Who invented In a new look at who pioneered the modern , Bell Labs the internet? (including Nokia) comes out on top.

Transistor Shockley, Bardeen, Brattain Laser Townes & Schawlow (Bell Labs) Microprocessor Boysel (Bell Labs) Optical Components (Fairchild); Faggin & Shima (Intel) Floating- Kompfner (Bell Labs) Silica Optical Gate Transistor Kahng & Sze (Bell Labs) Fiber Kao (STL) Low Loss Fiber DRAM Denard (IBM) Flash Masuoka () Maurer, Keck, Schultz (Corning) OS Unix (Bell Labs); Linux (Torvalds) Semiconductor Laser Hayashi Programming Languages C: Ritchie (Bell (Bell Labs) DFB Laser Kogelnik Labs); C++: Stroustrup (Bell Labs); Java: (Bell Labs) LiNbO Modulator Cellular Radio Arch Ring, Gosling (Sun); SQL: Chamberlin, Boyce (IBM) Kaminow (Bell Labs) EDFA Giles, Young, Frenkiel, Engel Error-Correcting Codes Hamming Desurvire (Bell Labs); Payne (U of (Bell Labs) WiFi NCR (AT&T); (Bell Labs) Digital Communications Theory Southampton) Dispersion O'Sullivan (CSIRO) 3G Shannon (Bell Labs, MIT) TCP/IP Kahn, Cerf Management Chraplyvy, Tkach General Tech/Arch (DARPA) Packet Switching Baran (RAND); (Bell Labs) Coherent Roberts Bell Labs/Nokia; ; Davies (NPL); Kleinrock, Roberts (UCLA) (Nortel); Winzer, Leven (Bell Labs) Dial-Up Modem Bell Labs; Ericsson; Qualcomm CDMA Ethernet Metcalfe (Xerox) WWW/HTTP PCS Boecherer (TUM); Winzer, Cho, Hayes; 56k modem: Qualcomm LTE/5G General Tim Berners-Lee (CERN) Schmalen (Bell Labs) Townshend DSL Lechleider Tech/Arch Bell Labs/Nokia; (Bell Labs); Cioffi Ericsson; Huawei; Qualcomm (Stanford U) Vectoring OFDM Chang (Bell Labs); Cendrillion (KU Leuven); ; Alvarion; Flarion Cioffi (Stanford U); Flat IP Bell Labs/Nokia Nuzman, Peeters, Maes, MIMO Foschini (Bell Labs); Van Bruyssel (Bell Labs) PON Paulraj (Stanford U) mMIMO Bell Labs; Payne Marzetta (Bell Labs) Foundational Optical (BT Labs) HFC Motorola; mmWave Bose (Calcutta); Technologies Networks LANcity DOCSIS CableLabs; Samsung; Rappaport (NYU) Yassini(LANcity)

Fixed OS DOS (IBM); Wireless Mainframes IBM; Windows (); Networks Networks Burroughs; NCR; MacOS (Apple) PC Control Data; Roberts (MITS); Honeywell; GE; RCA; Wozniak, Jobs DEC Blade Servers (Apple) Floppy Disk Hipp, Kirkeby (RLX) IBM; Memorex; SDN Stanford; Shugart; Burroughs Bell Labs; open Hard Drive Camras INTERNET source DC Switching (IIT); Johnson (IBM) Data Arista; Cisco; Mouse Engelbart Personal proprietary systems (SRI) USB Bhatt Computers Centers Virtualization VMware; (Intel) Printer KVM Containers Carlson (Xerox) Docker; Kubernetes

Cell Phone Cooper IGP DEC BGP Cisco IP Spanning Tree Radia (Motorola); Engel (Bell Labs) Smartphones First Smartphone Nokia; Networks Perlman (DEC) Ethernet IBM Radio Tech Qualcomm; Switching Infra Kalpana; Bell Labs/Nokia; Ericsson Web DEC; 3Com IP Routing Mobile OS Nokia; RIM; Yeager (Stanford U); Apple; Google Capacitive Services Chiappa (MIT) Internet Bell Labs; IBM Routing Infra core routing Multitouch U of Toronto (Cisco); service routing Touchscreen Glass Corning (Timetra/Nokia); enterprise Touchscreen Smartphone routing (Juniper) MPLS Apple, LG Electret Toshiba; IBM; Cisco VPLS Microphone West, Sessler Kompella (Timetra/Nokia); (Bell Labs) Digital Kompella (Juniper) IPSec Camera/CCD Boyle, Smith DNS Mockapetris, Postel (USC) Usenet Truscott, Ellis (Duke U) Gopher McCahill (U of Ioannidis (Bell Labs); Sun; (Bell Labs) Bluetooth Minnesota) BBS Christensen, Suess (IBM) Application Stacks Apache: McCool Atkinson (NRL) Diffie– Haartsen (Ericsson) App (NCSA); JBoss: Fleury (Sun); Perl: Wall (SDC); Python: van Rossum (CWI); PHP: Lerdorf; Hellman Key Exchange Store ITIL; NTT Docomo; C#: Hejlsberg (Microsoft); Objective C: Cox, Love (Stepstone) Databases OracleDB: Diffie, Hellman (Stanford U) Nokia; Vodafone; Apple Ellison, Miner, Oates (SDL, Oracle); MongoDB (MongoDB); MySQL: Widenius, Axmark FTP Bhushan (IIT) SSH Programming Languages (MySQL) Distributed Computation and Cluster Management Hadoop: Cutting, Ylonen (Helsinki UoT) SSL Swift: Apple; Kotlin: Cafarella (Yahoo); MapReduce (Google, Apache); Mahout (Apache); IaaS: OpenStack Lam, Woo, Bindignavle, JetBrains (NASA, Rackspace) CDNs Akamai JavaScript Eich (Netscape) SIP Handley, Schulzrinne, Su (UT Austin); Elgamal Schooler, Rosenberg (Bell Labs, Columbia U) RTP/RTSP Netscape; RealNetworks; (Netscape) Schulzrinne, Handley (Columbia U) VoIP Pulver, Luca, Genie (FWD); Cohen (VocalTec); Skype Instant Messaging SMS: Makonnen (Nokia); Hillebrand, Ghillebaert (GSM); IM: CompuServe, AOL Audio Codecs MP3: Brandenburg (Bell Labs); Grill (Fraunhofer) Video Codecs MPEG2: Bell Labs; CSELT Public Cloud Services General Magic (); AT&T (Personal Link); Amazon (AWS) Media Services YouTube (Google), Netflix Browsers Mosaic (NCSA), Mozilla (Netscape) Search Archie: Emtage, Heelan, Deutsch (McGill U); Gopher: McCahill (U of Minnesota); WebCrawler: Pinkerton (U of Washington); Yahoo Directory: Filo, Yang (Yahoo); PageRank: Brin, Page (Google) Social Six Degrees; Friendster; LinkedIn; Myspace; Facebook E-commerce Aldrich (Redifon); France Telecom (Minitel); Bezos (Amazon); Omidyar (eBay) Digital Reference Library Wales, Sanger (Wikipedia) Email Tomlinson (Raytheon); Ayyadurai (UMDNJ)

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