUSD) VALOR VALOR %S/TTL VALOR %S/TTL Sultán del Estado de Kedah, Abdul Halim. 85. Material eléctrico 61.356 59.301 26,1 60.713 26,6 27. Combustibles minerales 40.281 46.243 20,3 50.768 22,2 El Poder Ejecutivo descansa en el Primer Ministro, propuesto por la Cámara de Re- 84.
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