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Kajian Kualiti Air Di Sekitar Kawasan Perindustrian Subang Jaya Dan Shah Alam, Lembah Kelang

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Kajian Kualiti Air Di Sekitar Kawasan Perindustrian Subang Jaya Dan Shah Alam, Lembah Kelang Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 1 (2001) 139-149 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Kajian kualiti air di sekitar Kawasan Perindustrian Subang Jaya dan Shah Alam, Lembah Kelang Mazlin Bin Mokhtar1,2, Ismail Bin Bahari2, Yap Chee Hoh2 dan Agnes Poon2 1Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (LESTARI) 2Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Received 6 September 2000) Abstrak. Kajian kualiti air di kawasan perindustrian Subang Jaya (Kawasan Perindustrian Ultramine dan Sungai Penaga) dan Shah Alam (Seksyen 15) di sekitar perairan Sungai Klang telah dilakukan pada awal bulan September sehingga Disember 1999. Enam kali pensampelan iaitu dua kali semasa Hari Panas (HP) dan empat kali semasa Hari Hujan (HH) telah dilakukan. Sebanyak sepuluh stesen pensampelan telah dipilih dalam kajian ini iaitu Stesen SJ1 hingga Stesen SJ5 di Subang Jaya dan Stesen SA1 sehingga Stesen SA5 di Shah Alam. Parameter-parameter kualiti air dalam kajian ini melibatkan parameter yang diukur secara in situ iaitu suhu, pH, oksigen terlarut (DO) dan kekonduksian dan parameter kualiti air yang dianalisis dalam makmal iaitu warna, kekeruhan, jumlah pepejal terampai (TSS), minyak dan gris, permintaan oksigen kimia (COD), fosfat, nitrogen ammonia (N-NH3), permintaan oksigen biokimia (BOD), plumbum dan kadmium berdasarkan kaedah piawai APHA. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan paras kepekatan bahan pencemar dan membandingkannya mengikut Hari Panas (HP) dan Hari Hujan (HH). Hasil ujian ANOVA Faktor Tunggal menunjukkan perbezaan yang signifikan (p<0.05) bagi parameter suhu, kekonduksian, DO, warna, kekeruhan dan fosfat antara Hari Panas (HH) dengan Hari Hujan (HH). Secara keseluruhannya kualiti air di kebanyakan stesen pensampelan adalah sederhana tercemar (Kelas IV berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air, IKA, Jabatan Alam Sekitar Malaysia). Stesen SJ1 (27.32%) dan Stesen SA1 (30.15%) berada dalam Kelas V pada hari panas. Pada hari hujan, peningkatan IKA menunjukkan peningkatan kualiti air iaitu dalam julat IKA 37.66-54.19%. Hasil kajian juga dibandingan dengan Piawai Interim Kualiti Air Kebangsaan Malaysia (INWQS) dan Peraturan Efluen Kumbahan dan Perindustrian 1978, Akta Kualiti Alam Sekeliling 1974. Abstract. A study on the water quality of the industrial areas of Subang Jaya (Ultramine and Sungai Penaga Industrial Zones) and Shah Alam (Section 15) within the Klang River Valley had been carried out from September to December 1999. Six samplings on six dates were carried out consisting of two sunny days and four rainy days. During this study, ten sampling sites were chosen, they were Station SJ1 to Station SJ5 in Subang Jaya and Station SA1to Station SA5 in Shah Alam. The water quality parameters studied were in situ parameters of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and conductivity, and laboratory analyzed water quality parameters of colour, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), oil and grease, chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate, ammonical nitrogen (N-NH3), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), lead and cadmium, based on standard methods of APHA. The objectives of the study were to determine the concentration of pollutants and comparing the results of sunny days (HP) to those of rainy days (HH). Single factor ANOVA showes that there were significant differences (p<0.05) for temperature, conductivity, DO, colour, turbidity and phosphate between sunny and rainy days. Results showed that a majority of the sampling stations were polluted (Class IV based on WQI) except at Station SJ1 (27.32%) and Station SA1 (30.15%) which were classified as Class V (very polluted) during sunny days. During rainy days, higher WQI indicates that the quality of the water have improved, these were in the range of WQI 37.66-54.19%. Data obtained in this study were also ompared with the Interim National Water Quality Standards (INWQS) and Environment Quality Act, 1974 (Sewage & Industrial Effluent Regulation, 1978). ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Key words : Water Quality, Industrial Area, Subang Jaya, Shah Alam, Klang Valley Pengenalan di Sungai Klang dan didapati kepekatan pepejal terampai adalah tinggi kerana pembangunan yang Proses urbanisasi dan aktiviti perindustrian yang pesat pesat akibat pertumbuhan penduduk [1]. Punca dalam sesebuah negara berkecenderungan meluahkan pencemaran Sungai Klang yang kedua adalah pelbagai jenis efluen dan kumbahan ke dalam sistem pembuangan sisa dari kumbahan dan perindustrian. air semulajadi dan ini menyebabkan berlakunya Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk (i) menentukan paras kejadian pencemaran air. Sungai Klang merupakan kepekatan bahan pencemar tertentu di beberapa lokasi sungai yang penting dari segi sosio ekonomi negara dalam kawasan perindustrian ke atas perairan Sungai Malaysia dan memainkan peranan yang penting Klang, (ii) membandingkan paras kepekatan bahan dalam pembekalan air kepada penduduk di sekitar pencemar semasa hari panas dan hari hujan, (iii) Lembah Klang. Kelodak merupakan pencemar utama mengelaskan stesen pensampelan berdasarkan IKA, MAZLIN MOKHTAR et al.: KAJIAN KUALITI AIR DI SEKITAR KAWASAN PERINDUSTRIAN PETUNJUK Sungai UTARA Skala Peta 1cm : 170m Jalan Negeri Major Lebuh Raya USJ2 Persekutuan USJ1 Kawasan Jalan Kecil Perindustrian Sungai Stesen Persampelan Penaga Sistem Saliran USJ6 SJ1 USJ7 Sungai Klang Kawasan Perindustrian USJ8 Ultramine SJ4 USJ14 USJ15 SJ2 SJ3 SJ5 Taman Indah Subang UEP RAJAH 1 : Lokasi Stesen Persampelan SJ1 hingga SJ5 di Kawasan Perindustrian Subang Jaya di Sekitar Perairan Sungai Klang 140 MAZLIN MOKHTAR et al.: KAJIAN KUALITI AIR DI SEKITAR KAWASAN PERINDUSTRIAN UTARA Skala peta 1 cm: 100 m Seksyen 15 Seksyen 16 SA1 Sungai Renggam SA2 Seksyen 17 SA3 SA4 Seksyen 18 SA5 PETUNJUK Sungai Jalan Negeri Major Lebuh Raya Persekutuan Jalan Kecil Sungai Klang Stesen Persampelan Sistem Saliran Rajah 2 : Lokasi Stesen Persampelan SA1 hingga SA5 di Kawasan Perindustrian Shah Alam di Sekitar Perairan Sungai Klang 141 MAZLIN MOKHTAR et al.: KAJIAN KUALITI AIR DI SEKITAR KAWASAN PERINDUSTRIAN dan (iv) membuat perbandingan dengan piawai semasa pensampelan untuk mengelakkan kontaminasi INWQS dan Akta Kualiti Alam Sekeliling, 1974 sampel. (Peraturan Efluen Kumbahan dan Perindustrian, 1978). Sampel air dituras dengan membran turasan bersaiz liang 0.45 µm dan disejukkan pada suhu Bahan dan Kaedah kurang dari 4ºC sehingga analisis dapat dijalankan. Kesemua botol sampel dilabelkan dengan nombor Stesen Pensampelan stesen, tarikh dan masa pensampelan. Keadaan cuaca dan maklumat lain yang berkaitan dicatatkan dalam Sepuluh stesen pensampelan telah dipilih di kawasan buku log lapangan. perindustrian Subang Jaya (SJ1-SJ5) dan Shah Alam (SA1-SA5). Stesen pensampelan yang dipilih adalah mengikut kedudukan punca pembuangan air efluen Hasil dan Perbincangan dari kawasan perindustrian yang merangkumi sistem parit dan sungai. Sisa dari Kawasan Perindustrian Jadual 1, 2 dan 3 menunjukkan keputusan kajian ini Subang Jaya disalirkan keluar ke dalam parit yang bagi dua kali pensampelan sewaktu Hari Panas (HP) kemudian mengalirkan sisa tersebut ke dalam Sungai dan empat kali pensampelan sewaktu Hari Hujan Klang. Sisa dari Kawasan Perindustrian Shah Alam (HH). Ujian ANOVA Faktor Tunggal menunjukkan bermula dari sistem parit dan memasuki Sungai terdapat perbezaan signifikan (p<0.05) untuk Renggam iaitu cabang kepada Sungai Klang dan perbandingan paras kepekatan antara hari panas berakhir di dalam Sungai Klang. Rajah 1 dan Rajah 2 dengan hari hujan iaitu bagi parameter suhu, menunjukkan kedudukan stesen-stesen pensampelan kekonduksian, oksigen terlarut, warna, kekeruhan dan kajian ini. fosfat. Jadual 4 menunjukkan pengelasan stesen pensampelan berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air (IKA), Kaedah Jabatan Alam Sekitar Malaysia, bagi Hari Panas (HP) dan Hari Hujan (HH). Jadual 5 memaparkan Kajian air sungai melibatkan pengukuran beberapa perbandingan nilai cerapan kajian ini dengan nilai parameter kualiti air secara in situ iaitu suhu, pH, maksimum yang disarankan oleh Piawai Interim oksigen terlarut dan kekonduksian. Pengambilan Kualiti Air Kebangsaan (INWQS). Jadual 6 sampel air sungai di stesen-stesen kajian dilakukan menunjukkan kepekatan parameter kualiti air antara antara jam 0800 hingga jam 1300. Sampel air tersebut hari hujan dan hari kering di semua stesen dihantar ke makmal untuk analisis dalam menentukan pensampelan kajian ini berbanding EKP 1978 dan kepekatan BOD, COD, TSS, ammonia, warna, INWQS. plumbum, kadmium dan fosfat. Terdapat perbezaan signifikan (p<0.05) bagi Kaedah analisis di makmal adalah berdasarkan nilai suhu antara hari panas dan hari hujan. Perbezaan kepada kaedah piawai yang disarankan oleh APHA ini mungkin disebabkan oleh perbezaan suhu yang [2]. Meter boleh bimbit telah digunakan dalam bergantung kepada cuaca, sinaran matahari, suhu pengukuran parameter secara in situ. Alat-alat udara sekeliling, kelembapan dan pergerakan angin analisis di makmal yang telah digunakan dalam kajian [3]. Nilai purata kekonduksian yang dicerap pada Hari ini merangkumi spektrofotometer HACH DR2000, Panas (HP) adalah relatif tinggi berbanding dengan alat kaca, kukus air, neraca elektronik, set refluks dan Hari Hujan (HH). Nilai kekonduksian adalah ketuhar. Spektrofotometer serapan atom jenis bukan bergantung kepada kepekatan, pergerakan dan valensi nyala (Perkin Elmer 4100ZL) telah digunakan dalam sebatian-sebatian ionik terlarut dalam air
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